1
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Guo J, Chen L, Zhou C, Wahia H, Yao D, Song L, Otu P, Zhang K, Niu Y, Hua C. Preparation of umami peptides from chicken breast by batch coupled enzymatic hydrolysis and membrane separation mode and the taste mechanism of identified umami peptides. Food Chem 2024; 456:139963. [PMID: 38896968 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Batch coupled enzymatic hydrolysis and membrane separation mode (BCEH-MSM) is efficient in preparing active peptides due to enzyme being more purposeful in hydrolysing macromolecular. Therefore, BCEH-MSM probably could be an alternative option to the traditional enzymatic hydrolysis and offline membrane separation mode (TEH-OMSM). This work aimed to explore the potential of BCEH-MSM in enhancing the enzymatic hydrolysis (EH) efficiency and the umami of the enzymatic hydrolysate. The EH efficiency was valuated based on product yields. Amino acid analyzer and HPLC were used to analyze tasting compounds. Electronic-tongue was used to determine umami intensity. The results showed that BCEH-MSM exhibited superior EH efficiency and higher umami intensity compared to TEH-OMSM. LC-MS/MS was used to identify peptides with higher umami intensity in the enzymatic hydrolysate. LGEETF, VNFDGEI, and QLSELLRAGSSPNL had umami profile verified by electronic-tongue. Molecular docking further showed that crucial amino acid residues involved in the binding to T1R1/T1R3 was His145.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Li Chen
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Cunshan Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China.
| | - Hafida Wahia
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Deyang Yao
- Jiangsu Teweinong Food Co., Ltd., Xinghua 225700, China
| | - Linglin Song
- Jiangsu Teweinong Food Co., Ltd., Xinghua 225700, China
| | - Phyllis Otu
- Accra Technical University, P.O. Box GP 561, Barnes Road, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ke Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yunwei Niu
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Chenhui Hua
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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2
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Hossain MJ, Alam AMMN, Lee EY, Hwang YH, Joo ST. Umami Characteristics and Taste Improvement Mechanism of Meat. Food Sci Anim Resour 2024; 44:515-532. [PMID: 38765277 PMCID: PMC11097012 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2024.e29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Taste is one of the five senses that detect vital information about what we are eating. Comprehending taste is crucial for enhancing the flavor of foodstuffs and high-protein foods like meat. Umami has global recognition as the fifth elementary taste, alongside sweetness, sourness, saltiness, and bitterness. Umami compounds are known to enhance the sensation of recognized flavors such as salty, sweet, bitter, and others. This could end up in greater food consumption by consumption by consumers. With the rising global population, meat consumption is rising and is projected to double by 2025. It is crucial to comprehend the umami mechanism of meat and meat products, identify novel compounds, and employ laboratory methodologies to gather varied information. This knowledge will aid in the development of new consumer products. Although very limited information is available on umami taste and compounds in meat through research data. This article discusses recent advancements in umami compounds in other foodstuff as well as meat to aid in designing future research and meat product development. Moreover, another objective of this review is to learn present techniques in foodstuffs to enhance umami taste and utilize that knowledge in meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Jakir Hossain
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - AMM Nurul Alam
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Eun-Yeong Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Young-Hwa Hwang
- Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Seon-Tea Joo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
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3
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Zhao J, Xie Y, Xiang Y, Jiang C, Tang Z, Zhao J, Xu M, Liu P, Lin H, Tang J. Taste Mechanism of Umami Molecules from Fermented Broad Bean Paste Based on In Silico Analysis and Peptidomics. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38557018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
In this study, in silico analysis and peptidomics were performed to examine the generation mechanism of the umami taste of fermented broad bean paste (FBBP). Based on the information from peptidomics, a total of 470 free peptides were identified from FBBP, most of which were increased after fermentation. Additionally, the increase of the content of umami peptides, organic acids, and amino acids during fermentation contributed to the perception of umami taste in FBBP. Molecule docking results inferred that these umami molecules were easy to connect with Ser, Glu, His, and Gln in the T1R3 subunit through hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interaction force. The binding sites His145, Gln389, and Glu301 particularly contributed to the formation of the ligand-receptor complexes. The aromatic interaction, hydrogen bond, hydrophilicity, and solvent-accessible surface (SAS) played key roles in the receptor-peptide interaction. Sensory evaluation and electronic tongue results showed that EDEDE, DLSESV, SNGDDE, DETL, CDLSD, and TDEE screened from FBBP had umami characteristics and umami-enhancing effects (umami threshold values ranging from 0.131 to 0.394 mmol/L). This work provides new insight into the rapid and efficient screening of novel umami peptides and a deeper understanding of the taste mechanisms of umami molecules from FBBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhao
- School of Food and Bio-engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Yuqing Xie
- School of Food and Bio-engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Yue Xiang
- School of Food and Bio-engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Chunyan Jiang
- School of Food and Bio-engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Zhirui Tang
- School of Food and Bio-engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- School of Food and Bio-engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Min Xu
- School of Food and Bio-engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Ping Liu
- School of Food and Bio-engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
- Food Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Hongbin Lin
- School of Food and Bio-engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
- Food Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Jie Tang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Specialty Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chengdu 610039, China
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Ma YY, Wang JQ, Gao Y, Cao QQ, Wang F, Chen JX, Feng ZH, Yin JF, Xu YQ. Effect of the type of brewing water on the sensory and physicochemical properties of light-scented and strong-scented Tieguanyin oolong teas. Food Chem X 2024; 21:101099. [PMID: 38235347 PMCID: PMC10792187 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.101099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Variations in the quality of brewing water profoundly impact tea flavor. This study systematically investigated the effects of four common water sources, including pure water (PW), mountain spring water (MSW), mineral water (MW) and natural water (NW) on the flavor of Tieguanyin tea infusion. Brewing with MW resulted in a flat taste and turbid aroma, mainly due to the low leaching of tea flavor components and complex interactions with mineral ions (mainly Ca2+, Mg2+). Tea infusions brewed with NW exhibited the highest relative contents of total volatile compounds, while those brewed with PW had the lowest. NW and MSW, with moderate mineralization, were conducive to improving the aroma quality of tea infusion and were more suitable for brewing both aroma types of Tieguanyin. These findings offer valuable insights into the effect of brewing water on the sensory and physicochemical properties of oolong teas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Ma
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jie-Qiong Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Qing-Qing Cao
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Jian-Xin Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Feng
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Jun-Feng Yin
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Yong-Quan Xu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China
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5
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Cao K, An F, Wu J, Ji S, Rong Y, Hou Y, Ma X, Yang W, Hu L, Wu R. Identification, Characterization, and Receptor Binding Mechanism of New Umami Peptides from Traditional Fermented Soybean Paste (Dajiang). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:18953-18962. [PMID: 37979135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Dajiang, a traditional Chinese condiment, is made from fermented soybeans. It is highly popular among consumers as a result of its delicious umami flavor, which mainly originates from umami peptides. To examine the mechanism of umami taste in Dajiang, we selected Dajiang samples with strong umami taste and subjected them to purification and identification analysis using ethanol precipitation, gel chromatography, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Subsequently, on the basis of toxicity and umami prediction analysis, we screened, synthesized, and characterized three novel bean umami peptides in Dajiang: TLGGPTTL, 758.4174 Da; GALEQILQ, 870.4811 Da; and HSISDLQ, 911.4713 Da. Their sensory threshold values were 0.25, 0.40, and 0.17 mmol/L, respectively. Furthermore, molecular docking results showed that hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic interactions are important interaction forces in the binding of umami peptide to taste receptors. Ser147 and Glu148 of the T1R3 taste receptor are important amino acid residues for binding of the three umami peptides. This study uncovers the mechanism of umami-peptide-driven flavor in fermented soybean products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixin Cao
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Feiyu An
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Junrui Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaiqi Ji
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaozhong Rong
- Shanghai Totole Food Company, Limited, Shanghai 201812, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchen Hou
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuwen Ma
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxin Yang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Longkun Hu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Rina Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, People's Republic of China
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6
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Wang Y, Luan J, Tang X, Zhu W, Xu Y, Bu Y, Li J, Cui F, Li X. Identification of umami peptides based on virtual screening and molecular docking from Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua). Food Funct 2023; 14:1510-1519. [PMID: 36651848 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo03776a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Umami peptides have currently become the research focus in the food umami science field and the key direction for umami agent development. This is because umami peptides have good processing characteristics, umami and nutritional values. We here used virtual screening (including online enzymolysis through ExPASy PeptideCutter, bioactivity screening using the PeptideRanker, toxicity and physicochemical property prediction using Innovagen and ToxinPred software), molecular docking, and electronic tongue analysis to identify umami peptides generated from Atlantic cod myosin. Twenty-three putative umami peptides were screened from the myosin. Molecular docking results suggested that these 23 peptides could enter the binding pocket in the T1R3 cavity, wherein Glu128 and Asp196 were the main amino acid residues, and that hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions were the main binding forces. Twelve synthetic peptides tested on the electronic tongue exhibited umami taste and a synergistic effect with monosodium glutamate (MSG). Among them, GGR, AGCD, and SGDAW had higher umami intensities than the other peptides, while SGDAW and NDDGW exhibited stronger umami-enhancing capabilities in 0.1% MSG solution. This study offers a method for the rapid screening of umami peptides from marine protein resources and places the foundation for their application in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, China. .,School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Junjia Luan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, China.
| | - Xuhua Tang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, China.
| | - Wenhui Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, China.
| | - Yongxia Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, China.
| | - Ying Bu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, China.
| | - Jianrong Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, China.
| | - Fangchao Cui
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, China.
| | - Xuepeng Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116034, China
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7
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Gao B, Hu X, Xue H, Li R, Liu H, Han T, Tu Y, Zhao Y. The changes of umami substances and influencing factors in preserved egg yolk: pH, endogenous protease, and proteinaceous substance. Front Nutr 2022; 9:998448. [PMID: 36225876 PMCID: PMC9549109 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.998448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study investigated the changes of nucleotides, succinic acid, and free amino acids amounts in yolk and the causes leading to the changes after pickling to uncover the fundamental umami component of preserved egg yolk. The findings demonstrated that while the contents of 5′-adenosine monophosphate (AMP), 5′-cytidine monophosphate (CMP), 5′-guanosine monophosphate (GMP), 5′-uridine monophosphate (UMP), and succinic acid increased after slightly decreasing aspartic acid (Asp) content in preserved egg yolk increased gradually. The contents of 5′-inosine monophosphate (IMP) and other free amino acids were gradually decreased. Comparing the taste activity value (TAV), it was found that the single umami substance, succinic acid, played a key role in inducing the umami taste. In combination with the Spearman correlation analysis, it was shown that the proteinaceous substance, which is the most significant umami component in preserved egg yolk, tended to condense first and subsequently disintegrate in an alkaline environment. The orthogonal partial least squares analysis (OPLS) found that pH was also affected by the changes in proteinaceous substance. These findings offer suggestions for enhancing the pickling procedure and investigating the optimal pickling period for preserved eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghong Gao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Functional Food, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaobo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hui Xue
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ruiling Li
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Huilan Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Tianfeng Han
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yonggang Tu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Functional Food, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Functional Food, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Zhao
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8
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Umami compounds present in umami fraction of acid-hydrolyzed Spirulina (Spirulina platensis). ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Identification and comparison of umami-peptides in commercially available dry-cured Spanish mackerels (Scomberomorus niphonius). Food Chem 2022; 380:132175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Gao B, Hu X, Xue H, Li R, Liu H, Han T, Ruan D, Tu Y, Zhao Y. Isolation and screening of umami peptides from preserved egg yolk by nano-HPLC-MS/MS and molecular docking. Food Chem 2022; 377:131996. [PMID: 34998156 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The material basis leading to the rich umami flavor of preserved egg yolk is poorly understood. This study used nano-high-performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (nano-HPLC-MS/MS) to isolate, identify, and screen umami peptides from preserved egg yolk. Five novel umami peptides-AGFMPLP, APYSGY, PPMF, SLSSLMK, and VAMNPVDHPH-were identified. Molecular docking showed that Phe527 on the taste receptor T1R1/T1R3 (T1R1, taste receptor type 1 member 1; T1R3, taste receptor type 1 member 3) was the key interaction site. Hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, and hydrophobic interactions were the main binding forces between T1R1/T1R3 and umami peptides. These results contribute to understanding the umami peptides in preserved egg yolk and the interaction mechanism between umami peptides and umami receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghong Gao
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xiaobo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Hui Xue
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Ruiling Li
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Huilan Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Tianfeng Han
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Dandan Ruan
- Hubei Shendan Health Food Co. Ltd, Xiaogan 430000, China
| | - Yonggang Tu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Functional Food, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Functional Food, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
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11
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Wang W, Yang L, Ning M, Liu Z, Liu Y. A rational tool for the umami evaluation of peptides based on multi-techniques. Food Chem 2022; 371:131105. [PMID: 34537606 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Umami peptides have become of key interest in the development of flavoring agents. However, the lack of known umami peptides further prevents the understanding of the umami mechanism. The famous pufferfish (Takifugu flavidus) is a great resource for novel umami peptides, and we further analyze the umami characteristics of peptides based on multi-evaluation. In this study, five novel umami peptides, DF9, TK18, AK11, IK10, and GT12 were found; DF9 having the highest umami intensity, followed by AK11. Moreover, biosensor results showed DF9 with the lowest Ka value of 6.85 × 10-13 mol/L, followed by AK11. These data are mostly in agreement with sensory evaluation and fully reveal the umami mechanism of peptides. Quantum chemical and molecular docking demonstrated active site D in peptides bound with T1R1 receptor. Our results open up new strategies to estimate the taste characteristics of umami peptides and provide rational tools for screening umami peptides in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Wang
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Luan Yang
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Menghua Ning
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ziyuan Liu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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12
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Analysis of key precursor peptides and flavor components of flaxseed derived Maillard reaction products based on iBAQ mass spectrometry and molecular sensory science. Food Chem X 2022; 13:100224. [PMID: 35146413 PMCID: PMC8802846 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides-MRPs had high umami, mouthfulness, and continuity enhancement. DLSFIP and ELPGSP accounted for 42.22% and 20.41% of total consumption. Sulfur and nitrogen flavors was dependent on cysteine and peptides, respectively. This study also revealed the flavor formation mechanism of flaxseed derived MRPs.
Flaxseed derived Maillard reaction products (MRPs) have typical meaty flavor, but there is no report on comparison of their amino acids and peptides reactivity. The peptides and amino acids of flaxseed protein hydrolysates were separately collected by G-15 gel chromatography. Taste dilution analysis (TDA) showed that peptides-MRPs had high umami, mouthfulness, and continuity enhancement. Further, LC-MS/MS revealed that flaxseed protein hydrolysates consumed 41 peptides after Maillard reaction. Particularly, DLSFIP (Asp-Leu-Ser-Phe-Ile-Pro) and ELPGSP (Glu-Leu-Pro-Gly-Ser-Pro) accounted for 42.22% and 20.41% of total consumption, respectively. Aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) indicated that formation of sulfur-containing flavors was dependent on cysteine, while peptides were more reactive than amino acids for nitrogen-containing heterocycles. On the other hand, 11 flavor compounds with flavor dilution (FD) ≥ 64 were identified for flaxseed derived MRPs, such as 2-methylthiophene, 2-methyl-3-furanthiol, furfural, 2-furfurylthiol, 3-thiophenethiol, thieno[3,2-b] thiophene, 2,5-thiophenedicarboxaldehyde, 2-methylthieno[2,3-b] thiophene, 1-(2-methyl-3-furylthio)-ethanethiol, 2-methylthieno[3,2-b] thiophene, and bis(2-methyl-3-furyl)-disulfide. In addition, we further demonstrated the flavors formation mechanism of flaxseed derived MRPs.
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13
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Zhao J, Liao S, Bi X, Zhao J, Liu P, Ding W, Che Z, Wang Q, Lin H. Isolation, identification and characterization of taste peptides from fermented broad bean paste. Food Funct 2022; 13:8730-8740. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01389d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pixian broad-bean paste (PBBP) is a famous fermented condiment in China, which may produce abundant flavor peptides during fermentation process. Herein, the tasteful peptides from fermented broad-bean (FB) were separated...
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14
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Screening of characteristic umami substances in preserved egg yolk based on the electronic tongue and UHPLC-MS/MS. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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15
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Ding W, Ye X, Zhao X, Liu Y, Zhang M, Luo Y, Xiong Y, Liu Y, Che Z, Lin H, Huang J, Tang X. Fermentation characteristics of Pixian broad bean paste in closed system of gradient steady-state temperature field. Food Chem 2021; 374:131560. [PMID: 34848085 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A closed system of gradient steady-state temperature field (GSTF) was constructed to ferment Pixian broad bean paste (PBP). The contents of physicochemical factors and organic acids in the fermentation under GSTF (FG) were closer to those in the traditional fermentation (TF). The taste intensities of 8 free amino acids in the FG were higher than those in the constant temperature fermentation (CTF), but 14 in the TF showed the highest among the processes of FG, CTF and TF. The FG product had the most volatiles with 87, and its flavor properties were more stable. The FG produced great effects on the microbe evolutions especially improved the fungal diversity. Bacillus were identified as the core microbes in the FG while the roles of Staphylococcus, Lactobacillus and Pantoea were strengthened. The results indicated that the fermentation characteristics in the FG had been further improved compared with the CTF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwu Ding
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Ye
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhao
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China; Sichuan Pixian Douban Company Limited, Chengdu 611730, China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Manna Zhang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Yifei Luo
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Yuanru Xiong
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Yi Liu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Zhenming Che
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Hongbin Lin
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Jiaquan Huang
- Sichuan Pixian Douban Company Limited, Chengdu 611730, China
| | - Xiaoyu Tang
- Institute of Modern Agricultural Equipment, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China.
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16
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Correlation of the bacterial communities with umami components, and chemical characteristics in Zhejiang xuecai and fermented brine. Food Res Int 2021; 140:109986. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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17
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Amin MNG, Kusnadi J, Hsu JL, Doerksen RJ, Huang TC. Identification of a novel umami peptide in tempeh (Indonesian fermented soybean) and its binding mechanism to the umami receptor T1R. Food Chem 2020; 333:127411. [PMID: 32682228 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tempeh, a traditional Indonesian soybean product produced by fermentation, is especially popular because of its umami taste. In this study, a novel umami peptide GENEEEDSGAIVTVK (GK-15) was identified in the small peptide (<3 kDa) fraction of the water extract of tempeh using LC-MS/MS analysis and database-assisted identification. The umami taste of GK-15 was further validated using sensory evaluation, which suggested that GK-15 may be one of the key components contributing to the umami taste in tempeh. To rationalize the biological effect of GK-15, molecular docking of GK-15 into the N-terminal extracellular ligand-binding domain of the umami (T1R) receptor was performed. ZDOCK data showed that GK-15 could perfectly bind either to the open or closed conformation of T1R3. To the best of our knowledge, the present work is the first study to focus on the screening of umami peptides from tempeh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhamad Nur Ghoyatul Amin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; Department of Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Brawijaya University, Veteran Street, Malang 65145, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Joni Kusnadi
- Department of Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Brawijaya University, Veteran Street, Malang 65145, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Jue-Liang Hsu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan.
| | - Robert J Doerksen
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, 209 Graduate House, University, MS, 38677, USA.
| | - Tzou-Chi Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan.
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18
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Huang Y, Duan W, Xiao J, Liu H, Zhou C, Zhang Y, Tang Y, Sun B, Li Z. Characterization of the taste compounds in 20 pungent spices by high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-020-00768-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AbstractHigh-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the important taste compounds in 20 pungent spices commonly used in food, including seventeen free amino acids, four 5′-nucleotides and twelve organic acids. The equivalent umami concentration (EUC) and taste activity value (TAV) of the analyzed samples were calculated. The results showed that the content of total free amino acids ranged from 0.57 to 46.67 g/kg in 20 pungent spices. The content of total free amino acids in horseradish was the highest. The content of total 5′-nucleotides ranged from 0.80 to 4.30 g/kg, and chive contains the highest 5′-nucleotide content. Inosine 5′-monophosphate was detected in all 20 pungent spices. The content of total organic acids ranged from 9.37 to 339.58 g/kg. The total organic acids content of fieldmint was the highest (339.58 g/kg). Oxalic acid was detected in 18 pungent spices, except white pepper and chilli. The EUC of fieldmint (37.1 g MSG/100 g) was the highest in all 20 pungent spices, followed with peppermint (24.5 g MSG/100 g), and horseradish (18.4 g MSG/100 g). The TAVs of malic acid, lactic acid and 5′-AMP were higher than 1 in more than 10 spices. Lactic acid were higher than 1 in 13 spices, implying these compounds contributed greater to the flavor of pungent spices. The results of this work will provide references for the application value of pungent spices.
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19
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Liu Z, Zhu Y, Wang W, Zhou X, Chen G, Liu Y. Seven novel umami peptides from Takifugu rubripes and their taste characteristics. Food Chem 2020; 330:127204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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20
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21
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The utilization of bilimbi ( Averrhoa bilimbi) and lime ( Citrus aurantifolia) juices as natural acid coagulants for tofu production. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2020; 57:4660-4670. [PMID: 33087977 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04503-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The influences of coagulation conditions on the characteristics of tofu have been investigated by many studies, with limited perspectives on the utilization of organic acid coagulants. Hence, this research aimed to study the psychochemical and functional properties of tofu coagulated by bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi) and lime (Citrus aurantifolia) juices. The highest tofu protein content was quantified for tofu prepared with 20% bilimbi and 5% lime juices, as much as 52.11 and 52.03% (DW), respectively. The corresponding yield was 73.46 and 69.17%. The hardness (155.98 g), gumminess (116.45 g), and chewiness (112.69 g) of treated tofu were found significantly higher than commercial tofu (p < 0.05). Total phenolic content of commercial tofu was about 370.09 μg GAE/g sample (DW). This value was significantly higher than that of treated tofu (p < 0.05). However, the antioxidant activity of the commercial tofu was lower than tofu coagulated with fruit juices. Based on SDS-PAGE analysis, protein band for 11S fraction of tofu coagulated by bilimbi and lime juices were thicker than that of commercial tofu. These small molecular weight peptides might contribute for higher antioxidant activities of tofu coagulated by bilimbi and lime juices. Conclusively, bilimbi and lime juices are potent natural acid coagulants for enhancing the physicochemical and functional properties of tofu.
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22
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Andayani SN, Lioe HN, Wijaya CH, Ogawa M. Umami fractions obtained from water-soluble extracts of red oncom and black oncom-Indonesian fermented soybean and peanut products. J Food Sci 2020; 85:657-665. [PMID: 32052448 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Red oncom, a fermented product from solid waste of soybean curd process, and black oncom, a similar fermented product but made from defatted peanut cake, have been known to have umami taste. Umami fractions of red oncom and black oncom that are responsible for umami taste have not been investigated yet. The objective of this research was to characterize umami fractions obtained by ultrafiltration and chromatography of both oncoms. The first step, water-soluble extracts of oncoms were ultrafiltered using a membrane with cutoff 3,000 Da and followed by gel filtration chromatography (Sephadex G-25) to obtain umami fractions. Ultrafiltration fractions of red oncom (molecular weight [MW] less than 3,000 Da) and black oncom (MW more than 3,000 Da) had an intense umami taste. The further fractionation by gel filtration chromatography linked to taste dilution analysis yielded umami fractions. Chemical characterization revealed that free glutamic acid, free phenylalanine, and peptides containing their residual amino acids were present in the fractions. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Umami fractions of red and black oncoms can be used as a source of umami compounds for food industries and food services. The information from this paper can be used by other researchers who will explore umami peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safira Noor Andayani
- Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Bogor Agricultural Univ., Bogor, Jawa Barat, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Hanifah Nuryani Lioe
- Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Bogor Agricultural Univ., Bogor, Jawa Barat, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Christofora Hanny Wijaya
- Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Bogor Agricultural Univ., Bogor, Jawa Barat, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Masahiro Ogawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food Science Div., Kagawa Univ., Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan
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23
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Zhao Y, Zhang M, Devahastin S, Liu Y. Progresses on processing methods of umami substances: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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Liu TT, Xia N, Wang QZ, Chen DW. Identification of the Non-Volatile Taste-Active Components in Crab Sauce. Foods 2019; 8:foods8080324. [PMID: 31394849 PMCID: PMC6722521 DOI: 10.3390/foods8080324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Crab sauce is a traditional umami seasoning in the coastal cities in South East China. The putative non-volatile taste-active components in crab sauce were measured, and their impacts on the taste were evaluated on the basis of the taste activity value (TAV), omission test, addition test and equivalent umami concentration (EUC). The EUC used to evaluate the synergistic effect of the flavor nucleotides and umami amino acids was 19.3 g monosodium glutamate (MSG)/100 mL, which illuminated that crab sauce had a very intense umami taste. The key non-volatile taste-active components in crab sauce demonstrated by the omission test and addition test were glutamic acid (Glu), aspartic acid (Asp), glycine (Gly), alanine (Ala), lysine (Lys), histidine (His), 5'-inosine monophosphate (IMP), 5'-guanosine monophosphate (GMP), NaCl, KCl, serine (Ser) and valine (Val), and most of these components also had a higher TAV. So, the TAV could be a high-efficiency tool to predict the taste-active components, and the TAV combined with the omission test and addition test could be a very useful method to determine the taste-active components in crab sauce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Tian Liu
- Department of Food Science, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Ning Xia
- Department of Food Science, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Qin-Zhi Wang
- Department of Food Science, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - De-Wei Chen
- Department of Food Science, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
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25
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Zhou P, Hu O, Fu H, Ouyang L, Gong X, Meng P, Wang Z, Dai M, Guo X, Wang Y. UPLC-Q-TOF/MS-based untargeted metabolomics coupled with chemometrics approach for Tieguanyin tea with seasonal and year variations. Food Chem 2019; 283:73-82. [PMID: 30722928 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The taste and aroma quality of Tieguanyin tea fluctuate seasonally and yearly. However, the compounds responsible for the seasonal and year variations of metabolic pattern and its sensory quality are far from clear. 60 Tieguanyin tea samples harvested in different years and seasons were analyzed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) and chemometrics. Principal component analysis (PCA) explained 33.2% of the total variance, while orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminate analysis (OPLS-DA) can obtain potential metabolites with better discrimination, and with R2X and Q2 of cross-validation as 0.974 and 0.937, respectively. Subsequently, heat map analysis (HCA) visualized relationships between Tieguanyin teas with these significantly different potential metabolites by Mann-Whitney U test (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the best discriminate metabolites contributing to different sensory qualities were revealed by stepwise liner discrimination analysis (SLDA) with 100% accuracy rate. The present strategy also exhibited great potential for untargeted metabolomics of other foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China; China National Quality Supervision and Testing Center for Processed Food (FuZhou), Fujian Inspection and Research Institute for Product Quality, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Ou Hu
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Haiyan Fu
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Liqun Ouyang
- China National Quality Supervision and Testing Center for Processed Food (FuZhou), Fujian Inspection and Research Institute for Product Quality, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Xuedong Gong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Peng Meng
- China National Quality Supervision and Testing Center for Processed Food (FuZhou), Fujian Inspection and Research Institute for Product Quality, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Zheng Wang
- China National Quality Supervision and Testing Center for Processed Food (FuZhou), Fujian Inspection and Research Institute for Product Quality, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Ming Dai
- China National Quality Supervision and Testing Center for Processed Food (FuZhou), Fujian Inspection and Research Institute for Product Quality, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Xiaoming Guo
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China.
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