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Störmer A, Hetzel L, Franz R. A critical review of test methods and alternative scientific approaches to compliance and safety evaluation of paper and board for food contact. Front Chem 2024; 12:1397913. [PMID: 39055044 PMCID: PMC11269091 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1397913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Paper and board are widely used as food contact materials. For such sensitive applications, consumer safety regarding the transfer of chemical components and contaminants to the food needs to be established. Such safety assessments are becoming increasingly challenging not only due to intentionally added substances but also non-intentionally added substances. In the European Union, compliance testing and safety evaluation of paper in food contact are largely based on national legislation and standards. The underlying tests are conventional methods, often overestimating and sometimes underestimating the migration into food. In this article, the relevant standard test methods are contrasted with currently available scientific knowledge. The scientific approaches to develop and identify suitable test methods are critically reviewed. Furthermore, theoretical predictions via mathematical modeling, with the aim to realistically simulate transfer to food, are presented and discussed in comparison with available migration studies with foods. Objectives are to (i) summarize the actual scientific knowledge in the field and draw conclusions regarding the potential and limitations of the existing test methods and (ii) identify research gaps toward a better qualitative and quantitative understanding of transport processes of volatile and non-volatile substances from paper and board into foods.
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Muzeza C, Ngole-Jeme V, Msagati TAM. The Mechanisms of Plastic Food-Packaging Monomers' Migration into Food Matrix and the Implications on Human Health. Foods 2023; 12:3364. [PMID: 37761073 PMCID: PMC10529129 DOI: 10.3390/foods12183364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of packaging technology has become a crucial part of the food industry in today's modern societies, which are characterized by technological advancements, industrialization, densely populated cities, and scientific advancements that have increased food production over the past 50 years despite the lack of agricultural land. Various types of food-packaging materials are utilized, with plastic being the most versatile. However, there are certain concerns with regards to the usage of plastic packaging because of unreacted monomers' potential migration from the polymer packaging to the food. The magnitude of monomer migration depends on numerous aspects, including the monomer chemistry, type of plastic packaging, physical-chemical parameters such as the temperature and pH, and food chemistry. The major concern for the presence of packaging monomers in food is that some monomers are endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) with a capability to interfere with the functioning of vital hormonal systems in the human body. For this reason, different countries have resolved to enforce guidelines and regulations for packaging monomers in food. Additionally, many countries have introduced migration testing procedures and safe limits for packaging monomer migration into food. However, to date, several research studies have reported levels of monomer migration above the set migration limits due to leaching from the food-packaging materials into the food. This raises concerns regarding possible health effects on consumers. This paper provides a critical review on plastic food-contact materials' monomer migration, including that from biodegradable plastic packaging, the monomer migration mechanisms, the monomer migration chemistry, the key factors that affect the migration process, and the associated potential EDC human health risks linked to monomers' presence in food. The aim is to contribute to the existing knowledge and understanding of plastic food-packaging monomer migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Muzeza
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Science Campus, Roodepoort, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Science Campus, Roodepoort, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa;
| | - Veronica Ngole-Jeme
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Science Campus, Roodepoort, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa;
| | - Titus Alfred Makudali Msagati
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Science Campus, Roodepoort, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa
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Wolf N, Hoyer S, Simat TJ. Effect of relative humidity on the desorption of odour-active volatile organic compounds from paper and board: sensory evaluation and migration to Tenax ®. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:1096-1113. [PMID: 37526961 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2238845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Paper and board are used for packaging of moist as well as dry food. According to Regulation (EC) No. 1935/2004, food contact materials (FCM) must not bring about a deterioration in the organoleptic characteristics of foodstuffs. For testing the transfer of off-flavour (taint) from packaging to food via the gas phase (DIN EN 1230-2), relative humidity (rH) has to be adjusted. In contrast, rH is neither taken into account when testing the odour (DIN EN 1230-1), nor in chemical migration of volatile organic substances (VOC) onto the adsorbent Tenax® (DIN EN 14338). In this work, effect of different rHs on the desorption of VOC from paper and board was investigated by GC-MS analysis as well as by human sensory tests. Raising humidity led to an increase in VOC transfer, which was observed by increasing peak areas as well as the detection of more substances in GC-MS. Analytical results were in line with human sensory tests. The odour profile of the paper at 33 and 58% rH was described as cardboard-like, sweet and smoky. Impact substances for these olfactory impressions were (E)-2-nonenal, vanillin and 2-methoxyphenol as identified by GC with an olfactory detection port (GC-ODP). The increase to 75 and 100% rH resulted in the additional perception of cheesy/sweaty and fatty/rancid impressions, which were primarily caused by short-chain fatty acids and di-unsaturated aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Wolf
- Technische Universität Dresden, Chair of Food Science and Food Contact Materials, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sylvie Hoyer
- Technische Universität Dresden, Chair of Food Science and Food Contact Materials, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas J Simat
- Technische Universität Dresden, Chair of Food Science and Food Contact Materials, Dresden, Germany
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Wang Z, Li H, Li T, Zhang Q, Cai Y, Bai H, Lv Q. Application of validated migration models for the risk assessment of styrene and acrylonitrile in ABS plastic toys. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 252:114570. [PMID: 36706528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
With styrene and acrylonitrile in ABS plastic toys as examples, this paper introduces to the development of a systematic strategy for studying the chemical migration risk in toys. The approach, included the detection method, establishment of migration model, model verification, and the practical application of the model in risk assessment. First, simple and sensitive methods for detecting analyte residues and migration were developed by headspace GC-MS. Then, the migration models were established based on the migration data from 5 min to 168 h and verified using 11 ABS samples. The results showed that the predicted values of the models and the experimental values had a good fit (RMSE=0.10-8.72 %). Subsequently, the migration of analytes in 94 ABS toys was predicted with these models at specific migration times. The daily average exposure level to styrene and acrylonitrile were estimated for children (3 months to 3 years). At last, the migration models reasonably predicted that the cancer risk of styrene and acrylonitrile in ABS toys were 1.6 × 10-8-1.4 × 10-6 and 3.1 × 10-8-1.6 × 10-6, respectively. This research contributes to promote toy safety and child health by enriching migration models and risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- Zhejiang Institute of Product Quality and Safety Science, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Tao Li
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Hua Bai
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Qing Lv
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China.
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5
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Occurrence of phthalates and 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene in dry foods packed in cellulosic materials. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-022-01412-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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6
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Transport of Organic Volatiles through Paper: Physics-Informed Neural Networks for Solving Inverse and Forward Problems. Transp Porous Media 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11242-022-01864-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTransport of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) through porous media with active surfaces takes place in many important applications, such as in cellulose-based materials for packaging. Generally, it is a complex process that combines diffusion with sorption at any time. To date, the data needed to use and validate the mathematical models proposed in literature to describe the mentioned processes are scarce and have not been systematically compiled. As an extension of the model of Ramarao et al. (Dry Technol 21(10):2007–2056, 2003) for the water vapor transport through paper, we propose to describe the transport of VOCs by a nonlinear Fisher–Kolmogorov–Petrovsky–Piskunov equation coupled to a partial differential equation (PDE) for the sorption process. The proposed PDE system contains specific material parameters such as diffusion coefficients and adsorption rates as multiplication factors. Although these parameters are essential for solving the PDEs at a given time scale, not all of the required parameters can be directly deduced from experiments, particularly diffusion coefficients and sorption constants. Therefore, we propose to use experimental concentration data, obtained for the migration of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) through a stack of paper sheets, to infer the sorption constant. These concentrations are considered as the outcome of a model prediction and are inserted into an inverse boundary problem. We employ Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) to find the underlying sorption constant of DMSO on paper from this inverse problem. We illustrate how to practically combine PINN-based calculations with experimental data to obtain trustworthy transport-related material parameters. Finally we verify the obtained parameter by solving the forward migration problem via PINNs and finite element methods on the relevant time scale and show the satisfactory correspondence between the simulation and experimental results.
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Jaén J, Domeño C, Vera P, Nerín C. Migration of mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbon (MOAH) from hot melt adhesives used in food packaging materials. Food Packag Shelf Life 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2022.100885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Kourkopoulos A, Sijm DTHM, Vrolijk MF. Current approaches and challenges of sample preparation procedures for the safety assessment of paper and cardboard food contact materials: A comprehensive review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:4108-4129. [PMID: 35880303 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In the European Union (EU), Regulation (EC) 1935/2004 provides a harmonized legal EU framework and sets out the general principles for safety and inertness for all Food Contact Materials (FCMs) and Food Contact Articles. From a food safety point of view, however, specific EU legislation for paper and cardboard FCMs is lacking, while at Member State level, national legislation differs among countries. More than 11,000 chemicals have been identified in all types of FCMs, most of them without any information on toxicity or migration potential from FCM to food. The present review shows a wide variability of protocols, approaches, and conditions used in scientific studies, which are difficult to compare. In this regard, procedures and conditions laid down in EU legislation for plastics and European Standards (EN protocols) may serve as a good basis for the future sample preparation procedures in the framework of paper and cardboard FCMs safety assessment. Challenges on sample preparation procedures are presented involving the interlinked steps of sample preparation, conditions used and their impact in chemical analysis and in vitro bioassay testing. Currently, there is no general consensus on the criteria for structuring, evaluating, and tuning sample preparation procedures for paper and cardboard FCMs. For this purpose, a set of modified criteria and a decision tree are proposed based on the literature. Along this, mass transfer processes occurring in paper and cardboard FCMs and parameters affecting chemical migration need to be accounted for prior to reaching general consensus on criteria for sample preparation procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Kourkopoulos
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dick T H M Sijm
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Office for Risk Assessment and Research, Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Misha F Vrolijk
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Jaén J, Domeño C, Úbeda S, Aznar M, Nerín C. Migration of mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) from cardboard containers to dry food and prediction tool. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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10
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A facile molecularly imprinted column coupled to GC-MS/MS for sensitive and selective determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and study on their migration in takeaway meal boxes. Talanta 2022; 243:123385. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Zhang B, Yuan S, Ren R, Zhang Z, Luo Y. Influence of the Binder Structure on the Interfacial Adhesion and Antimigration Properties of the Propellant Charge. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:6335-6344. [PMID: 35224395 PMCID: PMC8867554 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining the structural integrity of solid rocket propellant charges has been widely concerned by scholars around the world. The introduction of a polyester transition layer between the propellant and the liner is a new and effective method used to improve the interfacial bonding properties of the solid propellant charge and inhibit the migration of high-energy plasticizers. Uniaxial tensile pull-off specimens and accelerated aging experiments at multiple temperatures were used to study the interfacial bonding properties of propellant charges and the migration properties of plasticizers, respectively. The influence of the polyester structure on the two properties was also discussed in detail, and a targeted antimigration mechanism was proposed based on the molecular structure of the plasticizer. In addition, the Weibull model was used to fit the plasticizer migration behavior, and the plasticizer migration master curve in the charge system was obtained based on the principle of time-temperature superposition, which broadens the application field of the model and is important from an application perspective.
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12
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Azizi-Lalabadi M, Rahimzadeh-Sani Z, Feng J, Hosseini H, Jafari SM. The impact of essential oils on the qualitative properties, release profile, and stimuli-responsiveness of active food packaging nanocomposites. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:1822-1845. [PMID: 34486886 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1971154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Food industries attempt to introduce a new food packaging by blending essential oils (EOs) into the polymeric matrix as an active packaging, which has great ability to preserve the quality of food and increase its shelf life by releasing active compounds within storage. The main point in designing the active packaging is controlled-release of active substances for their enhanced activity. Biopolymers are functional substances, which suggest structural integrity to sense external stimuli like temperature, pH, or ionic strength. The controlled release of EOs from active packaging and their stimuli-responsive properties can be very important for practical applications of these novel biocomposites. EOs can affect the uniformity of the polymeric matrix and physical and structural characteristics of the composites, such as moisture content, solubility in water, water vapor transmission rate, elongation at break, and tensile strength. To measure the ingredients of EOs and their migration from food packaging, chromatographic methods can be used. A head-space-solid phase micro-extraction coupled to gas chromatography (HS-SPME-GC-MS) technique is as a good process for evaluating the release of Eos. Therefore, the aims of this review were to evaluate the qualitative characteristics, release profile, and stimuli-responsiveness of active and smart food packaging nanocomposites loaded with essential oils and developing such multi-faceted packaging for advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Azizi-Lalabadi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zeinab Rahimzadeh-Sani
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jianguo Feng
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hamed Hosseini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Seid Mahdi Jafari
- Department of Food Materials and Process Design Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
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Alamri M, Qasem AA, Mohamed AA, Hussain S, Ibraheem MA, Shamlan G, Alqah HA, Qasha AS. Food packaging's materials: A food safety perspective. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:4490-4499. [PMID: 34354435 PMCID: PMC8325021 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Food packaging serves purposes of food product safety and easy handling and transport by preventing chemical contamination and enhancing shelf life, which provides convenience for consumers. Various types of materials, including plastics, glass, metals, and papers and their composites, have been used for food packaging. However, owing to consumers' increased health awareness, the significance of transferring harmful materials from packaging materials into foods is of greater concern. This review highlights the interactions of food with packaging materials and elaborates the mechanism, types, and contributing factors of migration of chemical substances from the packaging to foods. Also, various types of chemical migrants from different packaging materials with their possible impacts on food safety and human health are discussed. We conclude with a future outlook based on legislative considerations and ongoing technical contributions to optimization of food-package interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.S. Alamri
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Akram A.A. Qasem
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdellatif A. Mohamed
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahzad Hussain
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. Ibraheem
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghalia Shamlan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham A. Alqah
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali S. Qasha
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Hochegger A, Hoffellner L, Leitner E. Comparison of methods to simulate permeation through cellulose-based food contact materials. Food Packag Shelf Life 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2021.100670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Urbelis JH, Cooper JR. Migration of food contact substances into dry foods: A review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1044-1073. [PMID: 33905306 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1905188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive review of the literature was performed on migration of substances from packaging materials into dry foods, specifically those with surfaces containing no free fats or oils. Historically, migration from food packaging to dry foods has been assumed to be minimal. However, several recent publications have reported concentrations of migrants into dry foods that are substantially higher than anticipated. The goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of recent studies that examined migration to dry foods or dry food simulants, observe and assess common migrants, and report the highest migration values. Focusing on the packaging materials and migrants that exhibit the highest migration values, this review divided the studies into two categories: 1) analysis of food products in commercial packaging taken directly from grocery store shelves, and 2) analysis of food products and food simulants in contact with packaging or other material fortified with known quantities of a migrant. Discussions include the examination of migration testing methods, viability of different food simulants, and variables that affect migration behaviour. These include the physicochemical properties of both the migrant and food (i.e. volatility, molecular size, structure, food composition and particle size) and factors pertaining to the packaging material and the environment (i.e. temperature, humidity, and the presence of a secondary barrier). Information gaps and remaining questions are also identified and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica H Urbelis
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jessica R Cooper
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), College Park, MD, USA
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16
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Liu YQ, Wrona M, Su QZ, Vera P, Nerín C, Hu CY. Influence of cooking conditions on the migration of silicone oligomers from silicone rubber baking molds to food simulants. Food Chem 2021; 347:128964. [PMID: 33453582 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The stability, surface micromorphology, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of silicone rubber baking molds (SRBMs) were tested while using the molds under severe conditions: baking at 175 °C, microwaving at 800 W, and freezing at -18 °C. Moreover, migration tests of SRBMs to food simulants (isooctane, 95% ethanol, and Tenax®) at 70 °C for 2 h (accelerated conditions) were performed. The initial total VOCs concentration was 2.53% higher than that recommended by BfR Recommendations on Food Contact Materials. Therefore, the SRBM samples were considered as badly tempered materials, and 18 different types of silicone oligomers were identified during the migration tests. The following percentage of silicone oligomers with a molecular weight lower than 1000 Da in isooctane, 95% ethanol, and Tenax® were detected: 70.7%, 91.8%, and 97.2%, respectively. It has been proven that previous baking treatments effectively reduced the content of silicone oligomers migrating from SRBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qi Liu
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Huangpu West Avenue 601, Guangzhou City 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Magdalena Wrona
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research I3A, CPS-University of Zaragoza, Torres Quevedo Building, María de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Qi-Zhi Su
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research I3A, CPS-University of Zaragoza, Torres Quevedo Building, María de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Paula Vera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research I3A, CPS-University of Zaragoza, Torres Quevedo Building, María de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cristina Nerín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research I3A, CPS-University of Zaragoza, Torres Quevedo Building, María de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Chang-Ying Hu
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Huangpu West Avenue 601, Guangzhou City 510632, Guangdong, China.
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Coltro L, Saron ES, Pessoa TI, Morandi J, Silva BS. Migration of phthalates and 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene from cellulose food packaging. POLIMEROS 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-1428.02321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leda Coltro
- Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Brasil
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18
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Recent Advances in Reducing Food Losses in the Supply Chain of Fresh Agricultural Produce. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8111431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruits and vegetables are highly nutritious agricultural produce with tremendous human health benefits. They are also highly perishable and as such are easily susceptible to spoilage, leading to a reduction in quality attributes and induced food loss. Cold chain technologies have over the years been employed to reduce the quality loss of fruits and vegetables from farm to fork. However, a high amount of losses (≈50%) still occur during the packaging, pre-cooling, transportation, and storage of these fresh agricultural produce. This study highlights the current state-of-the-art of various advanced tools employed to reducing the quality loss of fruits and vegetables during the packaging, storage, and transportation cold chain operations, including the application of imaging technology, spectroscopy, multi-sensors, electronic nose, radio frequency identification, printed sensors, acoustic impulse response, and mathematical models. It is shown that computer vision, hyperspectral imaging, multispectral imaging, spectroscopy, X-ray imaging, and mathematical models are well established in monitoring and optimizing process parameters that affect food quality attributes during cold chain operations. We also identified the Internet of Things (IoT) and virtual representation models of a particular fresh produce (digital twins) as emerging technologies that can help monitor and control the uncharted quality evolution during its postharvest life. These advances can help diagnose and take measures against potential problems affecting the quality of fresh produce in the supply chains. Plausible future pathways to further develop these emerging technologies and help in the significant reduction of food losses in the supply chain of fresh produce are discussed. Future research should be directed towards integrating IoT and digital twins for multiple shipments in order to intensify real-time monitoring of the cold chain environmental conditions, and the eventual optimization of the postharvest supply chains. This study gives promising insight towards the use of advanced technologies in reducing losses in the postharvest supply chain of fruits and vegetables.
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Fengler R, Gruber L. Migration and permeation of mineral oil components from paper-based food contact materials into foods – A critical comparison of analytical methods. Food Packag Shelf Life 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2020.100537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Ji S, Zhang J, Peng Y, Sun Y, Peng C, Hou R, Cai H. Migration kinetics of fluorescent whitening agents from polyethylene food packaging to food simulants. Eur Food Res Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-020-03509-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Interpretation of the migration of benzophenone type photoinitiators into different food simulants and foodstuffs in terms of the physicochemical properties of the migrants. Food Packag Shelf Life 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2019.100444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Fengler R, Gruber L. Mineral oil migration from paper-based packaging into food, investigated by means of food simulants and model substances. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:845-857. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1714750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romy Fengler
- TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Chair of Food Packaging Technology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Department of Product Safety and Analytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany
| | - Ludwig Gruber
- Department of Product Safety and Analytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany
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24
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Influence of heating source on the migration of photoinitiators from packaging materials into Tenax® and popcorn. Food Packag Shelf Life 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2019.100340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Yuan H, Hao Q, Su R, Qi W, He Z. Migration of phthalates from polyvinyl chloride film to fatty food simulants: experimental studies and model application. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-019-01249-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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26
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Vandermarken T, Boonen I, Gryspeirt C, Croes K, Van Den Houwe K, Denison MS, Gao Y, Van Hoeck E, Elskens M. Assessment of estrogenic compounds in paperboard for dry food packaging with the ERE-CALUX bioassay. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 221:99-106. [PMID: 30634153 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Paperboard used as packaging, a non-inert material, can transfer chemicals into food. Over the years, endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), such as NonylPhenols (NPs), BisPhenol A (BPA) and phthalates have been shown to migrate from packaging materials into food. Due to chronic exposure and mixture effects of these EDCs, they could cause health effects even at very low doses. Many EDCs are still unknown and many more are still unregulated. The ERE-CALUX bioassay was used as a bioanalytical tool to investigate estrogenic activities of paperboard food packaging and its characteristics, including recycling rate and printing ink. A "worst case" scenario with full extraction is compared to a dry food migration experiment. By measuring an overall estrogenic activity, known and unknown estrogenic chemicals and mixture effects are taken into account and the data are compared to molecule specific analysis. Estrogenic activities ranged from 682 ± 66 pg E2 eq./dm2 to 3250 ± 400 pg E2 eq./dm2 for "worst case" extraction and from 347 ± 30 pg E2 eq./dm2 to 1350 ± 70 pg E2 eq./dm2 for migration experiments. A two-factor ANOVA revealed a relationship between estrogenic activity and the recycling rate of the paperboard, but no significant difference with printing ink was observed for these paperboard samples. Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) and 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH) were determined in all extraction and migrations experiment samples. A Spearman rank correlation analysis showed a relationship between the estrogenic activity and the total phthalates as well as with each compound individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Vandermarken
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - I Boonen
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - C Gryspeirt
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - K Croes
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - K Van Den Houwe
- Department Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Sciensano, J. Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M S Denison
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Y Gao
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Van Hoeck
- Department Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Sciensano, J. Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Elskens
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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27
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Li M, Fan Y, Liu Z, Xie Y, Guo Y, Cheng Y, Qian H, Yao W. Tracing the melamine migration from three-piece tin cans into food simulants during coating process. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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28
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The behaviour of Tenax as food simulant in the migration of polymer additives from food contact materials by means of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and PARAFAC. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1589:18-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Park SJ, Choi JC, Park SR, Choi H, Kim M, Kim J. Migration of lead and arsenic from food contact paper into a food simulant and assessment of their consumer exposure safety. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:2493-2501. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1547426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Se-Jong Park
- Food Additives and Packaging Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Chun Choi
- Food Additives and Packaging Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Ra Park
- Food Additives and Packaging Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeju Choi
- Food Additives and Packaging Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - MeeKyung Kim
- Food Additives and Packaging Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongkwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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30
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Szczepańska N, Kudłak B, Namieśnik J. Recent advances in assessing xenobiotics migrating from packaging material – A review. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1023:1-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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31
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Pieke EN, Granby K, Teste B, Smedsgaard J, Rivière G. Prioritization before risk assessment: The viability of uncertain data on food contact materials. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 97:134-143. [PMID: 29932981 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The shortage of data on non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) present in food contact material (FCM) limits the ability to ensure food safety. Recent strategies in analytical method development permit NIAS investigation by using chemical exploration, but this has not been sufficiently investigated in risk assessment context. Here, exploration is utilized and followed by risk prioritization on chemical compounds that can potentially migrate to food from two paperboard FCM samples. Concentration estimates from exploration are converted to tentative exposure assessment, while predicted chemical structures are assessed using quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) models for carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and reproductive toxicity. A selection of 60 chemical compounds from two FCMs is assessed by four risk assessors to classify compounds based on probable risk. For almost 60% of cases, the assessors classified compounds as either high priority or low priority. Unclassified compounds are due to disagreements between experts (18%) or due to a perceived lack of data (23%). Among the high priority substances are high-concentration compounds, benzophenone derivatives, and dyes. The low priority compounds contained e.g. oligomers from plasticizers and linear alkane amides. The classification scheme provides valuable information based on tentative data and is able to prioritize discovered chemical compounds for pending risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eelco N Pieke
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Research Group for Analytical Food Chemistry, Kemitorvet Building 202, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Kit Granby
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Research Group for Analytical Food Chemistry, Kemitorvet Building 202, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Bruno Teste
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France.
| | - Jørn Smedsgaard
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Research Group for Analytical Food Chemistry, Kemitorvet Building 202, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Gilles Rivière
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France.
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32
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Rubio L, Sarabia L, Ortiz M. Effect of the cleaning procedure of Tenax on its reuse in the determination of plasticizers after migration by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Talanta 2018; 182:505-522. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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33
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The green fabrication, characterization and evaluation of catalytic antioxidation of gold nanoparticle-lignocellulose composite papers for active packaging. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 107:1782-1791. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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34
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Cai H, Ji S, Zhang J, Tao G, Peng C, Hou R, Zhang L, Sun Y, Wan X. Migration kinetics of four photo-initiators from paper food packaging to solid food simulants. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1632-1642. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1331470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huimei Cai
- School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Shuilin Ji
- School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Juzhou Zhang
- National Agricultural and sideline products processing food quality supervision and inspection center, Auhui Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hefei, China
| | - Gushuai Tao
- School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Chuanyi Peng
- School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ruyan Hou
- School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yue Sun
- School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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35
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Van Den Houwe K, Evrard C, Van Loco J, Lynen F, Van Hoeck E. Use of Tenax® films to demonstrate the migration of chemical contaminants from cardboard into dry food. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1261-1269. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1326067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Van Den Houwe
- Department of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - C. Evrard
- Department of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - J. Van Loco
- Department of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - F. Lynen
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - E. Van Hoeck
- Department of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
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36
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Yang F, Li X, Meng D, Yang Y. Determination of Ultraviolet Absorbers and Light Stabilizers in Food Packaging Bags by Magnetic Solid Phase Extraction Followed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-0896-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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37
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Buscaroli E, Bussini D, Bisio C, Montecchio D, Elegir G, Garbini D, Marchese L, Braschi I. Stabilization of mineral oil hydrocarbons in recycled paper pulp by organo-functionalized mesoporous silicas and evaluation of migration to food. Eur Food Res Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-017-2867-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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38
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Fang X, Vitrac O. Predicting diffusion coefficients of chemicals in and through packaging materials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:275-312. [PMID: 25831407 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.849654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Most of the physicochemical properties in polymers such as activity and partition coefficients, diffusion coefficients, and their activation with temperature are accessible to direct calculations from first principles. Such predictions are particularly relevant for food packaging as they can be used (1) to demonstrate the compliance or safety of numerous polymer materials and of their constitutive substances (e.g. additives, residues…), when they are used: as containers, coatings, sealants, gaskets, printing inks, etc. (2) or to predict the indirect contamination of food by pollutants (e.g. from recycled polymers, storage ambiance…) (3) or to assess the plasticization of materials in contact by food constituents (e.g. fat matter, aroma…). This review article summarizes the classical and last mechanistic descriptions of diffusion in polymers and discusses the reliability of semi-empirical approaches used for compliance testing both in EU and US. It is concluded that simulation of diffusion in or through polymers is not limited to worst-case assumptions but could also be applied to real cases for risk assessment, designing packaging with low leaching risk or to synthesize plastic additives with low diffusion rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Fang
- a AgroParisTech, UMR 1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments , Massy , France.,b INRA, UMR 1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments , Massy , France
| | - Olivier Vitrac
- a AgroParisTech, UMR 1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments , Massy , France.,b INRA, UMR 1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments , Massy , France
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39
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Van Den Houwe K, Evrard C, Van Loco J, Lynen F, Van Hoeck E. Migration of photoinitiators from cardboard into dry food: evaluation of Tenax® as a food simulant. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:913-20. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1179562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Van Den Houwe
- Department of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Caroline Evrard
- Department of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joris Van Loco
- Department of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frederic Lynen
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Els Van Hoeck
- Department of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
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40
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Han B, Ding L, Su R, Chen L, Wang L, Qi W, He Z. Migration of photoinitiators from paper to fatty food simulants: experimental studies and model application. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:876-84. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1166524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Ding
- Research Center of Hunan Entry–Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Changsha, China
| | - Rongxin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Libing Wang
- Research Center of Hunan Entry–Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhimin He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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41
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Biedermann-Brem S, Biedermann M, Grob K. Required barrier efficiency of internal bags against the migration from recycled paperboard packaging into food: a benchmark. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:725-40. [PMID: 26936619 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1160744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of recycled paperboard and corrugated board for food packaging is in the interest of the sustainability of resources, but in most applications the food must be protected against contamination from these materials, such as by an internal bag with a functional barrier. Producers of packaging need a specification to find the most suitable and economical barrier for a given application, and the customer needs the confidence that a solution offered to him is adequate. An accurate determination of the barrier efficiency is not possible due to the large number of migrants, most of which have not been evaluated or not even identified. Hence the specification must be based on assumptions and verifiable by a simple test. The proposed benchmark presumes that the migration of all non-evaluated or even unknown substances in recycled paperboard will remain below 0.01 mg kg(-1) food, the conventional detection limit, if their transfer does not exceed 1% of the content in the paperboard. Some substances, such as mineral oil or fatty acids, will exceed the 0.01 mg kg(-1) limit, but they are known, evaluated and of no concern at the reduced migration. Since the critical substances must be assumed to be unknown, the criterion of the 1% migration is tested with three surrogate substances of similar volatility and covering a broad range of polarity. The cornerstones of the method are specified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Biedermann-Brem
- a Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich) , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Maurus Biedermann
- a Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich) , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Koni Grob
- a Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich) , Zurich , Switzerland
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42
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Method for analysis of 68 organic contaminants in food contact paper using gas and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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43
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Kadam AA, Karbowiak T, Voilley A, Debeaufort F. Techniques to measure sorption and migration between small molecules and packaging. A critical review. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:1395-1407. [PMID: 25123587 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The mass transfer parameters diffusion and sorption in food and packaging or between them are the key parameters for assessing a food product's shelf-life in reference to consumer safety. This has become of paramount importance owing to the legislations set by the regulated markets. The technical capabilities that can be exploited for analyzing product-package interactions have been growing rapidly. Different techniques categorized according to the state of the diffusant (gas or liquid) in contact with the packaging material are emphasized in this review. Depending on the diffusant and on the analytical question under review, the different ways to study sorption and/or migration are presented and compared. Some examples have been suggested to reach the best possible choice, consisting of a single technique or a combination of different approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish A Kadam
- UMR A 02.102 PAM, Université de Bourgogne-AgroSup Dijon, Equipe PAPC, 1 Esplanade Erasme, F-21000, Dijon, France
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Eicher A, Biedermann M, Zurfluh M, Grob K. Migration by ‘direct’ or ‘indirect’ food contact? ‘Dry’ and ‘wetting’ foods? Experimental data for ‘touching’ contact of dry foods with paper and board. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 32:110-9. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.975753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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45
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Abstract
AbstractTwenty three paper based packaging materials commercially used for food packaging in the Czech Republic were analysed with regard to 2-phenylphenol (OPP) content using HPLC technique with fluorimetric detection. The HPLC method was modified with the aim to increase its sensitivity. OPP was detected in quantities ranging from 10 mg kg−1 to 527 mg kg−1 in twenty tested samples. The level of OPP in packaging materials was in close correlation to the content of recycled pulp in used paper material. The migration of OPP from two packaging materials comprised of paperboard coated with low density polyethylene (LDPE) into food simulants was determined at 40°C for 10 days. The levels of migration into 3% acetic acid, 10% ethanol and olive oil were below the limit of detection of used analytical procedure. In the case of 95% ethanol, 13% and 21% of OPP present in tested samples were transferred into simulant. The found occurrence of OPP in paper packages does not pose any significant safety risk for food consumer, but OPP could be considered as wide spread contaminant in paper materials.
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46
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Oca ML, Sarabia LA, Herrero A, Ortiz MC. Optimum pH for the determination of bisphenols and their corresponding diglycidyl ethers by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Migration kinetics of bisphenol A from polycarbonate glasses. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1360:23-38. [PMID: 25113873 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents, on the one hand, the study of the influence of the pH of the medium on the determination of bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol A (BPA) and their corresponding diglycidyl ethers (BFDGE and BADGE, respectively) by GC-MS after a solid-phase extraction step, using BPA-d16 as internal standard and Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC) decomposition as a multi-way tool for the unequivocal identification and quantification of the four analytes. As the structure of both BFDGE and BADGE has two 2,3-epoxypropoxy groups that can undergo an acid- or base-catalyzed ring-opening via nucleophilic substitution reactions, several samples spiked with the four analytes were set to different pH values between 2 and 12. The best results were obtained in the pH region 8-10, being 9 the most suitable value. Coelution of interferents was overcome using the PARAFAC decomposition; otherwise, the presence of some analytes could not have been ensured according to the regulations currently in force. Secondly, the release of BPA from polycarbonate glasses into food simulant D1 (ethanol 50% (v/v)) over time was studied through seven migration tests and the differences found in this migration process with the incubation temperature (50 and 70°C) were evaluated. A nonlinear regression was used to fit the experimental data following an exponential relation between the concentration of BPA transferred from every glass and the respective migration test. None of the quantities of BPA released exceeded the specific migration limit of 0.6mgkg(-1) laid down for this compound in the Commission Regulation (EU) No 10/2011, so the compliance of the glasses evaluated was ensured. The average recovery percentages of the four analytes at a fortification level of 800ngL(-1) ranged from 50.14 to 92.75%. The detection capability (CCβ) of the method for BPA was 2.60μgL(-1) for n=2 replicates, with probabilities of false positive and false negative fixed at 0.05.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Oca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - L A Sarabia
- Department of Mathematics and Computation, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - A Herrero
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - M C Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain.
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Determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from wrapping films and wrapped PDO Italian cheeses by using HS-SPME and GC/MS. Molecules 2014; 19:8707-24. [PMID: 24968328 PMCID: PMC6271448 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19078707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays food wrapping assures attractive presentation and simplifies self-service shopping. Polyvinylchloride (PVC)- and polyethylene (PE)-based cling-films are widely used worldwide for wrapping cheeses. For this purpose, films used in retail possess suitable technical properties such as clinginess and unrolling capacity, that are achieved by using specific plasticizers during their manufacturing process. In the present study, the main VOCs of three cling-films (either PVC-based or PE-based) for retail use were characterized by means of Solid-Phase Micro-Extraction and GC/MS. In addition, the effects of cling film type and contact time on the migration of VOCs from the films to four different PDO Italian cheeses during cold storage under light or dark were also investigated. Among the VOCs isolated from cling-films, PVC released 2-ethylhexanol and triacetin. These compounds can likely be considered as a “non-intentionally added substance”. These same compounds were also detected in cheeses wrapped in PVC films with the highest concentration found after 20 days storage. The PE cling-film was shown to possess a simpler VOC profile, lacking some molecules peculiar to PVC films. The same conclusions can be drawn for cheeses wrapped in the PE cling-film. Other VOCs found in wrapped cheeses were likely to have been released either by direct transfer from the materials used for the manufacture of cling-films or from contamination of the films. Overall, HS-SPME is shown to be a rapid and solvent free technique to screen the VOCs profile of cling-films, and to detect VOCs migration from cling-films to cheese under real retail storage conditions.
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48
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Van Den Houwe K, van de Velde S, Evrard C, Van Hoeck E, Van Loco J, Bolle F. Evaluation of the migration of 15 photo-initiators from cardboard packaging into Tenax®using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:767-75. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.886340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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49
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Jakubowska N, Beldì G, Peychès Bach A, Simoneau C. Optimisation of an analytical method and results from the inter-laboratory comparison of the migration of regulated substances from food packaging into the new mandatory European Union simulant for dry foodstuffs. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:546-55. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.874046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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50
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Still M, Schlummer M, Gruber L, Fiedler D, Wolz G. Impact of industrial production and packaging processes on the concentration of per- and polyfluorinated compounds in milk and dairy products. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:9052-9062. [PMID: 24000959 DOI: 10.1021/jf4020137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated alkylated compounds (PFAA) have been identified in milk and dairy products at sub ppb levels, however, knowledge on the impact of industrial milk processing on PFAA levels is rare. This study examined industrial milk processing first by analytical screening of products of a cooperating dairy, which varied in kind and number of processing steps. Second, amounts of PFAA in raw milk, cream, skim milk, butter milk, and butter were mass balanced in industrial production. For migration testing, unpacked butter was sampled from the production and exposed to original packaging at 5 °C for 45 days. Screening identified dairy products with high fat contents to bear higher loads of PFAA. The mass balance of butter production revealed a significant impact of phase separation processes on concentrations in fat rich and aqueous phases. Storage of butter in packaging coated with a fluorinated polymer increased butter levels of both PFAA and FTOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Still
- Department of Product Safety and Analysis, Fraunhofer Institute Process Engineering and Packaging (IVV) , Giggenhauser Strasse 35, D-85354 Freising, Germany
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