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Feng Q, Wang S, Wang H, Qin Z, Wang H. Circle Fitting Based Image Segmentation and Multi-Scale Block Local Binary Pattern Based Distinction of Ring Rot and Anthracnose on Apple Fruits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:884891. [PMID: 35755697 PMCID: PMC9218820 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.884891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ring rot caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea and anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides are two important apple fruit diseases. It is critical to conduct timely and accurate distinction and diagnosis of the two diseases for apple disease management and apple quality control. The automatic distinction between the two diseases was investigated based on image processing technology in this study. The acquired disease images were preprocessed via image scaling, color image contrast stretching, and morphological opening and closing reconstruction. Then, two lesion segmentation methods based on circle fitting were proposed and used to conduct lesion segmentation. After comparison with the manual segmentation results obtained via the software Adobe Photoshop CC, Lesion segmentation method 1 was chosen for further disease image processing. The gray images on the nine components in the RGB, HSI, and L*a*b* color spaces of the segmented lesion images were filtered by using multi-scale block local binary pattern operators with the sizes of pixel blocks of 1 × 1, 2 × 2, and 3 × 3, respectively, and the corresponding local binary pattern (LBP) histogram vectors were calculated as the features of the lesion images. Subsequently, support vector machine (SVM) models and random forest models were built based on individual LBP histogram features or different LBP histogram feature combinations for distinguishing the diseases. The optimal SVM model with the distinction accuracies of the training and testing sets equal to 100 and 95.12% and the optimal random forest model with the distinction accuracies of the training and testing sets equal to 100 and 90.24% were achieved. The results indicated that the distinction between the two diseases could be implemented with high accuracy by using the proposed method. In this study, a method based on image processing technology was provided for the distinction of ring rot and anthracnose on apple fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Feng
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shutong Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - He Wang
- Forest Pest Management and Quarantine Station of Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Zhilin Qin
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiguang Wang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Soltani Firouz M, Sardari H. Defect Detection in Fruit and Vegetables by Using Machine Vision Systems and Image Processing. FOOD ENGINEERING REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12393-022-09307-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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3
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Advanced Detection Techniques Using Artificial Intelligence in Processing of Berries. FOOD ENGINEERING REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12393-021-09298-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Mu C, Yuan Z, Ouyang X, Sun P, Wang B. Non-destructive detection of blueberry skin pigments and intrinsic fruit qualities based on deep learning. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:3165-3175. [PMID: 33211339 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper proposes a novel method to improve accuracy and efficiency in detecting the quality of blueberry fruit, taking advantage of deep learning in classification tasks. We first collected 'Tifblue' blueberries at seven different stages of maturity (10-70 days after full bloom) and measured the pigments of the blueberry skin and the total sugar and the total acid of the pulp. We then established a skin pigment contents prediction network (SPCPN), based on the correlation between the pigments and blueberry pictures, and also a fruit intrinsic qualities prediction network (FIQPN), based on the correlation between the pigments and fruit qualities. Finally, the SPCPN and FIQPN were consolidated into the blueberry quality parameters prediction network (BQPPN). RESULTS The results showed that the anthocyanins in the blueberry skin were significantly correlated with the total sugar, total acid, and sugar / acid ratio of the fruit. After verification, the results also indicated that, for the prediction of anthocyanins, chlorophyll, and the anthocyanin / chlorophyll ratio, the SPCPN network model was found to achieve higher R2 (RMSE) values of 0.969 (0.139), 0.955 (0.005), 0.967 (15.4), respectively. The FIQPN network model was also able to evaluate the value of total sugar (R2 = 0.940, RMSE = 4.905), total acid (R2 = 0.930, RMSE = 2.034), and the sugar / acid ratio (R2 = 0.973, RMSE = 0.580). CONCLUSION The above results indicated the potential for utilizing deep learning technology to predict the quality indicators of blueberry before harvesting. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Mu
- Gold Mantis School of Architecture, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zebin Yuan
- Gold Mantis School of Architecture, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiuqin Ouyang
- Gold Mantis School of Architecture, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Pu Sun
- Gold Mantis School of Architecture, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Gold Mantis School of Architecture, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Yang B, Xu Y. Applications of deep-learning approaches in horticultural research: a review. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:123. [PMID: 34059657 PMCID: PMC8167084 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00560-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Deep learning is known as a promising multifunctional tool for processing images and other big data. By assimilating large amounts of heterogeneous data, deep-learning technology provides reliable prediction results for complex and uncertain phenomena. Recently, it has been increasingly used by horticultural researchers to make sense of the large datasets produced during planting and postharvest processes. In this paper, we provided a brief introduction to deep-learning approaches and reviewed 71 recent research works in which deep-learning technologies were applied in the horticultural domain for variety recognition, yield estimation, quality detection, stress phenotyping detection, growth monitoring, and other tasks. We described in detail the application scenarios reported in the relevant literature, along with the applied models and frameworks, the used data, and the overall performance results. Finally, we discussed the current challenges and future trends of deep learning in horticultural research. The aim of this review is to assist researchers and provide guidance for them to fully understand the strengths and possible weaknesses when applying deep learning in horticultural sectors. We also hope that this review will encourage researchers to explore some significant examples of deep learning in horticultural science and will promote the advancement of intelligent horticulture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biyun Yang
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yong Xu
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China.
- Institute of Machine Learning and Intelligent Science, Fujian University of Technology, 33 Xuefu South Road, 350118, Fuzhou, China.
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6
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Zhu L, Spachos P, Pensini E, Plataniotis KN. Deep learning and machine vision for food processing: A survey. Curr Res Food Sci 2021; 4:233-249. [PMID: 33937871 PMCID: PMC8079277 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The quality and safety of food is an important issue to the whole society, since it is at the basis of human health, social development and stability. Ensuring food quality and safety is a complex process, and all stages of food processing must be considered, from cultivating, harvesting and storage to preparation and consumption. However, these processes are often labour-intensive. Nowadays, the development of machine vision can greatly assist researchers and industries in improving the efficiency of food processing. As a result, machine vision has been widely used in all aspects of food processing. At the same time, image processing is an important component of machine vision. Image processing can take advantage of machine learning and deep learning models to effectively identify the type and quality of food. Subsequently, follow-up design in the machine vision system can address tasks such as food grading, detecting locations of defective spots or foreign objects, and removing impurities. In this paper, we provide an overview on the traditional machine learning and deep learning methods, as well as the machine vision techniques that can be applied to the field of food processing. We present the current approaches and challenges, and the future trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhu
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Petros Spachos
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Erica Pensini
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Zhai Z, Jin Z, Li J, Zhang M, Zhang R. Machine learning for detection of walnuts with shriveled kernels by fusing weight and image information. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.13562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zhai
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Shihezi University Shihezi China
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Agricultural Equipment Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Shihezi China
| | - Zuohui Jin
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Shihezi University Shihezi China
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Agricultural Equipment Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Shihezi China
| | - Jiangbo Li
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Shihezi University Shihezi China
- Beijing Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture Beijing China
| | - Mengyun Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Shihezi University Shihezi China
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Agricultural Equipment Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Shihezi China
| | - Ruoyu Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Shihezi University Shihezi China
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Agricultural Equipment Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Shihezi China
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Yeong TJ, Pin Jern K, Yao LK, Hannan MA, Hoon STG. Applications of Photonics in Agriculture Sector: A Review. Molecules 2019; 24:E2025. [PMID: 31137897 PMCID: PMC6571790 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24102025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The agricultural industry has made a tremendous contribution to the foundations of civilization. Basic essentials such as food, beverages, clothes and domestic materials are enriched by the agricultural industry. However, the traditional method in agriculture cultivation is labor-intensive and inadequate to meet the accelerating nature of human demands. This scenario raises the need to explore state-of-the-art crop cultivation and harvesting technologies. In this regard, optics and photonics technologies have proven to be effective solutions. This paper aims to present a comprehensive review of three photonic techniques, namely imaging, spectroscopy and spectral imaging, in a comparative manner for agriculture applications. Essentially, the spectral imaging technique is a robust solution which combines the benefits of both imaging and spectroscopy but faces the risk of underutilization. This review also comprehends the practicality of all three techniques by presenting existing examples in agricultural applications. Furthermore, the potential of these techniques is reviewed and critiqued by looking into agricultural activities involving palm oil, rubber, and agro-food crops. All the possible issues and challenges in implementing the photonic techniques in agriculture are given prominence with a few selective recommendations. The highlighted insights in this review will hopefully lead to an increased effort in the development of photonics applications for the future agricultural industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Jin Yeong
- Institute of Power Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Ker Pin Jern
- Institute of Power Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Lau Kuen Yao
- Institute of Power Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - M A Hannan
- Institute of Power Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Shirley Tang Gee Hoon
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Pre-clinical, International Medical School, Management and Science University, University Drive, Off Persiaran Olahraga, Seksyen 13, Shah Alam 40100, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Effect of formulation and baking conditions on the structure and development of non-enzymatic browning in biscuit models using images. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2018; 55:1234-1243. [PMID: 29606738 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-3008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to determine the effect of composition (dietary fiber = DF, fat = F, and gluten = G) and baking time on the target microstructural parameters that were observed using images of potato and wheat starch biscuits. Microstructures were studied Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Non-enzymatic browning (NEB) was assessed using color image analysis. Texture and moisture analysis was performed to have a better understanding of the baking process. Analysis of images revealed that the starch granules retained their native form at the end of baking, suggesting their in complete gelatinization. Granules size was similar at several different baking times, with an average equivalent diameter of 9 and 27 µm for wheat and potato starch, respectively. However, samples with different levels of DF and G increased circularity during baking to more than 30%, and also increasing hardness. NEB developed during baking, with the maximum increase observed between 13 and 19 min. This was reflected in decreased luminosity (L*) values due to a decrease in moisture levels. After 19 min, luminosity did not vary significantly. The ingredients that are used, as well as their quantities, can affect sample L* values. Therefore, choosing the correct ingredients and quantities can lead to different microstructures in the biscuits, with varying amounts of NEB products.
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Leiva-Valenzuela GA, Mariotti M, Mondragón G, Pedreschi F. Statistical pattern recognition classification with computer vision images for assessing the furan content of fried dough pieces. Food Chem 2018; 239:718-725. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.06.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Qin F, Liu D, Sun B, Ruan L, Ma Z, Wang H. Identification of Alfalfa Leaf Diseases Using Image Recognition Technology. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168274. [PMID: 27977767 PMCID: PMC5158033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Common leaf spot (caused by Pseudopeziza medicaginis), rust (caused by Uromyces striatus), Leptosphaerulina leaf spot (caused by Leptosphaerulina briosiana) and Cercospora leaf spot (caused by Cercospora medicaginis) are the four common types of alfalfa leaf diseases. Timely and accurate diagnoses of these diseases are critical for disease management, alfalfa quality control and the healthy development of the alfalfa industry. In this study, the identification and diagnosis of the four types of alfalfa leaf diseases were investigated using pattern recognition algorithms based on image-processing technology. A sub-image with one or multiple typical lesions was obtained by artificial cutting from each acquired digital disease image. Then the sub-images were segmented using twelve lesion segmentation methods integrated with clustering algorithms (including K_means clustering, fuzzy C-means clustering and K_median clustering) and supervised classification algorithms (including logistic regression analysis, Naive Bayes algorithm, classification and regression tree, and linear discriminant analysis). After a comprehensive comparison, the segmentation method integrating the K_median clustering algorithm and linear discriminant analysis was chosen to obtain lesion images. After the lesion segmentation using this method, a total of 129 texture, color and shape features were extracted from the lesion images. Based on the features selected using three methods (ReliefF, 1R and correlation-based feature selection), disease recognition models were built using three supervised learning methods, including the random forest, support vector machine (SVM) and K-nearest neighbor methods. A comparison of the recognition results of the models was conducted. The results showed that when the ReliefF method was used for feature selection, the SVM model built with the most important 45 features (selected from a total of 129 features) was the optimal model. For this SVM model, the recognition accuracies of the training set and the testing set were 97.64% and 94.74%, respectively. Semi-supervised models for disease recognition were built based on the 45 effective features that were used for building the optimal SVM model. For the optimal semi-supervised models built with three ratios of labeled to unlabeled samples in the training set, the recognition accuracies of the training set and the testing set were both approximately 80%. The results indicated that image recognition of the four alfalfa leaf diseases can be implemented with high accuracy. This study provides a feasible solution for lesion image segmentation and image recognition of alfalfa leaf disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Qin
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongxia Liu
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, China
| | - Bingda Sun
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liu Ruan
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanhong Ma
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiguang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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12
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Antioxidant and antitumor effects and immunomodulatory activities of crude and purified polyphenol extract from blueberries. Front Chem Sci Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-016-1553-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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13
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Lobos GA, Hancock JF. Breeding blueberries for a changing global environment: a review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:782. [PMID: 26483803 PMCID: PMC4588112 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Today, blueberries are recognized worldwide as one of the foremost health foods, becoming one of the crops with the highest productive and commercial projections. Over the last 100 years, the geographical area where highbush blueberries are grown has extended dramatically into hotter and drier environments. The expansion of highbush blueberry growing into warmer regions will be challenged in the future by increases in average global temperature and extreme fluctuations in temperature and rainfall patterns. Considerable genetic variability exists within the blueberry gene pool that breeders can use to meet these challenges, but traditional selection techniques can be slow and inefficient and the precise adaptations of genotypes often remain hidden. Marker assisted breeding (MAB) and phenomics could aid greatly in identifying those individuals carrying adventitious traits, increasing selection efficiency and shortening the rate of cultivar release. While phenomics have begun to be used in the breeding of grain crops in the last 10 years, their use in fruit breeding programs it is almost non-existent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A. Lobos
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Plant Breeding and Phenomic Center, Universidad de TalcaTalca, Chile
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
| | - James F. Hancock
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
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Perez Alvarado FA, Hussein MA, Becker T. A Vision System for Surface Homogeneity Analysis of Dough Based on the Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) for Optimum Kneading Time Prediction. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A. Perez Alvarado
- Bio-Process Analysis Technology; Technische Universitat München; Gregor-Mendel-Straße 4 Freising 85354 Germany
| | - Mohamed A. Hussein
- Bio-Process Analysis Technology; Technische Universitat München; Gregor-Mendel-Straße 4 Freising 85354 Germany
| | - Thomas Becker
- Bio-Process Analysis Technology; Technische Universitat München; Gregor-Mendel-Straße 4 Freising 85354 Germany
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Leiva-Valenzuela GA, Lu R, Aguilera JM. Assessment of internal quality of blueberries using hyperspectral transmittance and reflectance images with whole spectra or selected wavelengths. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Kinetics of Colour Development of Molten Glucose, Fructose and Sucrose at High Temperatures. FOOD BIOPHYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11483-013-9317-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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