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Kortei NK, Gillette VS, Wiafe-Kwagyan M, Ansah LO, Kyei-Baffour V, Odamtten GT. Fungal profile, levels of aflatoxin M1, exposure, and the risk characterization of local cheese ' wagashi' consumed in the Ho Municipality, Volta Region, Ghana. Toxicol Rep 2024; 12:186-199. [PMID: 38313814 PMCID: PMC10837644 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Wagashi is a West African type cottage cheese locally prepared from cow milk. Wagashi like other milk products, is prone to microbial contamination, particularly by fungi. Many of these fungal species produce mycotoxins which are of serious public health concern. This work aimed to update the mycoflora profile and determine the concentrations of aflatoxin M1 and its health risk characterization due to the consumption of wagashi. Culturing the wagashi on mycological media (Oxytetracycline Glucose Yeast Extract OGYE, Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol DRBC) caused a de-novo growth of the quiescent spores at 28-30 °C for 5-7 days. The analysis of AFM1 levels in the samples was done using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography connected to a Fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD). The exposure and risk assessment to the AFMI levels were determined using deterministic models prescribed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The fungal counts ranged between 2.36-4.30 log10 CFU/g. In total, thirteen (13) fungal species from eight (8) genera were isolated from all wagashi samples. They are; Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium verticillioides, Penicillium digitatum, Trichoderma harzianum, Aspergillus terreus, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Rhizopus stolonifer, Aspergillus fumigatus, Yeast sp., Mucor racemosus and Fusarium oligosporum belonging to the genera Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Trichoderma, Rhodotorula, Rhizopus, Yeast, and Mucor. The AFM1 observed in the wagashi samples' analysis was low, ranging from 0.00 (Not Detected) ± 0.00 - 0.06 ± 0.002 µg/Kg. Risk assessments of AFM1 using deterministic models produced outcomes that ranged between 5.92 × 10-3- 0.14 ng/kg bw/day, 1.42 -44.35, 0-0.0323 ng aflatoxins/kg bw/day, and 1.51 × 10-3 - 9.69 × 10-4 cases/100,000 person/yr for estimated daily intake (EDI), margin of exposure (MOE), average potency, and cancer risks, respectively, for the age categories investigated. Fungal counts were interpreted as medium to high. It was also established that the consumption of wagashi may pose adverse health effects on all age categories in the selected zones of the study since all calculated MOE values were less than 100,000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nii Korley Kortei
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
- Department of Sports Nutrition, School of Sports and Exercise Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Valentina Sylvia Gillette
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Michael Wiafe-Kwagyan
- Department of Plant and Environmental Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 55, Legon, Ghana
| | - Leslie Owusu Ansah
- Department of Food Laboratory, Food and Drugs Authority, P.O. Box CT 2783, Cantonments, Accra, Ghana
| | - Vincent Kyei-Baffour
- Food Chemistry and Nutrition Research Division, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Food Research Institute, P. O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana
| | - George Tawia Odamtten
- Department of Plant and Environmental Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 55, Legon, Ghana
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Udovicki B, Keskic T, Aleksic B, Smigic N, Rajkovic A. Second order probabilistic assessment of chronic dietary exposure to aflatoxin M1 in Serbia. Food Chem Toxicol 2023:113906. [PMID: 37343714 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Considering the genotoxic and cancerogenic nature of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), its presence in milk and dairy products may pose health risks for consumers. The chronic exposure was calculated using a two-dimensional (second order) Monte Carlo model. Results of 13 722 milk and dairy product samples analysed in the 2015-2022 period were used. Milk and dairy products intake information was collected with a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) validated by a 24-h recall-based method. Risk characterization was done by calculation of the Margin of Exposure (MOE) and by calculation of AFM1 induced number of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases. Mean AFM1 Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) was highest in children at 0.336 (CI: 0.294-0.385) ng kg-1 bw day-1, followed by adolescents with 0.183 (CI: 0.164-0.204), then adult females with 0.161 (CI: 0.146-0.179) and finally adult males with lowest EDI of 0.126 (CI: 0.115-0.139) ng kg-1 bw day-1. MOE values based on mean EDI for all population groups were above risk associated threshold and the number of possible HCC cases was in the range of 0.0002-0.0021 cases per year for 105 individuals. The results suggest low health risks due to AFM1 exposure for the whole population. Still, this risk is not non-existent, especially for children as they have a higher ratio of the population exposed to risk associated AFM1 levels, with MOE values below risk indicating threshold starting at 77.5th percentile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozidar Udovicki
- Department of Food Safety and Quality Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080, Zemun, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Tanja Keskic
- Institute for Animal Husbandry, Autoput 16. 11 080, Zemun, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Nada Smigic
- Department of Food Safety and Quality Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080, Zemun, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Department of Food Safety and Quality Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080, Zemun, Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Food Technology, Food Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
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Sabatelli S, Gambi L, Baiguera C, Paterlini F, Mami FL, Uboldi L, Daminelli P, Biancardi A. Assessment of aflatoxin M1 enrichment factor in cheese produced with naturally contaminated milk. Ital J Food Saf 2023; 12:11123. [PMID: 37405140 PMCID: PMC10316239 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2023.11123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a well-known carcinogenic compound that may contaminate milk and dairy products. Thus, with the regulation 1881/2006, the European Union established a concentration limit for AFM1 in milk and insisted on the importance of defining enrichment factors (EFs) for cheese. In 2019, the Italian Ministry of Health proposed four different EFs based on cheese's moisture content on a fat-free basis (MMFB) for bovine dairy products. This study aimed to define the EFs of cheese with different MFFB. The milk used for cheesemaking was naturally contaminated with different AFM1 concentrations. Results showed that all the EF average values from this study were lower than those of the Italian Ministry of Health. Hence, the current EFs might need to be reconsidered for a better categorization of AFM1 risk in cheese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Sabatelli
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, Sondrio
| | - Lorenzo Gambi
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, National Reference Center for Bovine Milk Quality, Brescia
| | - Cristina Baiguera
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, National Reference Center for Bovine Milk Quality, Brescia
| | - Franco Paterlini
- Primary Production Department, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, Brescia
| | - Filippo Lelli Mami
- Primary Production Department, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, Brescia
| | - Laura Uboldi
- Food and Animal Feed Chemistry, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Daminelli
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, National Reference Center for Bovine Milk Quality, Brescia
| | - Alberto Biancardi
- Food and Animal Feed Chemistry, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
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Rodríguez-Cañás I, González-Jartín JM, Alvariño R, Alfonso A, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Detection of mycotoxins in cheese using an optimized analytical method based on a QuEChERS extraction and UHPLC-MS/MS quantification. Food Chem 2023; 408:135182. [PMID: 36535186 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins can produce toxic effects on humans; hence, it is of high importance to determine their presence in food products. This work presents a reliable method for the quantification of 32 mycotoxins in cheese. The analysis procedure was optimized based on a QuEChERS extraction process and the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) detection. The analysis method was validated for four cheese varieties (emmental, blue, brie and camembert) in terms of linearity, sensitivity, matrix effect, accuracy and precision. Satisfactory precision and accuracy values were achieved, with recoveries above 70% for most mycotoxins. The developed method was applied to the analysis of 38 commercial cheese samples. A high occurrence of beauvericin and enniatins were found, ranging from 31% for enniatin A to 100% for enniatin B. The ochratoxin A was detected in three samples at concentrations that may pose a risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Rodríguez-Cañás
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Jesús M González-Jartín
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Rebeca Alvariño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Amparo Alfonso
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Mercedes R Vieytes
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Luis M Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
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Kortei NK, Annan T, Boakye AA, Essuman EK, Tettey CO, Kyei-Baffour V. Aflatoxin M 1 exposure in a fermented millet-based milk beverage 'brukina' and its cancer risk characterization in Greater Accra, Ghana. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12562. [PMID: 35869134 PMCID: PMC9307601 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15157-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Brukina is a millet based fermented milk product which is consumed as a beverage in Ghana. It is however prone to aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination, which is a serious health challenge for low and middle-income countries in subtropical regions. This study aimed at evaluating AFM1 levels and cancer risks associated with brukina (n = 150) sampled from different locations of the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. AFM1 were measured with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) connected to a Fluorescence Detector (FLD).Cancer risk assessments were also conducted using models prescribed by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Additives (JECFA). Out of the 150 samples analyzed for AFM1, 80/150 (53%) tested positive between the range 0.00 ± 0.001-3.14 ± 0.77 µg/kg. Cancer risk assessments of AFM1 produced outcomes which ranged between 0.64 and 1.88 ng/kg bw/day, 0.31-9.40, 0.0323, and 1.94 × 10-3-0.06 for cases/100,000 person/yr for Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Hazard Index (H.I), Average Potency, and Cancer Risks respectively for all age categories investigated. It was concluded that the consumption of brukina posed adverse health effects on the majority of the age categories in the different locations of Greater Accra Region since the calculated H.Is were greater than one (> 1). Therefore, contamination of brukina with AFM1 should be considered a high priority in public health and Ghana's cancer risk management actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nii Korley Kortei
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana.
| | - Theophilus Annan
- Food Microbiology Division, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research- Food Research Institute, P. O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana
| | - Adjoa Agyemang Boakye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Edward Ken Essuman
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Clement Okraku Tettey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Vincent Kyei-Baffour
- Food Chemistry and Nutrition Research Division, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Food Research Institute, P. O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana
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Gützkow KL, Al Ayoubi C, Vasco LS, Rohn S, Maul R. Analysis of ochratoxin A, aflatoxin B1 and its biosynthetic precursors in cheese – Method development and market sample screening. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Aflatoxin M1 Contamination of Ghanaian Traditional Soft Cottage Cheese (Wagashie) and Health Risks Associated with Its Consumption. J FOOD QUALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/7595545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wagashie is an unripened traditional cheese consumed in West Africa including Ghana. Being a milk product, it is unfortunately susceptible to aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination, which is indeed a grave health challenge globally. This study evaluated AFM1 levels and health risk characterization associated with wagashie (n = 182) sampled from different locations in Ghana. AFM1 was measured with high-performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD). Risk assessments were also conducted using models prescribed by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Out of the 182 samples analyzed for AFM1, 93/182 (51.1%) tested positive between the range 0.00 ± 0.00–3.60 ± 0.99 µg/kg. Risk assessments of AFM1 using deterministic models produced outcomes that ranged between 0.11 and 3.60 ng/kg bw/day, 0.09–1.54, 0–0.0323 ng aflatoxins/kg bw/day, and 3.5 x 10−3 −0.06 cases/100,000 person/yr for estimated daily intake (EDI), margin of exposure (MOE), average potency, and cancer risks, respectively, for the age categories investigated. It was established that the consumption of wagashie posed adverse health effects on all age categories in the selected regions of the study because all calculated MOE values were less than 100,000. Therefore, contamination of wagashie with AFM1 should be a serious public health concern and as such considered a high precedence for Ghana’s risk management actions.
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Moradi L, Paimard G, Sadeghi E, Rouhi M, Mohammadi R, Noroozi R, Safajoo S. Fate of aflatoxins M 1 and B 1 within the period of production and storage of Tarkhineh: A traditional Persian fermented food. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:945-952. [PMID: 35311167 PMCID: PMC8907732 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to assess the amount of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) during fermentation, drying, and storage of Tarkhineh-a traditional Persian fermented food-over four months. Tarkhineh samples were produced based on a traditional method. Various concentrations of AFB1 (2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 µg/kg) and AFM1, stood at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 µg/kg, were added to Iranian yogurt drink, called doogh, samples. Tarkhineh samples were evaluated for AFB1 and AFM1 on days 0, 2, 6, and 8 and also after drying and four months of storage. In cases of repeatability, recovery, and reproducibility, the high-performance liquid chromatography through fluorescence detector (HPLC-FD) method was successfully done to demonstrate aflatoxins (AFs) in Tarkhineh samples. The fermentation process had a considerable consequence on the reduction in AFM1 and AFB1 as compared to the control group, evidenced by 65.10%-81.20% and 55.80%-74.10%, respectively, after eight days of fermentation (p < .05). The highest reduction in AFB1 existed in samples containing 2.5 µg/kg toxin, followed by 5, 7.5, and 10 µg/kg, respectively. A similar trend was found for AFM1, as the highest concentration was found in samples containing 0.25 µg/kg toxin, followed by 0.5, 0.75, and 1 µg/kg, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Moradi
- Student Research CommitteeDepartment of Food Science and TechnologySchool of Nutrition Sciences and Food TechnologyKermanshah University of Medical SciencesKermanshahIran
| | - Giti Paimard
- Department of Food Science and TechnologySchool of Nutrition Sciences and Food TechnologyResearch Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH)Health InstituteKermanshah University of Medical SciencesKermanshahIran
| | - Ehsan Sadeghi
- Department of Food Science and TechnologySchool of Nutrition Sciences and Food TechnologyResearch Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH)Health InstituteKermanshah University of Medical SciencesKermanshahIran
| | - Milad Rouhi
- Department of Food Science and TechnologySchool of Nutrition Sciences and Food TechnologyResearch Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH)Health InstituteKermanshah University of Medical SciencesKermanshahIran
| | - Reza Mohammadi
- Department of Food Science and TechnologySchool of Nutrition Sciences and Food TechnologyResearch Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH)Health InstituteKermanshah University of Medical SciencesKermanshahIran
| | - Razieh Noroozi
- Student Research CommitteeDepartment of Food Science and TechnologySchool of Nutrition Sciences and Food TechnologyKermanshah University of Medical SciencesKermanshahIran
| | - Saeede Safajoo
- Student Research CommitteeDepartment of Food Science and TechnologySchool of Nutrition Sciences and Food TechnologyKermanshah University of Medical SciencesKermanshahIran
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Živančev J, Antić I, Buljovčić M, Bulut S, Kocić-Tanackov S. Review of occurrence of mycotoxins in Serbian food items in the period from 2005 to 2022. FOOD AND FEED RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.5937/ffr49-39145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper aimed to review the publications on mycotoxins' presence in cereals and foodstuffs originated from the Serbian market covering the period from 2005 to 2022. The review covers all the important steps in mycotoxins analysis including sampling, sample preparation, instrumental analysis, and concentration ranges in which the mycotoxins were found. Also, the results were interpreted from the European Union regulation point of view. The review emphasizes the importance of multi-mycotoxins analysis for determining the simultaneous presence of mycotoxins that can negatively affect the Serbian human population. The most frequently used instrumental technique in the mycotoxin analysis of Serbian products was the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay followed by the Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Most of the studies undertaken in Serbia until now investigated a few groups of matrices such as wheat, maize, milk, and dairy products. Only a few studies involved specific matrices such as nuts, dried fruits, biscuits, cookies, and spices. The review showed that contamination of milk and dairy products with aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), occurred at the very beginning of 2013, was the major health issue related to the population health. The contamination of milk and dairy products with the AFM1 was a consequence of maize contamination with aflatoxins which occurred in the year 2012, characterized by drought conditions. The studies dealing with the analysis of masked and emerging mycotoxins are rare and more attention should be paid to monitoring the presence of these types of mycotoxins in foodstuffs from Serbia.
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Kortei NK, Annan T, Kyei-Baffour V, Essuman EK, Boakye AA, Tettey CO, Boadi NO. Exposure assessment and cancer risk characterization of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) through ingestion of raw cow milk in southern Ghana. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1189-1197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Živančev J, Antić I, Buljovčić M, Bulut S, Kocić-Tanackov S. Review of occurrence of mycotoxins in Serbian food items in the period from 2005 to 2022. FOOD AND FEED RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.5937/ffr0-39145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper aimed to review the publications on mycotoxins' presence in cereals and foodstuffs originated from the Serbian market covering the period from 2005 to 2022. The review covers all the important steps in mycotoxins analysis including sampling, sample preparation, instrumental analysis, and concentration ranges in which the mycotoxins were found. Also, the results were interpreted from the European Union regulation point of view. The review emphasizes the importance of multi-mycotoxins analysis for determining the simultaneous presence of mycotoxins that can negatively affect the Serbian human population. The most frequently used instrumental technique in the mycotoxin analysis of Serbian products was the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay followed by the Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Most of the studies undertaken in Serbia until now investigated a few groups of matrices such as wheat, maize, milk, and dairy products. Only a few studies involved specific matrices such as nuts, dried fruits, biscuits, cookies, and spices. The review showed that contamination of milk and dairy products with aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), occurred at the very beginning of 2013, was the major health issue related to the population health. The contamination of milk and dairy products with the AFM1 was a consequence of maize contamination with aflatoxins which occurred in the year 2012, characterized by drought conditions. The studies dealing with the analysis of masked and emerging mycotoxins are rare and more attention should be paid to monitoring the presence of these types of mycotoxins in foodstuffs from Serbia.
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Dietary Exposure and Risk Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 for Children Aged 1 to 9 Years Old in Serbia. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124450. [PMID: 34960002 PMCID: PMC8708110 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to estimate the exposure and characterize the risk for the child population of Serbia to Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) from milk and milk-based food. A total of 3404 samples comprising milk and different milk-based food samples were collected from various regions of Serbia from 2017 to 2019. Evaluation of AFM1 exposure was carried out using the deterministic method, whereas risk characterization was evaluated using the margin of exposure (MOE) and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Detection rates for AFM1 in milk and milk-based food samples ranged between 2% and 79%, with the highest incidence (79%) and mean level (22.34 ± 0.018 ng kg-1) of AFM1 being detected in pasteurized and UHT milk. According to the three consumption estimates, the values of estimated daily intake (EDI) were higher for toddlers as compared with children aged 3-9 years. Children aged 1-3 years had the highest risk of exposure to AFM1 in milk, with an estimated daily intake of 0.164 and 0.193 ng kg-1 bw day-1 using lower bound (LB) and upper bound (UB) exposure scenarios, respectively. Such difference could result from the higher consumption to weight in younger children. Based on the estimated daily intake (EDI) found in this study, the risk of AFM1 exposure due to consumption of milk and milk-based food was low since the MOE values obtained were >10,000. In addition, the risk of HCC cases/year/105 individuals of different age groups showed that the value of HCC, using potency estimates of 0.0017 (mean), was maximum (0.00034) in the age group 1-3 years, which indicates no health risk for the evaluated groups. The present study revealed the importance of controlling and preventing AFM1 contamination in milk through continuous monitoring and regular inspection to reduce the risk of AFM1 exposure, especially in children.
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Abdullah Murshed SA, Rizwan M, Akbar F, Zaman N, Suleman M, Shujait Ali S. Analysis of the Aflatoxin M1 contamination in traditional and commercial cheeses consumed in Yemen. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Safwan Ahmad Abdullah Murshed
- Center of Biotechnology and Microbiology University of Peshawar KP Pakistan
- Yemen Standardization, Metrology and Quality Control Organization Yemen
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology University of Swat Swat KP Pakistan
| | - Fazal Akbar
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology University of Swat Swat KP Pakistan
| | - Nasib Zaman
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology University of Swat Swat KP Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Suleman
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology University of Swat Swat KP Pakistan
| | - Syed Shujait Ali
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology University of Swat Swat KP Pakistan
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Torović L, Popov N, Živkov-Baloš M, Jakšić S. Risk estimates of hepatocellular carcinoma in Vojvodina (Serbia) related to aflatoxin M1 contaminated cheese. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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The prevalence and concentration of aflatoxin M1 among different types of cheeses: A global systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Conteçotto ACT, Pante GC, Castro JC, Souza AA, Lini RS, Romoli JCZ, Abreu Filho BA, Mikcha JMG, Mossini SAG, Machinski Junior M. Occurrence, exposure evaluation and risk assessment in child population for aflatoxin M1 in dairy products in Brazil. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 148:111913. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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17
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Peña-Rodas O, Martinez-Lopez R, Pineda-Rivas M, Hernandez-Rauda R. Aflatoxin M 1 in Nicaraguan and locally made hard white cheeses marketed in El Salvador. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1157-1163. [PMID: 32983903 PMCID: PMC7494594 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cheeses marketed in El Salvador have high prevalence of Aflatoxin M1 contamination. Cheese contamination by Aflatoxin M1 is endemic in both El Salvador and Nicaragua. Aflatoxin M1 contamination in cheeses is higher during dry season.
Aflatoxin M1 is a carcinogenic and genotoxic metabolite of Aflatoxins present in food contaminated by fungi for lactating cattle, it is excreted through milk and when used to make cheese, the toxin will also be transferred to the dairy. The contamination of unripened hard white cheese with AFM1 seems to vary according to the season of the year, possibly due to the change of foodstuff, from fresh pasture in the rainy season to dried foods in the dry season and vice versa. This research determined both the prevalence and contents of AFM1 in cheeses of local and Nicaraguan origin marketed in El Salvador, as well as the changes occurred according to the season and the association between levels of AFM1 with meteorological parameters. The significantly higher prevalence of AFM1 contamination in both local cheeses and Nicaraguans, was found in the dry season and the lowest in the rainy season (41 % vs. 20 %; 31 % vs. 0%, respectively), the same trend was observed in AFM1 contents (0.076 vs. 0.036 μg/kg; 0.050 vs. 0.021 μg/kg, respectively). A significant association was demonstrated between levels of AFM1 with the averages of accumulated rainfall and relative humidity according to the sampled season. The prevalence of AFM1 in cheeses indicate that El Salvador and Nicaragua are endemic to dairy contamination by that mycotoxin. Seasonal variation may be due to a lack of rainfall, that promotes the growth of aflatoxigenic fungi in the crops of raw materials, which will be used for feedstuff intended for dairy cattle, thus, the consumption of contaminated food will cause the temporary increase of AFM1 in milk and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Peña-Rodas
- Laboratorio de Inocuidad de Alimentos, Universidad Doctor Andres Bello, 1a Calle Poniente y 41a Avenida Norte, 2128, Colonia Flor Blanca, San Salvador, El Salvador, América Central
| | - Roxana Martinez-Lopez
- Laboratorio de Inocuidad de Alimentos, Universidad Doctor Andres Bello, 1a Calle Poniente y 41a Avenida Norte, 2128, Colonia Flor Blanca, San Salvador, El Salvador, América Central
| | - Mario Pineda-Rivas
- Laboratorio de Inocuidad de Alimentos, Universidad Doctor Andres Bello, 1a Calle Poniente y 41a Avenida Norte, 2128, Colonia Flor Blanca, San Salvador, El Salvador, América Central
| | - Roberto Hernandez-Rauda
- Laboratorio de Inocuidad de Alimentos, Universidad Doctor Andres Bello, 1a Calle Poniente y 41a Avenida Norte, 2128, Colonia Flor Blanca, San Salvador, El Salvador, América Central
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Oshiro S, Ramalho M, Durães PC, Andrade R, Silva K, Silvério F, Pinho G. p-Cresol in cheese: Is it a flavouring compound or chemical contaminant? Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:1510-1519. [PMID: 32679005 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1778190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
p-Cresol has been identified as a flavouring compound in cheeses; however, scientific studies have already identified p-cresol as a potential chemical contaminant in environmental matrices. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate four traditional methods for extracting p-cresol from cheese samples in order to validate the best method, and finally to apply it to five cheese samples with different origins, processing and ripeness times. The analyses were performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after derivatisation of p-cresol with anhydride acetic and pyridine. Better results were achieved by the QuEChERS method, which showed recovery higher than 80%, relative standard deviation lower than 16%, limit of quantification of 5 μg kg-1 and linearity between 5 and 400 μg kg-1 with R2 0.99. p-Cresol was quantified in almost all of the samples analysed at different concentration levels, which were in an increasing order at μg kg-1: Cheddar (< LOQ), Parmesan (8 ± 0.7), Gorgonzola (103 ± 14), smoked Provolone (365 ± 28) and barbecue cheese (1001 ± 187). Although no maximum residue limit has been established for p-cresol in food, the results suggest that cheeses exposed to charcoal combustion notably increase the p-cresol levels and may represent a hazard to human health, especially in risk groups such as patients with chronic kidney disease who have serious problems with p-cresol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susane Oshiro
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais , Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marta Ramalho
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais , Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paloma Cristina Durães
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais , Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raissa Andrade
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais , Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Karolina Silva
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais , Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Flaviano Silvério
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais , Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gevany Pinho
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais , Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Vaz A, Cabral Silva AC, Rodrigues P, Venâncio A. Detection Methods for Aflatoxin M1 in Dairy Products. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E246. [PMID: 32059461 PMCID: PMC7074771 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced mainly by fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium. In the food chain, the original mycotoxin may be transformed in other toxic compounds, reaching the consumer. A good example is the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in dairy products, which is due to the presence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in the animal feed. Thus, milk-based foods, such as cheese and yogurts, may be contaminated with this toxin, which, although less toxic than AFB1, also exhibits hepatotoxic and carcinogenic effects and is relatively stable during pasteurization, storage and processing. For this reason, the establishment of allowed maximum limits in dairy products and the development of methodologies for its detection and quantification are of extreme importance. There are several methods for the detection of AFM1 in dairy products. Usually, the analytical procedures go through the following stages: sampling, extraction, clean-up, determination and quantification. For the extraction stage, the use of organic solvents (as acetonitrile and methanol) is still the most common, but recent advances include the use of the Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe method (QuEChERS) and proteolytic enzymes, which have been demonstrated to be good alternatives. For the clean-up stage, the high selectivity of immunoaffinity columns is still a good option, but alternative and cheaper techniques are becoming more competitive. Regarding quantification of the toxin, screening strategies include the use of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to select presumptive positive samples from a wider range of samples, and more reliable methods-high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection or mass spectroscopy-for the separation, identification and quantification of the toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Vaz
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.V.); (A.C.C.S.)
| | - Ana C. Cabral Silva
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.V.); (A.C.C.S.)
| | - Paula Rodrigues
- CIMO—Mountain Research Center, Bragança Polytechnic Institute, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal;
| | - Armando Venâncio
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.V.); (A.C.C.S.)
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Carvajal-Moreno M, Vargas-Ortiz M, Hernández-Camarillo E, Ruiz-Velasco S, Rojo-Callejas F. Presence of unreported carcinogens, Aflatoxins and their hydroxylated metabolites, in industrialized Oaxaca cheese from Mexico City. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 124:128-138. [PMID: 30468840 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are toxic secondary metabolites of the fungi Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus and A. nomius. The fungi produce these AFs in cereals, oilseeds and spices. AFs have damaging effects on all organisms, including humans, and their symptoms can be classified as acute (vomiting, hemorrhage and death) or chronic (immunodepression, Reye syndrome, Kwashiorkor, teratogenesis, hepatitis, cirrhosis, and various cancers). Basic AFs (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2) are metabolized in the liver or by microbes that produce hydroxylated metabolites (AFM1, AFM2, and AFP1) and aflatoxicol (AFL), soluble in water and easy to dispose. Thus, AFs can be excreted in fluids, such as milk. AFs are not destroyed in the process of making cheese. The purpose of this study was to identify and quantify the AFs present in 30 samples of industrialized Oaxaca-type cheese sold in Mexico City. The average concentrations of AFs detected in the 30 samples of industrialized cheese were as follows: AFB1 (0.1 μg kg-1) in 20% (6/30); a trace amount of AFB2 (0.01 < LOD) in only 3% (1/30); AFG1 (0.14 μg kg-1) in 10% (3/30); AFG2 (0.6 μg kg-1) in 30% (9/30); AFM1 (1.7 μg kg-1) in 57% (17/30); AFP1 (0.03% μg kg-1) in 3% (1/30); and AFL (13.1 μg kg-1) in 97% (29/30). AFB1 and AFL were the most abundant aflatoxins in Oaxaca-type cheese. However, eight aflatoxins were present, contributing an average of 15.7 μg kg-1 AFs distributed among the 30 samples. The risk assessment analysis showed that there was no substantial risk for cancer due to AFs in industrialized Oaxaca cheese from Mexico City.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Carvajal-Moreno
- Laboratorio C-119 De Micotoxinas, Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), CP 04510, CdMx, Mexico.
| | - Manuel Vargas-Ortiz
- Laboratorio C-119 De Micotoxinas, Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), CP 04510, CdMx, Mexico; CONACYT-CIAD (Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo), Coordinación Culiacán. Carretera El Dorado Km 5.5, Col. Campo El Diez, Culiacán Sinaloa, 80110, Mexico
| | - Estela Hernández-Camarillo
- Laboratorio C-119 De Micotoxinas, Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), CP 04510, CdMx, Mexico
| | - Silvia Ruiz-Velasco
- Departamento de Probabilidad y Estadística, Instituto de Investigaciones en Investigaciones y en Sistemas, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM, CP 04510, CdMx, Mexico
| | - Francisco Rojo-Callejas
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), CP 04510, CdMx, Mexico
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Udomkun P, Mutegi C, Wossen T, Atehnkeng J, Nabahungu NL, Njukwe E, Vanlauwe B, Bandyopadhyay R. Occurrence of aflatoxin in agricultural produce from local markets in Burundi and Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Food Sci Nutr 2018; 6:2227-2238. [PMID: 30510723 PMCID: PMC6261206 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are noxious secondary metabolites, of certain fungal species, found in food and feed. Contamination of a commodity with aflatoxins is associated with production and storage losses, and subsequently less food availability. Aflatoxins can also pose human health risks and represent a barrier to the development of trade, in both domestic and international markets. In this study, samples of cassava, maize, groundnut, beans, soybean, sorghum and milk, and their processed products were collected from local markets in Burundi and Eastern DRC. In order to investigate the levels of aflatoxin, crop samples were analyzed using a single step lateral flow immunochromatographic assay (Reveal Q+), while enzyme‐linked immune‐sorbent assay (ELISA) was used to analyze aflatoxin‐M1 in milk, yogurt, and cheese samples. The results revealed the presence of aflatoxins in all samples from both countries, with levels ranging from 1.3 to 2,410 μg/kg. Samples collected from Burundi contained relatively higher (p > 0.0.5) levels of aflatoxins. In 51% of all the crops samples, total aflatoxin contamination was above the EU maximum tolerable level of 4 μg/kg. Processed products, particularly from groundnut, maize, and sorghum, had the highest levels of aflatoxin contamination when compared to unprocessed grain. With regard to milk and dairy products, the level of aflatoxin‐M1 ranged from 4.8 to 261.1 ng/kg. Approximately 29% of milk and yogurt samples had aflatoxin‐M1 higher than the EU regulatory limit of 50 ng/kg, whereas 20% of cheese samples were found to be contaminated at levels higher than the maximum limit of 250 ng/kg. These results can serve as the basis for pre‐ and postharvest approaches to reduce aflatoxin contamination in agricultural commodities in Burundi and Eastern DRC in order to reduce health risk, avoid reduced production in livestock, and open up export markets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Emmanuel Njukwe
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Bujumbura Burundi
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23
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Fates of deoxynivalenol and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside from wheat flour to Iranian traditional breads. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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24
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Kos J, Janić Hajnal E, Šarić B, Jovanov P, Mandić A, Đuragić O, Kokić B. Aflatoxins in maize harvested in the Republic of Serbia over the period 2012-2016. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2018; 11:246-255. [PMID: 30157711 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2018.1499675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are one of the most frequent contaminants in maize. The Republic of Serbia represents a leader in terms of maize production and exports in Europe. In recent years, Serbia faced climate changes. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to examine AF occurrence in 3000 maize samples collected during 2012-2016. In maize samples from 2012, 2013, 2015, and 2016, AFs were detected in 72.3%, 24.7%, 36.7%, and 5.0% of the samples, in concentration ranges of 1.0-111.2, 1.2-65.2, 1.1-76.2, and 1.3-6.9 µg kg-1, respectively. Contrary to this, in maize samples from 2014, no AFs were detected. Analysis of weather conditions indicates that 2012 was characterised by extreme drought conditions, 2013 and 2015 by lack of precipitation and high air temperatures, 2014 as the rainiest year in these years, while 2016 had moderate weather conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Kos
- a Institute of Food Technology , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | | | - Bojana Šarić
- a Institute of Food Technology , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Pavle Jovanov
- a Institute of Food Technology , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Anamarija Mandić
- a Institute of Food Technology , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Olivera Đuragić
- a Institute of Food Technology , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Bojana Kokić
- a Institute of Food Technology , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
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25
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Udovicki B, Audenaert K, De Saeger S, Rajkovic A. Overview on the Mycotoxins Incidence in Serbia in the Period 2004⁻2016. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E279. [PMID: 29976881 PMCID: PMC6070786 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With an average annual production of 6.9 M tonnes and 2.5 M tonnes of maize and wheat respectively, Serbia is one of the main grain producers and exporters in Europe. Cereals are also the major staple food in Serbian diet. In view of the high cereal consumption, for human and animal nutrition, the presence of mycotoxins entails a high public health risk of chronic exposure to mycotoxins. This study provides an overview of the incidence of predominant mycotoxins, mainly in cereal and dairy products, in Serbia, in the 2004⁻2016, using data reported in the scientific literature. The study demonstrated that the total prevalence of aflatoxins was 62.9% (n = 12,517) with 26.2% of the samples exceeding the EU limits during this period. Results obtained for T-2/HT-2 (n = 523), deoxynivalenol (n = 2907), fumonisins (n = 998), zearalenone (n = 689) and ochratoxin A (n = 740) indicated the prevalence of 45.5%, 42.9%, 63.3%, 39.3% and 28.1%, respectively. For these mycotoxins, the EU limits were less frequently exceeded. Comprehensive collection and analysis of all accessible information reviewed in this paper showed moderate incidence and prevalence of mycotoxins in Serbia, with an exception of the 2012 drought year and the 2014 flood year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozidar Udovicki
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality Management, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Zemun-Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University Campus Schoonmeersen, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality Management, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Zemun-Belgrade, Serbia.
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Food Technology, Food Safety and Health, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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26
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Camarillo EH, Ramirez-Martinez A, Carvajal-Moreno M, Vargas-Ortíz M, Wesolek N, Rodriguez Jimenes GDC, Garcia Alvarado MÁ, Roudot AC, Salgado Cervantes MA, Robles-Olvera VJ. Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 and M2 exposure risk through Oaxaca cheese consumption in southeastern Mexico. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2018; 28:202-213. [PMID: 29560730 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2018.1453054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the exposure of Southeast Mexican population to Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and M2 (AFM2) through the consumption of Oaxaca cheese. The intake of Oaxaca cheese was assessed via a food 7-day dairy questionnaire (N = 1100, 2014 and 2015). Thirty Oaxaca cheeses were randomly sampled, and the origin of the samples was also investigated. AFM1 and AFM2 were quantified by HPLC-FD. The exposure was assessed through the combination of the Probabilistic Density Functions (probabilistic approach). The percentage of the population at risk was calculated through the population exceeding the toxicological reference values (TDI). The risk assessment revealed that the population at higher risk to AFM1 and AFM2 was the children, followed by the adolescents and adult women. To our knowledge, the present study is the first to assess the exposure risk of different age groups of a population to AFM1 and AFM2 through the consumption of cheese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Hernández Camarillo
- a Food Engineering Department , Tecnológico Nacional de México - Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Huatusco , Huatusco , Mexico
| | - Alejandra Ramirez-Martinez
- b Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Alimentos , Tecnológico Nacional de México - Instituto Tecnologico de Veracruz , Veracruz , Mexico
| | - Magda Carvajal-Moreno
- c Department of Botany , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Manuel Vargas-Ortíz
- d CONACYT-CIAD (Centro de Investigación enAlimentación y Desarrollo) , Coordinación Culiacán , Mexico
| | - Nathalie Wesolek
- e Laboratoire de Toxicologie Alimentaire et Cellulaire , Université de Bretagne Occidentale , Brest , France
| | | | - Miguel Ángel Garcia Alvarado
- b Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Alimentos , Tecnológico Nacional de México - Instituto Tecnologico de Veracruz , Veracruz , Mexico
| | - Alain-Claude Roudot
- e Laboratoire de Toxicologie Alimentaire et Cellulaire , Université de Bretagne Occidentale , Brest , France
| | - Marco Antonio Salgado Cervantes
- b Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Alimentos , Tecnológico Nacional de México - Instituto Tecnologico de Veracruz , Veracruz , Mexico
| | - Victor J Robles-Olvera
- b Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Alimentos , Tecnológico Nacional de México - Instituto Tecnologico de Veracruz , Veracruz , Mexico
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Kamel E, Bazalou M, Sdeek FA, Konuk M. Comparison of liquid chromatography instruments with single quadrupole and tandem mass spectrometry for trace level analysis: Aflatoxin m1 (afm 1) in white cheese. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2017.1369435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Essam Kamel
- Biochemistry Dept, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Bazalou
- Biochemistry Dept, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Fayza A Sdeek
- Pesticide Residues and Environmental Pollution Department, Central Agriculture Pesticide Lab, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Muhsin Konuk
- Molecular Biology & Genetics Department, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Üsküdar University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Milićević D, Spirić D, Janković S, Velebit B, Radičević T, Petrović Z, Stefanović S. Aflatoxin M1 in processed milk: Occurrence and seasonal variation with an emphasis on risk assessment of human exposure in Serbia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/85/1/012040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Shahbazi Y, Nikousefat Z, Karami N. Occurrence, seasonal variation and risk assessment of exposure to aflatoxin M 1 in Iranian traditional cheeses. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Škrbić B, Antić I, Cvejanov J. Determination of mycotoxins in biscuits, dried fruits and fruit jams: an assessment of human exposure. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1012-1025. [PMID: 28332414 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1303195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A reliable, fast and simple method using UHPLC-MS/MS was developed for the determination of aflatoxins B1 (AFB1), G1 (AFG1), B2 (AFB2) and G2 (AFG2), ochratoxin A (OTA), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), HT-2 toxin and T-2 toxin in crude extracts of biscuits with fruit filling, cookies, dried fruits and fruit jams. The method was successfully demonstrated on 39 samples of biscuits with fruit filling, 34 cookies, 14 dried fruits and 10 fruit jams. The mycotoxins detected in biscuits samples were ZEA, OTA, T-2 and AFB1 with an average concentrations of positive samples of 2.64, 4.10, 8.13 and 1.32 µg kg-1, respectively; while the mycotoxins detected in jam samples were AFB1, OTA, T-2 and AFB2 with an average concentrations of positive samples of 2.00, 17.7, 4.37 and 1.15 µg kg-1, respectively. The results showed that the majority of samples were in compliance with relevant regulations. However in eight samples of biscuits and three samples of fig jam the contents of OTA were higher than the existing OTA limits. The combined dietary exposure of selected mycotoxins was estimated for the first time for children, adolescents and adults. The estimated combined dietary exposures were all lower than the proposed value assumed to predict a possible risk scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Škrbić
- a Faculty of Technology , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Igor Antić
- a Faculty of Technology , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Jelena Cvejanov
- a Faculty of Technology , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
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Milićević D, Nastasijevic I, Petrovic Z. Mycotoxin in the food supply chain-implications for public health program. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2016; 34:293-319. [PMID: 27717290 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2016.1236607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are a group of naturally occurring toxic chemical substances, produced mainly by microscopic filamentous fungal species. Regarding potential synergisms or even mitigating effects between toxic elements, mycotoxin contamination will continue to be an area of concern for producers, manufacturers, regulatory agencies, researchers, and consumers in the future. In Serbia, recent drought and then flooding confirmed that mycotoxins are one of the foodborne hazards most susceptible to climate change. In this article, we review key aspects of mycotoxin contamination of the food supply chain and implications for public health from the Serbian perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Milićević
- a Institute of Meat Hygiene an Technology , Kaćanskog , R. Serbia
| | - I Nastasijevic
- a Institute of Meat Hygiene an Technology , Kaćanskog , R. Serbia
| | - Z Petrovic
- a Institute of Meat Hygiene an Technology , Kaćanskog , R. Serbia
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Tomašević I, Petrović J, Jovetić M, Raičević S, Milojević M, Miočinović J. Two year survey on the occurrence and seasonal variation of aflatoxin M1 in milk and milk products in Serbia. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Torović L. Aflatoxin M1 in processed milk and infant formulae and corresponding exposure of adult population in Serbia in 2013-2014. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2015; 8:235-44. [PMID: 26125414 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2015.1063094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) occurrence was analysed in 80 samples of milk and 21 samples of infant formulae on the Serbian market, using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. All milk samples collected in 2013 showed AFM1 contamination in the range 0.02-0.32 μg kg(-1), with a mean level of 0.13 μg kg(-1). The EU maximum level for AFM1 in milk (0.05 μg kg(-1)) was exceeded in 75% of the samples. In 2014, AFM1 was found in 83%, 70%, 80% and 58% of the samples collected in April, July, September and December, respectively, exceeding the limit in 5% of the samples taken in July. The additional number of liver cancer cases per year associated with exposure to AFM1 was estimated to be 0.004 in the adult population. Regarding infant formulae, AFM1 was found in only one sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljilja Torović
- a Center for Hygiene and Human Ecology , Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina , Novi Sad , Serbia.,b Faculty of Medicine , Department of Pharmacy, University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
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Milicevic D, Nesic K, Jaksic S. Mycotoxin Contamination of the Food Supply Chain - Implications for One Health Programme. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.profoo.2015.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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