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Li L, Li P, Wu Y, Ye J, Li Z, Wang S. A Study of a New Certified Reference Material for Accurate Determination of the Main Fusarium Mycotoxins in Whole-Wheat Flour. Foods 2023; 12:4358. [PMID: 38231842 DOI: 10.3390/foods12234358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Matrix certified reference materials (CRMs) play a critical role in analytical method validation and the assurance of reliable measurement results. A certified reference material (GBW(E)100813) for whole-wheat flour was developed to ensure an accurate and reliable measurement of the main Fusarium mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3G), and zearalenone (ZEN)). CRM candidates were prepared using sun-drying, grinding, sieving, homogenising, packaging, and gamma irradiation. The final produced CRM was packaged at 50 g per unit and stored at 20 °C. Certification was performed using isotope dilution-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. CRM characterization was performed in eight laboratories in accordance with the requirements of ISO Guide 35. The certified values and expanded uncertainties (at a confidence of 95%, k = 2) for DON, NIV, DON-3G, and ZEN were determined to be 0.98 ± 0.12 mg/kg, 1.37 ± 0.20 mg/kg, 242 ± 35 μg/g, and 382 ± 50 μg/g. The CRM was sufficiently homogeneous between and within bottles, and remained stable for up to 12 months at 20 °C and 9 days below 40 °C for transportation. Thus, CRM can be used for quality control and method validation to ensure the accurate and reliable quantification of the main Fusarium mycotoxins in whole-wheat flour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Peng Li
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Jin Ye
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Zongwang Li
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Songxue Wang
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China
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Senatore MT, Prodi A, Tini F, Balmas V, Infantino A, Onofri A, Cappelletti E, Oufensou S, Sulyok M, Covarelli L, Beccari G. Different diagnostic approaches for the characterization of the fungal community and Fusarium species complex composition of Italian durum wheat grain and correlation with secondary metabolite accumulation. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:4503-4521. [PMID: 36828788 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evolution of the fungal communities associated with durum wheat was assessed using different diagnostic approaches. Durum wheat grain samples were collected in three different Italian cultivation macro-areas (north, center and south). Fungal isolation was realized by potato dextrose agar (PDA) and by deep-freezing blotter (DFB). Identification of Fusarium isolates obtained from PDA was achieved by partial tef1α sequencing (PDA + tef1α), while those obtained from DFB were identified from their morphological characteristics (DFB + mc). The fungal biomass of eight Fusarium species was quantified in grains by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Fungal secondary metabolites were analyzed in grains by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Correlations between Fusarium detection techniques (PDA + tef1α; DFB + mc and qPCR) and mycotoxins in grains were assessed. RESULTS Alternaria and Fusarium showed the highest incidence among the fungal genera developed from grains. Within the Fusarium community, PDA + tef1α highlighted that F. avenaceum and F. graminearum were the most represented members, while, DFB + mc detected a high presence of F. proliferatum. Alternaria and Fusarium mycotoxins, principally enniatins, were particularly present in the grain harvested in central Italy. Deoxynivalenol was mainly detected in northern-central Italy. CONCLUSIONS The adoption of the different diagnostic techniques of Fusarium detection highlighted that, for some species, qPCR was the best method of predicting their mycotoxin contamination in grains. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Senatore
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Prodi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Tini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Virgilio Balmas
- Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Infantino
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Onofri
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cappelletti
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Safa Oufensou
- Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Michael Sulyok
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bionalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Tulln, Austria
| | - Lorenzo Covarelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Beccari
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Kowalska G, Kowalski R. Occurrence of mycotoxins in selected agricultural and commercial products available in eastern Poland. OPEN CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2021-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The objective of this study was the estimation of the content of 13 mycotoxins (diacetoxyscirpenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, fusarenone X, aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin G2, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone) in various products from the eastern part of Poland. The content of mycotoxins in the analysed samples was assayed using the extraction method combined with HPLC-MS/MS analysis. We found mycotoxins in 25 of the 92 samples tested (27%). Contamination with mycotoxins was noted most frequently in samples of cereals – 56% – and also in samples of flour and cocoa, in which a content of mycotoxins was noted in 24 and 16% of the samples, respectively. The most frequently identified were the following – deoxynivalenol detected in 18 samples (72%), zearalenone detected in eight samples (32%), toxin HT-2 detected in four samples (16%), ochratoxin A identified in three samples (12%), and toxin T-2 detected in one sample (4%). In one analysed sample of mixed flour and in one analysed sample of wheat and rye flour, the maximum allowable concentration was exceeded in the case of two identified mycotoxins – deoxynivalenol (2,250 μg/kg) and ochratoxin A (15.6 and 17.1 μg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Grażyna Kowalska
- Department of Tourism and Recreation, University of Life Sciences in Lublin , 15 Akademicka Street , 20-950 Lublin , Poland
| | - Radosław Kowalski
- Department of Analysis and Evaluation of Food Quality, University of Life Sciences in Lublin , 8 Skromna Street , 20-704 Lublin , Poland
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Iqbal SZ, Rehman B, Selamat J, Akram N, Ahmad MN, Sanny M, Sukor R, Samsudin NI. Assessment of Fumonisin B1 Concentrations in Wheat and Barley Products in the Punjab Region of Pakistan. J Food Prot 2020; 83:1284-1288. [PMID: 32678886 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT A total of 133 samples of whole wheat and barley grains and wheat and barley flour collected from retail markets in the main cities of Punjab, Pakistan, were analyzed for the mycotoxin fumonisin B1 (FB1) using reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Of these samples, 120 (90%) were positive for FB1, and 75 (63%) of the 120 positive samples had FB1 concentrations higher than the European Union maximum (200 μg/kg). The limit of detection was 4 μg/kg. The highest mean (±SD) concentration of FB1 was found in whole wheat samples, 980.5 ± 211.4 μg/kg. The calculated dietary intakes of FB1 from wheat and barley flours were 4,456 and 503.7 ng/g of body weight per day, respectively. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Zafar Iqbal
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Baber Rehman
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jinap Selamat
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nadia Akram
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Mirza Nadeem Ahmad
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Maimuniah Sanny
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rashidah Sukor
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nik Iskandar Samsudin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Chiotta ML, Fumero MV, Cendoya E, Palazzini JM, Alaniz-Zanon MS, Ramirez ML, Chulze SN. Toxigenic fungal species and natural occurrence of mycotoxins in crops harvested in Argentina. Rev Argent Microbiol 2020; 52:339-347. [PMID: 32718824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungal species that mainly belong to Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium and Alternaria, which can grow in a variety of crops including cereals, oilseeds and fruits. Consequently, their prevalence in foods and by-products not only affects human and animal health but also causes important losses in both domestic and international markets. This review provides data about toxigenic fungal species and mycotoxin occurrence in different crops commonly grown in Argentina. This information will be relevant to establish adequate management strategies to reduce the impact of mycotoxins on human food and animal feed chains and to implement future legislation on the maximum permitted levels of these fungal metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Laura Chiotta
- Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO) - National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET) - National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC). Road 36 Km 601 (5800), Río Cuarto - Córdoba, Argentina; Members of the Research Career of CONICET.
| | - María Verónica Fumero
- Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO) - National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET) - National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC). Road 36 Km 601 (5800), Río Cuarto - Córdoba, Argentina; Fellow from CONICET
| | - Eugenia Cendoya
- Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO) - National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET) - National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC). Road 36 Km 601 (5800), Río Cuarto - Córdoba, Argentina; Fellow from CONICET
| | - Juan Manuel Palazzini
- Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO) - National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET) - National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC). Road 36 Km 601 (5800), Río Cuarto - Córdoba, Argentina; Members of the Research Career of CONICET
| | - María Silvina Alaniz-Zanon
- Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO) - National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET) - National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC). Road 36 Km 601 (5800), Río Cuarto - Córdoba, Argentina; Members of the Research Career of CONICET
| | - María Laura Ramirez
- Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO) - National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET) - National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC). Road 36 Km 601 (5800), Río Cuarto - Córdoba, Argentina; Members of the Research Career of CONICET
| | - Sofía Noemí Chulze
- Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO) - National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET) - National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC). Road 36 Km 601 (5800), Río Cuarto - Córdoba, Argentina; Members of the Research Career of CONICET
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Cendoya E, Nichea MJ, Monge MDP, Zachetti VGL, Chiacchiera SM, Ramirez ML. Effect of fungicides commonly used for Fusarium head blight management on growth and fumonisin production by Fusarium proliferatum. Rev Argent Microbiol 2020; 53:64-74. [PMID: 32593584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fumonisin occurrence was reported in wheat grains and F. proliferatum has been suggested to be the main contributor to its presence in wheat. Thus, a survey was performed in order to study the impact of four commercial fungicides used in Argentina for controlling Fusarium head blight disease (epoxiconazole+metconazole, tebuconazole, pyraclostrobin+epoxiconazole, and prothioconazole) on growth and fumonisin production of two F. proliferatum strains in relation to water activity (aW; 0.99, 0.97, 0.95) and temperature (15°C and 25°C). Most fungicides reduced growth rates when compared to the control (reduction increased as fungicide concentration increased), and reduced fumonisin production when they were used at high doses; however, most fungicides enhanced fumonisin production at sublethal doses, with the exception of prothioconazole. Thus, fungicides used for FHB management could enhance fumonisin production by F. proliferatum strains present in wheat grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Cendoya
- Instituto de investigación en micología y micotoxicología (IMICO, CONICET-UNRC). Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - María Julia Nichea
- Instituto de investigación en micología y micotoxicología (IMICO, CONICET-UNRC). Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Del Pilar Monge
- Instituto de investigación en micología y micotoxicología (IMICO, CONICET-UNRC). Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Vanessa G L Zachetti
- Instituto de investigación en micología y micotoxicología (IMICO, CONICET-UNRC). Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Stella Maris Chiacchiera
- Instituto de investigación en micología y micotoxicología (IMICO, CONICET-UNRC). Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Laura Ramirez
- Instituto de investigación en micología y micotoxicología (IMICO, CONICET-UNRC). Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) based assay for the rapid and sensitive group-specific detection of fumonisin producing Fusarium spp. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 325:108627. [PMID: 32334331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Fumonisins are mycotoxins that contaminate maize and maize-based food products, and feed. They have been associated with nerve system disorders in horses, pulmonary edema in swine as well as neural tube defects and esophageal cancer in humans. The fum1 gene codes for a polyketide synthase involved in the biosynthesis of fumonisins. It is present in the genomes of all fumonisin producing Fusarium spp. Reliable detection of fum1 can provide an estimate of the toxicological potential of cultures and food sources. Therefore, a fum1 specific LAMP assay was developed and tested with purified DNA of 48 different species from the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC). The fum1 gene was detected in 22 species among which F. fujikuroi, F. globosum, F. nygamai, F. proliferatum, F. subglutinans and F. verticillioides were the most prominent fumonisin producers. None out of 92 tested non-Fusarium species showed cross reactions with the new assay. The lowest limit of detection (LOD) was 5 pg of genomic DNA per reaction for F. fujikuroi, F. nygamai and F. verticillioides. Higher LODs were found for other LAMP positive species. Apart from pure genomic DNA, the LAMP assay detected fumonisin-producers when 103 conidia/reaction were used as template after mechanical lysis. LAMP-results were well correlated with FB1 production. This is the first report on fumonisin production in strains of F. annanatum, F. coicis, F. mundagurra, F. newnesense, F. pininemorale, F. sororula, F. tjataeba, F. udum and F. werrikimbe. Usefulness of the LAMP assay was demonstrated by analyzing fumonisin contaminated maize grains. The new LAMP assay is rapid, sensitive and reliable for the diagnosis of typical fumonisin producers and can be a versatile tool in HACCP concepts that target the reduction of fumonisins in the food and feed chain.
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Kamle M, Mahato DK, Devi S, Lee KE, Kang SG, Kumar P. Fumonisins: Impact on Agriculture, Food, and Human Health and their Management Strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E328. [PMID: 31181628 PMCID: PMC6628439 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The fumonisins producing fungi, Fusarium spp., are ubiquitous in nature and contaminate several food matrices that pose detrimental health hazards on humans as well as on animals. This has necessitated profound research for the control and management of the toxins to guarantee better health of consumers. This review highlights the chemistry and biosynthesis process of the fumonisins, their occurrence, effect on agriculture and food, along with their associated health issues. In addition, the focus has been put on the detection and management of fumonisins to ensure safe and healthy food. The main focus of the review is to provide insights to the readers regarding their health-associated food consumption and possible outbreaks. Furthermore, the consumers' knowledge and an attempt will ensure food safety and security and the farmers' knowledge for healthy agricultural practices, processing, and management, important to reduce the mycotoxin outbreaks due to fumonisins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Kamle
- Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli-791109, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Dipendra K Mahato
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood VIC 3125, Australia.
| | - Sheetal Devi
- SAB Miller India Ltd., Sonipat, Haryana 131001, India.
| | - Kyung Eun Lee
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea.
| | - Sang G Kang
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea.
- Stemforce, 302 Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea.
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli-791109, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
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Husnan LA, Kahtani MA, Farag RM. Bioinformatics analysis of aflatoxins produced by Aspregillus sp. in basic consumer grain (corn and rice) in Saudi Arabia. POTRAVINARSTVO 2019. [DOI: 10.5219/1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The food contaminants by aflatoxins are inevitable even when all precautions and good agricultural practices are applied. Samples of white rice and corn (yellow, red) grains were collected from different local markets and houses. Three Aspergillus flavus strain isolated were identified using molecular characterization of AFLR (aflR) toxin gene. DNA genome of the three A. flavus isolates (namely A. flavus _ YC; A. flavus _ RC; A. flavus _ Rice) which corresponds to isolates from, yellow corn, red corn and white rice respectively were used as a template for PCR to amplify Aspergillus flavus AFLR (aflR) toxin gene. Partially sequenced was amplified using a specific primer set to confirm its identity, phylogenetic relationships between the three isolates as well as determination of the corresponding antigenic determinants. The epitope prediction analysis demonstrated that there were 1, 2, 3 and 4 epitopes whose score were equal 1 in A. flavus _ YC; A. flavus _ RC; A. flavus _ Rice, respectively. Interestingly, there were great dissimilarity in the epitope sequences among the three isolates except in RLQEGGDDAAGIPA, SPPPPVETQGLGGD, RPSESLPSARSEQG and PAHNTYSTPHAHTQ were found to be similar between all isolates. This work articulates that the molecular identification and characterization of three A. flavus using Aspergillus flavus AFLR (aflR) toxin gene and the unique antigenic determinants that could be used for design of a broad-spectrum antibody for rapid detection of A. flavus in foods and support quality system of food safety.
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Lanza A, da Silva RC, Dos Santos ID, Pizzutti IR, Cence K, Cansian RL, Zeni J, Valduga E. Mycotoxins' evaluation in wheat flours used in Brazilian bakeries. Food Sci Biotechnol 2018; 28:931-937. [PMID: 31093452 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-0537-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the mycotoxicological quality of wheat flours used by bakeries from the North Region in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, regarding the presence of mycotoxins. On collecting type-1 refined wheat flour, a conglomerate sampling from 13 cities and 3 bakeries per city (n = 39), selected from the defined region was performed. The mycotoxins analysis was using QuEChERS method and UPLC-MS/MS analysis. As a result, 100% of samples presented contamination by DON, with concentrations ranging from 76.7 to 3630.2 µg kg-1 and ZON was found in one sample (26.7 µg kg-1), which represented 2.6% of the analyzed wheat flours. Other mycotoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, DAS, HT-2 toxin, OTA, FB1 and FB2) were not detected in the analyzed samples. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Lanza
- Department of Food Engineering, URI Erechim, Av. Sete de Setembro, 1621, Erechim, RS Brazil
| | - Rosselei Caiél da Silva
- Department of Health Science, URI Frederico Westphalen, Av. Assis Brasil, 709, Frederico Westphalen, RS Brazil
| | - Ingrid Duarte Dos Santos
- 3Chemistry Department, Center of Research and Analysis of Residues and Contaminants (CEPARC), UFSM, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS Brazil
| | - Ionara Regina Pizzutti
- 3Chemistry Department, Center of Research and Analysis of Residues and Contaminants (CEPARC), UFSM, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS Brazil
| | - Karine Cence
- Department of Food Engineering, URI Erechim, Av. Sete de Setembro, 1621, Erechim, RS Brazil
| | - Rogério Luis Cansian
- Department of Food Engineering, URI Erechim, Av. Sete de Setembro, 1621, Erechim, RS Brazil
| | - Jamile Zeni
- Department of Food Engineering, URI Erechim, Av. Sete de Setembro, 1621, Erechim, RS Brazil
| | - Eunice Valduga
- Department of Food Engineering, URI Erechim, Av. Sete de Setembro, 1621, Erechim, RS Brazil
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Cendoya E, Nichea MJ, Monge MP, Sulyok M, Chiacchiera SM, Ramirez ML. Fumonisin occurrence in wheat-based products from Argentina. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2018; 12:31-37. [PMID: 30280644 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2018.1520308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In Argentina, wheat is the most consumed cereal by the human population. Since fumonisins occurence in wheat grains and wheat-based products have been reported worldwide, a survey was conducted in order to determine fumonisin contamination in 91 wheat-based products (white wheat flour samples, wheat flour used at bakery products and whole-wheat flour samples) collected from different retail stores of Rio Cuarto city in Argentina using HPLC-MS/MS. Sixty-seven samples (74%) showed contamination by fumonisins. From these samples, 16 showed fumonisin levels between LOD and LOQ (between 0.01 to 0.05 ng/g), while fumonisins (FB1 + FB2) in quantifiable samples ranged from 0.05 ng/g to 18.9 ng/g. Although FB1 was more prevalent, FB2 was foun3d in higher levels than FB1. Overall, fumonisin prevalence was high, but concentrations were far below EU or USA limits set for maize and maize-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Cendoya
- a Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales , Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto , Río Cuarto, Córdoba , Argentina.,d Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)
| | - Maria J Nichea
- a Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales , Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto , Río Cuarto, Córdoba , Argentina.,d Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)
| | - María P Monge
- b Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales , Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto , Río Cuarto, Córdoba , Argentina.,d Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)
| | - Michael Sulyok
- c Center for Analytical Chemistry, Departament for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln) , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, (BOKU) , Vienna, Tulln , Austria
| | - Stella M Chiacchiera
- b Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales , Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto , Río Cuarto, Córdoba , Argentina.,d Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)
| | - María L Ramirez
- a Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales , Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto , Río Cuarto, Córdoba , Argentina.,d Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)
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12
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Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Edler L, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, Dall'Asta C, Eriksen GS, Taranu I, Altieri A, Roldán-Torres R, Oswald IP. Risks for animal health related to the presence of fumonisins, their modified forms and hidden forms in feed. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05242. [PMID: 32625894 PMCID: PMC7009563 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumonisins, mycotoxins primarily produced by Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum, occur predominantly in cereal grains, especially in maize. The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risk to animal health related to fumonisins and their modified and hidden forms in feed. Fumonisin B1 (FB 1), FB 2 and FB 3 are the most common forms of fumonisins in feedstuffs and thus were included in the assessment. FB 1, FB 2 and FB 3 have the same mode of action and were considered as having similar toxicological profile and potencies. For fumonisins, the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) identified no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAELs) for cattle, pig, poultry (chicken, ducks and turkeys), horse, and lowest-observed-adverse-effect levels (LOAELs) for fish (extrapolated from carp) and rabbits. No reference points could be identified for sheep, goats, dogs, cats and mink. The dietary exposure was estimated on 18,140 feed samples on FB 1-3 representing most of the feed commodities with potential presence of fumonisins. Samples were collected between 2003 and 2016 from 19 different European countries, but most of them from four Member States. To take into account the possible occurrence of hidden forms, an additional factor of 1.6, derived from the literature, was applied to the occurrence data. Modified forms of fumonisins, for which no data were identified concerning both the occurrence and the toxicity, were not included in the assessment. Based on mean exposure estimates, the risk of adverse health effects of feeds containing FB 1-3 was considered very low for ruminants, low for poultry, horse, rabbits, fish and of potential concern for pigs. The same conclusions apply to the sum of FB 1-3 and their hidden forms, except for pigs for which the risk of adverse health effect was considered of concern.
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Cendoya E, Chiotta ML, Zachetti V, Chulze SN, Ramirez ML. Fumonisins and fumonisin-producing Fusarium occurrence in wheat and wheat by products: A review. J Cereal Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Palazzini J, Roncallo P, Cantoro R, Chiotta M, Yerkovich N, Palacios S, Echenique V, Torres A, Ramírez M, Karlovsky P, Chulze S. Biocontrol of Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto, Reduction of Deoxynivalenol Accumulation and Phytohormone Induction by Two Selected Antagonists. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E88. [PMID: 29461480 PMCID: PMC5848189 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10020088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating disease that causes extensive yield and quality losses to wheat and other small cereal grains worldwide. Species within the Fusarium graminearum complex are the main pathogens associated with the disease, F. graminearum sensu stricto being the main pathogen in Argentina. Biocontrol can be used as part of an integrated pest management strategy. Phytohormones play a key role in the plant defense system and their production can be induced by antagonistic microorganisms. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of the inoculation of Bacillus velezensis RC 218, F. graminearum and their co-inoculation on the production of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) in wheat spikes at different periods of time under greenhouse conditions, and to evaluate the effect of B. velezensis RC 218 and Streptomyces albidoflavus RC 87B on FHB disease incidence, severity and deoxynivalenol accumulation on Triticum turgidum L. var. durum under field conditions. Under greenhouse conditions the production of JA was induced after F. graminearum inoculation at 48 and 72 h, but JA levels were reduced in the co-inoculated treatments. No differences in JA or SA levels were observed between the B. velezensis treatment and the water control. In the spikes inoculated with F. graminearum, SA production was induced early (12 h), as it was shown for initial FHB basal resistance, while JA was induced at a later stage (48 h), revealing different defense strategies at different stages of infection by the hemibiotrophic pathogen F. graminearum. Both B. velezensis RC 218 and S. albidoflavus RC 87B effectively reduced FHB incidence (up to 30%), severity (up to 25%) and deoxynivalenol accumulation (up to 51%) on durum wheat under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Palazzini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of Río Cuarto, Route 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto, Córdoba 5800, Argentina.
| | - Pablo Roncallo
- CERZOS-CONICET, Department of Agronomy, UNS-CCT CONICET Bahía Blanca, Camino de la Carrindanga Km 7, Bahía Blanca 8000, Argentina.
| | - Renata Cantoro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of Río Cuarto, Route 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto, Córdoba 5800, Argentina.
| | - Maria Chiotta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of Río Cuarto, Route 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto, Córdoba 5800, Argentina.
| | - Nadia Yerkovich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of Río Cuarto, Route 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto, Córdoba 5800, Argentina.
| | - Sofia Palacios
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of Río Cuarto, Route 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto, Córdoba 5800, Argentina.
| | - Viviana Echenique
- CERZOS-CONICET, Department of Agronomy, UNS-CCT CONICET Bahía Blanca, Camino de la Carrindanga Km 7, Bahía Blanca 8000, Argentina.
| | - Adriana Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of Río Cuarto, Route 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto, Córdoba 5800, Argentina.
| | - María Ramírez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of Río Cuarto, Route 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto, Córdoba 5800, Argentina.
| | - Petr Karlovsky
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, Georg-August-University, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Sofia Chulze
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of Río Cuarto, Route 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto, Córdoba 5800, Argentina.
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15
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Knutsen HK, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Edler L, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, Dall'Asta C, Gutleb AC, Humpf HU, Galli C, Metzler M, Oswald IP, Parent-Massin D, Binaglia M, Steinkellner H, Alexander J. Appropriateness to set a group health-based guidance value for fumonisins and their modified forms. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05172. [PMID: 32625807 PMCID: PMC7009576 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) established a tolerable daily intake (TDI) for fumonisin B1 (FB 1) of 1.0 μg/kg body weight (bw) per day based on increased incidence of megalocytic hepatocytes found in a chronic study with mice. The CONTAM Panel considered the limited data available on toxicity and mode of action and structural similarities of FB 2-6 and found it appropriate to include FB 2, FB 3 and FB 4 in a group TDI with FB 1. Modified forms of FBs are phase I and phase II metabolites formed in fungi, infested plants or farm animals. Modified forms also arise from food or feed processing, and include covalent adducts with matrix constituents. Non-covalently bound forms are not considered as modified forms. Modified forms of FBs identified are hydrolysed FB 1-4 (HFB 1-4), partially hydrolysed FB 1-2 (pHFB 1-2), N-(carboxymethyl)-FB 1-3 (NCM-FB 1-3), N-(1-deoxy-d-fructos-1-yl)-FB 1 (NDF-FB 1), O-fatty acyl FB 1, N-fatty acyl FB 1 and N-palmitoyl-HFB 1. HFB 1, pHFB 1, NCM-FB 1 and NDF-FB 1 show a similar toxicological profile but are less potent than FB 1. Although in vitro data shows that N-fatty acyl FBs are more toxic in vitro than FB 1, no in vivo data were available for N-fatty acyl FBs and O-fatty acyl FBs. The CONTAM Panel concluded that it was not appropriate to include modified FBs in the group TDI for FB 1-4. The uncertainty associated with the present assessment is high, but could be reduced provided more data are made available on occurrence, toxicokinetics and toxicity of FB 2-6 and modified forms of FB 1-4.
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Cendoya E, Monge MDP, Chiacchiera SM, Farnochi MC, Ramirez ML. Influence of water activity and temperature on growth and fumonisin production by Fusarium proliferatum strains on irradiated wheat grains. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 266:158-166. [PMID: 29216556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Wheat is the most important cereal consumed by the Argentine population. In previous studies performed in durum and common wheat grains in this country it has been observed fumonisin contamination as well as high incidence of Fusarium proliferatum. Fumonisins are toxic fungal metabolites, and consumption of fumonisin-contaminated maize has been epidemiologically associated with oesophageal cancer and neural tube defects in some human populations. Using irradiated wheat-grains, the effects of abiotic factors, temperature (15, 25, and 30°C) and water activity (aW; 0.995, 0.98, 0.96, 0.94, 0.92, and 0.88), on mycelial growth and fumonisin biosynthesis were compared for three F. proliferatum strains isolated from wheat grains in Argentina. Although all isolates showed similar profiles of growth, the fumonisin production profiles were slightly different. Maximum growth rates were obtained at the highest aW (0.995) and 25°C, with growth decreasing as the aW of the medium was reduced. Maximum amounts of total fumonisins (FB1, FB2 and FB3) were produced at 0.995 aW and 15°C for 2 strains, and at 25°C and 0.995 aW for the third one. Fumonisins concentrations varied considerably depending on the aW and temperature interactions assayed. Studied strains showed different fumonisin production profiles. Two-dimensional profiles of aW by temperature interactions were developed from these data to identify areas where conditions indicate a significant risk of fumonisins accumulation on wheat. As a result, temperature and aW conditions that resulted in fumonisins production are those found during wheat grain development (especially milk and dough stages) in the field. This is the first study made using irradiated wheat grains and provides useful baseline data on conditions representing a low or a high risk for fumonisins contamination of wheat grains which is of concern because this cereal is destined mainly for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Cendoya
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - María Del Pilar Monge
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Stella Maris Chiacchiera
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - María Cecilia Farnochi
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - María Laura Ramirez
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
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17
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Cendoya E, Pinson-Gadais L, Farnochi MC, Ramirez ML, Chéreau S, Marcheguay G, Ducos C, Barreau C, Richard-Forget F. Abiotic conditions leading to FUM gene expression and fumonisin accumulation by Fusarium proliferatum strains grown on a wheat-based substrate. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 253:12-19. [PMID: 28463723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium proliferatum produces fumonisins B not only on maize but also on diverse crops including wheat. Using a wheat-based medium, the effects of abiotic factors, temperature and water activity (aW), on growth, fumonisin biosynthesis, and expression of FUM genes were compared for three F. proliferatum strains isolated from durum wheat in Argentina. Although all isolates showed similar profiles of growth, the fumonisin production profiles were slightly different. Regarding FUM gene transcriptional control, both FUM8 and FUM19 expression showed similar behavior in all tested conditions. For both genes, expression at 25°C correlated with fumonisin production, regardless of the aw conditions. However, at 15°C, these two genes were as highly expressed as at 25°C although the amounts of toxin were very weak, suggesting that the kinetics of fumonisin production was slowed at 15°C. This study provides useful baseline data on conditions representing a low or a high risk for contamination of wheat kernels with fumonisins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Cendoya
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Laetitia Pinson-Gadais
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR1264 MycSA, 71 avenue Edouard Bourlaux, cs20032, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - María C Farnochi
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María L Ramirez
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - Sylvain Chéreau
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR1264 MycSA, 71 avenue Edouard Bourlaux, cs20032, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Giselè Marcheguay
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR1264 MycSA, 71 avenue Edouard Bourlaux, cs20032, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Christine Ducos
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR1264 MycSA, 71 avenue Edouard Bourlaux, cs20032, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Christian Barreau
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR1264 MycSA, 71 avenue Edouard Bourlaux, cs20032, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Florence Richard-Forget
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR1264 MycSA, 71 avenue Edouard Bourlaux, cs20032, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
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18
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Palacios SA, Erazo JG, Ciasca B, Lattanzio VMT, Reynoso MM, Farnochi MC, Torres AM. Occurrence of deoxynivalenol and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in durum wheat from Argentina. Food Chem 2017; 230:728-734. [PMID: 28407973 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.03.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of deoxynivalenol, 3- and 15-deoxynivalenol and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in 84 durum wheat samples, from the Argentinean main growing area, was investigated during 2012/13 and 2013/14 using LC-MS/MS. Deoxynivalenol was found in all samples at concentrations varying between <LOQ (50μg/kg) and 9480μg/kg. Deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside was detected in 94% of the samples at concentrations ranging from <LOQ (50μg/kg) to 850μg/kg. Moreover, the acetylated derivatives were also detected but at lower frequency (49%). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in wheat in Argentina. All the commercial cultivars transformed deoxynivalenol to its glucosylated form at conversion rates between 6 and 22%. The results obtained alert of the potential risk present in durum wheat for Argentinean consumers but also show that some of the commercial cultivars currently on used could be promising candidates for breeding programs intended to obtained Fusarium head blight resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía A Palacios
- UNRC-CONICET-Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Facultad de Cs. Exactas Fco.-Qcas. y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Jessica G Erazo
- UNRC-CONICET-Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Facultad de Cs. Exactas Fco.-Qcas. y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Biancamaria Ciasca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, Bari, Italy
| | - Veronica M T Lattanzio
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, Bari, Italy
| | - María M Reynoso
- UNRC-CONICET-Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Facultad de Cs. Exactas Fco.-Qcas. y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - María C Farnochi
- UNRC-CONICET-Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Facultad de Cs. Exactas Fco.-Qcas. y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Adriana M Torres
- UNRC-CONICET-Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Facultad de Cs. Exactas Fco.-Qcas. y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Argentina.
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19
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de Nijs M, Mengelers M, Boon P, Heyndrickx E, Hoogenboom L, Lopez P, Mol H. Strategies for estimating human exposure to mycotoxins via food. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2016.2045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this review, five strategies to estimate mycotoxin exposure of a (sub-)population via food, including data collection, are discussed with the aim to identify the added values and limitations of each strategy for risk assessment of these chemicals. The well-established point estimate, observed individual mean, probabilistic and duplicate diet strategies are addressed, as well as the emerging human biomonitoring strategy. All five exposure assessment strategies allow the estimation of chronic (long-term) exposure to mycotoxins, and, with the exception of the observed individual mean strategy, also acute (short-term) exposure. Methods for data collection, i.e. food consumption surveys, food monitoring studies and total diet studies are discussed. In food monitoring studies, the driving force is often enforcement of legal limits, and, consequently, data are often generated with relatively high limits of quantification and targeted at products suspected to contain mycotoxin levels above these legal limits. Total diet studies provide a solid base for chronic exposure assessments since they provide mycotoxin levels in food based on well-defined samples and including the effect of food preparation. Duplicate diet studies and human biomonitoring studies reveal the actual exposure but often involve a restricted group of human volunteers and a limited time period. Human biomonitoring studies may also include exposure to mycotoxins from other sources than food, and exposure to modified mycotoxins that may not be detected with current analytical methods. Low limits of quantification are required for analytical methods applied for data collection to avoid large uncertainties in the exposure due to high numbers of left censored data, i.e. with levels below the limit of quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. de Nijs
- RIKILT, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - M.J.B. Mengelers
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3729 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - P.E. Boon
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3729 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - E. Heyndrickx
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - L.A.P. Hoogenboom
- RIKILT, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - P. Lopez
- RIKILT, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - H.G.J. Mol
- RIKILT, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AB Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Ferrigo D, Raiola A, Causin R. Fusarium Toxins in Cereals: Occurrence, Legislation, Factors Promoting the Appearance and Their Management. Molecules 2016; 21:E627. [PMID: 27187340 PMCID: PMC6274039 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium diseases of small grain cereals and maize cause significant yield losses worldwide. Fusarium infections result in reduced grain yield and contamination with mycotoxins, some of which have a notable impact on human and animal health. Regulations on maximum limits have been established in various countries to protect consumers from the harmful effects of these mycotoxins. Several factors are involved in Fusarium disease and mycotoxin occurrence and among them environmental factors and the agronomic practices have been shown to deeply affect mycotoxin contamination in the field. In the present review particular emphasis will be placed on how environmental conditions and stress factors for the crops can affect Fusarium infection and mycotoxin production, with the aim to provide useful knowledge to develop strategies to prevent mycotoxin accumulation in cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferrigo
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, Campus of Agripolis, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Raiola
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, Campus of Agripolis, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy.
| | - Roberto Causin
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, Campus of Agripolis, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy.
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21
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Scarpino V, Reyneri A, Sulyok M, Krska R, Blandino M. Effect of fungicide application to control Fusarium head blight and 20 Fusarium and Alternaria mycotoxins in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2014.1814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Azole fungicides have been reported to be the most effective active substances in the control of Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) and in the reduction of the main mycotoxins that occur in cereal grain, such as deoxynivalenol (DON). Four field experiments have been conducted in North West Italy, over a period of 2 growing seasons, in order to evaluate the effect of azole fungicide (prothioconazole) applications on the prevalence of emerging mycotoxins in common winter wheat under naturally-infected field conditions. Wheat samples have been analysed by means of a dilute-and-shoot multi-mycotoxin LC-MS/MS method. Twenty fungal metabolites were detected: enniatins, aurofusarin, moniliformin, equisetin, DON, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, culmorin, bikaverin, beauvericin, fumonisins, fusaric acid, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, nivalenol, zearalenone, decalonectrin, butenolide, tentoxin, alternariol and alternariol methyl ether. The most abundant fungal metabolites were DON and culmorin, with an average contamination in the untreated control of 1,360 μg/kg and 875 μg/kg, respectively, in the growing season with the highest disease pressure (2011-2012). On average, the results have shown that the fungicide application significantly reduced the enniatins (from 127 μg/kg to 46 μg/kg), aurofusarin (from 62 μg/kg to 21 μg/kg), moniliformin (from 32 μg/kg to 16 μg/kg), tentoxin (from 5.2 μg/kg to 2.5 μg/kg) and equisetin (from 0.72 μg/kg to 0.06 μg/kg) contents in all the experiments. However, DON, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside and culmorin were only significantly reduced in the growing season with the highest disease pressure. The other fungal metabolites were mainly found in traces in the untreated plots. These results, which have been obtained in different environmental and agronomic conditions, have underlined for the first time that the fungicide usually applied to control the FHB and DON content, also consistently reduces the main emerging mycotoxins of winter wheat in temperate areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Scarpino
- University of Turin, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - A. Reyneri
- University of Turin, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - M. Sulyok
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, Tulln 3430, Austria
| | - R. Krska
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, Tulln 3430, Austria
| | - M. Blandino
- University of Turin, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
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22
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Waśkiewicz A, Bocianowski J, Perczak A, Goliński P. Occurrence of fungal metabolites--fumonisins at the ng/L level in aqueous environmental samples. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 524-525:394-399. [PMID: 25920071 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The B-series fumonisins (FBs) are some of the most prevalent mycotoxins produced as a secondary metabolite by Fusarium species growing on cereals. For decades they have been studied extensively in food and feed products, but there is no information about their occurrence in the aquatic environment or about how these mycotoxins are transported to the surface water and the groundwater. The aim of this study was to clarify the causes of fumonisin occurrence in aquatic ecosystems by examining the relation between mycotoxin contamination of crops and their levels in the aquatic environment. Water samples were collected from drainage ditches and wells or watercourses located in agricultural areas in the Wielkopolska region, Poland. Our research conducted on an annual basis showed the seasonal variability of fumonisin B1 concentration in the analyzed water samples, with the highest concentration in the post-harvest season (September to October) at 48.2 ng L(-1), and the lowest in winter and spring at 21.9 ng L(-1). Fumonisins B2 and B3 in water samples were not detected. Cereal samples were collected in the harvest season from each agricultural area close to tested water bodies. Mycotoxins were present in all cereal samples at concentrations from 43.3 to 1055.9 ng g(-1). Our results confirm that fumonisins are transported to aquatic systems by rainwater through soil. On the basis of available literature, this is the first report concerning the presence of fumonisin B1 in different aquatic environments. To date their ecotoxicological effects are largely unknown and require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Jan Bocianowski
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Adam Perczak
- Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Goliński
- Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznan, Poland
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23
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Genetic variability and fumonisin production by Fusarium proliferatum isolated from durum wheat grains in Argentina. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 201:35-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Bianchini A, Horsley R, Jack MM, Kobielush B, Ryu D, Tittlemier S, Wilson WW, Abbas HK, Abel S, Harrison G, Miller JD, Shier WT, Weaver G. DON Occurrence in Grains: A North American Perspective. CEREAL FOOD WORLD 2015. [DOI: 10.1094/cfw-60-1-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Bianchini
- The Food Processing Center, Food Science and Technology Department, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, NE, U.S.A
| | - Richard Horsley
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, ND, U.S.A
| | | | | | - Dojin Ryu
- Bi-State School of Food Science, University of Idaho/Washington State University, ID, U.S.A
| | - Sheryl Tittlemier
- Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - William W. Wilson
- Department of Agribusiness and Applied Economics, North Dakota State University, ND, U.S.A
| | | | - Susan Abel
- Food & Consumer Products of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - J. David Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - W. Thomas Shier
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, MN, U.S.A
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25
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Ashiq S. Natural Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: Pakistan Perspective. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014; 14:159-175. [PMID: 33401806 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are commonly present in the environment and can grow under favorable conditions on an extensive variety of substrates. During harvesting, handling, storage, and distribution, agricultural commodities are subjected to infection by toxigenic molds, which may cause spoilage and produce toxic metabolites called mycotoxins. Fungal contamination of various food commodities with consequent exposure of the community to mycotoxins is a hazard that may exist depending on environmental factors, crop health, and soil conditions. Mycotoxins represent serious consequences due to substantial economic loss and risk to health. The environmental conditions of Pakistan with its mostly warm temperature are conducive to growth of toxigenic fungi resulting in mycotoxin production in different food items. Moreover, the poor conditions of storage and deficiency in regulatory measures in food quality control worsen the situation in the country. This review encompasses mycotoxin contamination of food and feed in Pakistan. High concentrations of mycotoxins are found in some commodities that are used on a daily basis in Pakistan, which may be a concern depending on dietary variety and health conditions of individuals in the population. Therefore, the mycotoxin contamination of foodstuff with exceeding levels represents a serious health hazard for the local population. There is a need to conduct more studies to analyze mycotoxin occurrence in all types of food commodities throughout the country. For consumer safety and the country's economy, the regulatory authorities should take into account this issue of contamination, and control strategies should be implemented and the quality control system of food improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samina Ashiq
- Ashiq is from Centre of Biotechnology & Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
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26
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Cendoya E, Farnochi MC, Chulze SN, Ramirez ML. Two-dimensional environmental profiles of growth and fumonisin production by Fusarium proliferatum on a wheat-based substrate. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 182-183:9-17. [PMID: 24854387 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of water activity (aW; 0.995, 0.99, 0.98, 0.96, 0.94, 0.92, and 0.90), temperature (15, 25, and 30°C), incubation time (7, 14, 21 and 28days), and their interactions on mycelial growth and fumonisin production on wheat-based medium by three Fusarium proliferatum strains isolated from wheat in Argentina was evaluated. Maximum growth rates were obtained at the highest aW (0.995) and 30°C, with growth decreasing as the aW of the medium was reduced. Maximum amounts of total fumonisins (FB1, FB2 and FB3) were produced at 0.99 aW and 25°C after 21 and 28days of incubation for 2 strains, and at 15°C and 0.98 aW after 28days of incubation for the third strain. The fumonisin concentrations varied considerably depending on the aW and temperature interactions assayed. The studied strains had different fumonisin production profiles. F. proliferatum ITEM 15661 and ITEM 15664 produced FB1 and FB2 whereas F. proliferatum ITEM 15654 was able to produce FB1, FB2 and FB3. Interestingly, fumonisin production profiles for each particular strain were related to incubation temperatures. Fumonisins were produced from 15 to 30°C and at aW values of 0.92 to 0.995 after 21 to 28days of incubation. However at 7 and 14days of incubation small amounts of fumonisin were produced at aW lower than 0.94. Two-dimensional profiles of aW by temperature interactions were developed from these data to identify areas where conditions indicate a significant risk from fumonisin accumulation on wheat. Temperature and aW conditions that resulted in fumonisin production are those found during wheat grain development (especially milk and dough stages) in the field. This study provides useful base line data on conditions representing a high and a low risk for contamination of wheat by fumonisins which is becoming of greater concern because this cereal is destined mainly for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Cendoya
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Cecilia Farnochi
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sofia Noemi Chulze
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Laura Ramirez
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
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