Metabolomic analysis of energy regulated germination and sprouting of organic mung bean (Vigna radiata) using NMR spectroscopy

Effects of black bean cell wall pectin by exogenous calcium ions: Insight into the metabolomics, physicochemical properties and anti-digestive capacity

In this work, the metabolomics, physicochemical and in vitro digestion properties of black beans influenced by different calcium ion solutions (0, 0.5 %, 1 %, and 2 %) were explored. The addition of calcium ions had a significant effect on the metabolic processing of black beans, including 16 differential metabolites and 4 metabolic pathways related to the cell wall. From the results of FT-IR and ICP-OES, it was confirmed that calcium ions can interact with COO- in non-methylated galacturonic acid in pectin to form calcium carboxylate strengthening the middle lamellae of the cell wall. Based on this mechanism, the soaked beans with an intact and dense cell structure were verified by the analyses of SEM and CLSM. Compared with other soaked beans, BB-2 exhibited lower cell permeability with electrical conductivity value decreased to 0.60 μs·cm-1. Additionally, BB-2 demonstrated slower digestion properties with digestion rate coefficient at 0.0020 min-1 and digestion extent only at 30.83 %, which is attributed to its increasingly compact cell wall and densely cellular matrix. This study illustrates the effect of calcium ions on the cellular structure of black beans, providing an effective process method for low glycemic index diets.

Spatial specificity of metabolism regulation of abscisic acid-imposed seed germination inhibition in Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis sieb et zucc)

Introduction

Abscisic acid (ABA) can negatively regulate seed germination, but the mechanisms of ABA-mediated metabolism modulation are not well understood. Moreover, it remains unclear whether metabolic pathways vary with the different tissue parts of the embryo, such as the radicle, hypocotyl and cotyledon.

Methods

In this report, we performed the first comprehensive metabolome analysis of the radicle and hypocotyl + cotyledon in Pinus koraiensis seeds in response to ABA treatment during germination.

Results and discussion

Metabolome profiling showed that following ABA treatment, 67 significantly differentially accumulated metabolites in the embryo were closely associated with pyrimidine metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, cysteine and methionine metabolism, galactose metabolism, terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, and glutathione metabolism. Meanwhile, 62 metabolites in the hypocotyl + cotyledon were primarily involved in glycerophospholipid metabolism and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis. We can conclude that ABA may inhibit Korean pine seed germination primarily by disrupting the biosynthesis of certain plant hormones mediated by cysteine and methionine metabolism and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, as well as reducing the reactive oxygen species scavenging ability regulated by glutathione metabolism and shikimate pathway in radicle. ABA may strongly disrupt the structure and function of cellular membranes due to alterations in glycerophospholipid metabolism, and weaken glycolysis/gluconeogenesis in the hypocotyl + cotyledon, both of which are major contributors to ABA-mediated inhibition of seed germination. These results highlight that the spatial modulation of metabolic pathways in Pinus koraiensis seeds underlies the germination response to ABA.

Identification of mungbean yellow mosaic India virus and susceptibility-related metabolites in the apoplast of mung bean leaves

KEY MESSAGE

The investigation of MYMIV-infected mung bean leaf apoplast revealed viral genome presence, increased EVs secretion, and altered stress-related metabolite composition, providing comprehensive insights into plant-virus interactions. The apoplast, an extracellular space around plant cells, plays a vital role in plant-microbe interactions, influencing signaling, defense, and nutrient transport. While the involvement of apoplast and extracellular vesicles (EVs) in RNA virus infection is documented, the role of the apoplast in plant DNA viruses remains unclear. This study explores the apoplast's role in mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) infection. Our findings demonstrate the presence of MYMIV genomic components in apoplastic fluid, suggesting potential begomovirus cell-to-cell movement via the apoplast. Moreover, MYMIV infection induces increased EVs secretion into the apoplast. NMR-based metabolomics reveals altered metabolic profiles in both apoplast and symplast in response to MYMIV infection, highlighting key metabolites associated with stress and defense mechanisms. The data show an elevation of α- and β-glucose in both apoplast and symplast, suggesting a shift in glucose utilization. Interestingly, this increase in glucose does not contribute to the synthesis of phenolic compounds, potentially influencing the susceptibility of mung bean to MYMIV. Fructose levels increase in the symplast, while apoplastic sucrose levels rise significantly. Symplastic aspartate levels increase, while proline exhibits elevated concentration in the apoplast and reduced concentration in the cytosol, suggesting a role in triggering a hypersensitive response. These findings underscore the critical role of the apoplast in begomovirus infection, providing insights for targeted viral disease management strategies.

Novel strategy to raise the content of aglycone isoflavones in soymilk and gel: Effect of germination on the physicochemical properties

Germination holds the key to nutritional equilibrium in plant grains. In this study, the effect of soybean germination on the processing of soymilk (SM) and glucono-δ-lactone (GDL) induced soymilk gel (SG) was investigated. Germination promoted soybean sprout (SS) growth by activating the energy metabolism system. The energy metabolism was high during the three-day germination and was the most vigorous on the second day of germination. After germination, protein dissolution was improved in SM, and endogenous enzymes produced small molecule proteins. Small molecule proteins were more likely to aggregate to produce SM protein particles. Germination increased the water-holding capacity of SG induced by GDL but weakened the strength. Furthermore, the dynamic fluctuations in isoflavone content were closely monitored throughout the processing of soybean products, including SS, SM, and SG. Although the total amount of isoflavones in SM and SG processed from germinated soybeans decreased, a significant enrichment in the content of aglycone isoflavones was observed. The content of aglycone isoflavones in SG processed from germinated soybeans on the second day of germination was 736.17 ± 28.49 µg/g DW, which was 83.19 % higher than that of the control group. This study demonstrates that germination can enhance the nutritional value of soybean products, providing innovative opportunities for the development of health-promoting soybean-based products.

Effect of oxygen supplement on post-mortem metabolic profile of shrimp during cold storage

Shrimp, renowned for its exceptional nutritional value, holds a pivotal position within the realm of aquatic products. The supplementation of extra oxygen to shrimp throughout the entire supply chain has found application within the commercial seafood market. In this study, a dual-platform metabolic analysis, coupled with multivariate data analysis, was employed to discern the impact of supplementary oxygen. Furthermore, this approach facilitated the construction of the post-mortem metabolic profile of shrimp during cold storage. A noticeable decrease of alcohols, ketones and carbohydrates which are related to the energy metabolism in shrimp has been found during cold storage, compared to the fresh shrimp. The degradation of nutritional amino acids was alleviated in shrimp after 4 h of extra oxygen supplement. Furthermore, a higher concentration of identified fatty acids, integral to lipid metabolism and functioning as flavor compounds was observed in shrimp subsequent to oxygen supplementation. Therefore, the additional oxygen supplementation exerted influence on multiple metabolic pathways, including nitrogen metabolism, amino acid and peptide metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and lipid metabolism. This study has constructed a comprehensive post-mortem metabolic profile of shrimp during cold storage, thereby establishing a theoretical foundation for the utilization of oxygen supplements in the preservation of seafood.

Uncovering the rheological properties basis for freeze drying treatment-induced improvement in the solubility of myofibrillar proteins

Myofibrillar proteins (MPs) are an important nutritional supplement and have great significance in sports training and rehabilitation therapy. Currently, MPs preservation is still disputed since they are vulnerable to degradation, polymerization, and denaturation. Freeze-drying is an emerging technology for protein preservation, its effects on the functionality of MPs from different sources have not yet been thoroughly studied. This study aims to evaluate the performance differences of freeze-drying in maintaining the functional characteristics of MPs from fish and mammalian sources, providing valuable insights for the processing and preservation of MPs, and providing nutritional support for nursing and rehabilitation. The results showed that freeze-drying was an efficient method for protein preservation, and the effects of freeze-drying on both fish and mammalian sources MPs were significant (p < 0.05) consistent. Specifically, whether before and after freeze-drying, the solubility of fish MPs (FMPs) was significant (p < 0.05) lower than that of mammalian MPs, while the foaming and emulsifying properties were significant (p < 0.05) higher than those of beef and sheep MPs (BMPs and SMPs, respectively). Furthermore, the most efficient protein concentration for freeze-drying was 10 mg/mL, and with this concentration, the gel strengths of BMPs and SMPs showed an insignificant difference (p > 0.05) after freeze-drying.

Combined transcriptome and proteome analysis reveal the key physiological processes in seed germination stimulated by decreased salinity in the seagrass Zostera marina L

BACKGROUND

Zostera marina L., or eelgrass, is the most widespread seagrass species throughout the temperate northern hemisphere. Unlike the dry seeds of terrestrial plants, eelgrass seeds must survive in water, and salinity is the key factor influencing eelgrass seed germination. In the present study, transcriptome and proteome analysis were combined to investigate the mechanisms via which eelgrass seed germination was stimulated by low salinity, in addition to the dynamics of key metabolic pathways under germination.

RESULTS

According to the results, low salinity stimulated the activation of Ca2+ signaling and phosphatidylinositol signaling, and further initiated various germination-related physiological processes through the MAPK transduction cascade. Starch, lipids, and storage proteins were mobilized actively to provide the energy and material basis for germination; abscisic acid synthesis and signal transduction were inhibited whereas gibberellin synthesis and signal transduction were activated, weakening seed dormancy and preparing for germination; cell wall weakening and remodeling processes were activated to provide protection for cotyledon protrusion; in addition, multiple antioxidant systems were activated to alleviate oxidative stress generated during the germination process; ERF transcription factor has the highest number in both stages suggested an active role in eelgrass seed germination.

CONCLUSION

In summary, for the first time, the present study investigated the mechanisms by which eelgrass seed germination was stimulated by low salinity and analyzed the transcriptomic and proteomic features during eelgrass seed germination comprehensively. The results of the present study enhanced our understanding of seagrass seed germination, especially the molecular ecology of seagrass seeds.

Integrated non-targeted and targeted metabolomics analysis reveals the mechanism of inhibiting lignification and optimizing the quality of pea sprouts by combined application of nano-selenium and lentinans

BACKGROUND

Lignification causes a detrimental impact on the quality of edible sprouts. However, the mechanism of inhibition of lignification of edible sprouts by nano-selenium and lentinans remains unclear.

RESULTS

To reveal the mechanism of lignification regulation of sprouts by nano-selenium and lentinans, this study investigated the changes in antioxidant indicators, phytohormones, polyphenols, and metabolites in the lignin biosynthesis in pea sprouts following sprays of nano-selenium or/and lentinans twice. There was an overall increase in the aforementioned indices following treatment. In particular, the combined application of 5 mg L-1 nano-selenium and 20 mg L-1 lentinans was more effective than their individual applications in enhancing peroxidase, catalase, DPPH free-radical scavenging rate, luteolin, and sinapic acid, as well as inhibiting malondialdehyde generation and lignin accumulation. Combined with the results from correlation analysis, nano-selenium and lentinans may inhibit lignification by enhancing antioxidant systems, inducing phytohormone-mediated signaling, and enriching precursor metabolites (caffeyl alcohol, sinapyl alcohol, 4-coumaryl alcohol). In terms of the results of non-targeted metabolomics, the combined application of 5 mg L-1 nano-selenium and 20 mg L-1 lentinans mainly affected biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites, biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, arginine and proline metabolism, and linoleic acid metabolism pathways, which supported and complemented results from targeted screenings.

CONCLUSION

Overall, the combined sprays of nano-selenium and lentinans showed synergistic effects in delaying lignification and optimizing the quality of pea sprouts. This study provides a novel and practicable technology for delaying lignification in the cultivation of edible sprouts. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Drying kinetics and quality dynamics of ultrasound-assisted dried selenium-enriched germinated black rice

Black rice is a functional food due to its higher protein, fiber, iron, antioxidant compounds, and other health benefits than traditional rice. The ultrasonic (US) pretreatments (10, 20, and 50 min) followed by hot-air drying (50, 60, and 70 °C) were applied to study the drying kinetics, mathematical modeling, thermodynamics, microstructure, bioactive profile, volatile compounds and to lock the nutritional composition of selenium-enriched germinated black rice (SeGBR). Ultrasonic-treated samples exhibited a 20.5% reduced drying time than control ones. The Hii model accurately describes the drying kinetics of SeGBR with the highest R2 (>0.997 to 1.00) among the fifteen studied models. The activation energy values in US-SeGBR varied from 3.97 to 13.90 kJ/mol, while the specific energy consumption ranged from 6.45 to 12.32 kWh/kg, which was lower than untreated. The obtained thermodynamic attributes of dried black rice revealed that the process was endothermic and non-spontaneous. Gallic acid, kaempferol, and cyanidin 3-glucoside were present in high concentrations in phenolics, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, respectively. The HS-SPME-GC-MS investigation detected and quantified 55 volatile compounds. The US-treated SeGBR had more volatile compounds, which may stimulate the release of more flavorful substances. The scanning electronic micrograph shows that the US-treated samples absorbed high water through several micro-cavities. Selenium concentration was significantly higher in US-treated samples at 50 °C than in control samples. In conclusion, ultrasound-assisted hot-air drying accelerated drying and improved SeGBR quality, which is crucial for the food industry and global promotion of this healthiest rice variety.

Miniaturized point discharge optical emission spectrometry coupling with solid phase extraction: A robust approach for sensitive quantification of total mercury in mung bean sprout growth

In this work, a portable chemical vapor generation point discharge optical emission spectrometry (CVG-PD-OES) system was designed for trace Hg²⁺ monitoring in mung bean sprout samples. The system incorporated selective solid phase extraction (SPE) to enhance the detection sensitivity. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were prepared and utilized to extract trace amounts of Hg²⁺ by forming gold amalgam. Subsequently, the amalgam was desorbed using 5% HCl and introduced into a low-power PD-OES system analysis via CVG. A low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.16 ng mL^-1 was obtained with a linear range of 0.5-6 ng mL^-1. The well-designed system was successfully utilized for monitoring trace Hg²⁺ in the growth of mung beans. The results indicated that the Hg²⁺ in mung bean sprouts was continuously decreased during growth based on the metabolism. Furthermore, the risk assessment conducted implied a negligible hazard quotient, suggesting that the observed levels of exposure posed minimal risk.

Suitable crop loading: An effective method to improve "Shine Muscat" grape quality

Berry thinning was applied to control crop load of "Shine Muscat" grape variety. Primary and secondary metabolites released during berries development were monitored, and the correlation between physicochemical parameters and core aroma compounds was analyzed. Results revealed a significant increase in single-berry weight and sugar-acid ratio of berries under low crop load conditions. Furthermore, phenolic content and antioxidant activity under low crop load were significantly higher than those of the other groups. Grapes with low crop loads also exhibited better aroma characteristics and higher sensory scores than those of the other groups, chiefly due to significantly increased terpene and C₁₃-norisoprenoid contents and substantially decreased C₆ compound and aldehyde contents. Moreover, correlation analysis revealed total soluble solid accumulation was positively correlated to terpene accumulation, while hexanal, 2-hexanal, (E)-2-hexanal, and (E)-2-octenal were positively correlated with titratable acidity content. Thus, better grape quality could be achieved by precisely controlling berry crop load.

Effect of Sprouting on Biomolecular and Antioxidant Features of Common Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum)

Buckwheat is a pseudo-cereal widely grown and consumed throughout the world. Buckwheat is recognized as a good source of nutrients and, in combination with other health-promoting components, is receiving increasing attention as a potential functional food. Despite the high nutritional value of buckwheat, a variety of anti-nutritional features makes it difficult to exploit its full potential. In this framework, sprouting (or germination) may represent a process capable of improving the macromolecular profile, including reducing anti-nutritional factors and/or synthesizing or releasing bioactives. This study addressed changes in the biomolecular profile and composition of buckwheat that was sprouted for 48 and 72 h. Sprouting increased the content of peptides and free-phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity, caused a marked decline in the concentration of several anti-nutritional components, and affected the metabolomic profile with an overall improvement in the nutritional characteristics. These results further confirm sprouting as a process suitable for improving the compositional traits of cereals and pseudo-cereals, and are further steps towards the exploitation of sprouted buckwheat as a high-quality ingredient in innovative products of industrial interest.

Recent advances in physiochemical changes, nutritional value, bioactivities, and food applications of germinated quinoa: A comprehensive review

The production and consumption of functional foods has become an essential food industry trend. Due to its high nutritional content, quinoa is regarded as a super pseudocereal for the development of nutritious foods. However, the presence of antinutritional factors and quinoa's distinctive grassy flavor limit its food applications. Due to its benefits in enhancing the nutritional bioavailability and organoleptic quality of quinoa, germination has garnered significant interest. To date, there is no systematic review of quinoa germination and the health benefits of germinated quinoa. This review details the nutritional components and bioactivities of germinated quinoa, as well as the potential mechanisms for the accumulation of bioactive compounds during the germination process. Additionally, evidence supporting the health benefits of germinated quinoa, the current status of related product development, and perspectives for future research are presented. Thus, our research is likely to provide theoretical support for the use of germinated quinoa resources.

1 H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomics Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Exposed to Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Perfluoroctanesulfonic Acid

Perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that are widely used in consumer products and fire suppression foams. The presence of PFAS in ground and surface water can create a route for PFAS to enter the soil, exposing ecosystems (including agroecosystems), where they will move through the food web via biomagnification. The toxicity of PFAS to plants, particularly in agricultural ecosystems, is of emerging concern due to the application of biosolids that are often contaminated with PFAS. Nevertheless, due to the low concentrations of PFAS in most agricultural soils, the direct impact of PFAS on plant health is not well understood. We used ¹ H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics to explore the effects of exposure of two key PFAS, perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, on Arabidopsis thaliana, a model organism. We found that Arabidopsis exhibited an accumulation of multiple metabolites, including soluble sugars (glucose and sucrose), multiple amino acids, and tri-carboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates, suggesting that PFAS exposure impacts the metabolism of plants by causing an accumulation of stress-related amino acids and soluble sugars that drives increased activity of the TCA cycle. The present study shows that ¹ H-NMR metabolomics is a viable tool for investigating changes in the metabolic profile of plants exposed to PFAS and can be used to illuminate the stress response of plants in a high-throughput, nonbiased manner. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:663-672. © 2022 SETAC.

Soy isoflavone-specific biotransformation product S-equol in the colon: physiological functions, transformation mechanisms, and metabolic regulatory pathways

Epidemiological data suggest that regular intake of soy isoflavones may reduce the incidence of estrogen-dependent and aging-associated disorders. Equol is a metabolite of soy isoflavone (SI) produced by specific gut microbiota and has many beneficial effects on human health due to its higher biological activity compared to SI. However, only 1/3 to 1/2 of humans are able to produce equol in the body, which means that not many people can fully benefit from SI. This review summarizes the recent advances in equol research, focusing on the chemical properties, physiological functions, conversion mechanisms in vitro and vivo, and metabolic regulatory pathways affecting S-equol production. Advanced experimental designs and possible techniques in future research plan are also fully discussed. Furthermore, this review provides a fundamental basis for researchers in the field to understand individual differences in S-equol production, the efficiency of metabolic conversion of S-equol, and fermentation production of S-equol in vitro.

Curcumin-Loaded Self-Assembly Constructed by Octenylsuccinate Fish (Cyprinus carpio L.) Scale Gelatin: Preparation and Characterization

Curcumin loaded octenylsuccinate fish scale gelatin (OFSG) was prepared in this study, to explore the potential of FSG for delivering hydrophobic nutrients. The effects of molecule weight (M_w, 22,677-369 g/mol) and degree of substitution (DS, 0-0.116) on the curcumin loading efficiency (CLE, μg/mL) of OFSG (6.98-26.85 mg/mL) were evaluated. The expose of interior hydrophobic groups in FSG and increased intermolecular hydrophobic area contributed to the loading of curcumin in two phases, respectively. The interaction between OFSG and curcumin showed a decreased absorption in FTIR and an increased crystallinity in XRD. The loading of curcumin into OFSG caused a significant decrease of the particle size (from 350-12,070 to 139-214 nm), PDI (from 0.584-0.659 to 0.248-0.347) and ζ-potential (-12.2 or -11.4 to -21.0 or -20.3). OFSG showed a significantly higher stability and lower release of curcumin than FSG at the end of the simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Thus, OFSG showed great potential in the construction of a carrier for hydrophobic nutrients.

Proteomic analysis reveals the mechanism of green regulation in garlic puree induced by purple light stress

Greening is an undesirable appearance in garlic puree during processing. Our previous study indicated that purple light could induce the greening changes in garlic. In order to investigate the mechanism of green regulation in garlic puree, purple light-induced greening and nongreening garlic puree were used as materials to investigate the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) by sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and data-independent acquisition (DIA) technology. The results showed that a total of 186 DEPs were detected by DIA, with 73 DEPs were up-regulated in greening garlic puree and 113 of them were down-regulated in greening garlic puree. Most DEPs were belonged to 20 functional categories, and mainly participated in post-translational modification and transport of proteins, molecular chaperones (12.93%) and signal transduction mechanisms (10.20%), energy production and transformation (6.80%), carbohydrate transport and metabolism (5.44%) and amino acid transport and metabolism (4.08%), indicating that the biological metabolic pathway, metabolic direction, and metabolic strength efficiency significantly changed in garlic puree after greening. Besides, the physiological and biochemical experiments showed that purple light significantly induced the γ-glutathione transpeptidase activity and prompted the conversion of thiosulfinate into garlic green pigment. This study explained the general molecular mechanism of greening changes of garlic puree in response to purple light. Practical Application Greening is an undesirable appearance in garlic puree during processing, which deteriorate the qualities of garlic. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of green regulation in garlic puree based on proteomics analysis.

Effects of exogenous selenium application on nutritional quality and metabolomic characteristics of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.)

Selenium (Se) biofortification is an important strategy for reducing hidden hunger by increasing the nutritional quality of crops. However, there is limited metabolomic information on the nutritional quality of Se-enriched mung beans. In this study, physiological assays and LC-MS/MS based widely targeted metabolomics approach was employed to reveal the Se biofortification potential of mung bean by evaluating the effect of Se on mung bean nutraceutical compounds and their qualitative parameters. Physiological data showed that foliar application of 30 g ha^-1 Se at key growth stages significantly increased the content of Se, protein, fat, total phenols, and total flavonoids content in two mung bean varieties. Widely targeted metabolomics identified 1,080 metabolites, among which L-Alanyl-L-leucine, 9,10-Dihydroxy-12,13-epoxyoctadecanoic acid, and 1-caffeoylquinic acid could serve as biomarkers for identifying highly nutritious mung bean varieties. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the metabolic pathways of different metabolites were different in the Se-enriched mung bean. Specifically, P1 was mainly enriched in the linoleic acid metabolic pathway, while P2 was mainly enriched in the phosphonate and phosphinate metabolic pathways. Overall, these results revealed the specific Se enrichment mechanism of different mung bean varieties. This study provides new insights into the comprehensive improvement of the nutritional quality of mung beans.

Effect of incubation period on the glycosylated protein content in germinated and ungerminated seeds of mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek)

The effects of different incubation periods on the contents of amino acids, proteins, glycosylated proteins and metabolites in germinated and ungerminated mung bean seeds were investigated in this study. The study employs soaking of mung bean seeds in water under laboratory conditions at 28 °C for 3, 6, and 9 h, followed by germination for 12, 24, 36, and 48 h. Seeds collected from different period of imbibition and germination were subjected to total protein extraction for phytochemical analysis. Germination of the seeds was found to be most successful after 6 h of soaking (rather than 9 h of incubation). Hence, seeds imbibed for 6 h were further investigated for germination at 28 °C for 12, 24, 36, and 48 h. Total protein was extracted from both imbibed and germinated seeds, followed by trypsin digestion. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based peptide mass fingerprinting revealed 38 proteins in 6 h water-imbibed seeds and 50 proteins in 24 h germinated seeds. Among these, 16 were identified as glycosylated proteins and the maximum number of glycosylated proteins were detected in 6 h water-imbibed seeds and 24 h germinated seeds. Moreover, High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used to quantify amino acids from the extracted proteins. A total of 15 amino acids were detected, of which eight were essential and the remaining were non-essential; amino acid concentrations increased following 3, 6, and 9 h of imbibition when compared to the control. It was concluded from the study that seeds with 6 h of imbibition and 24 h of germination can be used as potential nutritional source of different amino acids, proteins, glycosylated proteins, and other bioactive metabolites in human diet.

NMR-Based Metabolomic Profiling of Mungbean Infected with Mungbean Yellow Mosaic India Virus

Mungbean is an important legume mainly cultivated in Southeast Asia known for cheap source of food protein. Yellow mosaic disease (YMD) of mungbean is one of the most damaging diseases caused by mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) and mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) in India. The genetic basis of YMD resistance of mungbean is not well studied yet. Our present studies aimed to explore the genetic basis of YMD resistance through molecular, biochemical and metabolomics approach. Molecular analysis of YMV-infected mungbean plant materials revealed the presence of MYMIV. Chlorophyll contents were estimated as mosaic symptoms that cause chlorosis and necrosis in infected leaves. Chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content were significantly reduced by 27-55% in infected samples compared non-infected control samples. ¹H NMR-based metabolomic profiling of virus-infected mungbean were carried out, and we found that vital changes occurred during the development of MYMIV infection in mungbean. A total of fifty metabolites were identified in mungbean leaf samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) separated the severely infected sample from the non-infected samples. Orthogonal partial least discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA) revealed significant differences in MYMIV-infected and non-infected control samples. The featured metabolites in MYMIV infected and control samples were amino acids, carbohydrates, and organic acids. Relative abundance of sucrose, γ-amino butyric acid (GABA), proline, alanine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, pyruvate, ascorbate, and citrates were found as differential metabolites. Our results suggest that metabolic changes in infected mungbean samples is related to the viral acquisition. The present study may help in better understanding the metabolic alterations during biotic stress in mungbean.

Structural Characterization and Anti-inflammatory Activity of a Galactorhamnan Polysaccharide From Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis

This study aimed to extract polysaccharides from Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis (finger citron fruits) and analyze their structures and potential bioactivities. A new polysaccharide named K-CMLP was isolated and purified by Diethylaminoethylcellulose (DEAE)-Sepharose Fast Flow and DEAE-52 cellulose column chromatography with an average molecular weight of 3.76 × 10³ kDa. Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that K-CLMP consisted of rhamnose, galactose, and glucose, with a molar ratio of 6.75:5.87:1.00. Co-resolved by methylation and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), K-CLMP was alternately connected with 1, 2-Rha and 1, 4-Gal to form the backbone, and a small number of glucose residues was connected to O-4 of rhamnose. The results of DPPH⋅ and ABTS⁺⋅ radical scavenging assays indicated that both crude polysaccharide Citrus medica L. var. polysaccharide (CMLP) and K-CLMP exhibited strong free-radical-scavenging properties in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, K-CMLP significantly inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in RAW 264.7 cells treated with LPS. These results provide a basis for further use as one of the potential functions of food or natural medicine.

NMR-Based Metabolomic Approach for Evaluation of the Harvesting Time and Cooking Characteristics of Different Cassava Genotypes

Cassava is an important staple food for low-income countries. However, its cooking characteristics are especially affected by genotype. In this study, two groups of genotypes, namely hard to cook (HTC) and easy to cook (ETC), were harvested at different times (9 and 15 months), and evaluated by NMR coupled to chemometrics. Additionally, lignin of these materials was studied by ¹H-¹³C HSQC NMR. The carbohydrates were the most important class of compounds to differentiate the cassava genotypes. The correlation of NMR with cooking time and starch content showed that the higher content of primary metabolites, mostly glucose, can be associated with longer cooking times and reduction of starch, corroborating the metabolic pathways analysis. Furthermore, it was observed that the lignin from cell walls did not differentiate the cooking performance of the genotypes.

Effects of different tea tree varieties on the color, aroma, and taste of Chinese Enshi green tea

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Chinese Enshi green tea quality varies with tea tree varieties.

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Chlorophyll and chlorophyllide determine the green tea color.

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Echa 10 endows Enshi green tea with fresh and mellow taste.

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Echa 10 endows Enshi green tea with clear flavor and honeysuckle fragrance.

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Phenethyl alcohol, jasmine, dodecane and octadecane contribute to honeysuckle scent.

Green tea processed by Echa 10 was shown to have a fresh and mellow taste as well as clean aroma with a clear honeysuckle fragrance. The colors of different Enshi green teas are closely related with the content of chlorophyll and chlorophyllide. The five green teas also vary in their aroma style. Echa 10 imparts a special honeysuckle fragrance, which was further analyzed by molecular sensory analysis and the formation of this honeysuckle fragrance was attributed to the key components of dodecane, octadecane, phenethyl alcohol, and jasmonone. In aroma evaluation, Echa 10 green tea showed the best performance, which is mainly related with the content of geraniol, linalool, phenethyl alcohol, and benzyl alcohol. Additionally, Echa 10 scored the highest in taste evaluation, which is mainly determined by the contents and ratios of tea polyphenols, amino acids, caffeine, and soluble sugars.

Phomopsis longanae Chi causing the pulp breakdown of fresh longan fruit through affecting reactive oxygen species metabolism

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P. longanae raised longan pulp O₂^–. generation rate and contents of H₂O₂ and MDA.

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P. longanae reduced ROS scavenging enzymes activities (CAT, SOD, APX) in longan pulp.

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P. longanae lowered the amounts of endogenous antioxidant substances in longan pulp.

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P. longanae decreased longan pulp DPPH radical scavenging ability and reducing power.

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P. longanae stimulated longan pulp breakdown via reducing ROS scavenging capacity.

Phomopsis longanae Chi is a crucial pathogen causing fruit spoilage in postharvest fresh longan. The influence of P. longanae invasion with a suspension containing 1 × 10⁴P. longanae spores per mL on the breakdown occurrence and ROS metabolism in pulp of longan cv. Fuyan during storage at 28 °C was explicated. Compared to control group, more severe development of pulp breakdown (PB), higher PB index, O₂^–. generation rate, H₂O₂ and MDA content, but lower SOD, APX and CAT activities, GSH, AsA, flavonoid and total phenolics amounts, ability of scavenging DPPH radical, and reducing power were displayed in the pulp of P. longanae-infected fruit during days 0–5. In this context, P. longanae induced breakdown of longan pulp by reducing the scavenging ability of ROS and increasing the cumulation of ROS, thereby enhancing the structural collapse and lipid peroxidation of cell membrane, which were responsible for the PB of harvested longans.

Metabolomic Analysis Reveals Changes of Bioactive Compounds in Mung Beans (Vigna radiata) during γ-Aminobutyric Acid Enrichment Treatment

Soaking together with Heat and Relative Humidity (HRH) treatment has been applied successfully to enrich γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in mung beans. However, whether and how the above GABA enrichment processing influences the other bioactive molecules is elusive. In the present study, mung beans were soaked and then treated by HRH for 5 or 7 h. By using metabolomics techniques, the changes of 496 metabolites were determined. The relative content of flavonoids and phenolic acids increased during soaking but slightly decreased during HRH. Intriguingly, soaking and HRH had the opposite effects on the glycosylation of polyphenols. The relative content of glycosylated or un-glycosylated polyphenols increased during soaking or HRH, respectively. The relative content of α-ketoglutaric acid increased more than 20 times after 5 h HRH treatment. Bioactive molecules could be enriched during GABA enrichment processing. Depending on the desired bioactive compounds, soaking and different duration of HRH treatment could be selected.

Postharvest vibration-induced apple quality deterioration is associated with the energy dissipation system

Transit vibration is a potential risk that may cause fruit deterioration. Regulating energy metabolism is recognized for attenuating fruit abiotic/abiotic stresses. To explore the role of energy metabolism in the response of fruit to vibration stress, this research investigated the effects of exogenous treatment with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) on fruit after simulated vibration stress. The results demonstrated that DNP treatment induced significant energy depletion, which exacerbated the adverse physiological responses induced by vibration stress. In contrast, ATP regulated higher fruit energy levels and significantly alleviated fruit quality deterioration. This is achieved by supplying direct energy substances, maintaining higher energy charges, inhibiting ethylene biosynthesis, elevating the antioxidant system, and suppressing cell oxidative damage. The results demonstrated the positive role of fruit energy metabolism response to vibration stress. Ensuring sufficient energy level may be a promising strategy for controlling vibration-induced adverse physiological responses and a potential method to maintain fruit quality.

Integration of intestinal microbiota and metabonomics to elucidate different alleviation impacts of non-saponification and saponification astaxanthin pre-treatment on paracetamol-induced oxidative stress in rats

Intestinal microbiota and metabonomics were integrated to investigate the efficiency of non-saponification or saponification astaxanthin (N-Asta or S-Asta) derived from Penaeus sinensis by-products on alleviating paracetamol (PCM)-induced oxidative stress. Pre-treatment with N-Asta or S-Asta for 14 days restored the cellular morphology of the intestine and increased glutathione (GSH) levels under PCM overdose in rats. However, S-Asta displayed higher adsorption than that of N-Asta. PCM overdose reduced the richness and diversity of intestinal microbiota in the model group. Comparably, N-Asta or S-Asta pre-treatment increased the Actinobacteria abundance. Increased phyla Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia were only found in the S-Asta-pre-treated group. At the genus level, N-Asta pre-treatment increased Lactobacillus and Parasutterella abundance, whereas S-Asta pre-treatment elevated Bacteroidales_S24-7_group_norank and Ruminococcaceae_uncultured. Compared to the control and model groups, remarkable increases of fecal short-chain fatty acids were detected in both N-Asta and S-Asta pre-treatment groups, suggesting the contribution of N-Asta and S-Asta adsorption to SCFA-producing bacteria enrichment. Furthermore, the genera of Ruminococcaceae_uncultured, Ruminiclostridium_9, Ruminococcaceae_unclassified and Ruminococcus_1 showed high correlations with propionic acid, isobutyric acid, butyric acid, isovaleric acid and valeric acid increases in the S-Asta pre-treated group. Seventeen plasma biomarker metabolites in more than 10 metabolic pathways were responsible for the difference between the N-Asta and S-Asta pre-treated groups. Metabolites GSH, retinol, all-trans-Retinoic acid and taurine related to antioxidant activities were significantly accumulated in the S-Asta pre-treated group, while increasing taurocholic acid levels associated with the anti-inflammatory activity was found in the N-Asta-pre-treated group. Therefore, N-Asta and S-Asta could have potential applications in counterbalancing intestinal flora and metabolite disturbances by overdose chemical induction.

Novel Millet-Based Flavored Yogurt Enriched With Superoxide Dismutase

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an important antioxidant enzyme with different physiological functions, which can be used as a nutritional fortifier in food. Cereal-based fermented products are becoming popular worldwide. In this study, novel millet-based flavored yogurt enriched with SOD was developed. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum was screened, which manufactured SOD activity of 2476.21 ± 1.52 U g^-1. The SOD content of millet yogurt was 19.827 ± 0.323 U mL^-1, which was 63.01, 50.11, and 146.79% higher than that of Bright Dairy Yogurt 1911, Junlebao and Nanjing Weigang, respectively. Fifty-four volatile flavor substances and 22,571 non-volatile flavor substances were found in yogurt. Compared to traditional fermented yogurt, 37 non-volatile metabolites in yogurt with millet enzymatic fermentation broth were significantly upregulated, including 2-phenyl ethanol, hesperidin, N-acetylornithine and L-methionine, which were upregulated by 3169.6, 228.36, 271.22, and 55.67 times, respectively, thereby enriching the sensory and nutritional value of yogurt. Moreover, the manufacture of unpleasant volatile flavor substances was masked, making the product more compatible with consumers' tastes.

In-silico investigation of umami peptides with receptor T1R1/T1R3 for the discovering potential targets: A combined modeling approach

Umami, providing amino acids/peptides for animal growth, represents one of the major attractive taste modalities. The biochemical and umami properties of peptide are both important for scientific research and food industry. In this study, we did the sequence analysis of 205 umami peptides with 2-18 amino acids, sought the active sites of umami peptides by quantum chemical simulations and investigated their recognition residues with receptor T1R1/T1R3 by molecular docking. The results showed the peptides with 2-3 amino acids accounting for 44% of the total umami peptides. Residues D and E are the key active sites no matter where they are in the peptides (N-terminal, C-terminal or middle), when umami peptides contain D/E residues. N69, D147, R151, A170, S172, S276 and R277 residues in T1R1 receptor were deemed to be the key residues binding umami peptides. Finally, a powerful decision rule for umami peptides was proposed to predict potential umami peptides, which was convenient and efficient.

Comparative Metabolomics Reveals Two Metabolic Modules Affecting Seed Germination in Rice (Oryza sativa)

The process of seed germination is crucial not only for the completion of the plant life cycle but also for agricultural production and food chemistry; however, the underlying metabolic regulation mechanism involved in this process is still far from being clearly revealed. In this study, one indica variety (Zhenshan 97, with rapid germination) and one japonica variety (Nipponbare, with slow germination) in rice were used for in-depth analysis of the metabolome at different germination stages (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h after imbibition, HAI) and exploration of key metabolites/metabolic pathways. In total, 380 annotated metabolites were analyzed by using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based targeted method combined with a nontargeted metabolic profiling method. By using bioinformatics and statistical methods, the dynamic changes in metabolites during germination in the two varieties were compared. Through correlation analysis, coefficient of variation analysis and differential accumulation analysis, 74 candidate metabolites that may be closely related to seed germination were finally screened. Among these candidates, 29 members belong to the ornithine–asparagine–polyamine module and the shikimic acid–tyrosine–tryptamine–phenylalanine–flavonoid module. As the core member of the second module, shikimic acid’s function in the promotion of seed germination was confirmed by exogenous treatment. These results told that nitrogen flow and antioxidation/defense responses are potentially crucial for germinating seeds and seedlings. It deepens our understanding of the metabolic regulation mechanism of seed germination and points out the direction for our future research.

Bean cultivars (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under the spotlight of NMR metabolomics

The seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris are a rich source of protein consumed around the world and are considered as the most important source of proteins and antioxidants in the Mexican diet. This work reports on the 1H NMR metabolomics profiling of the cultivars Peruano (FPe), Pinto (FPi), Flor de mayo (FM), Negro (FN) and Flor de junio (FJ). Total phenolics, total flavonoids and total protein contents were determined to complement the nutritional facts in seeds and leaves. According to our results, the metabolomics fingerprint of beans seeds and leaves were very similar, showing the presence of 52 metabolites, 46 in seeds and 48 in leaves, including 8 sugars, 17 amino acids, 15 organic acids, 5 nucleosides and 7 miscellaneous compounds. In seeds, free amino acids were detected in higher concentrations than in the leaves, whereas organic acids were more abundant in leaves than in seeds. With multivariate and cluster analysis it was possible to rank the cultivars according to their nutritional properties according to NMR profiling, then a machine learning algorithm was used to reveal the most important differential metabolites which are the key for correct classification. The results coincide in highlighting the FN seeds and FPe leaves for the best nutritional facts. Finally, in terms of cultivars, FN and FM present the best nutritional properties, with high protein and flavonoids content, as well as, a high concentration of amino acids and nucleosides.

UHPLC-MS/MS Analysis on Flavonoids Composition in Astragalus membranaceus and Their Antioxidant Activity

Astragalus membranaceus is a valuable medicinal plant species widely distributed in Asia. Its root is the main medicinal tissue rich in methoxylated flavonoids. Origin can highly influence the chemical composition and bioactivity. To characterize the principal chemicals influenced by origin and provide more information about their antioxidant profile, the extracts of A. membranaceus roots from four origins were analysed by UHPLC-MS/MS. Thirty-four flavonoids, including thirteen methoxylated flavonoids, fifteen flavonoid glycosides and six flavonols, were identified. By principal component analysis, eighteen identified compounds were considered to be principal compounds. They could be used to differentiate A. membranaceus from Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang and Gansu. The antioxidant activity was analysed by ORAC assay, DPPH radical scavenging activity assay and cell antioxidant activity assay. 'Inner Mongolia' extract showed the highest antioxidant activity. These results were helpful to understand how origin influenced the quality of A. membranaceus.

Flavonoid glycosides and other bioactive compounds in Citrus reticulate 'Chachi' peel analysed by tandem mass spectrometry and their changes during storage

The peel of Citrus reticulate 'Chachiennsis' (Chachi) is a well-known functional food with multiple health benefits in Asia. There is an old saying "the longer time Chachi is stored, the better health benefits it has". Is it convincible? What are the critical bioactive compounds in Chachi? To answer these questions, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) were used to qualify and quantify the flavonoid glycosides and other bioactive compounds of Chachi with storage time of 5-20 years. Limonene was the representative volatile compound. The level of most volatile compounds decreased along with storage. Sixteen flavonoids glycosides and twenty flavonoids were identified. Nobiletin, hesperitin, tetramethoxy flavone and pentamethoxy flavone were characteristic bioactive compounds for Chachi. Most of them accumulated during 10-year storage, thereafter decreased. Ten years could be the optimal storage time. These results indicated that the old saying should be corrected.

Lentil and Fava Bean With Contrasting Germination Kinetics: A Focus on Digestion of Proteins and Bioactivity of Resistant Peptides

Germination offers advantages to improve legume protein digestibility as it disintegrates seed structure and hydrolyzes proteins and anti-nutrients. Seed permeability (related to polyphenol content of seed coats) is an important factor affecting the duration of seed germination and its impact on protein digestibility and bioactivity. The objective was to compare the effect of seed germination on protease activity, structure, and proteolysis of four selected legumes with contrasting seed coat polyphenol profiles (gray zero-tannin lentil [GZL], beluga lentil [BL], and dehulled red lentil [DL]; and zero tannin/low vicine-convicine fava bean [ZF]). Protein hydrolysis was characterized during germination and digestion with respect to proteins, peptides, and free amino acids (FAAs). In vitro antihypertensive and antioxidant activities of digests were investigated, and the peptidomic characterization [high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS)] and identification of bioactive fragments in intestinal digests were performed. Regardless of the seed type, germination increased protease activity and reduced the levels of phytic acid, trypsin inhibitors, and tannins (only in BL). A significant proteolysis of the 7S and 11S globulins and a concomitant increase of peptides and FAAs were observed in all sprouted legumes. Digestion kinetics in sprouts revealed a faster generation of FAAs and peptides than in dry seeds, with changes being more evident for DL, associated with a faster imbibition, germination, and sprout growth. In contrast, BL sprouts showed the lowest protein digestibility, likely due to a lower protease activity, seed structure disintegration, and higher anti-nutrient levels in comparison to GZL, DL, and ZF. Moreover, the digestion of sprouts resulted in a higher number of resistant peptides in DL and ZF that matched with previously reported bioactive sequences, suggesting a promising health potential of legume sprouts that was confirmed in vitro. The results suggested that the germination process improved protein digestibility and the health-promoting potential of lentil and fava bean proteins although these changes were more evident in DL due to its rapid imbibition, faster germination, and sprout development. This study will provide important information for either plant breeders to develop legume varieties with permeable seed coats or food producers that could use dehulled seeds for efficient production of sprouts as sustainable food sources of plant proteins with improved nutritional and healthy properties.

Metabolite-Flavor Profile, Phenolic Content, and Antioxidant Activity Changes in Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) Seeds during Germination

Sacha inchi seeds are abundant in nutrients such as linolenic acids and amino acids. Germination can further enhance their nutritional and medicinal value; however, germination time is positively correlated with off-flavor in germinated seeds. This study investigated the changes in the metabolite and flavor profiles and evaluated the nutritional quality of sacha inchi seeds 8 days after germination (DAG). We also determined their phenolic content and antioxidant activity. We used gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and identified 63 metabolites, including 18 fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). FAMEs had the highest concentration in ungerminated seeds, especially palmitic, stearic, linoleic, linolenic, and oleic acids. Amino acids, total phenolic compounds (TPCs), and antioxidant activity associated with health benefits increased with germination time. At the final germination stage, oxidation products were observed, which are associated with green, beany, and grassy odors and rancid and off-flavors. Germination is a valuable processing step to enhance the nutritional quality of sacha inchi seeds. These 6DAG or 8DAG seeds may be an alternative source of high-value-added compounds used in plant-protein-based products and isolated protein.

Edible Plant Sprouts: Health Benefits, Trends, and Opportunities for Novel Exploration

The consumption of plant sprouts as part of human day-to-day diets is gradually increasing, and their health benefit is attracting interest across multiple disciplines. The purpose of this review was to (a) critically evaluate the phytochemicals in selected sprouts (alfalfa, buckwheat, broccoli, and red cabbage), (b) describe the health benefits of sprouts, (c) assess the recent advances in sprout production, (d) rigorously evaluate their safety, and (e) suggest directions that merit special consideration for further novel research on sprouts. Young shoots are characterized by high levels of health-benefitting phytochemicals. Their utility as functional ingredients have been extensively described. Tremendous advances in the production and safety of sprouts have been made over the recent past and numerous reports have appeared in mainstream scientific journals describing their nutritional and medicinal properties. However, subjects such as application of sprouted seed flours in processed products, utilizing sprouts as leads in the synthesis of nanoparticles, and assessing the dynamics of a relationship between sprouts and gut health require special attention for future clinical exploration. Sprouting is an effective strategy allowing manipulation of phytochemicals in seeds to improve their health benefits.

Real-Time In Situ Screening of Omega-7 Phospholipids in Marine Biological Resources Using an iKnife-Rapid-Evaporative-Ionization-Mass-Spectrometry-Based Lipidomics Phenotype

Omega-7 (n-7) phospholipids were bioactive substances in marine animals. In this study, a fast lipidomics phenotyping approach for real-time in situ screening of n-7 phospholipids in five kinds of economic seafood, salmon, prawn, bluefin tuna, hairtail, and butterfish, was established using iKnife rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry (REIMS). The n-7 phospholipids were structurally characterized and quantitatively analyzed, and the profiles were statistically analyzed by multivariate recognition analysis. It indicated that the difference of n-7 phospholipids in seafood samples was significant (p < 0.05), with R²(cum) and Q²(cum) values of >0.9. The proportion of n-7 phospholipids in salmon was the highest (20.43%), followed by bluefin tuna, prawn, hairtail, and butterfish. The ions of m/z 742.54 (PC 16:1-18:1), 768.55 (PC 16:1-20:2), 697.48 (PE 16:1-18:1), and 699.48 (PE 16:1-18:0) were the main n-7 phospholipids. The effectiveness of iKnife REIMS was further verified by hydrophilic interaction chromatography mass spectrometry and gas chromatography. The results demonstrated that proposed iKnife REIMS was an excellent technique for front-line screening of n-7 phospholipids in a large variety of marine biological resources.