1
|
Zhu Z, Guo W, Cheng H, Zhao H, Wang J, Abdallah MF, Zhou X, Lei H, Tu W, Wang H, Yang J. Co-contamination and interactions of multiple mycotoxins and heavy metals in rice, maize, soybeans, and wheat flour marketed in Shanghai City. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134695. [PMID: 38815395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins and heavy metals extensively contaminate grains and grain products, posing severe health risks. This work implements validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) methods to quantify the concentration of 12 mycotoxins and five heavy metals in rice, maize, soybeans, and wheat flour samples marketed in Shanghai. The mixed contamination characteristics were analyzed using correlation cluster analysis and co-contamination index, and the probabilities of all cross combinations of contaminations were analyzed using a self-designed JAVA language program. The results showed that grains and grain products were frequently contaminated with both mycotoxins and heavy metals, mostly with deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-ADON), ochratoxin A (OTA), aflatoxins, fumonisin B1 (FB1), fumonisin B2 (FB2), fumonisin B3 (FB3), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd). All the samples (100 %) were contaminated with two or more contaminants, and 77.3 % of the samples were co-contaminated with more than four contaminants. In cereals and cereal products, the following combinations were closely associated: (FB3 +3-ADON), (FB1 +As), (FB1 +FB2), (DON+FB1), (DON+Cd), (As+Cd), (DON+Cd+As), (FB1 +FB2 +As), and (DON+3-ADON+15-ADON). The results indicated that mycotoxins and heavy metals frequently co-occurred in Shanghai grains and grain products, and they provided primary data for safety assessments, early warnings, and regulatory measures on these contaminants to protect public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuoyin Zhu
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China; School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, PR China
| | - Wenbo Guo
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China
| | - Haisheng Cheng
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China; School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, PR China
| | - Hanke Zhao
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China
| | - Jie Wang
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China; School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, PR China
| | - Mohamed F Abdallah
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium; Laboratory of Human Biology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, Belgium
| | - Xinli Zhou
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, PR China
| | - Hulong Lei
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, PR China
| | - Weilong Tu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, PR China
| | - Hongyang Wang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, PR China
| | - Junhua Yang
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Arce-López B, Coton M, Coton E, Hymery N. Occurrence of the two major regulated mycotoxins, ochratoxin A and fumonisin B1, in cereal and cereal-based products in Europe and toxicological effects: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 109:104489. [PMID: 38844151 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Among cereal contaminants, mycotoxins are of concern due to their importance in terms of food and feed safety. The difficulty in establishing a diagnosis for mycotoxicosis relies on the fact that the effects are most often subclinical for chronic exposure and the most common scenario is multi-contamination by various toxins. Mycotoxin co-occurrence is a major food safety concern as additive or even synergic toxic impacts may occur, but also regarding current regulations as they mainly concern individual mycotoxin levels in specific foods and feed in the food chain. However, due to the large number of possible mycotoxin combinations, there is still limited knowledge on co-exposure toxicity data, which depends on several parameters. In this context, this systematic review aims to provide an overview of the toxic effects of two regulated mycotoxins, namely ochratoxin A and fumonisin B1. This review focused on the 2012-2022 period and analysed the occurrence in Europe of the selected mycotoxins in different food matrices (cereals and cereal-derived products), and their toxic impact, alone or in combination, on in vitro intestinal and hepatic human cells. To better understand and evaluate the associated risks, further research is needed using new approach methodologies (NAM), such as in vitro 3D models. KEY CONTRIBUTION: Cereals and their derived products are the most important food source for humans and feed for animals worldwide. This manuscript is a state of the art review of the literature over the last ten years on ochratoxin A and fumonisin B1 mycotoxins in these products in Europe as well as their toxicological effects, alone and in combination, on human cells. Future perspectives and some challenges regarding the assessment of toxicological effects of mycotoxins are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Arce-López
- Univ. Brest, INRAE, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, Plouzané F-29280, France
| | - Monika Coton
- Univ. Brest, INRAE, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, Plouzané F-29280, France
| | - Emmanuel Coton
- Univ. Brest, INRAE, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, Plouzané F-29280, France
| | - Nolwenn Hymery
- Univ. Brest, INRAE, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, Plouzané F-29280, France.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gomes AL, Petrus RR, de Sousa RLM, Fernandes AM. Aflatoxins and fumonisins in conventional and organic corn: a comprehensive review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:575-586. [PMID: 38530071 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2330092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
This review analyzes the occurrence and co-exposure of aflatoxins and fumonisins in conventional and organic corn, and compares the vulnerability to contamination of both. The risks of fungal contamination in corn are real, mainly by the genera Aspergillus and Fusarium, producers of aflatoxins and fumonisins, respectively. Aflatoxins, especially AFB1, are related to a high incidence of liver cancer, and the International Agency Research of Cancer (IARC) classified them in group 1A 'carcinogenic to humans'. The occurrence in conventional corn is reported in many countries, including at higher levels than those established by legislation. IARC classified fumonisins in group 2B 'possibly carcinogenic to humans' due to their link with incidence of esophageal cancer. However, comparing corn and organic and conventional by-products from different regions, different results are observed. The co-occurrence of both mycotoxins is a worldwide problem; nevertheless, there is little data on the comparison of the co-exposure of these mycotoxins in corn and derivatives between both systems. It was found that the agricultural system is not a decisive factor in the final contamination, indicating the necessity of effective strategies to reduce contamination and co-exposure at levels that do not pose health risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Gomes
- Universidade de Sao Paulo Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo R Petrus
- Universidade de Sao Paulo Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Brazil
| | - Ricardo L M de Sousa
- Universidade de Sao Paulo Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Brazil
| | - Andrezza M Fernandes
- Universidade de Sao Paulo Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nešić K, Habschied K, Mastanjević K. Modified Mycotoxins and Multitoxin Contamination of Food and Feed as Major Analytical Challenges. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:511. [PMID: 37624268 PMCID: PMC10467123 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins, as natural products of molds, are often unavoidable contaminants of food and feed, to which the increasingly evident climate changes contribute a large part. The consequences are more or less severe and range from economic losses to worrying health problems to a fatal outcome. One of the best preventive approaches is regular monitoring of food and feed for the presence of mycotoxins. However, even under conditions of frequent, comprehensive, and conscientious controls, the desired protection goal may not be achieved. In fact, it often happens that, despite favorable analytical results that do not indicate high mycotoxin contamination, symptoms of their presence occur in practice. The most common reasons for this are the simultaneous presence of several different mycotoxins whose individual content does not exceed the detectable or prescribed values and/or the alteration of the form of the mycotoxin, which renders it impossible to be analytically determined using routine methods. When such contaminated foods enter a living organism, toxic effects occur. This article aims to shed light on the above problems in order to pay more attention to them, work to reduce their impact, and, eventually, overcome them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ksenija Nešić
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Food and Feed Department, Smolućska 11, 11070 Beograd, Serbia
| | - Kristina Habschied
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, F. Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Krešimir Mastanjević
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, F. Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang S, Wang S, Li P, Li L, Ye J. Establishment of SI-traceable purity assessment of Fumonisin B1 using a combination of quantitative 1H NMR and mass balance. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
6
|
Modified Mycotoxins, a Still Unresolved Issue. CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4040099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by filamentous microfungi on almost every agricultural commodity worldwide. After the infection of crop plants, mycotoxins are modified by plant enzymes or other fungi and often conjugated to more polar substances, like sugars. The formed—often less toxic—metabolites are stored in the vacuole in soluble form or bound to macromolecules. As these substances are usually not detected during routine analysis and no maximum limits are in force, they are called modified mycotoxins. While, in most cases, modified mycotoxins have lower intrinsic toxicity, they might be reactivated during mammalian metabolism. In particular, the polar group might be cleaved off (e.g., by intestinal bacteria), releasing the native mycotoxin. This review aims to provide an overview of the critical issues related to modified mycotoxins. The main conclusion is that analytical aspects, toxicological evaluation, and exposure assessment merit more investigation.
Collapse
|
7
|
Bryła M, Pierzgalski A, Zapaśnik A, Uwineza PA, Ksieniewicz-Woźniak E, Modrzewska M, Waśkiewicz A. Recent Research on Fusarium Mycotoxins in Maize—A Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11213465. [PMID: 36360078 PMCID: PMC9659149 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most susceptible crops to pathogenic fungal infections, and in particular to the Fusarium species. Secondary metabolites of Fusarium spp.—mycotoxins are not only phytotoxic, but also harmful to humans and animals. They can cause acute or chronic diseases with various toxic effects. The European Union member states apply standards and legal regulations on the permissible levels of mycotoxins in food and feed. This review summarises the most recent knowledge on the occurrence of toxic secondary metabolites of Fusarium in maize, taking into account modified forms of mycotoxins, the progress in research related to the health effects of consuming food or feed contaminated with mycotoxins, and also the development of biological methods for limiting and/or eliminating the presence of the same in the food chain and in compound feed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Bryła
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Pierzgalski
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zapaśnik
- Department of Microbiology, Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pascaline Aimee Uwineza
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań, Poland
| | - Edyta Ksieniewicz-Woźniak
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Modrzewska
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-61-848-78-41
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang D, Ye Y, Sun J, Wang JS, Huang C, Sun X. Occurrence, transformation, and toxicity of fumonisins and their covert products during food processing. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:3660-3673. [PMID: 36239314 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2134290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisins comprise structurally related metabolites mainly produced by Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum. Contamination with fumonisins causes incalculable damage to the economy and poses a great risk to animal and human health. Fumonisins and their covert products are found in cereals and cereal products. Food processing significantly affects the degradation of toxins and the formation of covert toxins. However, studies on fumonisins and their covert mycotoxins remain inadequate. This review aims to summarize changes in fumonisins and the generation of covert fumonisins during processing. It also investigates the toxicity and determination methods of fumonisins and covert fumonisins, and elucidates the factors affecting fumonisins and their covert forms during processing. In addition to the metabolic production by plants and fungi, covert fumonisins are mainly produced by covalent or noncovalent binding, complexation, or physical entrapment of fumonisins with other substances. The toxicity of covert fumonisins is similar to that of free fumonisins and is a non-negligible hazard. Covert fumonisins are commonly found in food matrices, and methods to analyze them have yet to be improved. Food processing significantly affects the conversion of fumonisins to their covert toxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diaodiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongli Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiadi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Caihong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiulan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tan H, Zhou H, Guo T, Zhou Y, Wang S, Liu X, Zhang Y, Ma L. Matrix-associated mycotoxins in foods, cereals and feedstuffs: A review on occurrence, detection, transformation and future challenges. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:3206-3219. [PMID: 36205056 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2131724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Matrix-associated mycotoxins that bind with macromolecular components through covalent or non-covalent interactions easily occur in various cereals, cereal-based products, and cereal-based feedstuff. They are "masked" by macro-components, causing the underestimation of total exposure risk of mycotoxins. Most of the current reports focus on the free and modified mycotoxins, while the matrix-associated forms are ignored but still can exert toxic effects after ingestion. In this paper, current researches and future prospects of matrix-associated mycotoxins are reviewed. Especially, a focus is set on the transformation of matrix-associated mycotoxins with their free forms during metabolism and food processing. Enzymes, temperature and pH levels during food processing can induce the interconversion of matrix-associated mycotoxins with free mycotoxins. Furthermore, the analytical methods targeted on matrix-associated mycotoxins are discussed. Due to the lack of efficient methods releasing the mycotoxins from matrix, the standard analytical methods has not developed so far. Also, we further analyzed the challenges of matrix-associated mycotoxins about variety, occurrence, toxicity and transformation, exposure assessment, which contributes to establish preventive measures to control their hazards for consumers. Overall, this overview is significant for perfecting risk assessment, as well as developing effective prevention and control actions to matrix-associated mycotoxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Tan
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Hongyuan Zhou
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Ting Guo
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Shuo Wang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- School of Medicine, Tianjin Key Lab Food Science and Health, Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozhu Liu
- Foshan Micro Wonders Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Liang Ma
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Occurrence and postharvest strategies to help mitigate aflatoxins and fumonisins in maize and their co-exposure to consumers in Mexico and Central America. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.108968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
11
|
Kim DM, Yoo SM. Colorimetric Systems for the Detection of Bacterial Contamination: Strategy and Applications. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12070532. [PMID: 35884335 PMCID: PMC9313054 DOI: 10.3390/bios12070532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial contamination is a public health concern worldwide causing enormous social and economic losses. For early diagnosis and adequate management to prevent or treat pathogen-related illnesses, extensive effort has been put into the development of pathogenic bacterial detection systems. Colorimetric sensing systems have attracted increasing attention due to their simple and single-site operation, rapid signal readout with the naked eye, ability to operate without external instruments, portability, compact design, and low cost. In this article, recent trends and advances in colorimetric systems for the detection and monitoring of bacterial contamination are reviewed. This article focuses on pathogen detection strategies and technologies based on reaction factors that affect the color change for visual readout. Reactions used in each strategy are introduced by dividing them into the following five categories: external pH change-induced pH indicator reactions, intracellular enzyme-catalyzed chromogenic reactions, enzyme-like nanoparticle (NP)-catalyzed substrate reactions, NP aggregation-based reactions, and NP accumulation-based reactions. Some recently developed colorimetric systems are introduced, and their challenges and strategies to improve the sensing performance are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Min Kim
- Center for Applied Life Science, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Korea;
| | - Seung-Min Yoo
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Farhadi A, Fakhri Y, Kachuei R, Vasseghian Y, Huseyn E, Mousavi Khaneghah A. Prevalence and concentration of fumonisins in cereal-based foods: a global systematic review and meta-analysis study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:20998-21008. [PMID: 33694116 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12671-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cereal-based foods are utilized as an essential food segment worldwide. Nevertheless, their contamination by mycotoxins, also fumonisins, could pose a critical health risk. The present research provides the first systematic review regarding the prevalence and concentration of fumonisins in cereal-based food with the aid of a meta-analysis. In this regard, some international databases PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Scopus were explored during the last 30 years. Among 9729 screened articles, 73 articles (which meet the proposed inclusion criteria), including 11,132 data, were incorporated in the performed meta-analysis. The overall rank order regarding the concentration of fumonisins in cereal-based foods was corn-based foods > wheat-based foods > other cereal foods > barley-based foods > rice-based foods > oat-based foods. Based on the prevalence of fumonisins, the overall rank order was other cereal foods > corn-based foods > rice-based foods > wheat-based foods > oat-based foods > barley-based food. The present meta-analysis results can be a beneficial database for risk assessment model progress, which can help industries and organizations decrease the presence of fumonisins in cereal-based food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Farhadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadolah Fakhri
- Food Health Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Reza Kachuei
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Yasser Vasseghian
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam
| | - Elcin Huseyn
- Research Laboratory of Intelligent Control and Decision Making Systems in Industry and Economics, Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, 20 Azadlig Ave., AZ1010, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80. Caixa Postal: 6121, Campinas, São Paulo, CEP: 13083-862, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Optimization and Validation of an Analytical Method for the Determination of Free and Hidden Fumonisins in Corn and Corn Products by UHPLC-MS/MS. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-01984-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
15
|
Mycotoxins Analysis in Cereals and Related Foodstuffs by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Techniques. J FOOD QUALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/8888117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the entire world, cereals and related foodstuffs are used as an important source of energy, minerals, and vitamins. Nevertheless, their contamination with mycotoxins kept special attention due to harmful effects on human health. The present paper was conducted to evaluate published studies regarding the identification and characterization of mycotoxins in cereals and related foodstuffs by liquid chromatography coupled to (tandem) mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) techniques. For sample preparation, published studies based on the development of extraction and clean-up strategies including solid-phase extraction, solid-liquid extraction, and immunoaffinity columns, as well as on methods based on minimum clean-up (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS)) technology, are examined. LC-MS/MS has become the golden method for the simultaneous multimycotoxin analysis, with different sample preparation approaches, due to the range of different physicochemical properties of these toxic products. Therefore, this new strategy can be an alternative for fast, simple, and accurate determination of multiclass mycotoxins in complex cereal samples.
Collapse
|
16
|
Lu Q, Qin JA, Fu YW, Luo JY, Lu JH, Logrieco AF, Yang MH. Modified mycotoxins in foodstuffs, animal feed, and herbal medicine: A systematic review on global occurrence, transformation mechanism and analysis methods. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
17
|
Chen J, Li Z, Cheng Y, Gao C, Guo L, Wang T, Xu J. Sphinganine-Analog Mycotoxins (SAMs): Chemical Structures, Bioactivities, and Genetic Controls. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E312. [PMID: 33255427 PMCID: PMC7711896 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphinganine-analog mycotoxins (SAMs) including fumonisins and A. alternata f. sp. Lycopersici (AAL) toxins are a group of related mycotoxins produced by plant pathogenic fungi in the Fusarium genus and in Alternaria alternata f. sp. Lycopersici, respectively. SAMs have shown diverse cytotoxicity and phytotoxicity, causing adverse impacts on plants, animals, and humans, and are a destructive force to crop production worldwide. This review summarizes the structural diversity of SAMs and encapsulates the relationships between their structures and biological activities. The toxicity of SAMs on plants and animals is mainly attributed to their inhibitory activity against the ceramide biosynthesis enzyme, influencing the sphingolipid metabolism and causing programmed cell death. We also reviewed the detoxification methods against SAMs and how plants develop resistance to SAMs. Genetic and evolutionary analyses revealed that the FUM (fumonisins biosynthetic) gene cluster was responsible for fumonisin biosynthesis in Fusarium spp. Sequence comparisons among species within the genus Fusarium suggested that mutations and multiple horizontal gene transfers involving the FUM gene cluster were responsible for the interspecific difference in fumonisin synthesis. We finish by describing methods for monitoring and quantifying SAMs in food and agricultural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chen
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops and Center of Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China; (J.C.); (Z.L.); (Y.C.); (C.G.); (L.G.); (T.W.)
| | - Zhimin Li
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops and Center of Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China; (J.C.); (Z.L.); (Y.C.); (C.G.); (L.G.); (T.W.)
| | - Yi Cheng
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops and Center of Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China; (J.C.); (Z.L.); (Y.C.); (C.G.); (L.G.); (T.W.)
| | - Chunsheng Gao
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops and Center of Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China; (J.C.); (Z.L.); (Y.C.); (C.G.); (L.G.); (T.W.)
| | - Litao Guo
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops and Center of Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China; (J.C.); (Z.L.); (Y.C.); (C.G.); (L.G.); (T.W.)
| | - Tuhong Wang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops and Center of Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China; (J.C.); (Z.L.); (Y.C.); (C.G.); (L.G.); (T.W.)
| | - Jianping Xu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops and Center of Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China; (J.C.); (Z.L.); (Y.C.); (C.G.); (L.G.); (T.W.)
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Schaarschmidt S, Fauhl-Hassek C. The fate of mycotoxins during secondary food processing of maize for human consumption. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 20:91-148. [PMID: 33443798 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are naturally occurring fungal metabolites that are associated with health hazards and are widespread in cereals including maize. The most common mycotoxins in maize that occur at relatively high levels are fumonisins (FBs), zearalenone, and aflatoxins; furthermore, other mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin A are frequently present in maize. For these toxins, maximum levels are laid down in the European Union (EU) for maize raw materials and maize-based foods. The current review article gives a comprehensive overview on the different mycotoxins (including mycotoxins not regulated by EU law) and their fate during secondary processing of maize, based on the data published in the scientific literature. Furthermore, potential compliance with the EU maximum levels is discussed where appropriate. In general, secondary processing can impact mycotoxins in various ways. Besides changes in mycotoxin levels due to fractionation, dilution, and/or concentration, mycotoxins can be affected in their chemical structure (causing degradation or modification) or be released from or bound to matrix components. In the current review, a special focus is set on the effect on mycotoxins caused by different heat treatments, namely, baking, roasting, frying, (pressure) cooking, and extrusion cooking. Production processes involving multiple heat treatments are exemplified with the cornflakes production. For that, potential compliance with FB maximum levels was assessed. Moreover, effects of fermentation of maize matrices and production of maize germ oil are covered by this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Schaarschmidt
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Fauhl-Hassek
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Guo H, Ji J, Wang JS, Sun X. Co-contamination and interaction of fungal toxins and other environmental toxins. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
20
|
Yu S, Jia B, Liu N, Yu D, Wu A. Evaluation of the Individual and Combined Toxicity of Fumonisin Mycotoxins in Human Gastric Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165917. [PMID: 32824643 PMCID: PMC7460643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumonisin contaminates food and feed extensively throughout the world, causing chronic and acute toxicity in human and animals. Currently, studies on the toxicology of fumonisins mainly focus on fumonisin B1 (FB1). Considering that FB1, fumonisin B2 (FB2) and fumonisin B3 (FB3) could coexist in food and feed, a study regarding a single toxin, FB1, may not completely reflect the toxicity of fumonisin. The gastrointestinal tract is usually exposed to these dietary toxins. In our study, the human gastric epithelial cell line (GES-1) was used as in vitro model to evaluate the toxicity of fumonisin. Firstly, we found that they could cause a decrease in cell viability, and increase in membrane leakage, cell death and the induction of expression of markers for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Their toxicity potency rank is FB1 > FB2 >> FB3. The results also showed that the synergistic effect appeared in the combinations of FB1 + FB2 and FB1 + FB3. Nevertheless, the combinations of FB2 + FB3 and FB1 + FB2 + FB3 showed a synergistic effect at low concentration and an antagonistic effect at high concentration. We also found that myriocin (ISP-1) could alleviate the cytotoxicity induced by fumonisin in GES-1 cells. Finally, this study may help to determine or optimize the legal limits and risk assessment method of mycotoxins in food and feed and provide a potential method to block the fumonisin toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Aibo Wu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-21-54920716
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Massarolo KC, Ferreira CF, Collazzo CC, Bianchini A, Kupski L, Badiale-Furlong E. Resistant starch and hydrothermal treatment of cornmeal: Factors in aflatoxins and fumonisin B1 reduction and bioaccessibility. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
22
|
Pok P, Londoño VG, Aransibia S, Vicente S, Pacín A, Resnik S. Free and hidden fumonisins in Argentinean raw maize samples. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The concentrations of free fumonisins (FBs) and hydrolysed fumonisins (HFBs) were determined in 72 maize samples collected in 2017 from five Argentine provinces. The methodology for HFBs analysis consisted of alkaline hydrolysis followed by high performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD). The developed analytical methodology presented percentages of recovery greater than 74%. Limits of detection were 4.5, 13.0 and 12.9 μg/kg for HFB1, HFB2 and HFB3, respectively. Presence of FBs was found in 86% of the samples. In all cases, the concentration of total HFBs (after the hydrolysis treatment) was superior to the free FBs content (HFBs to FBs median ratio of 2.5), which indicates the presence of hidden fumonisins in Argentinean maize. 8% of the traditionally analysed samples exceeded the limit established by the European Commission for FB1 + FB2. When applying alkaline hydrolysis to the samples, 24% of them exceed this limit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P.S. Pok
- CONICET – Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos y Procesos Químicos (ITAPROQ), Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamentos de Química Orgánica e Industrias, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Autónoma Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - V.A. García Londoño
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamentos de Química Orgánica e Industrias, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Autónoma Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de la República Argentina, Godoy Cruz 2290, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Fundación de Investigaciones Científicas Teresa Benedicta de la Cruz, Dorronzoro 141, Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S.P. Aransibia
- Fundación de Investigaciones Científicas Teresa Benedicta de la Cruz, Dorronzoro 141, Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Calle 526 e/10 y 11, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S. Vicente
- Fundación de Investigaciones Científicas Teresa Benedicta de la Cruz, Dorronzoro 141, Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Calle 526 e/10 y 11, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A.M. Pacín
- Fundación de Investigaciones Científicas Teresa Benedicta de la Cruz, Dorronzoro 141, Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S.L. Resnik
- Fundación de Investigaciones Científicas Teresa Benedicta de la Cruz, Dorronzoro 141, Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Calle 526 e/10 y 11, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Colorimetric determination of fumonisin B1 based on the aggregation of cysteamine-functionalized gold nanoparticles induced by a product of its hydrolysis. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:655. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3778-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
24
|
Kamle M, Mahato DK, Devi S, Lee KE, Kang SG, Kumar P. Fumonisins: Impact on Agriculture, Food, and Human Health and their Management Strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E328. [PMID: 31181628 PMCID: PMC6628439 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The fumonisins producing fungi, Fusarium spp., are ubiquitous in nature and contaminate several food matrices that pose detrimental health hazards on humans as well as on animals. This has necessitated profound research for the control and management of the toxins to guarantee better health of consumers. This review highlights the chemistry and biosynthesis process of the fumonisins, their occurrence, effect on agriculture and food, along with their associated health issues. In addition, the focus has been put on the detection and management of fumonisins to ensure safe and healthy food. The main focus of the review is to provide insights to the readers regarding their health-associated food consumption and possible outbreaks. Furthermore, the consumers' knowledge and an attempt will ensure food safety and security and the farmers' knowledge for healthy agricultural practices, processing, and management, important to reduce the mycotoxin outbreaks due to fumonisins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Kamle
- Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli-791109, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Dipendra K Mahato
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood VIC 3125, Australia.
| | - Sheetal Devi
- SAB Miller India Ltd., Sonipat, Haryana 131001, India.
| | - Kyung Eun Lee
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea.
| | - Sang G Kang
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea.
- Stemforce, 302 Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea.
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli-791109, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wigmann ÉF, Behr J, Vogel RF, Niessen L. MALDI-TOF MS fingerprinting for identification and differentiation of species within the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:5323-5337. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09794-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
26
|
Hu L, Liu H, Yang J, Wang C, Wang Y, Yang Y, Chen X. Free and hidden fumonisins in raw maize and maize-based products from China. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2019; 12:90-96. [PMID: 30632928 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2018.1564371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of free and hidden fumonisins in raw maize and maize-based products from China was investigated. A total of 58 samples were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Among all the samples, 66% were contaminated with free fumonisins above limits of quantitation, and a higher percentage of 86% was found for total fumonisins (free + hidden). The highest contamination levels were observed in dried maize kernels which appeared mouldy, with mean levels of 15,737 and 30,785 µg/kg for free and total fumonisins, respectively. Frozen maize kernels, fresh maize kernels, and maize starch samples exhibited the lowest contamination levels, with no more than 200 µg/kg of total fumonisins. Except for one sample, the concentrations of total fumonisins were greater than those of free fumonisins with all the samples, the ratios of total-to-free fumonisins varied between 1.1 and 5.2, with an average ratio of 2.0.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Hu
- a Ningbo Academy of Inspection and Quarantine , Ningbo , China
| | - Hanwei Liu
- a Ningbo Academy of Inspection and Quarantine , Ningbo , China
| | - Jian Yang
- b National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica , China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Chunfang Wang
- a Ningbo Academy of Inspection and Quarantine , Ningbo , China
| | - Yongjian Wang
- a Ningbo Academy of Inspection and Quarantine , Ningbo , China
| | - Yan Yang
- a Ningbo Academy of Inspection and Quarantine , Ningbo , China
| | - Xianfeng Chen
- a Ningbo Academy of Inspection and Quarantine , Ningbo , China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Damiani T, Righetti L, Suman M, Galaverna G, Dall’Asta C. Analytical issue related to fumonisins: A matter of sample comminution? Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
28
|
Maragos C, Sieve K, Busman M. Development of antibodies for N-(1-deoxy-D-fructos-1-yl) fumonisin B1 and cross-reaction with modified fumonisins. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2018.2308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisins are a group of mycotoxins that are routinely found worldwide in commodities such as maize. The group, which has many members, is generally characterised by the presence of one or more tricarballylic acid groups esterified to a long carbon backbone. The diversity of this group of toxins is further augmented by their ability to interact with matrix components non-covalently and to form covalent products with matrix constituents, such as carbohydrates and proteins. Covalent modifications to the toxins make it more difficult to assess the total amounts that may be present in a commodity. We developed monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) against a known product of the reaction of fumonisin B1 (FB1) with glucose: N-(1-deoxy-D-fructos-1-yl) fumonisin B1 (NDFrc-FB1). Similar reactions were used to produce fructosyl-analogs of fumonisins B2 and B3, as well as galactose, maltose, and rhamnose analogs of FB1. These analogs were tested in a competitive indirect ELISA for cross-reactivity towards one of the developed antibodies (Mab 213221). All of the carbohydrate analogs cross-reacted with the Mab, at levels ranging from 75% (the FB3 analog derived from D-glucose) to 181% (the FB1 analog derived from maltose). These results suggested the assay was capable of binding to a wide variety of fumonisin-carbohydrate derivatives. The same antibody was incorporated into an immunoaffinity column that was used to isolate modified fumonisins from a sample of naturally contaminated maize. These results demonstrate the potential to isolate and detect modified fumonisins and will facilitate efforts to determine the frequency of the occurrence of these compounds in maize.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C.M. Maragos
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, ARS, USDA, 1815 N. University Street, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - K.K. Sieve
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, ARS, USDA, 1815 N. University Street, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - M. Busman
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, ARS, USDA, 1815 N. University Street, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Jiang D, Li F, Zheng F, Zhou J, Li L, Shen F, Chen J, Li W. Occurrence and dietary exposure assessment of multiple mycotoxins in corn-based food products from Shandong, China. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2018; 12:10-17. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2018.1503341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dafeng Jiang
- Department of physical and chemical testing, Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fenghua Li
- Department of physical and chemical testing, Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengjia Zheng
- Department of physical and chemical testing, Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingyang Zhou
- Department of physical and chemical testing, Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Shen
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jindong Chen
- Department of physical and chemical testing, Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of physical and chemical testing, Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ponce-García N, Serna-Saldivar SO, Garcia-Lara S. Fumonisins and their analogues in contaminated corn and its processed foods - a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:2183-2203. [PMID: 30028638 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1502476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the food security problems faced worldwide is the occurrence of mycotoxins in grains and their foods. Fumonisins (FBs) are mycotoxins which are prevalent in corn (Zea mays L.) and its based foods. Their intake and exposure have been epidemiologically and inconclusively associated with oesophageal cancer and neural tube defects in humans, and other harmful health effects in animals. The toxic effects of FBs can be acute or chronic and these metabolites bioaccumulate mainly in liver and kidney tissues. Among FBs, fumonisin B1 (FB1) is the most relevant moiety although the 'hidden' forms produced after food thermal processes are becoming relevant. Corn is the grain most susceptible to Fusarium and FBs contamination and the mould growth is affected both by abiotic and biotic factors during grain maturation and storage. Mould counts are mainly affected by the grain water activity, the environmental temperature during grain maturation and insect damage. The abiotic factors affected by climatic change patterns have increased their incidence in other regions of the world. Among FBs, the hidden forms are the most difficult to detect and quantify. Single or combined physical, chemical and biological methods are emerging to significantly reduce FBs in processed foods and therefore diminish their toxicological effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nestor Ponce-García
- a Center of Biotechnology FEMSA , School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey , Monterrey , Mexico.,b Faculty of Agricultural Sciences , Autonomous University of Mexico State, UAEM, Campus Universitario "El Cerrillo" , Toluca , Mexico
| | - Sergio O Serna-Saldivar
- a Center of Biotechnology FEMSA , School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey , Monterrey , Mexico
| | - Silverio Garcia-Lara
- a Center of Biotechnology FEMSA , School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey , Monterrey , Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Yesterday masked, today modified; what do mycotoxins bring next? Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2018; 69:196-214. [DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2018-69-3108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by toxigenic fungi in crops worldwide. In (micro)organisms such as plants, fungi, bacteria, or animals they may be further metabolised and modified, but this is also true for food processing, which may lead to a wide range of masked mycotoxin forms. These often remain undetected by analytical methods and are the culprits for underestimates in risk assessments. Furthermore, once ingested, modified mycotoxins can convert back to their parent forms. This concern has raised the need for analytical methods that can detect and quantify modified mycotoxins as essential for accurate risk assessment. The promising answer is liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. New masked mycotoxin forms are now successfully detected by iontrap, time-of-flight, or high-resolution orbitrap mass spectrometers. However, the toxicological relevance of modified mycotoxins has not been fully clarified.
Collapse
|
32
|
Vidal A, Marín S, Sanchis V, De Saeger S, De Boevre M. Hydrolysers of modified mycotoxins in maize: α-Amylase and cellulase induce an underestimation of the total aflatoxin content. Food Chem 2018; 248:86-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
33
|
Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Edler L, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, Dall'Asta C, Eriksen GS, Taranu I, Altieri A, Roldán-Torres R, Oswald IP. Risks for animal health related to the presence of fumonisins, their modified forms and hidden forms in feed. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05242. [PMID: 32625894 PMCID: PMC7009563 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumonisins, mycotoxins primarily produced by Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum, occur predominantly in cereal grains, especially in maize. The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risk to animal health related to fumonisins and their modified and hidden forms in feed. Fumonisin B1 (FB 1), FB 2 and FB 3 are the most common forms of fumonisins in feedstuffs and thus were included in the assessment. FB 1, FB 2 and FB 3 have the same mode of action and were considered as having similar toxicological profile and potencies. For fumonisins, the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) identified no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAELs) for cattle, pig, poultry (chicken, ducks and turkeys), horse, and lowest-observed-adverse-effect levels (LOAELs) for fish (extrapolated from carp) and rabbits. No reference points could be identified for sheep, goats, dogs, cats and mink. The dietary exposure was estimated on 18,140 feed samples on FB 1-3 representing most of the feed commodities with potential presence of fumonisins. Samples were collected between 2003 and 2016 from 19 different European countries, but most of them from four Member States. To take into account the possible occurrence of hidden forms, an additional factor of 1.6, derived from the literature, was applied to the occurrence data. Modified forms of fumonisins, for which no data were identified concerning both the occurrence and the toxicity, were not included in the assessment. Based on mean exposure estimates, the risk of adverse health effects of feeds containing FB 1-3 was considered very low for ruminants, low for poultry, horse, rabbits, fish and of potential concern for pigs. The same conclusions apply to the sum of FB 1-3 and their hidden forms, except for pigs for which the risk of adverse health effect was considered of concern.
Collapse
|
34
|
Knutsen HK, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Edler L, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, Dall'Asta C, Gutleb AC, Humpf HU, Galli C, Metzler M, Oswald IP, Parent-Massin D, Binaglia M, Steinkellner H, Alexander J. Appropriateness to set a group health-based guidance value for fumonisins and their modified forms. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05172. [PMID: 32625807 PMCID: PMC7009576 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) established a tolerable daily intake (TDI) for fumonisin B1 (FB 1) of 1.0 μg/kg body weight (bw) per day based on increased incidence of megalocytic hepatocytes found in a chronic study with mice. The CONTAM Panel considered the limited data available on toxicity and mode of action and structural similarities of FB 2-6 and found it appropriate to include FB 2, FB 3 and FB 4 in a group TDI with FB 1. Modified forms of FBs are phase I and phase II metabolites formed in fungi, infested plants or farm animals. Modified forms also arise from food or feed processing, and include covalent adducts with matrix constituents. Non-covalently bound forms are not considered as modified forms. Modified forms of FBs identified are hydrolysed FB 1-4 (HFB 1-4), partially hydrolysed FB 1-2 (pHFB 1-2), N-(carboxymethyl)-FB 1-3 (NCM-FB 1-3), N-(1-deoxy-d-fructos-1-yl)-FB 1 (NDF-FB 1), O-fatty acyl FB 1, N-fatty acyl FB 1 and N-palmitoyl-HFB 1. HFB 1, pHFB 1, NCM-FB 1 and NDF-FB 1 show a similar toxicological profile but are less potent than FB 1. Although in vitro data shows that N-fatty acyl FBs are more toxic in vitro than FB 1, no in vivo data were available for N-fatty acyl FBs and O-fatty acyl FBs. The CONTAM Panel concluded that it was not appropriate to include modified FBs in the group TDI for FB 1-4. The uncertainty associated with the present assessment is high, but could be reduced provided more data are made available on occurrence, toxicokinetics and toxicity of FB 2-6 and modified forms of FB 1-4.
Collapse
|
35
|
Torović L. Fusarium toxins in corn food products: a survey of the Serbian retail market. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1596-1609. [PMID: 29279009 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1419581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents data on the occurrence of Fusarium toxins - zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisins (FUMs) B1 and B2 - in corn flours and corn flakes marketed in Serbia. A total of 71 samples were collected over 2013-2016 and analysed using HPLC with UV or fluorescence detection. In the case of corn flours, none of the samples taken in 2013 exhibited the presence of ZEA or DON, whereas 90% were positive for FUMs. In 2015, occurrence was very high: ZEA 93%, DON 86% and FUMs 100% (mean 43.3, 322.6 and 323.0 μg kg-1, respectively), with 21% of the samples exceeding the maximum level for ZEA and 7% for DON and FUMs. In 2016, a lower occurrence was recorded in the case of ZEA (75%) and DON (38%), with drastically lower mean contamination levels (six- and 10-fold, respectively), while FUMs stayed at 97%, with twofold lower mean. The maximum level was exceeded only for ZEA (3%). The frequency of ZEA-DON-FB1 co-occurrence was 86% in 2015 and 25% in 2016. Regarding corn flakes, occurrence summarised for the study period was 87% ZEA, 73% FUMs and 40% DON. One sample (7%) exceeded the maximum levels for both ZEA and DON. Observed occurrence changes were in agreement with the climatic conditions during corn growing seasons preceding the market release of the processed products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ljilja Torović
- a University of Novi Sad , Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy , Novi Sad , Serbia.,b Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina , Center for Hygiene and Human Ecology , Novi Sad , Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
de Oliveira GB, de Castro Gomes Vieira CM, Orlando RM, Faria AF. Simultaneous determination of fumonisins B1 and B2 in different types of maize by matrix solid phase dispersion and HPLC-MS/MS. Food Chem 2017; 233:11-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
37
|
Martinez Tuppia C, Atanasova-Penichon V, Chéreau S, Ferrer N, Marchegay G, Savoie JM, Richard-Forget F. Yeast and bacteria from ensiled high moisture maize grains as potential mitigation agents of fumonisin B 1. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:2443-2452. [PMID: 27696424 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fumonisin B1 (FB1 ) is a mycotoxin produced by several Fusarium species and is a very common contaminant of maize-based food and feed throughout the world. The selection and use of FB1 -degrading microorganisms appears as a promising alternative to cope with the problem of toxicity towards humans and livestock. High moisture maize grain silage, which is based on natural maize fermentation, could be an interesting reservoir of such microorganisms. RESULTS Using an in vitro simulated silage model with FB1 naturally contaminated grains, we demonstrated a significant raw decrease in FB1 during ensiling process ascribed to biodegradation mechanisms. A panel of 98 bacteria and yeasts were isolated from this matrix and selected for their ability to use FB1 as the sole source of C and N. For nine of them, the ability to degrade FB1 in vitro was evidenced. Notably, two bacteria identified as Lactobacillus sp. were highlighted for their efficient FB1 -degrading capacity and production of hydrolysed FB1 as intermediate degradation metabolite. CONCLUSION Fermentation of high moisture maize grain contaminated with FB1 leads to a significant reduction of the toxin and allows the isolation of FB1 -degrading microorganisms that could further be used as FB1 decontaminating agents. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ccori Martinez Tuppia
- MycSA, Inra, 71 avenue Edouard Bourleaux, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
- Lallemand Animal Nutrition, 19 rue des Briquetiers, B.P. 59, F-31702 Blagnac, France
| | | | - Sylvain Chéreau
- MycSA, Inra, 71 avenue Edouard Bourleaux, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Nathalie Ferrer
- MycSA, Inra, 71 avenue Edouard Bourleaux, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Gisèle Marchegay
- MycSA, Inra, 71 avenue Edouard Bourleaux, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Michel Savoie
- MycSA, Inra, 71 avenue Edouard Bourleaux, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zhao Y, Wan LH, Bai XL, Liu YM, Zhang FP, Liu YM, Liao X. Quantification of mycotoxins in vegetable oil by UPLC-MS/MS after magnetic solid-phase extraction. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1201-1210. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1319074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Sichuan Willtest Technology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Li-Hong Wan
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Bai
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi-Ming Liu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
| | | | - Yao-Min Liu
- Sichuan Willtest Technology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Xun Liao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Bryła M, Waśkiewicz A, Szymczyk K, Jędrzejczak R. Effects of pH and Temperature on the Stability of Fumonisins in Maize Products. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E88. [PMID: 28257053 PMCID: PMC5371843 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9030088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper is a study of the stability of fumonisins in dough based on maize flour prepared in a phosphate buffer with a pH of 3.5, 5.5 or 7.5 and baked at a temperature within the range of 100-250 °C. Buffers with various pH values were tested, since it is well-known that pH may significantly influence interactions of fumonisins with other substances. A standard analytical procedure was used to determine the concentration of free fumonisins. Hydrolysis in an alkaline medium was then applied to reveal the hidden forms, while the total fumonisins concentations was determined in another measurement. The total concentration of fumonisins was statistically higher in pH = 3.5 and pH = 5.5 than the concentration of free fumonisins; no similar difference was found at pH = 7.5. The applied phosphate buffer pH 7.5 may enhance solubility of fumonisins, which would increase extraction efficiency of free analytes, thereby decreasing the difference between concentrations of total and free fumonisins. Hydrolysed B₁ fumonisin (HFB₁) and partially hydrolysed B₁ fumonisin (isomers a and b: PHFB1a and PHFB1b, respectively) were the main investigated substances. For baking temperatures below 220 °C, fumonisins were slightly more stable for pH = 5.5 than for pH = 3.5 and pH = 7.5. In both of these latter cases, the concentration of partially hydrolysed fumonisins grew initially (up to 200 °C) with an increase in the baking temperature, and then dropped. Similar behaviour was observed for free HFB₁, which may suggest the following fumonisin degradation mechanism: initially, the tricarballylic acid (TCA) groups are removed from the molecules, and next, the HFB₁ molecules disintegrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Bryła
- Department of Food Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Krystyna Szymczyk
- Department of Food Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Renata Jędrzejczak
- Department of Food Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Dall’Asta C, Battilani P. Fumonisins and their modified forms, a matter of concern in future scenario? WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2016.2058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Masked mycotoxins are found in grains and derived foods as a result of plant phase II metabolism. Recently, masked mycotoxins senso strictu, together with other covalently or non-covalently conjugated forms, even formed upon processing, have been classified as modified mycotoxins. In this context, the issue of modified fumonisins is of great interest, on account of the wide range of factors affecting their formation and accumulation in maize pre- and postharvest. Fumonisins, indeed, may undergo modification in plants, along the growing season, but also during storage and drying of maize kernels, and upon processing. All these modifications strongly affect the analytical outcome, thus making more difficult the assessment of maize compliance. Since the ratio between free and modified fumonisins is affected by maize composition and environmental factors, a deeper knowledge on the phenomena driving the production and accumulation of free and modified forms in plants may support the selection of resistant hybrids. This review provides a critical picture of the state of the art on this topic, mainly focusing on those events occurring in field, identified as crucial in determining amount and partitioning of contamination. Nevertheless, knowledge on modified fumonisins is still in its dawn, on account of the wide range of factors involved. Anyway, reported results, taking altogether, clearly indicate that modified fumonisins should be included in the monitoring plans to have an overview of the possible contribution to human exposure. Furthermore, next efforts should focus on the events occurring in field and on the cross-talk between the plant and the fungus, to support the identification of resistant hybrids and to provide data for predictive models, the most suitable tool to forecast what is going to happens in the future changing climate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. Dall’Asta
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - P. Battilani
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29100 Piacenza, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Esposito F, Fasano E, Scognamiglio G, Nardone A, Triassi M, Cirillo T. Exposure assessment to fumonisins B1, B2 and B3 through consumption of gluten-free foodstuffs intended for people affected by celiac disease. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 97:395-401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
42
|
Piacentini KC, Rocha LO, Fontes LC, Carnielli L, Reis TA, Corrêa B. Mycotoxin analysis of industrial beers from Brazil: The influence of fumonisin B 1 and deoxynivalenol in beer quality. Food Chem 2016; 218:64-69. [PMID: 27719958 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, barley is the main source of carbohydrate in the brewing process. However, corn is often used as an adjunct to improve and accelerate the fermentation process. Considering that, these two substrates are susceptible to fungal contamination as well as mycotoxins. The objective of the current study is to determine the incidence of the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) in industrial beers. The method applied for mycotoxin analyses included high performance liquid chromatography. The mean levels for recovery experiments were 89.6% for DON and 93.3% for FB1. DON was not detected in any of the analyzed samples whereas FB1 was found in 49% of the 114 samples. The current survey demonstrated levels of FB1 contamination in industrial beer, possibly due to the addition of contaminated adjuncts. It is necessary to establish maximum levels of mycotoxins in beer in Brazil and other countries in order to reduce health risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karim C Piacentini
- Biotecnology Department, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes 2415, Brazil
| | - Liliana O Rocha
- Microbiology Department, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes 1374, Brazil
| | - Lívia C Fontes
- Microbiology Department, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes 1374, Brazil
| | - Lorena Carnielli
- Microbiology Department, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes 1374, Brazil
| | - Tatiana A Reis
- Microbiology Department, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes 1374, Brazil
| | - Benedito Corrêa
- Biotecnology Department, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes 2415, Brazil; Microbiology Department, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes 1374, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Bryła M, Waśkiewicz A, Podolska G, Szymczyk K, Jędrzejczak R, Damaziak K, Sułek A. Occurrence of 26 Mycotoxins in the Grain of Cereals Cultivated in Poland. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E160. [PMID: 27231939 PMCID: PMC4926127 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8060160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The levels of 26 mycotoxins were determined in 147 samples of the grain of cereals cultivated in five regions of Poland during the 2014 growing season. The HPLC-HRMS (time-of-flight) analytical technique was used. An analytical procedure to simultaneously determine 26 mycotoxins in grain was developed, tested and verified. Samples from eastern and southern Poland were more contaminated with mycotoxins than the samples from northern and western Poland. Toxins produced by Fusarium fungi were the main contaminants found. Some deoxynivalenol (DON) was found in 100% of the tested samples of wheat (Osiny, Borusowa, Werbkowice), triticale, winter barley and oats, while the maximum permissible DON level (as defined in the EU Commission Regulation No. 1881/2006) was exceeded in 10 samples. Zearalenone (ZEN), DON metabolites and enniatins were also commonly found. The presence of mycotoxins in grain reflected the prevailing weather conditions during the plant flowering/earing stages, which were favorable for the development of blight. Among all investigated wheat genotypes, cv. Fidelius was the least contaminated, while Bamberka, Forkida and Kampana were the most contaminated. However, the single-factor ANOVA analysis of variance did not reveal (at a statistical significance level α = 0.05) any differences between levels of mycotoxins in individual genotypes. Triticale was the most contaminated grain among all of the tested varieties. ZEN, DON and the sum of 3-acetyldexynivalenol and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3- and 15-ADON) were found in 100% of the tested triticale samples at concentrations within the 4-86, 196-1326 and 36-374 µg·kg(-1) range, respectively. Of particular concern was the fact that some "emerging mycotoxins" (enniatins) (in addition to commonly-known and legally-regulated mycotoxins) were also found in the tested triticale samples (enniatin B (Enn-B), enniatin B1 (Enn-B1), enniatin A-1 (Enn-A1), 100% of samples, and enniatin A (Enn-A), 70% of samples). Depending on the toxin, they were found at levels between 8 and 3328 µg·kg(-1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Bryła
- Department of Food Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Grażyna Podolska
- Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation - State Research Institute, Department of Cereal Crop Production, Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Krystyna Szymczyk
- Department of Food Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Renata Jędrzejczak
- Department of Food Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Damaziak
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Alicja Sułek
- Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation - State Research Institute, Department of Cereal Crop Production, Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Savi GD, Piacentini KC, Marchi D, Scussel VM. Fumonisins B1 and B2 in the corn-milling process and corn-based products, and evaluation of estimated daily intake. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 33:339-45. [PMID: 26605670 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1124459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of fumonisins (FBs: FB1 and FB2) in the corn-milling process and in corn-based products, as well as daily intake estimates for the Brazilian population were evaluated. Among corn fractions samples, corn meal had the highest mean concentration of FB1 (1305 µg kg(-1)) and FB2 (651 µg kg(-1)) and a distribution factors of 452% and 256% in relation to corn grain, respectively. On the other hand, the distribution factor of FB1 and FB2 in corn flour was found to be 144% and 88% respectively, which demonstrates that fumonisins in this fraction were reduced compared with corn grain. As a result, almost half the corn meal samples (47%) would be non-compliant with future Brazilian regulation (2017) for fumonisins. However, corn-based products, such as corn flakes and popcorn, were in compliance with the regulation. The average probable daily intake and maximum probable daily intake of fumonisins estimated for the Santa Catarina state (Brazil) population were below the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake of 2 µg kg(-1) body weight day(-1) for all corn samples. Despite this, the adoption of practices to control the occurrence of fumonisins should be applied to the corn-milling fractions that may contain a higher concentration of this toxin, such as corn meal, often used for animal feed in Brazil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geovana D Savi
- a Laboratory of Mycotoxicology and Food Contaminants, Food Science and Technology Department , Center of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina , Florianopolis , Brazil
| | - Karim C Piacentini
- a Laboratory of Mycotoxicology and Food Contaminants, Food Science and Technology Department , Center of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina , Florianopolis , Brazil
| | - Djeini Marchi
- a Laboratory of Mycotoxicology and Food Contaminants, Food Science and Technology Department , Center of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina , Florianopolis , Brazil
| | - Vildes M Scussel
- a Laboratory of Mycotoxicology and Food Contaminants, Food Science and Technology Department , Center of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina , Florianopolis , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|