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Gkountouras D, Boti V, Albanis T. Pesticides and transformation products footprint in Greek market basket vegetables: Comprehensive screening by HRMS and health risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 953:176085. [PMID: 39250977 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Healthy dietary habits encourage vegetable consumption. Although pesticide use in crops may negatively affect human health through food intake, it can also contaminate aquatic and terrestrial environments. Thus, monitoring pesticides in high-consumption matrices is crucial. This study conducted a complete workflow of analysis, including a step of target analysis of 30 widely used pesticides and a subsequent step of suspect screening. A validated QuEChERS method was employed to analyze 61 samples of fruiting vegetables and cucurbits, packaged leafy greens, and root and tuber vegetables, commercially distributed across Greece. The method proved to be highly efficient for all validation characteristics. After target analysis, the change in the residue levels detected during sample processing was evaluated as a case study using available literature data. A health risk assessment based on diet indicated acute and chronic hazard quotients (aHQ and cHQ) and chronic hazard index (cHI) values below 1. Concerning suspect screening, 53 additional identifications of pesticides and transformation products (TPs) were revealed, totaling 86 detections. Overall, 18 parent pesticide compounds and 5 TPs were identified. Ultimately, this approach is expected to provide added value in pesticide and TPs analysis of food matrices without prior data, minimizing experimental time and costs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vasiliki Boti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece; Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), Ioannina 45110, Greece.
| | - Triantafyllos Albanis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece; Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), Ioannina 45110, Greece
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2
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Chaleckis R, Ito Y, Wasada H, Wheelock CE, Oishi H, Tomizawa M, Kamijima M. Fungicide Metabolite MS2 Spectral Libraries for Comprehensive Human Biomonitoring. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:18247-18256. [PMID: 39101478 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Fungicides undergo rapid metabolism and are excreted in the urine. There are few methods for screening these ubiquitous compounds, which have a high potential for human exposure. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) is a suitable technique to assess fungicide exposures; however, there is a lack of spectral libraries for fungicide annotation and in particular for downstream metabolites. We created spectral libraries for 32 fungicides for suspect screening. Fungicide standards were administered to mice, and 24-h urine was analyzed using hydrophilic interaction and reversed-phase chromatography coupled to hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry. Suspect metabolite MS2 spectra for library creation were selected based on the ratio of exposed-to-control mouse urine. MS2 libraries were applied to urine collected from female university students (n = 73). Several tetraconazole and tebuconazole metabolites were detected in 3% (2/73) of the samples. The creation of comprehensive suspect screening MS2 libraries is a useful tool to detect fungicide exposure for human biomonitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romanas Chaleckis
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Yuki Ito
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hitomi Wasada
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Craig E Wheelock
- Unit of Integrative Metabolomics, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Hisashi Oishi
- Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Motohiro Tomizawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Michihiro Kamijima
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
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3
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Antonio M, Alcaraz MR, Culzoni MJ. Advances on multiclass pesticide residue determination in citrus fruits and citrus-derived products - A critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:50012-50035. [PMID: 39088175 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34525-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The application of agrochemicals in citrus fruits is widely used to improve the quality of crops, increase production yields, and prolong post-harvest life. However, these substances are potentially toxic for humans and the ecosystem due to their widespread use, high stability, and bioaccumulation. Conventional techniques for determining pesticide residues in citrus fruits are chromatographic methods coupled with different detectors. However, in recent years, the need for analytical strategies that are less polluting for the environment has encouraged the appearance of new alternatives, such as sensors and biosensors, which allow selective and sensitive detection of pesticide residues in real time. A comprehensive overview of the analytical platforms used to determine pesticide residues in citrus fruits and citrus-derived products is presented herein. The review focuses on the evolution of these methods since 2015, their limitations, and possible future perspectives for improving pesticide residue determination and reducing environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Antonio
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo Analítico y Quimiometría (LADAQ), Cátedra de Química Analítica I, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, 3000, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Buenos Aires, 1425, Argentina
| | - Mirta R Alcaraz
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo Analítico y Quimiometría (LADAQ), Cátedra de Química Analítica I, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, 3000, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Buenos Aires, 1425, Argentina
| | - María J Culzoni
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo Analítico y Quimiometría (LADAQ), Cátedra de Química Analítica I, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, 3000, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Buenos Aires, 1425, Argentina.
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4
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Galindo MV, Perez MV, López-Ruiz R, Oliveira WDS, Godoy HT, Frenich AG, Romero-González R. Comprehensive analysis of contaminants in Brazilian infant formulas: Application of QuEChERS coupled with UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS and suspect screening-unknown analysis by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1726:464967. [PMID: 38749275 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Infant formulas (IF) can contain harmful chemical substances, such as pesticides and mycotoxins, resulting from the contamination of raw materials and inputs used in the production chain, which can cause adverse effects to infants. Therefore, the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) methodology prior ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPL-QqQ-MS/MS) analysis was applied for the determination of 23 contaminants, in 30 samples of Brazilian IF. The method was validated in terms of limit of detection (0.2 to 0.4 μg/kg), limits of quantification (1 and 10 μg/kg), and recovery (64 % to 122 %); precision values, in terms of relative standard deviation (RSD), were ≤ 20 %. Fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos, and bifenthrin were the pesticides detected in the samples, but the values did not exceed the limit set by the European Union (EU), and ANVISA, and they were detected under their limits of quantification. Additionally, suspect screening and unknown analysis were conducted to tentatively identify 32 substances, including some compounds not covered in this study, such as pesticides, hormones, and veterinary drugs. Carbofuran was identified, confirmed and quantified in 10 % of the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Vitoria Galindo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marta Vargas Perez
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and AgriFood Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, Almeria, Spain
| | - Rosalía López-Ruiz
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and AgriFood Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, Almeria, Spain
| | | | - Helena Teixeira Godoy
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonia Garrido Frenich
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and AgriFood Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, Almeria, Spain
| | - Roberto Romero-González
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and AgriFood Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, Almeria, Spain
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Gkountouras D, Boti V, Albanis T. High resolution mass spectrometry targeted analysis and suspect screening of pesticide residues in fruit samples and assessment of dietary exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 352:124143. [PMID: 38735465 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Fruits consistently hold a prominent position in healthy dietary habits. Pesticides are used to manage plant diseases, achieve sustainable production, and maintain high food standards. This study utilized a comprehensive analytical technique that involved both targeted analysis and suspect screening. Analysis was conducted using Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid Linear Trap Quadrupole (LTQ)/Orbitrap High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS) to examine pesticide levels in fruits. The matrices chosen comprised fruit commodities that are commonly consumed in Greece, including table grapes, apples, pears, citrus fruits, and strawberries. The QuEChERS approach was effectively validated for 30 specific pesticides. According to the method acceptance criteria established by SANTE, the QuEChERS method have shown exceptional efficiency in extracting the chosen pesticides, with recovery rates ranging from 70% to 120% in three concentration levels (10, 50, 100 μg kg-1). It also exhibited outstanding linearity, with an R2 more than 0.99. The method exhibited exceptional precision, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) below 20%. Additionally, the combined measurement uncertainty (MU%) was found to be acceptable, remaining below 50% The quantification limits were below 10 μg kg-1 for the majority of the analytes, satisfying the Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) established by the European Commission. Following targeted analysis, a dietary risk assessment was performed, revealing that both acute and chronic hazard quotients (aHQ and cHQ), along with chronic hazard index (cHI) were below 1, which indicated that the studied commodities are safe for human consumption. In addition, a suspect screening workflow was developed based on an in-house database comprising 355 pesticides commonly applied to the relevant commodities and related transformation products (TPs). Overall, through suspect screening, twenty-two additional pesticides and TPs not included in the target list were identified. Hence, this approach is anticipated to function as proactive alert system guaranteeing the long-term viability of agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vasiliki Boti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45110, Greece; Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), Ioannina, 45110, Greece.
| | - Triantafyllos Albanis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45110, Greece; Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), Ioannina, 45110, Greece
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6
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Maldonado-Reina AJ, López-Ruiz R, Marín Sáez J, Romero-González R, Garrido Frenich A. Tracing the dissipation of difenoconazole, its metabolites and co-formulants in tomato: A comprehensive analysis by chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry in laboratory and greenhouse trials. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 349:123924. [PMID: 38580058 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The study evaluated Ceremonia 25 EC®, a plant protection product (PPP) containing difenoconazole, in tomato crops, to identify potential risks associated with PPPs, and in addition to this compound, known metabolites from difenoconazole degradation and co-formulants present in the PPP were monitored. An ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-Orbitrap mass analyser (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS) method was validated with a working range of 2 μg/kg (limit of quantification, LOQ) to 200 μg/kg. Difenoconazole degradation followed a biphasic double first-order in parallel (DFOP) kinetic model in laboratory and greenhouse trials, with high accuracy (R2 > 0.9965). CGA-205374, difenoconazole-alcohol, and hydroxy-difenoconazole metabolites were tentatively identified and semi-quantified in laboratory trials by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS from day 2 to day 30. No metabolites were found in greenhouse trials. Additionally, 13 volatile co-formulants were tentatively identified by gas chromatography (GC) coupled to Q-Orbitrap-MS, detectable up to the 7th day after PPP application. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of difenoconazole dissipation in tomatoes, identification of metabolites, and detection of co-formulants associated with the applied PPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Jesús Maldonado-Reina
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAMBITAL), University of Almería, Agri-Food Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, E-04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Rosalía López-Ruiz
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAMBITAL), University of Almería, Agri-Food Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, E-04120, Almería, Spain.
| | - Jesús Marín Sáez
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAMBITAL), University of Almería, Agri-Food Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, E-04120, Almería, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Roberto Romero-González
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAMBITAL), University of Almería, Agri-Food Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, E-04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Antonia Garrido Frenich
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAMBITAL), University of Almería, Agri-Food Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, E-04120, Almería, Spain
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7
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Hu D, Jia XW, Lu JL, Lu ZY, Tang CD, Xue F, Huang C, Ren QG, He YC. Chemoenzymatic Asymmetric Synthesis of Chiral Triazole Fungicide ( R)-Tebuconazole in High Optical Purity Mediated by an Epoxide Hydrolase from Rhodotorula paludigensis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:10428-10438. [PMID: 38660720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Tebuconazole is a chiral triazole fungicide used globally in agriculture as a racemic mixture, but its enantiomers exhibit significant enantioselective dissimilarities in bioactivity and environmental behaviors. The steric hindrance caused by the tert-butyl group makes it a great challenge to synthesize tebuconazole enantiomers. Here, we designed a simple chemoenzymatic approach for the asymmetric synthesis of (R)-tebuconazole, which includes the biocatalytic resolution of racemic epoxy-precursor (2-tert-butyl-2-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl] oxirane, rac-1a) by Escherichia coli/Rpeh whole cells expressed epoxide hydrolase from Rhodotorula paludigensis (RpEH), followed by a one-step chemocatalytic synthesis of (R)-tebuconazole. It was observed that (S)-1a was preferentially hydrolyzed by E. coli/Rpeh, whereas (R)-1a was retained with a specific activity of 103.8 U/g wet cells and a moderate enantiomeric ratio (E value) of 13.4, which was remarkably improved to 43.8 after optimizing the reaction conditions. Additionally, a gram-scale resolution of 200 mM rac-1a was performed using 150 mg/mL E. coli/Rpeh wet cells, resulting in the retention of (R)-1a in a 97.0% ees, a 42.5% yields, and a 40.5 g/L/d space-time yield. Subsequently, the synthesis of highly optical purity (R)-tebuconazole (>99% ee) was easily achieved through the chemocatalytic ring-opening of the epoxy-precursor (R)-1a with 1,2,4-triazole. To elucidate insight into the enantioselectivity, molecular docking simulations revealed that the unique L-shaped substrate-binding pocket of RpEH plays a crucial role in the enantioselective recognition of bulky 2,2-disubstituted oxirane 1a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Die Hu
- School of Pharmacy & School of Biological and Food Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Xue-Wei Jia
- School of Pharmacy & School of Biological and Food Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Jia-Lan Lu
- School of Pharmacy & School of Biological and Food Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Zhi-Yi Lu
- School of Pharmacy & School of Biological and Food Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Cun-Duo Tang
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insect Bio-reactor and College of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, Henan, China
| | - Feng Xue
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No 1, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Process Research Department, STA Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, A WuXi AppTec Company, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Qing-Gong Ren
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Yu-Cai He
- School of Pharmacy & School of Biological and Food Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
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8
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Hao C. Recent Progress in Detecting Enantiomers in Food. Molecules 2024; 29:1106. [PMID: 38474618 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The analysis of enantiomers in food has significant implications for food safety and human health. Conventional analytical methods employed for enantiomer analysis, such as gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography, are characterized by their labor-intensive nature and lengthy analysis times. This review focuses on the development of rapid and reliable biosensors for the analysis of enantiomers in food. Electrochemical and optical biosensors are highlighted, along with their fabrication methods and materials. The determination of enantiomers in food can authenticate products and ensure their safety. Amino acids and chiral pesticides are specifically discussed as important chiral substances found in food. The use of sensors replaces expensive reagents, offers real-time analysis capabilities, and provides a low-cost screening method for enantiomers. This review contributes to the advancement of sensor-based methods in the field of food analysis and promotes food authenticity and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlong Hao
- School of Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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9
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Kachangoon R, Vichapong J, Santaladchaiyakit Y. Surfactant modified coconut husk fiber as a green alternative sorbent for micro-solid phase extraction of triazole fungicides at trace level in environmental water, soybean milk, fruit juice and alcoholic beverage samples. RSC Adv 2024; 14:7290-7302. [PMID: 38433941 PMCID: PMC10905518 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07506k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, micro-solid phase extraction using surfactant modified biosorbent was investigated for trace level determination of triazole fungicides prior to their analysis by high performance liquid chromatography. Coconut husk fiber (CHF) was selected as an effective biosorbent in the extraction process. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy methods were used to characterize the modified biosorbent. Various factors affecting the extraction efficiency of the proposed method were studied including the amount of coconut husk fiber biosorbent (0.1 g), kind and concentration of surfactant as a modifier (sodium dodecyl sulfate, 10 mmol L-1), kind and volume of desorption solvent (methanol, 150 μL), and extraction period (including vortex adsorption time, centrifugation adsorption time, vortex desorption time and centrifugation adsorption time approximately 10 min). Under the selected conditions, the calibration plot was found to be linear in the range of 9-300 μg L-1 with a coefficient for determination of greater than 0.99. The limits of detection and limits of quantification for the studied triazole fungicides were 3.00 and 9.00 μg L-1, respectively. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied to determine triazole fungicides in environmental water, soybean milk, fruit juice and alcoholic beverage samples with acceptable recoveries obtained in the range of 67.0% to 105.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawikan Kachangoon
- Creative Chemistry and Innovation Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University Maha Sarakham 44150 Thailand +66 4375 4246 +66 4375 4246
| | - Jitlada Vichapong
- Creative Chemistry and Innovation Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University Maha Sarakham 44150 Thailand +66 4375 4246 +66 4375 4246
- Multidisplinary Research Unit of Pure and Applied Chemistry (MRUPAC), Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellent for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University Maha Sarakham 44150 Thailand
| | - Yanawath Santaladchaiyakit
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Khon Kaen Campus Khon Kaen 40000 Thailand
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Martello L, Rapti A, Bikiaris DN, Lambropoulou DA. Synthesis and evaluation of a chitosan nanomaterial as efficient sorbent for determination of fungicide residues in waters and wine by liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:873-883. [PMID: 38240475 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay02014b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
In the present study a novel, cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and efficient analytical method was developed to analyze fungicide residues in water and wine. The method relies on the application of a newly developed sorbent nanomaterial named Nano-Cs-NAT, synthesized by modifying chitosan, a naturally occurring, low-cost polysaccharide, through grafting with two acrylic monomers and a cross-linker. Nano-Cs-NAT was introduced as analytical sorbent for Dispersive Micro Solid Phase Extraction (D-μ-SPE) before Liquid Chromatography-Orbitrap High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-Orbitrap HRMS) analysis of twelve fungicides commonly used in viticulture (among the others, triazoles, strobilurines and N-substituted imidazoles). Characterization of the sorbent was conducted, confirming the successful acrylation of chitosan. A multivariate approach was employed to optimize D-μ-SPE extraction parameters. The material was found to be highly effective in simultaneously purifying and concentrating the target analytes, enhancing overall analytical efficiency and sensitivity. The Nano-Cs-NAT-D-μ-SPE-LC-Orbitrap-HRMS method was thoroughly validated, exhibiting good recoveries (72-104%), reproducibility (average RSD ≤ 6%) and repeatability (average RSD ≤ 7%). It also achieved low limits of detection (LOD) in river water (average LOD of 0.04 μg L-1) and wine (average LOD of 0.72 μg kg-1), highlighting its potential for routine fungicide residue analysis. This developed method addresses environmental and food safety concerns by providing an efficient solution for detecting fungicide residues in waters and wine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Martello
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Androniki Rapti
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios N Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra A Lambropoulou
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Thessaloniki, 10th km-Thermi Rd, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
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11
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Di S, Cang T, Li Y, Xu L, Qi P, Wang Z, Zhao H, Liu Z, Wang X. Stereoselective bioaccumulation and dissipation of four stereoisomers of cyproconazole in earthworm-soil microcosm. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:168111. [PMID: 37884143 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Cyproconazole is a representative and widely used triazole fungicide with four stereoisomers, which will bring some risks to non-target organisms. A fast analytical method on supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was established in 4 min, and the environmental hazards of chiral cyproconazole were studied in earthworm-soil microcosm, including stereoselective bioaccumulation and dissipation. In the process of bioaccumulation, the concentrations of cyproconazole stereoisomers in earthworms showed a trend of increasing first and then reaching a stable state at 6 mg/kg treatment, which was different from those at 0.6 mg/kg treatment (decease-increase-equilibrium). The concentration order was (2S,3R)- > (2S,3S)- > (2R,3R)- > (2R,3S)-cyproconazole and (2S,3S)- ≈ (2S,3R)- > (2R,3R)- > (2R,3S)-cyproconazole at 6 and 0.6 mg/kg treatments, respectively. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) values were in the range of 0.018-0.55, showing weakly relative accumulation capacity. The dissipation of cyproconazole stereoisomers in artificial soil accorded with the first-order kinetics equation, and the half-lives were 20.1-23.6 and 7.66-8.28 days at 6 and 0.6 mg/kg treatments, respectively, without stereoselectivity and diastereoselectivity. In earthworms, the dissipation half-lives were 5.81-6.01 days with the preferential dissipation of (2R,3R)-cyproconazole. The study would help with the rational uses and risk assessments of cyproconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Di
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Tao Cang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Lu Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Peipei Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Huiyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Xinquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China.
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12
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Li J, Tian Z, Han A, Li J, Luo A, Liu R, Zhang Z. Integrative physiological, critical plant endogenous hormones, and transcriptomic analyses reveal the difenoconazole stress response mechanism in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 197:105688. [PMID: 38072543 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Difenoconazole (DFN) is widely utilized as a fungicide in wheat production. However, its accumulation in plant tissues has a profound impact on the physiological functions of wheat plants, thus severely threatening wheat growth and even jeopardizing human health. This study aims to comprehensively analyze the dynamic dissipation patterns of DFN, along with an investigation into the physiological, hormonal, and transcriptomic responses of wheat seedlings exposed to DFN. The results demonstrated that exposure of wheat roots to DFN (10 mg/kg in soil) led to a significant accumulation of DFN in wheat plants, with the DFN content in roots being notably higher than that in leaves. Accumulating DFN triggered an increase in reactive oxygen species content, malonaldehyde content, and antioxidant enzyme activities, while concurrently inhibiting photosynthesis. Transcriptome analysis further revealed that the number of differentially expressed genes was greater in roots compared with leaves under DFN stress. Key genes in roots and leaves that exhibited a positive response to DFN-induced stress were identified through weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Metabolic pathway analysis indicated that these key genes mainly encode proteins involved in glutathione metabolism, plant hormone signaling, amino acid metabolism, and detoxification/defense pathways. Further results indicated that abscisic acid and salicylic acid play vital roles in the detoxification of leaf and root DFN, respectively. In brief, the abovementioned findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the detrimental effects of DFN on wheat seedlings, while shedding light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the responses of wheat root and leaves to DFN exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchong Li
- School of Resources and Environment/School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhixiang Tian
- School of Resources and Environment/School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Aohui Han
- School of Resources and Environment/School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Jingkun Li
- School of Resources and Environment/School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Aodi Luo
- School of Resources and Environment/School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Runqiang Liu
- School of Resources and Environment/School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China.
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- School of Resources and Environment/School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China.
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13
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Parveen S, Saeed F, Farooq FB, Parveen N, Idrees N, Nasir S, Fanja R. QSPR Modeling of Fungicides Using Topological Descriptors. Int J Anal Chem 2023; 2023:9625588. [PMID: 37810910 PMCID: PMC10560116 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9625588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A topological index is a real number that is obtained from a chemical graph's structure. Determining the physiochemical and biological characteristics of a variety of medications is useful since it more accurately represents the theoretical characteristics of organic molecules. This is accomplished using degree-based topological indices. The QSPR research has improved the structural understanding of the physiochemical properties of fungicides. Thirteen fungicides are examined for some of their physiochemical properties, and a QSPR model is built using nine of the drugs' topological indices. Here, we examine the degree to which the topological indices and physiochemical attributes are connected. To do this, we create networks connecting each of the topological indices to the properties of fungicides and computationally construct topological indices of the drugs mentioned above. According to this QSPR model, the melting point, boiling point, flash point, complexity, surface tension, etc. of fungicides are strongly connected. It was discovered that the topological indices (TIs) applied to the fungicides more accurately represent their theoretical features and show a strong correlation with their physical attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Parveen
- Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Saeed
- Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | | | - Nusrat Parveen
- Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Nazeran Idrees
- Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sumiya Nasir
- Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Khobar 31952, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Hergueta-Castillo ME, López-Ruiz R, Marín Membrive P, Romero-González R, Garrido Frenich A. Dissipation of penconazole formulation in horticultural crops by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry: From the active substance to metabolites. Food Chem 2023; 422:136266. [PMID: 37141756 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes the dissipation and metabolism of penconazole in horticultural products by a method based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-orbitrap (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap). Targeted and suspected analysis were carried out. Two independent trials were performed under laboratory conditions (on courgette samples), and under greenhouse conditions (on tomatoes) during 43 and 55 days, respectively. In both studies, a pesticide formulation (TOPAS® EW) containing penconazole was used. The results showed that penconazole was relatively short-lived (<30 days) in horticultural products. The proposed method allowed for the tentative identification and semi-quantification of nine metabolites. In addition, the potential toxicity of these metabolites was evaluated, observing that some of them are even more toxic than penconazole, as triazole lactic acid. This research may provide a starting point for understanding the dissipation process of penconazole, the formation pathways of its main metabolites, their concentrations and toxicity to ensure food safety and the environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elena Hergueta-Castillo
- Department of Chemistry and Physics (Analytical Chemistry Area), Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, University of Almería, Almería E-04120, Spain
| | - Rosalía López-Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry and Physics (Analytical Chemistry Area), Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, University of Almería, Almería E-04120, Spain
| | - Patricia Marín Membrive
- Department of Engineering, Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, University of Almería, Almería E-04120, Spain
| | - Roberto Romero-González
- Department of Chemistry and Physics (Analytical Chemistry Area), Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, University of Almería, Almería E-04120, Spain
| | - Antonia Garrido Frenich
- Department of Chemistry and Physics (Analytical Chemistry Area), Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, University of Almería, Almería E-04120, Spain.
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15
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Marín-Sáez J, López-Ruiz R, Romero-Gonzalez R, Garrido Frenich A. Comprehensive Dissipation of Azadirachtin in Grapes and Tomatoes: The Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis and Tentative Identification of Unknown Metabolites. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:4466-4476. [PMID: 36881717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Neem oil is a biopesticide normally applied together with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). However, neither its dissipation nor the influence of Bt has been previously evaluated. In this study, dissipation of neem oil was investigated when it was applied alone or together with Bt at 3 and 22 °C. A methodology involving solid-liquid extraction and liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry was developed for that purpose. The method was validated obtaining recoveries from 87 to 103%, with relative standard deviations lower than 19% and limits of quantification from 5 to 10 μg/kg. Azadirachtin A (AzA) dissipation was fit to a single first order, being faster when neem oil was applied together with Bt and at 22 °C (RL50 = 12-21 days) than alone and at 3 °C (RL50 = 14-25 days). Eight related compounds were found in real samples with similar dissipation curves compared to AzA, and five unknown metabolites were identified in degraded samples, with increasing concentrations during parent compound degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Marín-Sáez
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Analytical Chemistry Area, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, University of Almería Research Centre for Agricultural Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Rosalía López-Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Analytical Chemistry Area, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, University of Almería Research Centre for Agricultural Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Roberto Romero-Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Analytical Chemistry Area, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, University of Almería Research Centre for Agricultural Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Antonia Garrido Frenich
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Analytical Chemistry Area, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, University of Almería Research Centre for Agricultural Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120 Almería, Spain
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16
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Aladaghlo Z, Javanbakht S, Sahragard A, Reza Fakhari A, Shaabani A. Cellulose-based nanocomposite for ultrasonic assisted dispersive solid phase microextraction of triazole fungicides from water, fruits, and vegetables samples. Food Chem 2023; 403:134273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Ma S, Li J, Pei L, Feng N, Zhang Y. Microneedle-based interstitial fluid extraction for drug analysis: Advances, challenges, and prospects. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:111-126. [PMID: 36908860 PMCID: PMC9999301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Similar to blood, interstitial fluid (ISF) contains exogenous drugs and biomarkers and may therefore substitute blood in drug analysis. However, current ISF extraction techniques require bulky instruments and are both time-consuming and complicated, which has inspired the development of viable alternatives such as those relying on skin or tissue puncturing with microneedles. Currently, microneedles are widely employed for transdermal drug delivery and have been successfully used for ISF extraction by different mechanisms to facilitate subsequent analysis. The integration of microneedles with sensors enables in situ ISF analysis and specific compound monitoring, while the integration of monitoring and delivery functions in wearable devices allows real-time dose modification. Herein, we review the progress in drug analysis based on microneedle-assisted ISF extraction and discuss the related future opportunities and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lixia Pei
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Surgery, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Nianping Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yongtai Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
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18
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Understanding the Metabolism and Dissipation Kinetics of Flutriafol in Vegetables under Laboratory and Greenhouse Scenarios. Foods 2023; 12:foods12010201. [PMID: 36613417 PMCID: PMC9818287 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Flutriafol is a systemic triazole fungicide that is used to control diseases in various crops. A study was developed to evaluate the metabolism and dissipation of flutriafol in two different scenarios: laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Courgette and tomato samples treated with a commercial product (IMPACT® EVO) at the manufacturer recommended dose were analyzed, and courgette samples were also treated at double dose. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Q-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS), performing targeted and non-targeted approaches (suspect screening and unknown analysis), were used to analyze the samples. The dissipation of flutriafol was fitted to a biphasic kinetic model, with a persistence, expressed as half-life (t1/2), lower than 17 days. During suspect screening, three metabolites (triazole alanine, triazole lactic acid and triazole acetic acid) were tentatively identified. Unknown analysis led to the identification of four additional metabolites (C16H14F2N4, C16H14F2N4, C19H17F2N5O2 and C22H23F2N3O6). The results revealed that the proposed methodology is reliable for the determination of flutriafol and its metabolites in courgette and tomato, and seven metabolites could be detected at low concentration levels. The highest concentration of metabolites was found in the laboratory conditions at 34.5 µg/kg (triazole alanine). The toxicity of flutriafol metabolites was also evaluated, and some of them could be more toxic than the parent compound.
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19
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Covalent organic framework in situ grown on Fe 3O 4 hollow microspheres for stir bar sorptive-dispersive microextraction of triazole pesticides. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 190:34. [PMID: 36538150 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05613-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Based on covalent organic framework (COF) 1,3,5-tris-(4-formylphenyl)benzene-benzidine (TFPB-BD) in situ grown on Fe3O4 hollow microspheres and combined with gas chromatography-flame thermionic detector, a rapid and simple stir bar sorptive-dispersive microextraction method was developed for the determination of five triazole pesticides (paclobutrazol, hexaconazole, flusilazole, propiconazole, and tebuconazole). The synthesized TFPB-BD/Fe3O4 microspheres were characterized by transmission electron microscope, vibrating sample magnetometer, and thermogravimetric analysis, which showed that the material has strong magnetism and higher load capacity of COF. Under optimal conditions, the extraction equilibrium could be achieved within 9 min with detection limits of 0.17-1.48 μg L-1 (S/N = 3) and a linear range of 5-1000 μg L-1. The developed method was applied to the determination of trace triazole pesticides in apples, pears, and cabbages with recoveries from 81 to 117%.
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20
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Khiaophong W, Jaroensan J, Kachangoon R, Vichapong J, Burakham R, Santaladchaiyakit Y, Srijaranai S. Modified Peanut Shell as an Eco-Friendly Biosorbent for Effective Extraction of Triazole Fungicide Residues in Surface Water and Honey Samples before Their Determination by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:34877-34887. [PMID: 36211057 PMCID: PMC9535652 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An eco-friendly sample preparation method that is based on the use of a modified peanut shell as an efficient biosorbent for the extraction of triazole residues before their analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography was reported. The four triazole fungicides were separated on a Purospher STAR RP-18 endcapped (4.6 × 150 mm, 5 μm) column with a mobile phase of 50% (v/v) acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1 and detection wavelength set at 220 nm. Peanut shells modified by didodecyldimethylammonium bromide were selected as an effective biosorbent material in the microextraction method. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the biosorbent. The effect of dominant parameters on the proposed microextraction method including the amount of sorbent, kind and concentration of surfactant, sodium hydroxide concentration, kind and amount of salt, sample volume, adsorption time, kind and volume desorption solvent, and desorption time was studied. Under the optimum condition, a good analytical performance for the proposed microextraction method was obtained with a wide linear range within the range of 9-1000 μg L-1, and low limits of detection (0.03 μg L-1 for all analytes) were obtained. Enrichment factors were achieved within the range of 30-51. The intra and interday precision values were evaluated in terms of percentage relative standard deviations (%RSD) and were less than 0.09 and 5.34% for the retention time and peak area, respectively. The proposed microextraction methods were used for extraction and analysis of triazole fungicides in water and honey samples. The recoveries in a satisfactory range of 70.0-118.8% were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannipha Khiaophong
- Creative
Chemistry and Innovation Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and
Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
| | - Jedsada Jaroensan
- Creative
Chemistry and Innovation Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and
Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
| | - Rawikan Kachangoon
- Creative
Chemistry and Innovation Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and
Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
| | - Jitlada Vichapong
- Creative
Chemistry and Innovation Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and
Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
- Multidisciplinary
Research Unit of Pure and Applied Chemistry (MRUPAC), Department of
Chemistry and Center of Excellent for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
| | - Rodjana Burakham
- Materials
Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence
for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Yanawath Santaladchaiyakit
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala
University of Technology Isan, Khon Kaen Campus, Khon Kaen 40000, Thailand
| | - Supalax Srijaranai
- Materials
Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence
for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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21
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Prata R, López-Ruiz R, Petrarca MH, Teixeira Godoy H, Garrido Frenich A, Romero-González R. Targeted and non-targeted analysis of pesticides and aflatoxins in baby foods by liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Marín-Sáez J, López-Ruiz R, Romero-Gonzalez R, Garrido Frenich A, Zamora Rico I. Looking beyond the Active Substance: Comprehensive Dissipation Study of Myclobutanil-Based Plant Protection Products in Tomatoes and Grapes Using Chromatographic Techniques Coupled to High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:6385-6396. [PMID: 35594365 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive evaluation of the dissipation of a myclobutanil plant protection product was performed in tomato and grape samples. Different temperature conditions (3 and 22 °C) were evaluated. A biphasic kinetic model provided a suitable adjustment (R2 > 0.95), with persistence (residual level, RL50) lower than 24 days in all cases. Solid-liquid extraction and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS) were used for metabolites' elucidation, identifying six myclobutanil metabolites, four out of them described for the first time and one of them confirmed using 1H, 13C, (1H-1H)-COSY, (1H-13C)-HMQC, and (1H-13C)-HMBC nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Their degradation curves were also evaluated, increasing their concentrations when the myclobutanil concentration decreases. Additionally, coformulants present in the commercial formulation were monitored employing headspace solid-phase microextraction method (HS-SPME)-gas chromatography coupled to HRMS (GC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS). Seven coformulants were quantified in tomato samples. Their dissipation curves were studied, and it was observed that they were almost degraded 12 days after application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Marín-Sáez
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Analytical Chemistry Area, University of Almería Research Centre for Agricultural Food Biotechnology (BITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Rosalía López-Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Analytical Chemistry Area, University of Almería Research Centre for Agricultural Food Biotechnology (BITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Roberto Romero-Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Analytical Chemistry Area, University of Almería Research Centre for Agricultural Food Biotechnology (BITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Antonia Garrido Frenich
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Analytical Chemistry Area, University of Almería Research Centre for Agricultural Food Biotechnology (BITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Ismael Zamora Rico
- Lead Molecular Design, Calle Valles, 96, E-08172 Sant Cugat Del Valles, Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Lin Y, Xie J, Xiang Q, Liu Y, Wang P, Wu Y, Zhou Y. Effect of propiconazole on plastic film microplastic degradation: Focusing on the change in microplastic morphology and heavy metal distribution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 822:153609. [PMID: 35121034 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid increase in the use of plastic films, microplastic (MP) pollution in agricultural soils has become a global environmental problem. Propiconazole is widely used in agriculture and horticulture; however, its role in plastic film degradation remains elusive. Butylene adipate-co-terephthalate (PBAT) and polyethylene (PE) films were used to analyze the effects of propiconazole on plastic film and MP degradation. We identified the surface morphologies of PBAT and PE at different propiconazole concentrations and soil pH values, as well as the adsorption and release characteristics of heavy metals during the degradation process via scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Propiconazole accelerated the degradation of MPs, adsorption of heavy metals (Ni and Zn), and release of Sn at low concentrations (≤40 mg/kg); however, these effects were evidently absent at a high concentration (120 mg/kg). Furthermore, MPs were more prone to degradation in acidic or alkaline soils than in neutral soil when they coexisted with propiconazole. Hence, we suggest that PBAT and PE plastic films may not be suitable for application in acidic and alkaline soils with propiconazole, because of shorter rupture time and more heavy metal adsorption. PBAT degraded faster, absorbed and released more heavy metals than PE. Under all tested conditions, the heavy metal contents in MPs gradually approached those in soil, which proves that MPs are carriers of heavy metal pollutants. These results may help in assessing the impact of MPs on soil environments and provide a theoretical basis for the standardized propiconazole and plastic film usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimiao Lin
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jiafei Xie
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Qingqing Xiang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yi Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Pingya Wang
- Zhoushan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Zhoushan 316012, China
| | - Yichun Wu
- Zhoushan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Zhoushan 316012, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Environmental Microplastic Pollution Research Center, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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24
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Liu Y, Xu X, Liu L, Xu L, Kuang H, Xu C. Gold-based lateral-flow strip for the detection of penconazole in watermelon and cucumber samples. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyac007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
As a typical triazole fungicide, penconazole (PEN) is widely used in agriculture but has been proven to be toxic. In this study, we designed a new hapten to prepare a highly sensitive and specific anti-PEN monoclonal antibody (mAb) and established a gold nanoparticle-based lateral-flow immunoassay (LFIA) for the detection of PEN residues in watermelon and cucumber. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the mAb was 0.42 ng/mL and the LFIA strip had a visual limit of detection (vLOD) of 2.5 ng/g and a cut-off value of 10 ng/g in watermelon and cucumbers. The calculated limit of detection (LOD) of the LFIA strip was 0.36 ng/g for watermelon and 0.29 ng/g for cucumber. The LFIA strip also gave a recovery rate of 92.5–109.0% for watermelon samples and 92.5–106.7% for cucumber samples. These results using the LFIA strip are highly consistent with those seen using LC-MS/MS. Thus our developed LFIA strip represents a potentially reliable tool for the rapid on-site screening for PEN in watermelons and cucumbers..
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liguang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuanlai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
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