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Wu H, Wang Q, Dong M, Liu X, Tang Y. pH-responsive dual-emission carbon dots for the ratiometric detection of organophosphorus pesticides in Brassica chinensis and Hg 2+ in water. Food Chem 2024; 454:139755. [PMID: 38810445 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Accurate and rapid monitoring of organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) residues is crucial for regulating food safety. Herein, dual-emission carbon dots (de-CDs) were fabricated for the ratiometric detection of OPs and Hg2+. The de-CDs exhibited two emission peaks at 678 and 485 nm when excited with visible light. Interestingly, the fluorescence at 678 nm was significantly quenched by Hg2+ mainly because of the static quenching effect, whereas that at 485 nm exhibited a slight change. More significantly, the quenched fluorescence of the de-CDs recovered remarkably after introducing omethoate, diazinon and malathion. Accordingly, the ratiometric detection of the three OPs and Hg2+ was achieved with high selectivity and robust performance. In addition, the OPs residues assay in Brassica chinensis was successfully performed with satisfactory results. This study not only provides an attractive tool for the simple and rapid assay of OPs but also offers new insights into the fabrication of multi-functional carbon dots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Wu
- Nantong Key Lab of Intelligent and New Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China.
| | - Qiqi Wang
- Nantong Key Lab of Intelligent and New Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Miaochen Dong
- Nantong Key Lab of Intelligent and New Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Xinyue Liu
- Nantong Key Lab of Intelligent and New Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Yanfeng Tang
- Nantong Key Lab of Intelligent and New Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China.
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2
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Ortiz-Martínez M, Molina González JA, Ramírez García G, de Luna Bugallo A, Justo Guerrero MA, Strupiechonski EC. Enhancing Sensitivity and Selectivity in Pesticide Detection: A Review of Cutting-Edge Techniques. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024; 43:1468-1484. [PMID: 38726957 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The primary goal of our review was to systematically explore and compare the state-of-the-art methodologies employed in the detection of pesticides, a critical component of global food safety initiatives. New approach methods in the fields of luminescent nanosensors, chromatography, terahertz spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy are discussed as precise, rapid, and versatile strategies for pesticide detection in food items and agroecological samples. Luminescent nanosensors emerge as powerful tools, noted for their portability and unparalleled sensitivity and real-time monitoring capabilities. Liquid and gas chromatography coupled to spectroscopic detectors, stalwarts in the analytical chemistry field, are lauded for their precision, wide applicability, and validation in diverse regulatory environments. Terahertz spectroscopy offers unique advantages such as noninvasive testing, profound penetration depth, and bulk sample handling. Meanwhile, Raman spectroscopy stands out with its nondestructive nature, its ability to detect even trace amounts of pesticides, and its minimal requirement for sample preparation. While acknowledging the maturity and robustness of these techniques, our review underscores the importance of persistent innovation. These methodologies' significance extends beyond their present functions, highlighting their adaptability to meet ever-evolving challenges. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:1468-1484. © 2024 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Ortiz-Martínez
- Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías, Ciudad de México, México
- Centro de Ingeniería y Desarrollo Industrial, Santiago de Querétaro, México
| | - Jorge Alberto Molina González
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Santiago de Querétaro, México
| | - Gonzalo Ramírez García
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Santiago de Querétaro, México
| | - Andrés de Luna Bugallo
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Santiago de Querétaro, México
| | - Manuel Alejandro Justo Guerrero
- Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, National Enterprise for nanoScience and nanoTechnology Consiglio Nazionale della Richerche, Pisa, Italy
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3
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Zeng Y, Lan T, Li X, Chen Y, Yang Q, Qu B, Zhang Y, Pan C. A comparison of the determination of multiple pesticide residues in fruits, vegetables, and edible fungi using gas chromatography combined with filtration purification and solid-phase extraction. RSC Adv 2024; 14:16898-16911. [PMID: 38799210 PMCID: PMC11123614 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07584b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The multiplug filtration clean-up (m-PFC) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) pretreatment methods were employed to process 8 representative matrices in fruits, vegetables, and edible fungi, respectively. 37 pesticide residues were determined using gas chromatography equipped with ECD and FPD detectors. The measurement data were compared and analyzed following m-PFC purification and gas chromatography analysis, and both accuracy and precision met the (EU) 2021/808 requirements, achieving recovery rates for the 8 matrices ranging from 67.0% to 112.8% (averaging over 83.8% recovery), and RSDs between 0.2% and 15.2%. The 37 pesticides exhibited good linearity between 0.05 and 1.6 μg mL-1, and the matrix effect was found to be weaker compared to that of the Florisil solid-phase extraction method. The detection limits ranged from 0.0001 to 0.03 μg kg-1, with 31 pesticides showing lower detection limits compared to the SPE method. The application of this method to 150 real samples resulted in the detection of 17 pesticides across all samples. Fewer pigments were detected in m-PFC purified solutions compared to Florisil PR SPE when analyzed by liquid chromatography. m-PFC achieved more thorough adsorption of endogenous substances like pigments, reducing instrument contamination, utilizing less organic solvent, and simplifying the operation. This purification step offers clear advantages, allowing for the processing of larger sample batches in a short time. It can serve as a replacement for SPE methods like Florisi PR in batch detection of fruit and vegetable samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zeng
- Ya'an Agricultural Food Quality Monitoring and Testing Center Ya'an 625000 China
| | - Tao Lan
- China National Institute of Standardization Beijing 100191 China
| | - Xiaxue Li
- Ya'an Agricultural Food Quality Monitoring and Testing Center Ya'an 625000 China
| | - Ya Chen
- Ya'an Agricultural Food Quality Monitoring and Testing Center Ya'an 625000 China
| | - Qiaohui Yang
- Ya'an Agricultural Food Quality Monitoring and Testing Center Ya'an 625000 China
| | - Bin Qu
- Beijing KNORTH Technology Co., Ltd Beijing 102299 China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Ya'an Agricultural Food Quality Monitoring and Testing Center Ya'an 625000 China
| | - Canping Pan
- College of Science, China Agricultural University No. 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District Beijing 100193 China +86-18080598805
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Qu G, Zhao Y, Zhang Q, Wu J, Li X, Yang Y, Liu S. Magnetic mesoporous Fe 3O 4@ nSiO 2@ mSiO 2 nanoparticles for high-throughput mass spectrometry detection of hydrolyzed products of organophosphorus nerve agents. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:301-313. [PMID: 38115807 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01785k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and accurate detection of hydrolyzed products of organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNAs) is an important method to effectively confirm the use of these agents. OPNAs are rapidly hydrolyzed to the methyl phosphonates (MPs) in the environment, which can be used as environmental traceability marker for OPNAs. Herein, magnetic mesoporous materials combined with real-time in situ mass spectrometry (MS) were used to achieve high-throughput detection of MPs. Novel magnetic mesoporous nanoparticles Fe3O4@nSiO2@mSiO2 were synthesized via co-condensation of tetraethyl orthosilicate and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) on the surface of nonporous silica-coated Fe3O4 under alkaline conditions. CTAB templates were removed by the reflux of ethanol (0.0375 mM ammonium nitrate) to form mesoporous SiO2, which has a large specific surface area of 549 m2 g-1 and an excellent magnetization strength of 59.6 emu g-1. A quick, cost-effective, rugged, and safe magnetic preparation method, magnetic QuEChERS, was established with magnetic mesoporous nanoparticles (Fe3O4@nSiO2@mSiO2) as adsorption materials for direct analysis in real-time and tandem MS (DART-MS/MS) of MPs in environmental samples. The method exhibits good linearity (R2 > 0.992) in the range of 20.0-4.00 μg mL-1, the limits of detection were <5.00 ng mL-1, the limits of quantification were <20.0 ng mL-1, and the extraction recoveries were 70.2-98.1%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) in the range of 1.97-10.6%. Additionally, using this method, analysis of 70 environmental samples could be completed within 20 min. Then, the M-QuEChERS-DART-MS/MS method was applied to the 52nd Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) environmental spiked samples analysis, where the accuracy was 95.2-116%, and the RSD was 1.16-7.83%. The results demonstrated that Fe3O4@nSiO2@mSiO2 based on the QuEChERS method can quickly and efficiently remove the matrix of environmental samples and when coupled with the DART-MS/MS can achieve high-throughput determination of MPs in environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, P. R. China.
| | - Yuxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, P. R. China.
| | - Qiaoli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, P. R. China.
| | - Jina Wu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaosen Li
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, P. R. China.
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, P. R. China.
| | - Shilei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, P. R. China.
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Wang X, Ai S, Xiong A, Zhou W, He L, Teng J, Geng X, Wu R. SERS combined with QuEChERS using NBC and Fe 3O 4 MNPs as cleanup agents to rapidly and reliably detect chlorpyrifos pesticide in citrus. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:6266-6274. [PMID: 37955430 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01604h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technique is being increasingly used for the detection of pesticide residues in agricultural products. However, there are large amounts of fluorescence-producing substances in agricultural products, which seriously affect the Raman signal of the analyte. In this paper, the QuEChERS method was used to remove interfering fluorescent substances in the analyte, and the purification effects of different doses of nano bamboo charcoal (NBC) and Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticle (Fe3O4 MNP) adsorbents were studied. Meanwhile, the Raman spectral acquisition conditions (AuNPs, test solution, and NaCl) were optimized based on the orthogonal test method. The results showed that 300 µL AuNPs, 40 µL test solution, and 100 µL 1.5% NaCl gave the best SERS response effect. 12.5 mg NBC combined with 10 mg Fe3O4 MNPs could effectively remove the interfering substances from citrus. The Raman spectra of chlorpyrifos molecules were theoretically modeled using density-functional theory (DFT). By comparing the DFT results with the actual tests, five feature peaks, at 338, 522, 558, 672, and 1600 cm-1, were obtained for the detection of chlorpyrifos pesticide residues in citrus. Based on the Raman feature peak intensity at 672 cm-1, the concentration of chlorpyrifos in citrus showed a good linear relationship (R2 = 0.9979) in the concentration range of 3-20 mg kg-1. The recovery rate was 92.12% to 98.38%, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 1.77% to 5.29%. The lowest detection concentration was about 3 mg kg-1, and the detection time of a single sample could be completed within 15 min. This study showed that the combination of SERS and QuEChERS preprocessing methods could achieve rapid detection of chlorpyrifos pesticide residues in citrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Shirong Ai
- College of Software, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Aihua Xiong
- College of Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weiqi Zhou
- College of Software, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang He
- College of Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jie Teng
- College of Agriculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Geng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruimei Wu
- College of Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, People's Republic of China.
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He G, Hou X, Han M, Qiu S, Yu X, Qin S, Wang F, Li Y. Determination of multiclass contaminants in chilli powder based on magnetic multiwalled carbon nanotubes and UPLC-QTOF/MS. Food Res Int 2023; 173:113263. [PMID: 37803576 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
A multiclass analysis approach was developed using magnetic multiwalled carbon nanotubes sorbents and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS) for the rapid screening and simultaneous determination of 216 contaminants including 15 mycotoxins, 9 synthetic colourants, and 192 pesticides in chilli powder. The sample preparation process was optimized. The optimal preparation procedure utilized NaCl and NaAc as the salting-out agents, and Fe3O4-MWCNTs as the sorbents, resulting in reduced chemical consumption, improved cleaning performance, and facilitated high-throughput analysis. The proposed method was validated, and satisfactory parameters were obtained. Approximately 85.6% of the target analytes exhibited a weak matrix effect, with the matrix effects falling within the range of 0.8 ∼ 1.2. The method demonstrated acceptable recoveries of the analytes, falling within the range of 62.14%∼119.76% at three fortified levels with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of less than 20%. Additionally, the method's limit of quantification (LOQ) ranged from ranged from 0.50 μg·kg-1 to 49.56 μg·kg-1. The method was further applied for analysis of 27 chilli powder samples, demonstrating its potential for screening and quantification of multiclass contaminants for spices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyun He
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Chengdu Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Xue Hou
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Chengdu Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610066, China.
| | - Mei Han
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Chengdu Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Shiting Qiu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Chengdu Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Xi Yu
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, 999078, Macau
| | - Shudi Qin
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Chengdu Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Fengyi Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Chengdu Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Ying Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Chengdu Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610066, China
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Pan S, Li X, Xu X, Zhang D, Xu Z. Synthesis and application of quaternary amine-functionalized core-shell-shell magnetic polymers for determination of metabolites of benzene, toluene and xylene in human urine samples and study of exposure assessment. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1708:464320. [PMID: 37669614 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
As production processes have evolved, airborne concentrations of benzene, toluene and xylene in many workplaces are already well below the occupational exposure limits. However, studies have shown that low levels of exposure to benzene, toluene and xylene can still cause health effects in people exposed occupationally. However, there is no literature on health risk assessment of internal exposure. In view of this, an analytical method based on quaternary amine-functionalized core-shell-shell magnetic polymers (QA-CSS-MPs) was developed for the determination of seven metabolites in urine by MSPE-UPLC-DAD-HRMS. Furthermore, an improved QuEChERS method for the extraction of seven metabolites from human urine samples was introduced for the first time and satisfactory extraction rates were achieved. In addition, QA-CSS-MPs microspheres with core-shell-shell structure were designed and synthesized, and the morphology, composition and magnetic properties of the materials were fully characterized to verify the rationality of the synthetic route. Subsequently, QA-CSS-MPs microspheres were used as magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) adsorbents for the purification of urine extracts, and UPLC-DAD-HRMS was used for the detection of seven metabolites. As a result, this method allows the accurate determination of seven metabolites in urine samples over an ultra-wide concentration range (0.001-100 mg/L). Under optimal experimental conditions, i.e., 2% hydrochloric acid in urine for the hydrolysis and 20 mg of QA-CSS-MPs for 5 min purification, the spiked recoveries of the seven target metabolites ranged from 81.5% to 117.7% with RSDs of 1.0%-9.4%. The limits of detection (LODs, S/N≥3) for the established method were in the range of 0.2-0.3 μg/L. The developed method was applied to 254 human urine samples for the determination of seven metabolites. The results showed that the concentration distributions of three xylene metabolites in urine, 2-MHA, 3-MHA, 4-MHA and total MHA, showed statistically significant differences for occupational exposure (p<0.001). In addition, the results of the internal exposure assessment showed that there is a high potential health risk associated with occupational exposure processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengdong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Appraisal for Trace Toxic Chemicals of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, China.
| | - Xiaohai Li
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Appraisal for Trace Toxic Chemicals of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, China
| | - Xinwu Xu
- Cixi Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315300, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Appraisal for Trace Toxic Chemicals of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, China
| | - Zemin Xu
- Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
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8
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Yang F, Cui H, Wang C, Wang Y, Zhu W, Deng H, Liu S, Bian Z, Lu J, Tang G, Ji Y. Comparison of supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the stereoselective analysis of chlorfenvinphos and dimethylvinphos in tobacco. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300449. [PMID: 37582637 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
This study used reversed-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for determination of the stereoisomers of chlorfenvinphos and dimethylvinphos in tobacco. Tobacco samples were extracted and purified with a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe technique using spherical carbon. The performance of both methodologies was comprehensively compared in terms of methods validation parameters (separation efficiency, linearity, selectivity, recovery, repeatability, sensitivity, matrix effect, etc.). Under optimized conditions, the calibration curves of the stereoisomers of chlorfenvinphos and dimethylvinphos in the range of 10-500 ng/mL showed excellent linearity with R2 ≥ 0.997 in both methods. The adequate recoveries of analytes from three different spiked tobaccos were obtained using reversed-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (86.1-95.7%) as well as supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (86.5-94.0%). The relative standard deviations for spiked samples were all below 7.0%. Compared with supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, lower matrix effects and LODs can be obtained in reversed-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Haozhe Cui
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Chunqiong Wang
- Yunnan Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Station, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Zhu
- Guizhou Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Station, Guiyang, P. R. China
| | - Huimin Deng
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoyang Bian
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Junli Lu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Gangling Tang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Ji
- Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jinan, P. R. China
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9
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Luo S, Peng R, Wang Y, Liu X, Ren J, Li W, Xiong Y, Yi S, Wen Q. Enzyme-targeted near-infrared fluorescent probe for organophosphorus pesticide residue detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:4849-4859. [PMID: 37433954 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04801-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide residues significantly affect food safety and harm human health. In this work, a series of near-infrared fluorescent probes were designed and developed by acylating the hydroxyl group of the hemicyanine skeleton with a quenching moiety for monitoring the presence of organophosphorus pesticides in food and live cells. The carboxylic ester bond on the probe was hydrolyzed catalytically in the presence of carboxylesterase and thereby the fluorophore was released with near-infrared emission. Notably, the proposed probe 1 exhibited excellent sensitivity against organophosphorus based on the carboxylesterase inhibition mechanism and the detection limit for isocarbophos achieved 0.1734 μg/L in the fresh vegetable sample. More importantly, probe 1 allowed for situ visualization of organophosphorus in live cells and bacteria, meaning great potential for tracking the organophosphorus in biological systems. Consequently, this study presents a promising strategy for tracking pesticide residues in food and biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Luo
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-Oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruichen Peng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-Oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-Oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiali Ren
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-Oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-Oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-Oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Sili Yi
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Huaihua University, Huaihua, 418000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qian Wen
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-Oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, People's Republic of China.
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Safety Monitoring and Early Warning, Hunan Institute Food Quality Supervision Inspection and Research, Changsha, 410004, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Liu X, Li Y, Qiao W, Chang M, Li Y. A non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor based on nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon@hydroxyl-functionalized ionic liquid composites modified electrode for the detection of fenitrothion. RSC Adv 2023; 13:13030-13039. [PMID: 37124009 PMCID: PMC10133836 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01011b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The overuse of organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) results in severe environmental pollution and food safety issues. Fenitrothion (FNT) is a typical derivative of OPs, so rapid and sensitive detection of FNT plays an important role in environmental protection and public health. An FNT non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor based on nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon@functionalized ionic liquid composites (N-CMK-3@IL) was constructed in this work. The surface topography and electrochemical properties of the sensor were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), respectively. Because N-CMK-3@IL composites could improve the conductivity and increase the active surface area of the modified electrode, the sensor exhibited good electrocatalytic activity to FNT. Under the optimal experimental conditions, a good linear relationship for FNT was obtained in the range of 0.5-100 ng mL-1, and the detection limit was 0.1 ng mL-1 (S/N = 3). The sensor was successfully applied for the detection of FNT in vegetable samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinsheng Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University Yinchuan 750004 P. R. China +86-951-6980139 +86-951-6980139
| | - Yutong Li
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University Yinchuan 750004 P. R. China
| | - Wenli Qiao
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University Yinchuan 750004 P. R. China
| | - Mengjun Chang
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University Yinchuan 750004 P. R. China
| | - Yonghong Li
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University Yinchuan 750004 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control Yinchuan 750004 P. R. China
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11
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He D, Guo T, Li J, Wang F. Optimize lettuce washing methods to reduce the risk of microplastics ingestion: The evidence from microplastics residues on the surface of lettuce leaves and in the lettuce washing wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 868:161726. [PMID: 36669657 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Airborne microplastics have been identified as an emerging contaminant that can adhere to the surface of leafy vegetables, and if not completely removed by washing, there is a high risk that human consumption of these plastics may cause harm to humans. In this study, we simulated atmospheric pollution by spraying microplastic particles (MPs) with particle sizes of 100 nm and 500 nm to determine whether MPs particles would adhere to the lettuce surface and whether different common cleaning methods (water rinsing, ultrasonic vibration cleaning, and edible detergent cleaning) would be effective in removing MPs from the leaf surfaces. We scanned the leaf surface with a laser confocal microscope and examined the wash water with a flow cytometer and found that simple rinsing was not effective in removing plastic particles from lettuce leaves. In comparison, ultrasonic vibratory cleaning showed a better efficiency, 4 times higher than more MPs being washed from the leaves. The most effective method was detergent washing, with the washing efficiency increased by 6.9 times. Ultrasonic vibrations can partially break the chemical bonds between MPs and plant surfaces, and detergents' surfactants can enhance MPs' hydrophilicity. MPs with a particle size of 100 nm were more difficult to clean than those with a particle size of 500 nm. This finding has important implications for the interaction of MPs contamination with vegetables and the cleaning of vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding He
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210094, China
| | - Ting Guo
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210094, China
| | - Jining Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210094, China
| | - Fenghe Wang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210094, China.
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12
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Yamada Y, Murase M, Goto Y, Mizoshita N. Perfluoroalkyl Group-Covered Organosilica Films for the Sensitive Detection of Sulfonylurea Herbicides in Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:5006-5015. [PMID: 36896812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c09077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Simple and rapid screening of agrochemicals greatly contributes to food and environmental safety. Matrix-free laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) is an effective tool for high-throughput analysis of low-molecular-weight compounds. In this study, we report a UV-laser-absorbing organosilica film for the sensitive detection of various sulfonylurea herbicides using LDI-MS. Organosilica films with fluoroalkyl groups on the organic part are fabricated, followed by additional modification of the silica moiety with a fluoroalkyl coupling agent to cover the film surface with hydrophobic fluoroalkyl groups. Nanoimprinting is conducted to impart nanostructures on the film surface to enhance the LDI performance. The fabricated nanostructured organosilica films accomplish sensitive detection of cyclosulfamuron and azimsulfuron at concentrations as low as 1 fmol μL-1. The applicability of the nanostructured organosilica films is confirmed by the recovery of cyclosulfamuron and ethametsulfuron-methyl from pea sprouts (Pisum sativum) hydroponically grown in herbicide-spiked water at concentrations of 0.5 ppm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Yamada
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Masakazu Murase
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Yasutomo Goto
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Norihiro Mizoshita
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
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13
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Yue X, Zou X, Sun R, Wang J. Simultaneous Determination of Fungicides in Wood and Bamboo Food-Contact Materials by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS). ANAL LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2023.2171427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Yue
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Zou
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiqi Sun
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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14
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Jiang W, Sandahl J, Dubois J, Flavin M, Reddy S, Neigh A, Matumba L, Gore A. Collection of Data on Pesticides in Maize and Tomato in Africa: Protocol for Africa Pesticide Residue Survey Study. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 110:45. [PMID: 36680661 PMCID: PMC9860220 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-023-03692-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide use has grown rapidly in West Africa over the past decades. Regulatory capacity has not kept pace with the rapid proliferation of pesticide products and on-farm use. As a result, health and environmental impacts from the growing use of pesticides, despite their potential importance to food safety, remain largely unmonitored, underreported, and poorly understood by key stakeholders. This study protocol was the document for conducting a pesticide survey study to identify the most critically emerging pesticides across the Continent of Africa. Multiple countries were selected in this study to represent the north, east, south, and west regions of Africa. Two food commodities, maize and tomato, were chosen to monitor the pesticide level for food safety. This study protocol describes the fieldwork and laboratory work per the standards of Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) and ISO-17025 and US EPA 860 Residue Chemistry Guidelines but the survey study performed was not considered as a GLP or ISO 17025 study. This is because many steps were not able to be closely monitored per the GLP requirements. This protocol describes the requirements for a pesticide residue study in food collected from local markets. This protocol describes the test commodities, sampling methods, sample transfer/shipping, storage stability, sample analysis, sample disposal, and documentation and record keeping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Jiang
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, 48824, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | | | | | - Michelle Flavin
- Foreign Agricultural Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1400 Independence Ave. SW, 20250-1032, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Shanker Reddy
- Agricultural Marketing Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 20250, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Arianne Neigh
- AFR/SD/EGEA, U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Limbikani Matumba
- Limbikani Matumba, Lilongwe University of Agriculture, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Anna Gore
- Minor Use Foundation, 27606, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Foreign Agricultural Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1400 Independence Ave. SW, 20250-1032, Washington, DC, USA
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15
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Zhang Y, Zhou B, Chen H, Yuan R. Heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation for the removal of organophosphorus pollutants from aqueous solutions: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:159048. [PMID: 36162567 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus pollutants (OPs), which are compounds containing carbon‑phosphorus bonds or phosphate derivatives containing organic groups, have received much attention from researchers because of their persistence in the aqueous environment for long periods of time and the threat they pose to human health. Heterogeneous photocatalysis has been widely applied to the removal of OPs from aqueous solutions due to its better removal effect and environmental friendliness. In this review, the removal of OPs from aqueous matrices by heterogeneous photocatalysis was presented. Herein, the application and the heterogeneous photocatalysis mechanism of OPs were described in detail, and the effects of catalyst types on degradation effect are discussed categorically. In particular, the heterojunction type photocatalyst has the most excellent effect. After that, the photocatalytic degradation pathways of several OPs were summarized, focusing on the organophosphorus pesticides and organophosphorus flame retardants, such as methyl parathion, dichlorvos, dimethoate and chlorpyrifos. The toxicity changes during degradation were evaluated, indicating that the photocatalytic process could effectively reduce the toxicity of OPs. Additionally, the effects of common water matrices on heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of OPs were also presented. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of heterogeneous photocatalysis removal of OPs are summarized and presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Beihai Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Huilun Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Rongfang Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
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16
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Ma L, Cao L, Feng Y, Jia L, Liu C, Ding Q, Liu J, Shao P, Pan C. Automatic Multi-Plug Filtration Cleanup Tip-Filtration with Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry Detection For 22 Pesticide Residues in Typical Vegetables. J Chromatogr Sci 2022:6958658. [PMID: 36563020 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmac104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An automatic multi-plug filtration cleanup (m-PFC) tip-filtration method was developed to reduce the manual operation workload in sample preparation. In this work, m-PFC was based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes mixed with primary secondary amines and anhydrous magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) in a packed column for analysis of pesticide residues followed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Method validation was performed on 22 pesticide residues in carrot, spinach and leek, at spiked levels of 5, 10 and 50 μg/kg, respectively. The average recoveries were between 70.1 and 119.5% with associated relative standard deviations <20% (n = 6) indicating satisfactory accuracy and repeatability. Matrix-matched calibration curves were performed with the correlation coefficients (R2) higher than 0.9903 within a linearity range of 5-100 ng/mL. The limits of quantification were 5 μg/kg for all the pesticides in carrot, spinach and leek matrices. The developed method was successfully used to determine pesticide residues in market samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Ma
- Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology (Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis), Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Safety Analysis, No. 27, West Third Ring Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Lihua Cao
- Industrial Products Testing Center, Nanjing Customs, No. 39, Chuangzhi Road, Jianye District, Nanjing 210019, China
| | - Yuechao Feng
- Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology (Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis), Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Safety Analysis, No. 27, West Third Ring Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Li Jia
- Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology (Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis), Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Safety Analysis, No. 27, West Third Ring Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology (Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis), Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Safety Analysis, No. 27, West Third Ring Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Qi Ding
- Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology (Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis), Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Safety Analysis, No. 27, West Third Ring Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology (Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis), Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Safety Analysis, No. 27, West Third Ring Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Peng Shao
- Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology (Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis), Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Safety Analysis, No. 27, West Third Ring Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Canping Pan
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
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17
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Che S, Peng X, Zhuge Y, Chen X, Zhou C, Fu H, She Y. Fluorescent and Colorimetric Ionic Probe Based on Fluorescein for the Rapid and On-Site Detection of Paraquat in Vegetables and the Environment. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:15390-15400. [PMID: 36417496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Detection of pesticide paraquat (PQ) is of considerable significance to ensure food safety, and its rapid and on-site detection is still a challenge. Aimed at the ion characteristics of PQ, an "enrichment and detection" strategy was proposed to improve the sensitivity through electrostatic attractions, and the ion characteristic of probes was adopted to increase the portability through avoiding aggregation-caused quenching effects in the paper strips. Herein, a novel anion-functionalized ionic liquid (IL) probe with a large conjugated plane and rich π-electrons ([Fluo][P66614]2) was designed as a fluorescent and colorimetric dual-channel probe to sensitively and rapidly detect trace amounts of PQ in vegetables and the environment. The proposed probe exhibited good linearity with a detection limit of 64.0 nM in the PQ concentration range of 0.3-7.0 μM (fluorometry) and 0.1 μM in that of 0.1-8.0 μM (colorimetry), respectively. In addition, it displayed a rapid fluorescence quenching response from green to dark (<5 s) and excellent anti-interference (among 23 other pesticides) due to dual effects of electrostatic attraction and π-π stacking. Most importantly, the lipophilic IL probe could be applied in real vegetables and environmental samples with a satisfying recovery rate of 98-103% and assembled into a handy paper strip that achieved the visual semiquantitative detection of PQ. This ionic probe provides a feasible approach for rapidly and conveniently detecting PQ for ensuring agricultural and food safety and opens a new avenue to detect ion-responsive analytes in real complex samples by an "enrichment and detection" strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Che
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou310014, China
| | - Xiutan Peng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou310014, China
| | - Yiwan Zhuge
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou310014, China
| | - Xinlan Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou310014, China
| | - ChunSong Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou310014, China
| | - Haiyan Fu
- College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan430074, China
| | - Yuanbin She
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou310014, China
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18
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Ayazi Z, Ekhteraei MS, Pashayi S, Seyed Ahmadian SM. Zr-based metal-organic framework incorporated polystyrene nanocomposite as a novel sorbent for ultrasound assisted-thin film microextraction of organophosphorus pesticides from complex samples. Food Chem 2022; 393:133343. [PMID: 35661595 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a novel ultrasound assisted-thin film microextraction (USA-TFME) method has been developed to determine organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in some fruits and vegetables samples followed by gas chromatography. In this regards, a novel nanocomposite (NC) was prepared by incorporation of zirconium-based metal-organic framework (MOF) into polystyrene (UiO-66/PS) and used as an efficient thin film. The effect of MOF doping level into UiO-66/PS NC and also the effective parameters influencing the TFME method has been studied. Based on the method validation, limits of detection were in the range of 1.5 to 3 µg kg-1. The intra-day precision, inter-day precision and inter-sorbent precision were in the range of 5.1 to 7.2, 5.3 to 10.2 and 4.6 to 7.3 %, respectively. The developed method was prosperously applied for determination of OPPs in some fruit and vegetable samples, leading to the acceptable relative recoveries in the range of 87.8% to 96.3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ayazi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, P.O. Box 53714- l6l Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mahla-Sadat Ekhteraei
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, P.O. Box 53714- l6l Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samira Pashayi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, P.O. Box 53714- l6l Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyed Masood Seyed Ahmadian
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, P.O. Box 53714- l6l Tabriz, Iran
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19
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A Modified QuEChERS-DART-MS/MS Technique for High-Throughput Detection of Organophosphate Nerve Agent Hydrolysis Products in Environmental Samples. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-022-00234-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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20
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Shu X, Chu N, Zhang X, Yang X, Meng X, Yang J, Wang N. Rapid Analysis of Residues of 186 Pesticides in Hawk Tea Using Modified QuEChERS Coupled with Gas Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12639. [PMID: 36231938 PMCID: PMC9565042 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the QuEChERS method was modified and evaluated for the determination of 186 pesticides from caffeine-free and fatty hawk tea prior to their gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis for the first time. The results showed that the combination of MgSO4 + PSA + MWCNTs plus EMR-Lipid provided the lowest matrix effect and best recovery; 117 of 186 pesticides manifested weak matrix effects. Thus, for accurate quantification, it is necessary to use matrix-matched calibration curves to compensate for the matrix effect. At the spiked level of 0.1 mg/kg, the average recoveries of 184 pesticides were in the range of 70-120% and the RSDs were 0.3-14.4% by the modified method. Good linearity was shown for 186 analytes at concentration of 0.01 mg/L~0.4 mg/L, and the correlation coefficients exceeded 0.99 for 182 pesticides. The detection limits of 186 pesticides by the modified QuEChERS method were 0.001-0.02 mg/kg, and the limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.005 mg/kg~0.05 mg/kg. The necessity of solvent exchange is also explained in this work. The successful application of the modified QuEChERS in real samples proved that this method could be one of the routine options for analysis of herbal tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Shu
- Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China
- Agricultural Product Quality and Safety Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 401329, China
| | - Nengming Chu
- Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China
- Agricultural Product Quality and Safety Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 401329, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China
- Agricultural Product Quality and Safety Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 401329, China
| | - Xiaoxia Yang
- Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China
- Agricultural Product Quality and Safety Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 401329, China
| | - Xia Meng
- Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China
- Agricultural Product Quality and Safety Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 401329, China
| | - Junying Yang
- Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China
- Agricultural Product Quality and Safety Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 401329, China
| | - Na Wang
- Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China
- Agricultural Product Quality and Safety Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 401329, China
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21
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Khosropour H, Kalambate PK, Kalambate RP, Permpoka K, Zhou X, Chen GY, Laiwattanapaisal W. A comprehensive review on electrochemical and optical aptasensors for organophosphorus pesticides. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:362. [PMID: 36044085 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05399-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
There has been a rise in pesticide use as a result of the growing industrialization of agriculture. Organophosphorus pesticides have been widely applied as agricultural and domestic pest control agents for nearly five decades, and they remain as health and environmental hazards in water supplies, vegetables, fruits, and processed foods causing serious foodborne illness. Thus, the rapid and reliable detection of these harmful organophosphorus toxins with excellent sensitivity and selectivity is of utmost importance. Aptasensors are biosensors based on aptamers, which exhibit exceptional recognition capability for a variety of targets. Aptasensors offer numerous advantages over conventional approaches, including increased sensitivity, selectivity, design flexibility, and cost-effectiveness. As a result, interest in developing aptasensors continues to expand. This paper discusses the historical and modern advancements of aptasensors through the use of nanotechnology to enhance the signal, resulting in high sensitivity and detection accuracy. More importantly, this review summarizes the principles and strategies underlying different organophosphorus aptasensors, including electrochemical, electrochemiluminescent, fluorescent, and colorimetric ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Khosropour
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Biosensors and Bioanalytical Technology for Cells and Innovative Testing Device Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Pramod K Kalambate
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Biosensors and Bioanalytical Technology for Cells and Innovative Testing Device Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Rupali P Kalambate
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Biosensors and Bioanalytical Technology for Cells and Innovative Testing Device Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Khageephun Permpoka
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Biosensors and Bioanalytical Technology for Cells and Innovative Testing Device Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - George Y Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Wanida Laiwattanapaisal
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Biosensors and Bioanalytical Technology for Cells and Innovative Testing Device Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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22
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Development of a sensitive phage-mimotope and horseradish peroxidase based electrochemical immunosensor for detection of O,O-dimethyl organophosphorus pesticides. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 218:114748. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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23
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Development and Validation for Simultaneous Determination of Disulfoton and Its Five Metabolites in Seven Agro-Products Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Combined with QuEChERS Extraction Method. Chromatographia 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-022-04151-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Chen M, Chen L, Pan L, Liu R, Guo J, Fan M, Wang X, Liu H, Liu S. Simultaneous analysis of multiple pesticide residues in tobacco by magnetic carbon composite-based QuEChERS method and liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1668:462913. [PMID: 35247721 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic carbon composite (Fe3O4@C) was synthesized and applied as a reversed-dispersive solid-phase extraction sorbent for the simultaneous analysis of 40 pesticide residues in tobacco by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-fight mass spectrometry. Compared to the traditional QuEChERS method, the optimized Fe3O4@C simplified clean-up process and exhibited better clean-up capability than conventional sorbents. The pesticides were qualitatively identified by accurate mass of protonated molecules, fragment ions, isotopic peak clusters, and retention time, and quantitatively determined by matrix-matched external standard method. Good linearity of the proposed method was obtained with R value greater than 0.997 for all target pesticides at concentration levels of 2-200 µg/L. The limit of detection ranged from 0.14 to 2.67 µg/kg. The recoveries and relative standard deviations of all target pesticides at three spiked concentrations of 20, 50 and 200 µg/kg were in the ranges of 80.8%-113.3% and 0.6%-16.3%, respectively. Compared with the reported methods for the analysis of multiple pesticide residues in tobacco, the proposed method has the advantages of simple to operate, high clean-up ability and less time-consuming in clean-up process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mantang Chen
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street #2, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Li Chen
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street #2, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Lining Pan
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street #2, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Ruihong Liu
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street #2, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Junwei Guo
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street #2, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Meijuan Fan
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street #2, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street #2, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Huimin Liu
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street #2, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China.
| | - Shaofeng Liu
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street #2, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China.
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25
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Du ML, Yang C, Qian HL, Yan XP. Hydroxyl-functionalized three-dimensional covalent organic framework for selective and rapid extraction of organophosphorus pesticides. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1673:463071. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Yang F, Li J, Dong H, Wang G, Han J, Xu R, Kong Q, Huang J, Xiang Y, Yang Q, Sun X, Guo Y. A novel label-free electrochemiluminescence aptasensor using a tetrahedral DNA nanostructure as a scaffold for ultrasensitive detection of organophosphorus pesticides in a luminol-H 2O 2 system. Analyst 2022; 147:712-721. [PMID: 35080213 DOI: 10.1039/d1an02060a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a new type of Au-tetrahedral DNA nanostructure (Au-TDN) was originally proposed and successfully applied in an electrochemiluminescence aptasensor to detect organophosphorus pesticides (Ops). The aptamers modified with -SH could be covalently bonded with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to form a tetrahedron structure, and there were independent probes at each vertex of the tetrahedron, which could increase the probability of specific binding with Ops. The originally designed structure could not only maintain a stable tetrahedral configuration, but also combined with the target to improve the sensitivity of the sensor. Meanwhile, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) could catalyze the chemical reaction between luminol and H2O2 to generate a variety of intermediates called reactive oxygen species (ROS) for signal enhancement. Factors that had important influences on the aptasensor, such as the concentration of Au-TDN, the incubation time, and the pH value of the buffer, were optimized in this trial. According to the final results, the limit of detection (LOD) of 3 pg mL-1 (S/N = 3) for methyl parathion, the LOD of 0.3 pg mL-1 (S/N = 3) for parathion and the LOD of 0.03 pg mL-1 (S/N = 3) for phoxim were obtained, respectively. Moreover, the novel tetrahedral structure could be replaced by different types of aptamers to expand its application range and lay a foundation for the development of portable rapid detection devices for pesticide residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhen Yang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo 255049, China. .,Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Vegetable Safety and Quality Traceability, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo 255049, China.,Zibo City Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Safety Traceability, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Jiansen Li
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo 255049, China. .,Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Vegetable Safety and Quality Traceability, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo 255049, China.,Zibo City Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Safety Traceability, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Haowei Dong
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo 255049, China. .,Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Vegetable Safety and Quality Traceability, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo 255049, China.,Zibo City Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Safety Traceability, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Guanjie Wang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo 255049, China. .,Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Vegetable Safety and Quality Traceability, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo 255049, China.,Zibo City Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Safety Traceability, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Jie Han
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo 255049, China. .,Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Vegetable Safety and Quality Traceability, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo 255049, China.,Zibo City Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Safety Traceability, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Rui Xu
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo 255049, China. .,Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Vegetable Safety and Quality Traceability, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo 255049, China.,Zibo City Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Safety Traceability, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Qianqian Kong
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo 255049, China. .,Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Vegetable Safety and Quality Traceability, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo 255049, China.,Zibo City Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Safety Traceability, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Jingcheng Huang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo 255049, China. .,Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Vegetable Safety and Quality Traceability, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo 255049, China.,Zibo City Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Safety Traceability, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Yaodong Xiang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo 255049, China. .,Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Vegetable Safety and Quality Traceability, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo 255049, China.,Zibo City Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Safety Traceability, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Qingqing Yang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo 255049, China. .,Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Vegetable Safety and Quality Traceability, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo 255049, China.,Zibo City Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Safety Traceability, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Xia Sun
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo 255049, China. .,Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Vegetable Safety and Quality Traceability, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo 255049, China.,Zibo City Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Safety Traceability, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Yemin Guo
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo 255049, China. .,Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Vegetable Safety and Quality Traceability, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo 255049, China.,Zibo City Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Safety Traceability, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo 255049, China
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27
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Wang X, Yang Y, Yin Y, Zeng N, Dong Y, Liu J, Wang L, Yang Z, Yang C. High-Throughput Aptamer Microarrays for Fluorescent Detection of Multiple Organophosphorus Pesticides in Food. Anal Chem 2022; 94:3173-3179. [PMID: 35133802 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel high-throughput aptamer microarray fluorescent method based on thioflavin T (ThT) was established for the sensitive detection of phoxim, parathion, fensulfothion, and isocarbophos. In this work, the aptamers in binding buffer tended to have the antiparallel G-quadruplex structure, which can bind ThT and release its potential fluorescence signal. However, when the organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) were present, partial aptamers preferred to bind them, forcing the displacement of ThT from the G-quadruplex and resulting in the significant decrease in fluorescence signal. Under optimal experimental conditions (12T spacer, 300 nM aptamer, and 80 μM ThT), the OP aptamer microarray has low limits of detection of 25.4 ng/mL for phoxim, 12.0 ng/mL for parathion, 7.7 ng/mL for fensulfothion, and 9.9 ng/mL for isocarbophos. The accuracy and reliability of the method is further verified by testing the recovery rate of OPs spiked in two different complicated sample matrices (pears and radishes). It is worth mentioning that not only the developed aptamer microarray technology has low sensitivity and a broad spectrum, but it also allows for high-throughput and rapid analysis of a variety OPs, which overcomes some of the shortcomings of other OP detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, No.15 North Third Ring East Road, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yan Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, No.15 North Third Ring East Road, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yingai Yin
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, No.15 North Third Ring East Road, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ni Zeng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, No.15 North Third Ring East Road, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yiyang Dong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, No.15 North Third Ring East Road, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jiahui Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, No.5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Lei Wang
- AECC Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials, No. 8 Hangcai Road, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Zheng Yang
- AECC Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials, No. 8 Hangcai Road, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Chunsheng Yang
- AECC Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials, No. 8 Hangcai Road, Beijing 100089, China
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28
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Bhattu M, Kathuria D, Billing BK, Verma M. Chromatographic techniques for the analysis of organophosphate pesticides with their extraction approach: a review (2015-2020). ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:322-358. [PMID: 34994766 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01404h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In agriculture, a wide range of OPPs has been employed to boost crop yield, quality, and storage life. However, due to the ever-increasing population and rapid urbanization, pesticide use has surged in recent years. These compounds are exceedingly poisonous to humans, and despite the fact that specific legislation prohibits their use, the frequency of toxic and/or fatal incidents, as well as current statistics, suggest that they are currently accessible. As a result, determining the exposure to these substances as well as their detection (and that of their metabolites) in different types of exposed samples has become a hot issue in terms of quality and safety concerns. However, developing tools for the evaluation of these substances is a critical challenge for laboratories. Various chromatographic-based methods reported in the period of 2015-2020 have been developed, which are summarized and critically reviewed in this article, including the extraction of the target OPPs from different kinds of matrices. A comparison among the extraction and analysis techniques has been made in the current review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bhattu
- University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Punjab 140413, India. niperdeepika12@gmail
| | - Deepika Kathuria
- University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Punjab 140413, India. niperdeepika12@gmail
| | - Beant Kaur Billing
- University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Punjab 140413, India. niperdeepika12@gmail
| | - Meenakshi Verma
- University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Punjab 140413, India. niperdeepika12@gmail
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29
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Fei D, Wang M, Hou Y, Xie M, Zhou Y, Zhao Y, Wu L, Xu J. Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticides in Porcine Hair by a QuEChERS Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Protocol. ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2021.2019759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Fei
- Institute for Quality & Safety and Standards of Agricultural Products Research, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Mengzhi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yujie Hou
- Nanchang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Min Xie
- Institute for Quality & Safety and Standards of Agricultural Products Research, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yaomin Zhou
- Institute for Quality & Safety and Standards of Agricultural Products Research, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Youhua Zhao
- Lifeng Animal Husbandry, Shanggao, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Institute for Quality & Safety and Standards of Agricultural Products Research, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Institute for Quality & Safety and Standards of Agricultural Products Research, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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30
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Wu Y, An Q, Li D, Kang L, Zhou C, Zhang J, Pan C. Multi-residue analytical method development and risk assessment of 56 pesticides and their metabolites in tea by chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy. Food Chem 2021; 375:131819. [PMID: 34920310 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A modified QuEChERS method coupled to chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy was established and used to identify 56 pesticides and 21 metabolites residues in tea samples. The average recoveries for the target compounds ranged from 71% to 109% with RSDs of 1-17%. Pesticides and metabolites residues in 248 tea samples from China were investigated by the developed method, and the dietary intake risk for consumers was estimated. The results showed that 36 pesticides and 14 metabolites were detected with concentrations of 0.0050-7.7 mg/kg. There are unlikely to present a public health concern for Chinese consumers. The acute risk of pesticides would be exaggerated when calculated by the residue level in tea instead of tea infusion. The unauthorized and banned pesticide contributed to the chronic and acute hazard index by 68% and 36%, respectively. The cumulative risk of residual pesticides and their metabolites on human health deserve further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangliu Wu
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Quanshun An
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dong Li
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lu Kang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
| | - Chunran Zhou
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingbang Zhang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Canping Pan
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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31
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Pszczolińska K, Kociołek B. The pesticide residue analysis in commodities with high content of chlorophyll based on the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method: A review. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:149-165. [PMID: 34347938 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In multiresidue analysis, the QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) is one of the most popular techniques routinely used by researchers during pesticide analysis of food and vegetable samples. Originally, the QuEChERS method was developed for analysis of pesticide residues from fruits and vegetables, but rapidly gained popularity in the extraction of analytes from different matrices. This analytical approach shows several advantages over traditional extraction techniques: it requires lower sample and solvent amounts while shortening the time of sample preparation. However, it presents some limitations for complex matrices such as those containing high amounts of chlorophyll. To overcome the problem of strong matrix effect and influence of interferences, different approaches are applied. Most are concerning modifications of the cleanup step, that is, sorbent type and its amount. Optimization of other parameters, such as sample size, hydration level, extraction solvent, and buffering, also has an impact on overall performance. Combining proper sample preparation with modern highly sensitive and selective detection techniques enables receiving desired limits of quantification. This article presents an overview of strategies employed by researchers for analysis of green, high chlorophyll content commodities and results obtained in their studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Pszczolińska
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute Branch Sośnicowice, Sośnicowice, Poland
| | - Barbara Kociołek
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute Branch Sośnicowice, Sośnicowice, Poland
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32
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Huang H, Li Z, He Y, Huang L, Xu X, Pan C, Guo F, Yang H, Tang S. Nontarget and high-throughput screening of pesticides and metabolites residues in tea using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and quadrupole-orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1179:122847. [PMID: 34418760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A Sin-QuEChERS, coupled to UHPLC Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS, was used for nontargeted high-throughput rapid screening and quantitative analysis of residual pesticides and metabolites in green teas. The sample was extracted with 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile with shaking, salted out and centrifuged, and purified with Sin-QuEChERS Nano solid phase extraction column; with Full MS/ddMS2 as the data collection mode, the database containing 384 pesticides combined with Trace Finder 3.0 software, In the absence of standard products, rapid screening and confirmation of potential pesticide residues in tea samples with accurate mass, isotope abundance ratio, secondary fragment ions, etc. 20 pesticides were used as quality controls to verify the screening method, and the linearity of these pesticides was between 1 and 200 μg/L, and the correlation coefficients were all greater than 0.9922. Moreover, the LOQ was between 0.002 and 0.01 mg/kg. The average recoveries of spiked tea samples were 74%-111%. Efficiency and reliability of this method were investigated by the analysis of 38 Chinese green tea samples. 18 potential residual pesticides were detected by non-targeted screening. The researchers then conducted a quantitative analysis of the 18 potential residual pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetian Huang
- School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; Guizhou Academy of Testing and Analysis, Guiyang 550014, China; The Peoples Hospital of Liupanshui City, Liupanshui 553001, China
| | - Zhanbin Li
- Guizhou Academy of Testing and Analysis, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Yu He
- Guizhou Academy of Testing and Analysis, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Lian Huang
- School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiaoli Xu
- Guizhou Academy of Testing and Analysis, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Canping Pan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Feng Guo
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Key Laboratory of Eco-Geochemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100037, China.
| | - Hongbo Yang
- School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; Guizhou Academy of Testing and Analysis, Guiyang 550014, China.
| | - Shi Tang
- The Peoples Hospital of Liupanshui City, Liupanshui 553001, China
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33
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Chen ZJ, Huang Z, Sun YM, Xu ZL, Liu J. The Most Active Oxidase-Mimicking Mn 2 O 3 Nanozyme for Biosensor Signal Generation. Chemistry 2021; 27:9597-9604. [PMID: 33857336 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Oxidase-mimicking nanozymes are more desirable than peroxidase-mimicking ones since H2 O2 can be omitted. However, only a few nanomaterials are known for oxidase-like activities. In this work, we compared the activity of Mn2 O3 , Mn3 O4 and MnO2 and found that Mn2 O3 had the highest oxidase activity. Interestingly, the activity of Mn2 O3 was even inhibited by H2 O2 . The oxidase-like activity of Mn2 O3 was not much affected by the presence of proteins such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), but the physisorption of antibodies to Mn2 O3 was not strong enough to withstand the displacement by BSA. We then treated Mn2 O3 with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane to graft an amine group, which was used to conjugate antibodies using glutaraldehyde as a crosslinker. A one-step indirect competitive ELISA (icELISA) was developed for the detection of isocarbophos, and an IC50 of 261.7 ng/mL was obtained, comparable with the results of the standard two-step assay using horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled antibodies. This assay has the advantage of significant timesaving for rapid detection of large amounts of samples. This work has discovered a highly efficient oxidase-mimicking nanozyme useful for various nano- and analytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Jian Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Department of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2 L 3G1, Canada
| | - Zhicheng Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2 L 3G1, Canada
| | - Yuan-Ming Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhen-Lin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Juewen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2 L 3G1, Canada
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34
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Dong X, Lan T, Tian X, Li Y, Zhao Y, Zong Q, Liu S, Pan C. Simultaneous determination of 14 pesticide residues in tea by multi-plug filtration cleanup combined with LC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2021; 56:771-781. [PMID: 34190035 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2021.1944962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A combined method of multi-plug filtration cleanup (m-PFC) and liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was established to simultaneously detect 14 pesticides in tea. The pesticides in water-soaked tea were extracted with acetonitrile. Cleanup of tea extract was performed using an m-PFC column packed with multiple cleanup materials: multi-walled carbon nano-tubes (MWCNTs), primary secondary amine (PSA) and anhydrous magnesium sulfate (MgSO4). The cleanup effect of the column was evaluated based on the rates of removal of tea components that interfered with pesticide recovery, henceforth referred to as interference components. Results showed that 14 pesticides had strong linearity in the range of 5-500 μg L-1 (r2 > 0.99). The quantitative limits were within the range of 3-50 μg kg-1. The average recoveries of 14 pesticides spiked into three different blank tea samples (green tea, black tea, oolong tea) at three levels of 0.05, 0.50 and 2.00 mg kg-1 were in the range of 62.3-108.8% with relative standard deviations of 0.2-13.6%. The m-PFC method can greatly improve the efficiency of sample pretreatment. Furthermore, this work provides methodological guidance on how to select cleanup materials and allocate their proportions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Dong
- Beijing Centre for Tea Qualify Supervision and Inspection, Beijing Academy of Food Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Lan
- China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Tian
- Beijing Centre for Tea Qualify Supervision and Inspection, Beijing Academy of Food Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanmei Li
- Beijing Centre for Tea Qualify Supervision and Inspection, Beijing Academy of Food Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Beijing Centre for Tea Qualify Supervision and Inspection, Beijing Academy of Food Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zong
- Beijing Centre for Tea Qualify Supervision and Inspection, Beijing Academy of Food Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Songnan Liu
- Beijing Centre for Tea Qualify Supervision and Inspection, Beijing Academy of Food Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Canping Pan
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Wan M, Xiang F, Liu Z, Guan D, Shao Y, Zheng L, Jin M, She Y, Cao L, Jin F, Chen R, Wang S, Wu Y, Abd El-Aty AM, Wang J. Novel Fe 3O 4@metal-organic framework@polymer core-shell-shell nanospheres for fast extraction and specific preconcentration of nine organophosphorus pesticides from complex matrices. Food Chem 2021; 365:130485. [PMID: 34364008 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a novel core-shell-shell magnetic nanosphere denoted as Fe3O4@ZIF-8@polymer was fabricated by sequential in situ self-assembly and precipitation polymerization for effective magnetic solid-phase extraction of nine organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) from river water, pear, and cabbage samples. The integrated Fe3O4@ZIF-8@polymer featured convenient magnetic separation property and excellent multi-target binding ability. More importantly, the functional polymer coating greatly improved the extraction performance of Fe3O4@ZIF-8 for OPPs, thus facilitating the simultaneous determination of trace OPP residues in real samples. The developed MPSE-LC-MS/MS method exhibited good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9991) over the concentration range of 0.2-200 µg L-1, low limits of detection of 0.0002-0.005 μg L-1 for river water and 0.006-0.185 μg kg-1 for pear and cabbage, satisfactory precision with relative standard deviations ≤ 9.7% and accuracy with recoveries of 69.5-94.3%. These results highlight that the combination of polymers with MOFs has great potential to fabricate excellent adsorbents for high-throughput analysis of various contaminants in complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Wan
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, PR China; College of Grain, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Fachun Xiang
- College of Materials and Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, PR China
| | - Zhongdong Liu
- College of Grain, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
| | - Denggao Guan
- College of Materials and Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, PR China
| | - Yong Shao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Lufei Zheng
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Maojun Jin
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Yongxin She
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Liping Cao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, PR China.
| | - Fen Jin
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Rui Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Occupational Safety and Health, Beijing Municipal Institute of Labour Protection, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100054, PR China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, PR China.
| | - Yijun Wu
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt; Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, PR China
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36
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Chen G, Liu G, Jia H, Cui X, Wang Y, Li D, Zheng W, She Y, Xu D, Huang X, Abd El-Aty AM, Sun J, Liu H, Zou Y, Wang J, Jin M, Hammock BD. A sensitive bio-barcode immunoassay based on bimetallic Au@Pt nanozyme for detection of organophosphate pesticides in various agro-products. Food Chem 2021; 362:130118. [PMID: 34082296 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphate pesticides (OPs) are often used as insecticides and acaricides in agriculture, thus improving yields. OP residues may pose a serious threat, duetoinhibitionof the enzymeacetylcholinesterase(AChE). Therefore, a competitive bio-barcode immunoassay was designed for simultaneous quantification of organophosphate pesticide residues using AuNP signal amplification technology and Au@Pt catalysis. The AuNP probes were labelled with antibodies and corresponding bio-barcodes (ssDNAs), MNP probes coated with ovalbumin pesticide haptens and Au@Pt probes functionalized with the complementary ssDNAs were then prepared. Subsequently, pesticides competed with MNP probes to bind the AuNP probes. The recoveries of the developed assay were ranged from 71.26 to 117.47% with RSDs from 2.52 to 14.52%. The LODs were 9.88, 3.91, and 1.47 ng·kg-1, for parathion, triazophos, and chlorpyrifos, respectively. The assay was closely correlated with the data obtained from LC-MS/MS. Therefore, the developed method has the potential to be used as an alternative approach for detection of multiple pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Chen
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs China, Key Lab Vegetables Quality and Safety Control, Institute of Vegetables & Flowers, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guangyang Liu
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs China, Key Lab Vegetables Quality and Safety Control, Institute of Vegetables & Flowers, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Huiyan Jia
- Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo, Zhengjiang 315040, China
| | - Xueyan Cui
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuanshang Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dongyang Li
- Department of Entomology & Nematology and the UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Davis, University of California, CA 95616, USA
| | - Weijia Zheng
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yongxin She
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Donghui Xu
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs China, Key Lab Vegetables Quality and Safety Control, Institute of Vegetables & Flowers, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaodong Huang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs China, Key Lab Vegetables Quality and Safety Control, Institute of Vegetables & Flowers, Beijing 100081, China
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt; Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Jianchun Sun
- Inspection and Testing Center of Agricultural and Livestock Products of Tibet, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Haijin Liu
- Inspection and Testing Center of Agricultural and Livestock Products of Tibet, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Yuting Zou
- Inspection and Testing Center of Agricultural and Livestock Products of Tibet, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Maojun Jin
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; Department of Entomology & Nematology and the UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Davis, University of California, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology & Nematology and the UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Davis, University of California, CA 95616, USA
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37
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Wang T, Liu Y. A lanthanide-based ratiometric fluorescent biosensor for the enzyme-free detection of organophosphorus pesticides. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:2005-2010. [PMID: 33956006 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00345c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) residues have caused great concern as they cause great harm to public health. Herein, a ratiometric fluorescent sensing system was developed for the OPs detection with the merits of enzyme-free, simple operation, short-time and sensitivity. The change in the fluorescence signal in the sensing system was provided by guanine-rich DNA (G-DNA) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with terbium ion (Tb3+) and dured. Tb3+ coordinated with the G-DNA to form a DNA-Tb complex to emit green fluorescence, which can be significantly enhanced by AgNPs based on the mechanism of metal enhanced fluorescence. Dured embedded into the G-DNA emits red fluorescence as the built-in fluorescence signal. After adding OPs into the DNA-Tb-dured-AgNPs sensing system, the fluorescence of Tb3+ quenched, while the fluorescence of dured remained unchanged. The OPs detection is implemented enzyme-free or label-free and has the advantage of high sensitivity and reliability. The limit of detection reaches as low as 0.034 μg L-1, and good recoveries are obtained for the OPs detection in tap water and apple. Moreover, the developed sensing system is simple in preparation and low cost, exhibiting an efficient platform to meet the requirement for in situ application in food safety and environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlin Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100037, P. R. China and State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China.
| | - Yaqing Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100037, P. R. China and State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China.
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38
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Zhou H, Liu N, Yan Z, Yu D, Wang L, Wang K, Wei X, Wu A. Development and validation of the one-step purification method coupled to LC-MS/MS for simultaneous determination of four aflatoxins in fermented tea. Food Chem 2021; 354:129497. [PMID: 33752112 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 is the potential chemical contaminant of most concern during the production and storage of fermented tea. In this work, a simple, fast, sensitive, accurate, and inexpensive method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous detection of four aflatoxins in fermented tea based on a modified sample pretreatment method and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Aflatoxins were extracted using acetonitrile and purified using mixed fillers (carboxyl multiwalled carbon nanotubes, hydrophilic-lipophilic balance, silica gel). Under optimum LC-MS conditions, the limits of quantification (LOQs) were 0.02-0.5 µg·kg-1. Recoveries from aflatoxins-fortified tea samples (1-12 µg·kg-1) were in the range of 78.94-105.23% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 18.20%. The proposed method was applied successfully to determine aflatoxin levels in fermented tea samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhou
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Na Liu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Zheng Yan
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Dianzhen Yu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Lan Wang
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Kunbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China
| | - Xinlin Wei
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Aibo Wu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
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39
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Musarurwa H, Tawanda Tavengwa N. Extraction and electrochemical sensing of pesticides in food and environmental samples by use of polydopamine-based materials. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 266:129222. [PMID: 33360614 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polydopamine has high adsorption capacities for pollutants such as pesticides in food and environmental matrices. Consequently, it has found applications in some sorbent-based micro-extraction techniques such as solid phase micro-extraction and magnetic solid phase extraction. This paper gives a detailed review of the application of polydopamine-based adsorbents for the extraction of pesticides in food and environmental matrices using these techniques. The adhesive properties of polydopamine have made it to be a suitable material for the immobilisation of the components of electrochemical sensors used to detect pesticides in food and environmental matrices. This paper also gives a comprehensive review on the application of polydopamine in electrochemical sensors such as acetylcholinesterase sensors, molecularly imprinted sensors and aptasensors. The use of polydopamine-based adsorbents during the extraction and electrochemical sensing of pesticides in food and environmental matrices is not free of challenges. In this review, the challenges encountered during the use of polydopamine-based adsorbents are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Musarurwa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
| | - Nikita Tawanda Tavengwa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa.
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40
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Chen ZJ, Huang Z, Huang S, Zhao JL, Sun Y, Xu ZL, Liu J. Effect of proteins on the oxidase-like activity of CeO2 nanozymes for immunoassays. Analyst 2021; 146:864-873. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an01755h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein adsorption inhibits the oxidase-like activity of CeO2 nanoparticles. Coating a partial shell of silica on CeO2 and subsequent conjugation of antibodies allow highly sensitive and selective detection of fenitrothion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Jian Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou 510642
- China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Zhicheng Huang
- Department of Chemistry
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Waterloo
- Waterloo
- Canada
| | - Song Huang
- Guangzhou Institute for Food Control
- Guangzhou 510410
- China
| | - Jin-Lin Zhao
- Guangzhou Institute for Food Control
- Guangzhou 510410
- China
| | - Yuanming Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou 510642
- China
| | - Zhen-Lin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou 510642
- China
| | - Juewen Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Waterloo
- Waterloo
- Canada
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41
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Yu J, Di S, Yu H, Ning T, Yang H, Zhu S. Insights into the structure-performance relationships of extraction materials in sample preparation for chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1637:461822. [PMID: 33360779 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Sample preparation is one of the most crucial steps in analytical processes. Commonly used methods, including solid-phase extraction, dispersive solid-phase extraction, dispersive magnetic solid-phase extraction, and solid-phase microextraction, greatly depend on the extraction materials. In recent decades, a vast number of materials have been studied and used in sample preparation for chromatography. Due to the unique structural properties, extraction materials significantly improve the performance of extraction devices. Endowing extraction materials with suitable structural properties can shorten the pretreatment process and improve the extraction efficiency and selectivity. To understand the structure-performance relationships of extraction materials, this review systematically summarizes the structural properties, including the pore size, pore shape, pore volume, accessibility of active sites, specific surface area, functional groups and physicochemical properties. The mechanisms by which the structural properties influence the extraction performance are also elucidated in detail. Finally, three principles for the design and synthesis of extraction materials are summarized. This review can provide systematic guidelines for synthesizing extraction materials and preparing extraction devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Siyuan Di
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Hao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Tao Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Hucheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Shukui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China.
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42
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Li H, Li T, Shi X, Xu G. Recent development of nanoparticle-assisted metabolites analysis with mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1636:461785. [PMID: 33340742 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics systematically studies the changes of metabolites in biological systems in the temporal or spatial dimensions. It is a challenging task for comprehensive analysis of metabolomics because of diverse physicochemical properties and wide concentration distribution of metabolites. Used as enrichment sorbents, chemoselective probes, chromatographic stationary phases, MS ionization matrix, nanomaterials play excellent roles in improving the selectivity, separation performance, detection sensitivity and identification efficiency of metabolites when mass spectrometry is employed as the detection technique. This review summarized the recent development of nanoparticle-assisted metabolites analysis in terms of assisting the pretreatment of biological samples, improving the separation performance and enhancing the MALDI-MS detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- SUSTech Core Research Facilities, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Ting Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xianzhe Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Guowang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
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Lin X, Yu Q, Yang W, He C, Zhou Y, Duan N, Wu S. Double-enzymes-mediated fluorescent assay for sensitive determination of organophosphorus pesticides based on the quenching of upconversion nanoparticles by Fe 3. Food Chem 2020; 345:128809. [PMID: 33338834 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a new double-enzymes-modulated fluorescent assay based on the quenching of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) by Fe3+ was constructed for sensitive determination of OPs. OPs can inhibit the activity of acetylcholinesterase to reduce the production of choline and further lead to the lack of H2O2 in the presence of choline oxidase. Therefore, Fe2+ cannot be converted into Fe3+, resulting in "turn-on" fluorescence of UCNPs. Under optimal conditions, an excellent linear correlation between the inhibition efficiency and the logarithm of the chlorpyrifos concentration was achieved with a detection limit (LOD) of 6.7 ng/mL in the range of 20-2000 ng/mL. The recovery for chlorpyrifos in apples and cucumbers was 89.5-97.1%. The results were consistent with those obtained by GC-MS. Overall, the integration of UCNPs into the double-enzymes-mediated Fe3+/Fe2+ conversion endows this method with desirable rapidity, sensitivity, selectivity, stability, operational simplicity, and strong anti-interference capability, holding great potential in the application of food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qianru Yu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wei Yang
- School of Basic Science, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China
| | - Chuxian He
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - You Zhou
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Nuo Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Shijia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Wuxi 214122, China.
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44
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Zhu Y, Du P, Yang J, Yin Q, Yang Y. Screening of multiclass pesticide residues in maca and Moringa oleifera by a modified QuEChERS sample preparation procedure and UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. RSC Adv 2020; 10:36906-36919. [PMID: 35517969 PMCID: PMC9057067 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06375d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, a modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method was proposed for the simultaneous analysis of 75 pesticides in maca and Moringa oleifera with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS). The developed method was validated in accordance with linearity, linear range, limit of detection, limit of quantification, accuracy, precision, and matrix effect. Each analyte had good linearity (R2 > 0.99) in the corresponding concentration range. The method LOD and LOQ values of all the analytes ranged from 0.01 μg kg−1 to 303.35 μg kg−1 and 0.03 μg kg−1 to 1011.15 μg kg−1, respectively. The recoveries (n = 6) of the analyzed pesticides were in the range of 75.92–113.43%. The RSDs of precision were between 0.60% and 7.36%. All matrix effect values ranged from 81.79% to 118.71% and 80.36% to 119.64% in maca and Moringa oleifera, respectively. The analysis of 103 samples showed the presence of isofenphos-methyl in some of them. The method had a good application prospect and could be used as a general approach for the quantitative determination of pesticide residues in food. In the present study, a modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method was proposed for the simultaneous analysis of 75 pesticides in maca and Moringa oleifera with UPLC-ESI-MS/MS.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqin Zhu
- Research Center for Analysis and Measurement, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 China +86-87165113971 +86-87165113971.,Analysis and Test Center of Yunnan Province Kunming 650093 China.,Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650500 China
| | - Ping Du
- Research Center for Analysis and Measurement, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 China +86-87165113971 +86-87165113971.,Analysis and Test Center of Yunnan Province Kunming 650093 China
| | - Jun Yang
- Research Center for Analysis and Measurement, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 China +86-87165113971 +86-87165113971.,Analysis and Test Center of Yunnan Province Kunming 650093 China
| | - Qinhong Yin
- Faculty of Narcotics Control, Yunnan Police College Kunming 650223 China
| | - Yaling Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650500 China
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