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Lehmann MM, Diao H, Ouyang S, Gessler A. Different responses of oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in leaf and tree-ring organic matter to lethal soil drought. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpae043. [PMID: 38618738 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition (δ18O, δ2H) of plant tissues are key tools for the reconstruction of hydrological and plant physiological processes and may therefore be used to disentangle the reasons for tree mortality. However, how both elements respond to soil drought conditions before death has rarely been investigated. To test this, we performed a greenhouse study and determined predisposing fertilization and lethal soil drought effects on δ18O and δ2H values of organic matter in leaves and tree rings of living and dead saplings of five European tree species. For mechanistic insights, we additionally measured isotopic (i.e. δ18O and δ2H values of leaf and twig water), physiological (i.e. leaf water potential and gas-exchange) and metabolic traits (i.e. leaf and stem non-structural carbohydrate concentration, carbon-to-nitrogen ratios). Across all species, lethal soil drought generally caused a homogenous 2H-enrichment in leaf and tree-ring organic matter, but a low and heterogenous δ18O response in the same tissues. Unlike δ18O values, δ2H values of tree-ring organic matter were correlated with those of leaf and twig water and with plant physiological traits across treatments and species. The 2H-enrichment in plant organic matter also went along with a decrease in stem starch concentrations under soil drought compared with well-watered conditions. In contrast, the predisposing fertilization had generally no significant effect on any tested isotopic, physiological and metabolic traits. We propose that the 2H-enrichment in the dead trees is related to (i) the plant water isotopic composition, (ii) metabolic processes shaping leaf non-structural carbohydrates, (iii) the use of carbon reserves for growth and (iv) species-specific physiological adjustments. The homogenous stress imprint on δ2H but not on δ18O suggests that the former could be used as a proxy to reconstruct soil droughts and underlying processes of tree mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco M Lehmann
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Haoyu Diao
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Shengnan Ouyang
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Jiaxiu South Road, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Li A, Abrahim A, Islam M, Mejías E, Hafizati Abdul Halim N, Frew R, Vlachou C, Kelly SD. A new approach to detecting sugar syrup addition to honey: Stable isotope analysis of hexamethylenetetramine synthesised from honey monosaccharides (fructose and glucose). Food Chem 2024; 434:137451. [PMID: 37748289 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
One of the most common types of adulteration of honey involves the addition of invert sugar syrups. A new method was developed to measure the stable isotope ratios of carbon and carbon-bound non-exchangeable (CBNE) hydrogen from specific molecular positions in fructose and glucose in honey. This was achieved through periodate oxidation of the sugars to produce formaldehyde, followed by reaction with ammonia to form hexamethylenetetramine (HMT). The preparation was simplified, optimized, and validated by isotopic analysis of replicate syntheses of HMT from fructose, glucose, sugar syrup and a representative authentic honey sample. The optimized method had a repeatability standard deviation from 1.5‰ to 3.0‰ and from 0.1‰ to 0.4‰ for δ2H and δ13C, respectively. This methodology has advantages over alternative isotopic methods, for measuring CBNE hydrogen isotope ratios in sugars, in terms of time, sensitivity and operability and offers a complementary method to differentiate authentic honey from invert sugar syrups.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Li
- Food Safety and Control Laboratory Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, Wagramer Strasse 5, PO Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 100097 Beijing, China
| | - Aiman Abrahim
- Food Safety and Control Laboratory Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, Wagramer Strasse 5, PO Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marivil Islam
- Food Safety and Control Laboratory Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, Wagramer Strasse 5, PO Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Enrique Mejías
- Nuclear Technologies Center in Vulnerable Ecosystems, Nuclear Research and Applications Division, Chilean Nuclear Energy Commission, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Russell Frew
- Oritain Global Limited, Dunedin, Otago 9016, New Zealand
| | - Christina Vlachou
- Food Safety and Control Laboratory Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, Wagramer Strasse 5, PO Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon D Kelly
- Food Safety and Control Laboratory Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, Wagramer Strasse 5, PO Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria.
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Akamatsu F, Shimizu H, Igi Y, Kamada A, Koyama K, Yamada O, Goto-Yamamoto N. Prediction method for determining the carbon stable isotopic composition of berry sugars in the original must of Chardonnay wines. Food Chem 2022; 369:130854. [PMID: 34450515 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The carbon stable isotopic composition, as indicated by the δ13C value, of wine ethanol is inherited from berry sugars, but little is known about the variation in sugar δ13C values of Japanese grapes relative to overseas grapes. This study found a large variation in sugar δ13C values of Chardonnay grapes grown in Japan (-27.2 ± 0.9‰, mean ± standard deviation, n = 33), with sugar δ13C values depending on the δ13C values and content of monosaccharides. After complete fermentation, the carbon isotope discrimination between berry sugars and wine ethanol was 1.5 ± 0.1‰. Ethanol δ13C values and carbon isotope discrimination enabled prediction of sugar δ13C values in the original must. Imported wines had higher sugar δ13C values than those of wines made from Japanese grapes, suggesting drier overseas viticulture conditions. The determination of sugar δ13C values in grape berries provides valuable information for viticulture and wine authentication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumikazu Akamatsu
- National Research Institute of Brewing, 3-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan.
| | - Hideaki Shimizu
- National Research Institute of Brewing, 3-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Yukari Igi
- National Research Institute of Brewing, 3-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Aya Kamada
- National Research Institute of Brewing, 3-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Kazuya Koyama
- National Research Institute of Brewing, 3-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Osamu Yamada
- National Research Institute of Brewing, 3-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Nami Goto-Yamamoto
- National Research Institute of Brewing, 3-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
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Schuler P, Cormier M, Werner RA, Buchmann N, Gessler A, Vitali V, Saurer M, Lehmann MM. A high-temperature water vapor equilibration method to determine non-exchangeable hydrogen isotope ratios of sugar, starch and cellulose. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:12-22. [PMID: 34564870 PMCID: PMC9291759 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of the non-exchangeable hydrogen isotope ratio (δ2 Hne ) in carbohydrates is mostly limited to the structural component cellulose, while simple high-throughput methods for δ2 Hne values of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) such as sugar and starch do not yet exist. Here, we tested if the hot vapor equilibration method originally developed for cellulose is applicable for NSC, verified by comparison with the traditional nitration method. We set up a detailed analytical protocol and applied the method to plant extracts of leaves from species with different photosynthetic pathways (i.e., C3 , C4 and CAM). δ2 Hne of commercial sugars and starch from different classes and sources, ranging from -157.8 to +6.4‰, were reproducibly analysed with precision between 0.2‰ and 7.7‰. Mean δ2 Hne values of sugar are lowest in C3 (-92.0‰), intermediate in C4 (-32.5‰) and highest in CAM plants (6.0‰), with NSC being 2 H-depleted compared to cellulose and sugar being generally more 2 H-enriched than starch. Our results suggest that our method can be used in future studies to disentangle 2 H-fractionation processes, for improving mechanistic δ2 Hne models for leaf and tree-ring cellulose and for further development of δ2 Hne in plant carbohydrates as a potential proxy for climate, hydrology, plant metabolism and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schuler
- Research Unit of Forest Dynamics, Research Group of Ecosystem EcologySwiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Marc‐André Cormier
- Department of Earth Sciences, Research Group of Ocean BiogeochemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Roland A. Werner
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Group of Grassland SciencesETH ZurichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Group of Grassland SciencesETH ZurichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Research Unit of Forest Dynamics, Research Group of Ecosystem EcologySwiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial EcosystemsETH ZurichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Valentina Vitali
- Research Unit of Forest Dynamics, Research Group of Ecosystem EcologySwiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Matthias Saurer
- Research Unit of Forest Dynamics, Research Group of Ecosystem EcologySwiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Marco M. Lehmann
- Research Unit of Forest Dynamics, Research Group of Ecosystem EcologySwiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
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Kelly SD, Abrahim A, Rinke P, Cannavan A. Detection of exogenous sugars in pineapple juice using compound-specific stable hydrogen isotope analysis. NPJ Sci Food 2021; 5:10. [PMID: 33854060 PMCID: PMC8046972 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-021-00092-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
An improved procedure for determining 2H/1H isotope ratios, using gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry, has been used to detect the addition of exogenous C4-plant-derived sugars to pineapple juice. Isotopic techniques are commonly used to identify the addition of low-cost sugars to fruit juices and are difficult to subvert as it is not economically viable to change the isotopic ratios of the sugars. However, the addition of cane sugar to pineapple juice has presented a significant challenge that is only detected by site-specific 13C analysis of the methyl and methylene positions of ethanol derived from pineapple sugars, measured by nuclear magnetic resonance. This new GC-IRMS-based procedure utilises the trifluoroacetate derivative of sucrose to allow direct measurement of the carbon-bound non-exchangeable hydrogen. This provides advantages over alternative isotopic methods in terms of analysis time and sensitivity. This feasibility study has demonstrated the potential to reliably differentiate between authentic pineapple juices and those adulterated with commercial beet and cane sucrose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D Kelly
- Food and Environmental Protection Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Aiman Abrahim
- Food and Environmental Protection Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Rinke
- SGF International e.V., Marie-Curie-Ring 10a, Saulheim, Germany
| | - Andrew Cannavan
- Food and Environmental Protection Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, Vienna, Austria
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