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Kos J, Radić B, Lešić T, Anić M, Jovanov P, Šarić B, Pleadin J. Climate Change and Mycotoxins Trends in Serbia and Croatia: A 15-Year Review. Foods 2024; 13:1391. [PMID: 38731762 PMCID: PMC11083470 DOI: 10.3390/foods13091391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This review examines the 15-year presence of mycotoxins in food from Serbia and Croatia to provide a comprehensive overview of trends. Encompassing the timeframe from 2009 to 2023, this study integrates data from both countries and investigates climate change patterns. The results from Serbia focus primarily on maize and milk and show a strong dependence of contamination on weather conditions. However, there is limited data on mycotoxins in cereals other than maize, as well as in other food categories. Conversely, Croatia has a broader spectrum of studies, with significant attention given to milk and maize, along with more research on other cereals, meat, and meat products compared to Serbia. Over the investigated 15-year period, both Serbia and Croatia have experienced notable shifts in climate, including fluctuations in temperature, precipitation, and humidity levels. These changes have significantly influenced agriculture, consequently affecting the occurrence of mycotoxins in various food products. The results summarized in this 15-year review indicate the urgent need for further research and action to address mycotoxins contamination in Serbian and Croatian food supply chains. This urgency is further emphasized by the changing climatic conditions and their potential to exacerbate public health and food safety risks associated with mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Kos
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (B.R.); (P.J.); (B.Š.)
| | - Bojana Radić
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (B.R.); (P.J.); (B.Š.)
| | - Tina Lešić
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Mislav Anić
- Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service, Ravnice 48, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Pavle Jovanov
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (B.R.); (P.J.); (B.Š.)
| | - Bojana Šarić
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (B.R.); (P.J.); (B.Š.)
| | - Jelka Pleadin
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.L.); (J.P.)
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Bilandžić N, Varga I, Varenina I, Solomun Kolanović B, Božić Luburić Đ, Đokić M, Sedak M, Cvetnić L, Cvetnić Ž. Seasonal Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Milk during a Five-Year Period in Croatia: Dietary Exposure and Risk Assessment. Foods 2022; 11:1959. [PMID: 35804774 PMCID: PMC9265853 DOI: 10.3390/foods11131959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study's objective was to estimate the seasonal occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in cow's milk between winter 2016 and winter 2022 and to assess dietary exposure and risk assessment for the adult Croatian population. In total, 5817 cow milk samples were screened for AFM1 concentrations using the enzyme immunoassay assay (ELISA). For confirmation purposes of AFM1 concentration above the European Union maximum permitted level (MRL), ultra high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry was performed. In 94.7% of milk samples, AFM1 levels were below the detection limit (LOD) of the ELISA test. For 3.47% of samples, the AFM1 was between the LOD and MRL values. Only 1.87% of all samples exceeded the MRL. The mean value of elevated AFM1 in different seasons ranged between 59.2 ng/kg (autumn 2017) and 387.8 ng/kg (autumn 2021). The highest incidences of positive AFM1 were determined in autumn and winter and the maximum (6.4%) was in winter 2019/2020. The largest percentage of positive samples (69.7%) was found in central Croatia. The estimated daily intakes for positive samples ranged between 0.17 and 2.82 ng/kg body weight/day. Risk assessment indicated a high level of concern during autumn and winter, especially for consumers of large amounts of milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bilandžić
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.V.); (I.V.); (B.S.K.); (Đ.B.L.); (M.Đ.); (M.S.)
| | - Ines Varga
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.V.); (I.V.); (B.S.K.); (Đ.B.L.); (M.Đ.); (M.S.)
| | - Ivana Varenina
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.V.); (I.V.); (B.S.K.); (Đ.B.L.); (M.Đ.); (M.S.)
| | - Božica Solomun Kolanović
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.V.); (I.V.); (B.S.K.); (Đ.B.L.); (M.Đ.); (M.S.)
| | - Đurđica Božić Luburić
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.V.); (I.V.); (B.S.K.); (Đ.B.L.); (M.Đ.); (M.S.)
| | - Maja Đokić
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.V.); (I.V.); (B.S.K.); (Đ.B.L.); (M.Đ.); (M.S.)
| | - Marija Sedak
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.V.); (I.V.); (B.S.K.); (Đ.B.L.); (M.Đ.); (M.S.)
| | - Luka Cvetnić
- Laboratory for Mastitis and Raw Milk Quality, Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Željko Cvetnić
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Veterinary Institute Križevci, Zakmardijeva 10, 48260 Križevci, Croatia;
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Jiménez-Pérez C, Alatorre-Santamaría S, Tello-Solís SR, Gómez-Ruiz L, Rodríguez-Serrano G, García-Garibay M, Cruz-Guerrero A. Analysis of aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk and cheese produced in Mexico: a review. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2020.2668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Due to the carcinogenic character of aflatoxins when present in foods, these compounds are considered a risk to human health. This systematic review aimed at compiling the available research data on detection and quantification of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk and common types of cheese produced in Mexico in the past two decades. A limited number of studies were found that matched the purpose of our review. Only ten research works focused on the evaluation of AFM1 content in milk while three studies analysed the occurrence of this mycotoxin in oaxaca and panela cheeses. HPLC-FD and ELISA were the methods of choice utilised to detect AFM1. Concentrations higher than 0.5 μg AFM1/kg, a maximum limit set in current food regulation in Mexico, were found in major dairy brands consumed in Mexico. Analysis of raw milk produced during the rainy season in the states of Jalisco (2007) and Chiapas (2013) showed mycotoxin levels within the regulation limits while milk samples obtained during the dry season in the Mexico City and the State of Mexico (2008) exceeded that threshold. For cheeses, 33% of the artisanal produced oaxaca type samples from Veracruz (2016) and 55% of those acquired in Mexico City (2019) were found above the limit set for milk. In contrast, the panela cheese samples obtained in Baja California and Guanajuato (2009) complied with the AFM1 regulation. Additionally, the presence of AFB1 and its hydroxylated metabolites other than AFM1 were determined in the major milk brands at concentrations that could be of high risk for human health. Similar results were reported for both artisan and industrially produced oaxaca cheese. Finally, mycotoxins enter human food chain through animals fed with contaminated fodder. Our systematic review demonstrated the urgent need to amend the existing food regulation in Mexico to include mycotoxins as potent contaminants in cheese.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Jiménez-Pérez
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Ciudad de México, 09340, México
| | - S. Alatorre-Santamaría
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Ciudad de México, 09340, México
| | - S. R. Tello-Solís
- Departamento de Química, División de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Colonia Vicentina, Ciudad de México, 09340, México
| | - L. Gómez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Ciudad de México, 09340, México
| | - G. Rodríguez-Serrano
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Ciudad de México, 09340, México
| | - M. García-Garibay
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Ciudad de México, 09340, México
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Alimentación, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Lerma, Av. Hidalgo Poniente 46, Col. La Estación, Lerma de Villada, Edo. de México, 52006, México
| | - A. Cruz-Guerrero
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Ciudad de México, 09340, México
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de Matos CJ, Schabo DC, do Nascimento YM, Tavares JF, Lima EDO, da Cruz PO, de Souza EL, Magnani M, Magalhães HIF. Aflatoxin M 1 in Brazilian goat milk and health risk assessment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2021; 56:415-422. [PMID: 33657979 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2021.1892434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of goat milk with aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a public health concern. This study investigated filamentous fungi in goat feed and quantified AFM1 in milk samples (n = 108) from goat fed forage and concentrate. Based on the detected AFM1 concentration, risk assessment analyses were performed concerning the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) for one-year-old children and adults. Filamentous fungi were found in goat feed samples in a range of 3.1 ± 1.9 to 4.2 ± 0.2 log CFU/g. Five genera were identified, to cite Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Rhizopus and Acremonium. Aspergillus species comprised A. flavus, A. niger, and A. ochraceus. All goat milk samples were contaminated with AFM1 (5.60-48.20 ng/L; mean 21.90 ± 10.28 ng/L) in amounts below the limits imposed by regulatory agencies. However, EDI values for AFM1 through goat milk estimated for one-year-old children were above the Tolerable Daily Intake. The calculated Hazard Index for one-year-old children indicated potential risk of liver cancer due to goat milk consumption. The Margin of Exposure values to AFM1 in one-year-old children and adults consuming goat milk as the unique milk source indicated increased health risk. Therefore, contamination of goat milk with AFM1 should be considered a high priority for Brazil's risk management actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisse J de Matos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Danieli C Schabo
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rondônia, Colorado do Oeste, Brazil
| | - Yuri M do Nascimento
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Josean F Tavares
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Edeltrudes de O Lima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Paloma O da Cruz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | - Marciane Magnani
- Department of Food Engineering, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Hemerson I F Magalhães
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
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Min L, Fink-Gremmels J, Li D, Tong X, Tang J, Nan X, Yu Z, Chen W, Wang G. An overview of aflatoxin B1 biotransformation and aflatoxin M1 secretion in lactating dairy cows. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:42-48. [PMID: 33997330 PMCID: PMC8110862 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Milk is considered a perfect natural food for humans and animals. However, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contaminating the feeds fed to lactating dairy cows can introduce aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), the main toxic metabolite of aflatoxins into the milk, consequently posing a risk to human health. As a result of AFM1 monitoring in raw milk worldwide, it is evident that high AFM1 concentrations exist in raw milk in many countries. Thus, the incidence of AFM1 in milk from dairy cows should not be underestimated. To further optimize the intervention strategies, it is necessary to better understand the metabolism of AFB1 and its biotransformation into AFM1 and the specific secretion pathways in lactating dairy cows. The metabolism of AFB1 and its biotransformation into AFM1 in lactating dairy cows are drawn in this review. Furthermore, recent data provide evidence that in the mammary tissue of lactating dairy cows, aflatoxins significantly increase the activity of a protein, ATP-binding cassette super-family G member 2 (ABCG2), an efflux transporter known to facilitate the excretion of various xenobiotics and veterinary drugs into milk. Further research should focus on identifying and understanding the factors that affect the expression of ABCG2 in the mammary gland of cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Min
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Johanna Fink-Gremmels
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dagang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiong Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemei Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongtang Yu
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Weidong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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6
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The challenges of global occurrence of aflatoxin M1 contamination and the reduction of aflatoxin M1 in milk over the past decade. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Mohammedi-Ameur S, Dahmane M, Brera C, Kardjadj M, Ben-Mahdi MH. Occurrence and seasonal variation of aflatoxin M 1 in raw cow milk collected from different regions of Algeria. Vet World 2020; 13:433-439. [PMID: 32367946 PMCID: PMC7183476 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.433-439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Aflatoxins are metabolites of molds that exert potentially toxic effect on animals and humans. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in raw cow milk collected during 1 year (2016-2017) from different regions of Algeria and risk factors associated with the contamination. Materials and Methods: During the survey period, 84 samples of raw milk were collected in three regions of Algeria (northeast, north center, and northwest) during four seasons. AFM1 levels were analyzed by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: AFM1 was detected in 39 (46.43%) samples (total mean concentration, 71.92 ng/L; range, 95.59-557.22 ng/L). However, the AFM1 levels exceeded the maximum tolerance limit set by the Food and Drug Administration in the USA (500 ng/L) in only 1 sample (1.19%). Statistical analysis revealed significant differences (p˂0.005) between AFM1 levels in milk samples collected in the spring and autumn. The mean AFM1 levels in samples collected in the spring were significantly higher than those in samples collected in autumn. Conclusion: The survey indicates that farmers involved in milk production should be made aware of the adverse effects of aflatoxin contamination in animal feed. A systematic control program of supplementary feedstuff for lactating cows should be introduced by the public health authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mohammedi-Ameur
- Laboratory of Animal Health and Productions, Higher National Veterinary School, Algiers, Algeria.,High School of Food Sciences and Food Industries (ESSAIA), Algiers, Algeria
| | - Mohammedi Dahmane
- Laboratory of Animal Health and Productions, Higher National Veterinary School, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Carlo Brera
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Food Chemistry Unit, Italian National Institute of Health (ISS), Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Moustafa Kardjadj
- Laboratory of Animal Health and Productions, Higher National Veterinary School, Algiers, Algeria.,High School of Food Sciences and Food Industries (ESSAIA), Algiers, Algeria
| | - Meriem Hind Ben-Mahdi
- Laboratory of Animal Health and Productions, Higher National Veterinary School, Algiers, Algeria
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Hajmohammadi M, Valizadeh R, Naserian A, Nourozi ME, Rocha RS, Oliveira CAF. Composition and occurrence of aflatoxin M
1
in cow's milk samples from Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Reza Valizadeh
- Ferdowsi University of Mashhad 9177948974 Mashhad Razavi Khorasan Province Iran
| | - Abassali Naserian
- Ferdowsi University of Mashhad 9177948974 Mashhad Razavi Khorasan Province Iran
| | - Mohammad E Nourozi
- Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center 9177948978 Mashhad Razavi Khorasan Province Iran
| | - Ramon S Rocha
- Departamento de Alimentos Instituto Federal do Rio de Janeiro CEP 20.270-021 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Carlos A F Oliveira
- Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos Universidade de São Paulo Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225 CEP 13635‐900 Pirassununga SP Brazil
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Akbar N, Nasir M, Naeem N, Ahmad MUD, Iqbal S, Rashid A, Imran M, Aslam Gondal T, Atif M, Salehi B, Sharifi-Rad J, Martorell M, Cho WC. Occurrence and Seasonal Variations of Aflatoxin M 1 in Milk from Punjab, Pakistan. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11100574. [PMID: 31581702 PMCID: PMC6832913 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The manifestation of aflatoxins in feed and food is a major issue in the world as its presence leads to some health problems. This study investigates the incidence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination in raw milk samples which were collected from Punjab, Pakistan. The Cluster Random Sampling technique was used to collect 960 milk samples from five different regions, and samples were collected every month. The AFM1 level in raw milk was analyzed by the ELISA technique. The findings demonstrate that 70% of samples exceeded the United States permissible maximum residue limits (MRL 0.50 µg/L), with an overall AFM1 level that ranged from 0.3 to 1.0 µg/L. AFM1 contamination varied with the season: The highest average contamination was detected in winter (0.875 µg/L), followed by autumn (0.751 µg/L), spring (0.654 µg/L), and summer (0.455 µg/L). The Eastern region exhibited the highest average AFM1 contamination (0.705 µg/L). Milk samples from the Northern region were found to be widely contaminated, as 86.9% samples exceeded the US MRL, followed by the Eastern region, with 72.3% samples being contaminated with >0.5 µg/L AFM1. The study indicated that the raw milk supply chain was heavily contaminated. Recommendations and remedial measures need to be developed by regulatory authorities to improve the raw milk quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Akbar
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Nasir
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Naureen Naeem
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Mansur-Ud-Din Ahmad
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Sanaullah Iqbal
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Anjum Rashid
- Department of Dairy Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Imran
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Tanweer Aslam Gondal
- School of Exercise and Nutrition, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Canberra 2600, Australia.
| | - Muhammad Atif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 75471, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Bahare Salehi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam 44340847, Iran.
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Zabol Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol 61615-585, Iran.
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepcion 4030000, Chile.
| | - William C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China.
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Nejad ASM, Heshmati A, Ghiasvand T. The Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Exposure to Aflatoxin M 1 in Ultra-High Temperature and Pasteurized Milk in Hamadan Province of Iran. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2019; 10:228-233. [PMID: 31497494 PMCID: PMC6711718 DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2019.10.4.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Aflatoxins are a category of poisonous compounds found in most plants, milk and dairy products. The present research was carried out to detect the presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in samples of milk collected from Hamadan province, Iran. Methods Twenty five samples of ultra-high temperature (UHT) and 63 samples of pasteurized milk were collected and the amount of AFM1 was measured by an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay method. In addition, the estimated daily intake (EDI) and hazard index (HI) of AFM1 was determined by the following equations:(EDI= mean concentration of AFM1 × daily consumption of milk/body weight; HI= EDI/Tolerance Daily Intake). Results AFM1 was detected in 21 (84%) UHT milk samples and in 55 (87.30%) pasteurized milk samples. Seven (28%) samples of UHT and 21 (33.33%) pasteurized milk samples had higher AFM1 content than the limit allowed in the European Union and Iranian National Standard Limits (0.05 μg/kg). None of the samples exceeded the US Food and Drug Administration limit (0.5 μg/kg) for AFM1. EDI and HI for AM1 through milk were 0.107 ng/kg body weight/day, and 0.535, respectively. Conclusion A significant percentage of milk produced by different factories in Iran (84% of UHT and 87.3% of pasteurized milk) was contaminated with AFM1. Therefore, more control and monitoring of livestock feeding in dairy companies may help reduce milk contamination with AFM1. As the HI value was lower than 1, it can be assumed that there was no risk of developing liver cancer due to milk consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Sasan Mozaffari Nejad
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ali Heshmati
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Tayebe Ghiasvand
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Hamadan, Iran
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11
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Eker FY, Muratoglu K, Eser AG. Detection of aflatoxin M 1 in milk and milk products in Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:523. [PMID: 31359252 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7668-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the presence of Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in raw milk, cheese, and cheese halva samples collected from the Çanakkale province of Turkey. Raw milk, Ezine cheese, and cheese halva samples (n 120 for each group, total 360) were collected from bazaars, local manufacturers, and supermarkets in the Çanakkale province of Turkey during 2014 and 2015. ELISA was used to detect AFM1 in these products. AFM1 mean values were 5.14-78.69, 19.43-158.30, and 50.25-213.50 ng/kg in raw milk, Ezine cheese, and cheese halva samples, respectively. The levels of AFM1 in four raw milk samples (3.3%) were above the legal limits, whereas AFM1 levels in Ezine cheese and cheese halva samples were within the legal limits according to the requirements of the Turkish Food Codex and the European Commission. Turkey has a wealth of cultures and local delicacies. Over previous decades, gastronomic tourism in Turkey has become popular owing to an increase in visitor demand, and traditional foods are being exported abroad. Our research investigated the presence of AFM1 in these types of food products. Çanakkale is one of the best representative cities in the Marmara Region in Turkey as a source of these unique products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funda Yilmaz Eker
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcilar, 34320, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Karlo Muratoglu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcilar, 34320, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ayşe Gülin Eser
- Biga Vocational High School, Food Technology Programme, Çanakkale 18 March University, Çanakkale, Turkey
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Post-Harvest Contamination with Mycotoxins in the Context of the Geographic and Agroclimatic Conditions in Romania. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10120533. [PMID: 30551567 PMCID: PMC6316900 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10120533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess post-harvest contamination with mycotoxins in the context of the geographic and agroclimatic conditions in Romania in 2012–2015, a period that was characterized by extreme meteorological events and the effects of climate change. The samples were randomly sampled from five agricultural regions of Romania and analyzed for mycotoxins by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. An SPSS analysis was done to explore correlations between mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol—DON, aflatoxins—AF, ochratoxin A—OTA, zearalenone—ZEA), product types (raw cereal, processed cereal, cereal-based food), geographic coordinates (latitude, longitude, agricultural region), and agroclimatic factors (air temperature, precipitation, soil moisture reserve, aridity index, soil type). In the southeast part of the Southern Plain and Dobrogea (Baragan Plain, located at 44–45° N, 26–27° E), contamination with AF and OTA was higher in raw and processed cereals (maize in silo, silo corn germs) in the dry years (2012 and 2013), and contamination with DON was high in processed cereals (wheat flour type 450) in the rainy year (2014). DON and OTA contamination were significantly correlated with cumulative precipitation in all years, while AF and ZEA contamination were non-significantly correlated with climatic factors and aridity indices. The distribution of mycotoxins by product type and the non-robust correlations between post-harvest mycotoxins and agrometeorological factors could be explained by the use of quality management systems that control cereal at warehouse receptions, performant processing technologies, and the quality of storage spaces of agri-food companies. The Baragan Plain is Romania’s most sensitive area to the predicted climate change in southeast Europe, which may be associated with its increased cereal contamination with AF and OTA.
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Lindahl JF, Kagera IN, Grace D. Aflatoxin M 1 levels in different marketed milk products in Nairobi, Kenya. Mycotoxin Res 2018; 34:289-295. [PMID: 30109590 PMCID: PMC6208741 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-018-0323-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Milk is an important source of energy and nutrients, especially for children, and in Kenya, milk consumption is higher than other countries in the region. One major concern with milk is the risks of chemical contaminants, and reports of high levels of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk in Kenya has been causing public health concerns. This study collected marketed milk products every month during 1 year, just as a consumer would purchase them from retailers and traders in a low-income area, and a major supermarket in a middle/high-income area. In total, 291 sampled milk products (raw, pasteurised, UHT milk, yoghurt and lala) were collected and analysed for AFM1 using a commercial ELISA kit. More than 50% of the samples exceeded 50 ng/kg (the level allowed in the EU), but only three samples exceeded 500 ng/kg (the level allowed in the USA). Geometric mean AFM1 level was 61.9 ng/kg in the 135 samples from the low-income area while it was 36.1 ng/kg in the 156 from the higher income area (p < 0.001). The levels varied significantly depending on the time of year, with lowest levels of milk in January. There were also differences between manufacturers and products, with UHT milk having lower levels. There was no difference depending on the price for all dairy products, but when only including milk, higher price was associated with lower levels of AFM1. In conclusion, this study shows that milk purchased by a consumer is likely to contain AFM1 above 50 ng/kg, and that further research is needed to find ways to mitigate AFM1 contamination through working with farmers and milk processors both in the formal and informal sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Frida Lindahl
- International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Box 582, 75123, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7054, 75007, Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - I N Kagera
- International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, PO Box 62, Nairobi, 000-00200, Kenya
| | - D Grace
- International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
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Hernández-Falcón TA, Monter-Arciniega A, Cruz-Cansino NDS, Alanís-García E, Rodríguez-Serrano GM, Castañeda-Ovando A, García-Garibay M, Ramírez-Moreno E, Jaimez-Ordaz J. Effect of thermoultrasound on aflatoxin M 1 levels, physicochemical and microbiological properties of milk during storage. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2018; 48:396-403. [PMID: 30080565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to determine the physicochemical properties, microbial counts and aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) levels of thermoultrasonicated, pasteurized and untreated milk (control) at days 1, 7 and 14 of storage. Thermoultrasound treatment was performed at a rate of 20 kHz for 10 or 15 min and 95% amplitude on homogenized and non-homogenized milk samples. Results showed that most physicochemical parameters were within the Mexican norms established for milk. Ultrasound treatment for 15 min reduced solids precipitation (p < 0.05) in unhomogenized milk during storage as compared to the pasteurized milk. All samples complied with aerobic mesophilic counts limits set by the Mexican norm except the control and the homogenized milk sample which was thermoultrasonicated for 10 min. Enterobacteriaceae counts of pasteurized and 15 min-thermoultrasound homogenized milks complied with the norm. The lowest levels of AFM1 were found in the 10 min-thermoultrasound unhomogenized milk (0.15 ± 0.05 pg AFM1E/mL) one day after storage. Thermoultrasound did not affect the color of samples but homogenized milk treated for 10 min exhibited less total color difference. A high phenolic content was found in thermoultrasound and pasteurized milks on day 1. Thermoultrasound could be an alternative to milk pasteurization that preserves the physicochemical and microbiological quality of milk while reducing AFM1 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Atzimba Hernández-Falcón
- Centro de Investigación Interdisciplinario. Área Académica de Nutrición, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Circuito Actopan-Tilcuautla s/n, Ex hacienda La Concepción, San Agustín Tlaxiaca, Hidalgo C.P. 42160. Mexico
| | - Araceli Monter-Arciniega
- Centro de Investigación Interdisciplinario. Área Académica de Nutrición, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Circuito Actopan-Tilcuautla s/n, Ex hacienda La Concepción, San Agustín Tlaxiaca, Hidalgo C.P. 42160. Mexico
| | - Nelly Del Socorro Cruz-Cansino
- Centro de Investigación Interdisciplinario. Área Académica de Nutrición, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Circuito Actopan-Tilcuautla s/n, Ex hacienda La Concepción, San Agustín Tlaxiaca, Hidalgo C.P. 42160. Mexico.
| | - Ernesto Alanís-García
- Centro de Investigación Interdisciplinario. Área Académica de Nutrición, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Circuito Actopan-Tilcuautla s/n, Ex hacienda La Concepción, San Agustín Tlaxiaca, Hidalgo C.P. 42160. Mexico
| | - Gabriela Mariana Rodríguez-Serrano
- Área de Biofisicoquímica, Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Av. Michoacán y la Purísima S/N, Col Vicentina, Delegación Iztapalapa, C.P. 09340, Mexico
| | - Araceli Castañeda-Ovando
- Área Académica de Química. Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, C.P. 42184. Mexico
| | - Mariano García-Garibay
- Área de Biofisicoquímica, Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Av. Michoacán y la Purísima S/N, Col Vicentina, Delegación Iztapalapa, C.P. 09340, Mexico
| | - Esther Ramírez-Moreno
- Centro de Investigación Interdisciplinario. Área Académica de Nutrición, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Circuito Actopan-Tilcuautla s/n, Ex hacienda La Concepción, San Agustín Tlaxiaca, Hidalgo C.P. 42160. Mexico
| | - Judith Jaimez-Ordaz
- Área Académica de Química. Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, C.P. 42184. Mexico
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Pilot Study for The Presence of Fungal Metabolites in Sheep Milk from First Spring Milking. J Vet Res 2018; 62:167-172. [PMID: 30364877 PMCID: PMC6200299 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2018-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction A mini-study of 20 raw milk samples was conducted to examine the spectrum of fungal metabolites in sheep milk from the first spring milking. Material and Methods Samples were collected from randomly selected ewes in two animal flocks from the Bieszczady Mountains and analysed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results Out of ~700 bacterial, fungal, and plant metabolites tested for, only one mycotoxin – Enniatin B – was detected in sheep milk samples (18/20; 0.0055–0.0121 μg/kg; 0.0078 μg/kg average). Conclusions The results indicated that there was no high-level exposure to fungal metabolites via consumption of raw sheep milk during the sample collection period.
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Xiong J, Xiong L, Zhou H, Liu Y, Wu L. Occurrence of aflatoxin B1 in dairy cow feedstuff and aflatoxin M1 in UHT and pasteurized milk in central China. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Udovicki B, Audenaert K, De Saeger S, Rajkovic A. Overview on the Mycotoxins Incidence in Serbia in the Period 2004⁻2016. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E279. [PMID: 29976881 PMCID: PMC6070786 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With an average annual production of 6.9 M tonnes and 2.5 M tonnes of maize and wheat respectively, Serbia is one of the main grain producers and exporters in Europe. Cereals are also the major staple food in Serbian diet. In view of the high cereal consumption, for human and animal nutrition, the presence of mycotoxins entails a high public health risk of chronic exposure to mycotoxins. This study provides an overview of the incidence of predominant mycotoxins, mainly in cereal and dairy products, in Serbia, in the 2004⁻2016, using data reported in the scientific literature. The study demonstrated that the total prevalence of aflatoxins was 62.9% (n = 12,517) with 26.2% of the samples exceeding the EU limits during this period. Results obtained for T-2/HT-2 (n = 523), deoxynivalenol (n = 2907), fumonisins (n = 998), zearalenone (n = 689) and ochratoxin A (n = 740) indicated the prevalence of 45.5%, 42.9%, 63.3%, 39.3% and 28.1%, respectively. For these mycotoxins, the EU limits were less frequently exceeded. Comprehensive collection and analysis of all accessible information reviewed in this paper showed moderate incidence and prevalence of mycotoxins in Serbia, with an exception of the 2012 drought year and the 2014 flood year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozidar Udovicki
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality Management, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Zemun-Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University Campus Schoonmeersen, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality Management, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Zemun-Belgrade, Serbia.
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Food Technology, Food Safety and Health, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Foroughi M, Sarabi Jamab M, Keramat J, Foroughi M. Immobilization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on Perlite Beads for the Decontamination of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk. J Food Sci 2018; 83:2008-2013. [PMID: 29802731 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination presents one of the most serious concerns in milk safety. In this study, the immobilization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used to detoxify AFM1-contaminated milk. The yeasts were immobilized on perlite for 24 and 48 hr, and the best immobilization time was achieved at 48 hr. Microscopic examination confirmed successful immobilization. The milk samples with 0.08, 0.13, 0.18, and 0.23 ppb AFM1 contamination were passed through the biofilter for 20, 40, and 80 min. The results showed a significant reduction in AFM1 concentration for all the milk samples with various initial AFM1 contents. The contaminated milk with 0.08 ppb AFM1 was completely cleared after 40 min of circulation while for the milk solution with 0.23 ppb, the highest AFM1 reduction was obtained at about 81.3% after 80 min circulation. In addition, the biofilter was saturated after the third step of milk circulation, containing 0.23 ppb AF, in which each step duration was 20 min. This study showed the excellent capability of the immobilized cells on the perlite beads to detoxify the AFM1-contaminated milk without any side effects on its physicochemical properties. PRACTICAL APPLICATION The immobilization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells on perlite beads can be used to detoxify AFM1-contaminated milk. The perlite can provide a perfect support for immobilization. With respect to qualitative properties, 20 min, was suggested as the optimum time for milk decontamination. This study indicated that the detoxification of contaminated milk using immobilized S. cerevisiae cells on the perlite support did not affect the different properties of detoxified milk. This method can lead to a practical solution to address aflatoxin contamination in dairy products considered high-risk foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Foroughi
- Dept. of Food Biotechnology, Research Inst. of Food Science and Technology, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahboobe Sarabi Jamab
- Dept. of Food Biotechnology, Research Inst. of Food Science and Technology, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Javad Keramat
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, College of Agricultural, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahsa Foroughi
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Kashan Univ. of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR, Iran
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Li S, Min L, Wang G, Li D, Zheng N, Wang J. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Milk from Manufacturers of Infant Milk Powder in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E879. [PMID: 29710778 PMCID: PMC5981918 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15050879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This survey was performed to investigate the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination of raw milk from manufacturers of infant milk powder in China. A total of 1207 raw milk samples were collected overall from four seasons of 2016 in Northeast China, Northwest China, Northern China, and Central China (11 provinces and one municipality). Results showed that 56 of the 1207 raw milk samples (4.64%) were positive for AFM1, which were obtained from Heilongjiang (two samples), Gansu (one sample), Shaanxi (46 samples), Beijing (one sample), and Hunan (six samples) provinces. None of the raw milk samples from manufacturers of infant milk powder exceeded the Chinese limit (62.5 ng/L) in 2016. Only a few raw milk samples were not suitable for use in infant milk according to EU (European Union) or U.S. infant milk limits. Furthermore, based on this survey and previous studies, it is particularly important to avoid AFM1 contamination in raw milk during the winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songli Li
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Milk and Dairy Production Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture (Beijing), Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Li Min
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Dagang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Nan Zheng
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Milk and Dairy Production Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture (Beijing), Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Milk and Dairy Production Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture (Beijing), Beijing 100193, China.
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Camaj A, Meyer K, Berisha B, Arbneshi T, Haziri A. Aflatoxin M 1 contamination of raw cow's milk in five regions of Kosovo during 2016. Mycotoxin Res 2018; 34:205-209. [PMID: 29671195 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-018-0315-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During February and August 2016 (winter and summer season), 192 samples of raw bulk tank milk have been collected from small dairy farms in five different regions of Kosova (Prishtina, Prizren, Peja, Mitrovica, and Gjilan). These samples were analyzed for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination level by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS). The limit of quantification for AFM1 was 0.02 μg/L and recovery at 0.1-0.5 μg/L was 90-95% (coefficient of variation 15-25%). A total of 74 milk samples (38%) were found to be contaminated with AFM1 and 11 samples (5.7%) slightly exceeded the European Union maximum level of 0.05 μg/L. The maximum AFM1 level was at 0.082 μg/L. There was no relevant difference between summer and winter with regard to AFM1 frequency and levels. Although the frequency of AFM1-positive samples varied between regions, from 7% (Prishtina) to 53% (Prizren), only minor regional differences were observed with regard to average and maximum toxin levels. The high percentage of milk samples which were non-compliant with AFM1 maximum levels indicates that efforts to reduce the contamination levels of aflatoxin B1 in cows feed in Kosovo are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arieta Camaj
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Karsten Meyer
- Institute of Animal Hygiene, Technical University of Mȕnchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Bajram Berisha
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo.,Institute of Animal Hygiene, Technical University of Mȕnchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Tahir Arbneshi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Arben Haziri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo.
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Camarillo EH, Ramirez-Martinez A, Carvajal-Moreno M, Vargas-Ortíz M, Wesolek N, Rodriguez Jimenes GDC, Garcia Alvarado MÁ, Roudot AC, Salgado Cervantes MA, Robles-Olvera VJ. Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 and M2 exposure risk through Oaxaca cheese consumption in southeastern Mexico. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2018; 28:202-213. [PMID: 29560730 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2018.1453054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the exposure of Southeast Mexican population to Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and M2 (AFM2) through the consumption of Oaxaca cheese. The intake of Oaxaca cheese was assessed via a food 7-day dairy questionnaire (N = 1100, 2014 and 2015). Thirty Oaxaca cheeses were randomly sampled, and the origin of the samples was also investigated. AFM1 and AFM2 were quantified by HPLC-FD. The exposure was assessed through the combination of the Probabilistic Density Functions (probabilistic approach). The percentage of the population at risk was calculated through the population exceeding the toxicological reference values (TDI). The risk assessment revealed that the population at higher risk to AFM1 and AFM2 was the children, followed by the adolescents and adult women. To our knowledge, the present study is the first to assess the exposure risk of different age groups of a population to AFM1 and AFM2 through the consumption of cheese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Hernández Camarillo
- a Food Engineering Department , Tecnológico Nacional de México - Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Huatusco , Huatusco , Mexico
| | - Alejandra Ramirez-Martinez
- b Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Alimentos , Tecnológico Nacional de México - Instituto Tecnologico de Veracruz , Veracruz , Mexico
| | - Magda Carvajal-Moreno
- c Department of Botany , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Manuel Vargas-Ortíz
- d CONACYT-CIAD (Centro de Investigación enAlimentación y Desarrollo) , Coordinación Culiacán , Mexico
| | - Nathalie Wesolek
- e Laboratoire de Toxicologie Alimentaire et Cellulaire , Université de Bretagne Occidentale , Brest , France
| | | | - Miguel Ángel Garcia Alvarado
- b Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Alimentos , Tecnológico Nacional de México - Instituto Tecnologico de Veracruz , Veracruz , Mexico
| | - Alain-Claude Roudot
- e Laboratoire de Toxicologie Alimentaire et Cellulaire , Université de Bretagne Occidentale , Brest , France
| | - Marco Antonio Salgado Cervantes
- b Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Alimentos , Tecnológico Nacional de México - Instituto Tecnologico de Veracruz , Veracruz , Mexico
| | - Victor J Robles-Olvera
- b Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Alimentos , Tecnológico Nacional de México - Instituto Tecnologico de Veracruz , Veracruz , Mexico
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22
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Aflatoxin M1 contamination in raw milk from major milk-producing areas of China during four seasons of 2016. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Bilandžić N, Varenina I, Solomun Kolanović B, Božić Luburić Đ, Varga I, Želježić B, Cvetnić L, Benić M, Tanković S, Cvetnić Ž. Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw cow, goat and sheep milk during spring and autumn in Croatia during 2016. TOXIN REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2017.1306785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bilandžić
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Ivana Varenina
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Božica Solomun Kolanović
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Đurđica Božić Luburić
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Ines Varga
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Blaženka Želježić
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Luka Cvetnić
- Laboratory for Mastitis and Raw Milk Quality, Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Miroslav Benić
- Laboratory for Mastitis and Raw Milk Quality, Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Sanin Tanković
- State Veterinary Office of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and
| | - Željko Cvetnić
- Laboratory for Bacterial Zoonoses and Molecular Diagnostics of Bacterial Diseases, Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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24
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Milićević D, Spirić D, Janković S, Velebit B, Radičević T, Petrović Z, Stefanović S. Aflatoxin M1 in processed milk: Occurrence and seasonal variation with an emphasis on risk assessment of human exposure in Serbia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/85/1/012040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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Milićević DR, Spirić D, Radičević T, Velebit B, Stefanović S, Milojević L, Janković S. A review of the current situation of aflatoxin M 1 in cow's milk in Serbia: risk assessment and regulatory aspects. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1617-1631. [PMID: 28782987 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1363414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review is to provide information regarding the incidence and levels of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in raw and heat processed cow's milk in Serbia during 2015-16 and to compare these with collected data on the occurrence of AFM1 in raw milk and dairy products during the last decade in our region. Estimation of dietary exposure (EDI) and hazard index (HI) calculations for different age groups of the population were also carried out, based on the AFM1 content of milk samples and on available food consumption data in Serbia. AFM1 was detected in 69.9% (984/1408) of raw milk samples in 2015 versus 84.9% (3094/3646) in 2016, while in heat-processed milk, AFM1 was detected in 77.8% (364/468) in 2015 versus 98.5% (753/765) in 2016. On the basis of the obtained results, 450 (9%) of raw and 14 (1.1%) of heat-processed milk samples were contaminated with AFM1 levels above the maximum permitted level in Serbia (0.25 μg kg-1). However, a large percentage of raw and heat processed milk in Serbia (30.1% and 17.3%, respectively) was contaminated with AFM1 levels above the maximum permitted level regulated in the European Union (0.05 μg kg-1). Therefore, in order to protect consumer health, it is extremely important to further control the level of aflatoxins in milk, and this should be considered as a high priority for risk management actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragan R Milićević
- a Adviser to Director for Scientific Research , Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Danka Spirić
- b Department for Testing Residues , Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Tatjana Radičević
- b Department for Testing Residues , Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Branko Velebit
- c Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biological Research , Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Srdjan Stefanović
- b Department for Testing Residues , Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Lazar Milojević
- d Department of Sensory and Physical Testing and Parasitology , Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Saša Janković
- b Department for Testing Residues , Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology , Belgrade , Serbia
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26
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Li S, Min L, Wang P, Zhang Y, Zheng N, Wang J. Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in pasteurized and UHT milks in China in 2014–2015. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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27
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Miocinovic J, Keskic T, Miloradovic Z, Kos A, Tomasevic I, Pudja P. The aflatoxin M1 crisis in the Serbian dairy sector: the year after. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2016; 10:1-4. [PMID: 27412578 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2016.1210243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
During the last 3 years, high aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) concentrations in milk and dairy products occurred in Serbia. It resulted in periodical change of the official regulations regarding maximum levels (MLs) of AFM1 as set by the Serbian Government. The aim of this study was to compare the occurrence of AFM1 in raw milk and dairy products during 2015 and also to determine whether there were some differences in AFM1 level among seasons. The AFM1 level exceeded the European Union ML in 29.3% of raw milk and 4.2% of milk product samples. The highest level of AFM1 in raw milk was found during the autumn season, while during the rest of the 2015, it was significantly lower. Although the improvement of dairy products safety was evident in 2015 when compared to 2013 and 2014, the cause of high concentrations in raw milk remained unresolved yet. This study indicates that dairy plants introduced control measures and refused reception of too high contaminated raw milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Miocinovic
- a Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Source Food Technology , University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | | | - Zorana Miloradovic
- a Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Source Food Technology , University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Andrea Kos
- b Dairy Research Institute , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Igor Tomasevic
- a Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Source Food Technology , University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Predrag Pudja
- a Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Source Food Technology , University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
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28
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Campagnollo FB, Ganev KC, Khaneghah AM, Portela JB, Cruz AG, Granato D, Corassin CH, Oliveira CAF, Sant'Ana AS. The occurrence and effect of unit operations for dairy products processing on the fate of aflatoxin M1: A review. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Bilandžić N, Tanković S, Jelušić V, Varenina I, Solomun Kolanović B, Luburić ĐB, Cvetnić Ž. Aflatoxin M1 in raw and UHT cow milk collected in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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30
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Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in conventional and organic milk offered for sale in Italy. Mycotoxin Res 2016; 32:237-246. [PMID: 27632224 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-016-0256-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, 58 samples of milk were analyzed for the presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). The samples were purchased during the period April-May 2013 in a random manner from local stores (supermarkets, small retail shops, small groceries, and specialized suppliers) located in the surrounding of Bologna (Italy). The commercial samples of milk were either organic (n = 22) or conventional (n = 36); fresh milk samples and UHT milk samples, whole milk samples, and partially skim milk samples were present in both the two considered categories. For the quantification of AFM1 in milk, the extraction-purification technique based on the use of immunoaffinity columns was adopted and analyses were performed using HPLC-FD. AFM1 was detected in 35 samples, 11 from organic production and 24 from conventional production. No statistically (P > 0.05) significant differences were observed in the concentration of AFM1 in the two categories of product. The levels of contamination found in the positive samples ranged between 0.009 and 0.026 ng mL-1. No sample exceeded the limit defined at community level for AFM1 in milk (0.05 μg kg-1). This demonstrates the effectiveness of the checks before the placing on the market of these food products. Thus, the "aflatoxins" problem that characterized the summer of 2012 does not seem to have had effect on the contamination level of the considered milk samples.
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31
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Ismail A, Riaz M, Levin RE, Akhtar S, Gong YY, Hameed A. Seasonal prevalence level of aflatoxin M 1 and its estimated daily intake in Pakistan. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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32
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Dimitrieska-Stojković E, Stojanovska-Dimzoska B, Ilievska G, Uzunov R, Stojković G, Hajrulai-Musliu Z, Jankuloski D. Assessment of aflatoxin contamination in raw milk and feed in Macedonia during 2013. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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Iqbal S, Jinap S, Pirouz A, Ahmad Faizal A. Aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products, occurrence and recent challenges: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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34
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Jawaid S, Talpur FN, Nizamani SM, Afridi HI. Contamination profile of aflatoxin M1 residues in milk supply chain of Sindh, Pakistan. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:1418-1422. [PMID: 28962483 PMCID: PMC5598205 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a potent carcinogen, teratogen and mutagen found in the milk when lactating animals consume feed contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). In the present study, the contamination of AFM1 was evaluated in the milk supply chain of the province of Sindh, Pakistan. For the broader profiling of targeted toxin, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for the determination of AFM1 in both branded and non-branded milk samples. The results showed that 96.43% of samples (81 out of 84) were contaminated with AFM1 in the range of 0.01-0.76 μg/L. The average contamination level was 0.38 μg/L. The determined values of AFM1 in the collected milk samples were above the standard limit of the European Commission while 70% of the samples exceeded levels established by United States regulations. According to these results, the estimated daily intake of AFM1 for adults was determined as 3.1 ng/kg of body weight per day.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farah N. Talpur
- Corresponding author at: National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan. Fax: +92 22 9213431.
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35
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Tomašević I, Petrović J, Jovetić M, Raičević S, Milojević M, Miočinović J. Two year survey on the occurrence and seasonal variation of aflatoxin M1 in milk and milk products in Serbia. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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36
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Torović L. Aflatoxin M1 in processed milk and infant formulae and corresponding exposure of adult population in Serbia in 2013-2014. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2015; 8:235-44. [PMID: 26125414 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2015.1063094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) occurrence was analysed in 80 samples of milk and 21 samples of infant formulae on the Serbian market, using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. All milk samples collected in 2013 showed AFM1 contamination in the range 0.02-0.32 μg kg(-1), with a mean level of 0.13 μg kg(-1). The EU maximum level for AFM1 in milk (0.05 μg kg(-1)) was exceeded in 75% of the samples. In 2014, AFM1 was found in 83%, 70%, 80% and 58% of the samples collected in April, July, September and December, respectively, exceeding the limit in 5% of the samples taken in July. The additional number of liver cancer cases per year associated with exposure to AFM1 was estimated to be 0.004 in the adult population. Regarding infant formulae, AFM1 was found in only one sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljilja Torović
- a Center for Hygiene and Human Ecology , Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina , Novi Sad , Serbia.,b Faculty of Medicine , Department of Pharmacy, University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
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37
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Bilandžić N, Varenina I, Kolanović BS, Božić Đ, Đokić M, Sedak M, Tanković S, Potočnjak D, Cvetnić Ž. Monitoring of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk during four seasons in Croatia. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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38
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Silva MV, Janeiro V, Bando E, Machinski Jr M. Occurrence and estimative of aflatoxin M1 intake in UHT cow milk in Paraná State, Brazil. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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39
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Quantification of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk by a core-shell column on a conventional HPLC with large volume injection and step gradient elution. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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40
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Pleadin J, Vulić A, Perši N, Škrivanko M, Capek B, Cvetnić Ž. Annual and regional variations of aflatoxin B1 levels seen in grains and feed coming from Croatian dairy farms over a 5-year period. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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41
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Bilandžić N, Božić Đ, Đokić M, Sedak M, Kolanović BS, Varenina I, Cvetnić Ž. Assessment of aflatoxin M1 contamination in the milk of four dairy species in Croatia. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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