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Massahi T, Kiani A, Sharafi K, Omer AK, Ebrahimzadeh G, Jaafari J, Fattahi N, Parnoon K. A national systematic literature review for aflatoxin M1 in commonly consumed cheese brands in Iran: Human health risk assessment by Monte Carlo simulation. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19679. [PMID: 37809415 PMCID: PMC10558958 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cheese is popular in Iran because of its high nutritional value; therefore, it is necessary to control this product regarding health risk factors, particularly aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). This research reviewed AFM1 in various varieties of cheese in Iran to assess the potential health risks associated with consuming these products for different age groups. In this regard, all accessible papers from different databases were screened between June 27, 2000 and October 10, 2022 b y systematic research and then considering the selection criteria of the studies; finally, 22 articles were selected for the current review. The amount and prevalence of AFM1 were calculated and separated based on the cheese variety, and the sampling location; health risk assessment (HRA), statistical, uncertainty, and sensitivity analysis for AFM1 of cheese for different age groups were performed. The study results for 2143 samples showed that the overall average AFM1 for cheese is 160 ± 175 ng/kg, below the European Commission (EC) regulation (250 ng/kg). AFM1 contaminated 72.42% of all cheese samples, and 13% of these contaminated samples had a higher AFM1 than the EC regulation. Cheese varieties were ranked based on average levels of AFM1 as white pasteurized > traditional > creamy > probiotic > Lighvan, and this ranking was obtained based on sampling locations as market > dairy factories > livestock farms. Based on the HRAs, from the perspective of the liver cancer risk (LCR), the margin of exposure (MOE), and the hazard index (HI) approach, it can be concluded that cheese produced in Iran, in terms of AFM1, particularly for children, poses serious health risks. Accordingly, it is imperative to carefully consider implementing suitable management methods to inhibit the growth of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in livestock fodder, and training in sanitary production and processing of dairy products according to world standards is suggested for industrial and traditional cheese producers across Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tooraj Massahi
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Amir Kiani
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center (RMRC), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Kiomars Sharafi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Research Institute for Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Abdullah Khalid Omer
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Ebrahimzadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Jalil Jaafari
- Research Center of Health and Environment, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Nazir Fattahi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Research Institute for Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Kimya Parnoon
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Ameen F, Al-Masri AA. Extraction and determination of aflatoxin B1 in cereal samples using pH-switchable hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents followed by HPLC-FL analysis. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:3802-3809. [PMID: 37498176 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00980g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
A quick, simple and environmentally friendly liquid phase microextraction (LPME) sample pretreatment procedure was proposed based on pH-switchable hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDESs) and high performance liquid chromatography coupled with a fluorescence detector (HPLC-FL). This method was used for the quantitative study of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and applied to eight widely consumed cereal samples. In this method, six different DESs were synthesized and then their pH-switchability was investigated. DESs that could be switched with pH were employed for separation and preconcentration of AFB1 in cereal samples. In this method, dispersing the extractant phase in the aqueous solution and subsequent phase separation are performed only by changing the pH. Important parameters affecting extraction, such as the type of DES and its volume, concentration of KOH, volume of HCL, effect of salt and extraction time were investigated and optimum conditions were obtained. Under the optimum conditions, relative standard deviation (RSD) values for intra-day and inter-day of the method based on seven replicate measurements of 5.0 μg kg-1 of AFB1 in cereal samples were 3.3 and 5.2%, respectively. The calibration graphs were linear in the range of 0.007-20 μg kg-1 and limit of detection (LOD) was 0.002 μg kg-1. The relative recoveries of real cereal samples which have been spiked with different levels of AFB1 were 90.8-107.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuad Ameen
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abeer A Al-Masri
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Mora-Medina R, Lora-Benítez AJ, Molina-López AM, Ayala-Soldado N, Moyano-Salvago R. Effects of chronic low-dose aflatoxin B 1 exposure in lactating Florida dairy goats. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:3641-3649. [PMID: 36907759 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
In the past few years there has been a growing trend in the prevalence of aflatoxins, attributable to climate change, in substances destined for animal feeding, together with an increase in dairy product consumption. These facts have triggered great concern in the scientific community over milk pollution by aflatoxin M1. Therefore, our study aimed to determine the transfer of aflatoxin B1 from the diet into milk as AFM1 in goats exposed to different concentrations of AFB1, and its possible effect on the production and serological parameters of this species. For this purpose, 18 goats in late lactation were divided into 3 groups (n = 6) and exposed to different daily doses of aflatoxin B1 (T1 = 120 µg; T2 = 60 µg, and control = 0 µg), during 31 d. Pure aflatoxin B1 was administered 6 h before each milking in an artificially contaminated pellet. The milk samples were taken individually in sequential samples. Milk yield and feed intake were recorded daily, and a blood sample was extracted on the last day of exposure. No aflatoxin M1 was detected, either in the samples taken before the first administration, or in the control group ones. The aflatoxin M1 concentration detected in the milk (T1 = 0.075 µg/kg; T2 = 0.035 µg/kg) increased significantly on a par with the amount of aflatoxin B1 ingested. The amount of aflatoxin B1 ingested did not have any influence on aflatoxin M1 carryover (T1 = 0.066% and T2 = 0.060%), these being considerably lower than those described in dairy goats. Thus, we concluded that the concentration of aflatoxin M1 in milk follows a linear relationship with respect to the aflatoxin B1 ingested, and that the aflatoxin M1 carryover was not affected by the administration of different aflatoxin B1 doses. Similarly, no significant changes in the production parameters after chronic exposure to aflatoxin B1 were observed, revealing a certain resistance of the goat to the possible effects of that aflatoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Mora-Medina
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Darwin Building, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Jesús Lora-Benítez
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Darwin Building, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ana María Molina-López
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Darwin Building, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Nahúm Ayala-Soldado
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Darwin Building, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Rosario Moyano-Salvago
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Darwin Building, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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Naghshbandi B, Ali Omrani M, Jafari-Sales A, Turki Jalil A, Naghsh N. Human Health Risk Assessment and Exposure Evaluation by Monte-Carlo Simulation Method for Aflatoxin M1 in Widely Consumed Infant Dried Powder Milk in Iran. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100047. [PMID: 36916554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in dairy products and milk-based foods is very important. The main purpose of this research was to investigate and determine the amount and human health risk assessment of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in the most famous and widely used brands of infant dried powder milk (IDPM) consumed in Iran. For this study, 45 imported IDPM (IM-IDPM) samples and 45 domestically produced IDPM (DO-IDPM) samples (a total of 90 samples) were selected randomly. All samples were analyzed for AFM1 using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. The mean level and the percentage of positive samples for AFM1 in DO-IDPM were 9.2 ± 5.4 ng/kg and 73.3%, and for IM-IDPM, they were 5.1 ± 3.8 ng/kg and 33.3%, respectively. The average level of AFM1 in all samples was lower than the EU and Iranian national standards (25 ng/kg). AFM1 intake through IDPM consumption by Iranian infants less than one-year-old was lower than the allowable level, but the hazard quotient for infants less than 6 months was higher than the allowable level. Although the concentration of AFM1 in IDPM consumed in Iran is not hazardous, since Iranian infants may be exposed to AFM1 through other sources, including baby food, breast milk, raw and pasteurized milk, continuous monitoring of IDMP quality in Iranian markets should be taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Naghshbandi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Ali Omrani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of medical sciences, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Abolfazl Jafari-Sales
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology , Kazerun branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun, Iran.
| | - Abduladheem Turki Jalil
- Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq.
| | - Navid Naghsh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
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A systematic literature review for aflatoxin M1 of various milk types in Iran: Human health risk assessment, uncertainty, and sensitivity analysis. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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Ramalingam S, Elsayed A, Singh A. An Aflatoxin-M1 biochip using graphene quantum dot-gold hybrid nanoparticles. Food Chem 2023; 403:134302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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7
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Risk assessments for the dietary intake aflatoxins in food: A systematic review (2016–2022). Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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8
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Qin N, Liu Z, Zhao L, Bao M, Mei X, Li D. Promising instrument-free detections of various analytes using smartphones with Spotxel ® Reader. ANAL SCI 2022; 39:139-148. [PMID: 36460855 PMCID: PMC9718457 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-022-00216-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
In consideration of the problems related to food safety, environmental pollution, and the spread of infected diseases nowadays, we urgently need testing methods that can be easily performed by common people. Smartphone-based detections are promising for general applications. However, some of these analytical strategies require a combination of accessories and instruments, such as portable electrochemical workstations, mini multi-mode microplate readers, and complex temperature control devices, etc., which are small but still expensive. Herein, we comprehensively introduce a free app (Spotxel® Reader) that can provide accurate data analysis for microplate or parallel-format test sensors without an instrument. By simulating the optical signal of the test samples through a smartphone, the sensing results can be obtained for free. We discuss the detection strategies involved in the reported smartphone-based analyses using Spotxel® Reader. Prospects for the development of this free app for future detection applications are presented. This review aims to popularize free analysis software, so that ordinary people may realize convenient tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningyi Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000 China
| | - Zirui Liu
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Testing, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001 China
| | - Lanbin Zhao
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengfan Bao
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000 China
| | - Xifan Mei
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Testing, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001 China ,The Third Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000 China
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Yang CH, Tsai CH. Aptamer against Aflatoxin B1 Obtained by SELEX and Applied in Detection. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:848. [PMID: 36290985 PMCID: PMC9599246 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins, especially aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), are the most prevalent mycotoxins in nature. They contaminate various crops and cause global food and feed safety concerns. Therefore, a simple, rapid, sensitive, and specific AFB1 detection tool is urgently needed. Aptamers generated by SELEX technology can specifically bind the desired targets with high affinity. The broad range of targets expands the scope of applications for aptamers. We used an AFB1-immobilized magnetic nanoparticle for SELEX to select AFB1-specific aptamers. One aptamer, fl-2CS1, revealed a dissociation constant (Kd = 2.5 μM) with AFB1 determined by isothermal titration calorimetry. Furthermore, no interaction was shown with other toxins (AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, OTA, and FB1). According to structural prediction and analysis, we identified a short version of the AFB1-specific aptamer, fl-2CS1/core, with a minimum length of 39-mer used in the AFB1-aptasensor system by real-time qPCR. The aptasensor showed a broad range of detection from 50 ppt to 50 ppb with an accuracy of 90% in the spiked peanut extract samples. With the application of the AFB1-aptasensor we have constructed, a wide range detection tool with high accuracy might be developed as a point-of-care testing tool in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hsuan Yang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiu Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Kiani A, Sharafi K, Ahmadi Jouybari T, Ahmadi Jouybari H, Biglari H, Ebrahimzadeh G, Fattahi N. Quantitative analysis and carcinogenic/non-carcinogenic risk assessment of aflatoxin M 1 in milk-based baby food and infant formula milk - a case study in Iran. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1604-1618. [PMID: 35857969 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2096931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, solid-phase extraction (SPE) combined with the dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on novel hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (DLLME - DES) has been developed as an ultra-pre-concentration technique for the extraction of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk-based baby food (MBBF) and infant formula milk (IFM) samples followed by HPLC combined with fluorescence detection (HPLC - FL). In addition, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessment was performed by health-related risk factors including liver cancer risk (LCR), margin of exposure (MOE) and target hazard quotient (THQ) were calculated using the mean of AFM1 in different infant food samples. The results of the study showed that the mean of AFM1 was statistically significant different between various brands and types of IFM and MBBF. The results of the study showed that the percentage of positive samples higher than the allowable limit of AFM1 in 36 samples of domestic infant formula milk (DIFM), 24 samples of imported infant formula milk (IIFM), 36 samples of domestic milk-based baby food (DMBBF) and 18 samples of imported milk-based baby food (IMBBF) were 41.6, 12.5, 66.7 and 33.3%, respectively. In addition, estimated values for health risk-related factors including LCR, MOE and THQ indicated that for most infants less than one-year-old were higher than the acceptable levels. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the quality of IFM and MBBF consumed in Iran in terms of AFM1 is poor. Therefore, it is necessary to take appropriate measures to reduce the amount of AFM1 in DIFM and DMBBF, and in addition, the IIFM and IMBBF should be controlled qualitatively before supplying the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Kiani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Kiomars Sharafi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Toraj Ahmadi Jouybari
- Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Khomeini and Mohammad Kermanshahi and Farabi Hospitals, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hadi Ahmadi Jouybari
- Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Hamed Biglari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Ebrahimzadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of public health, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Nazir Fattahi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Human health risk assessment of aflatoxin M1 in raw and pasteurized milk from the Kermanshah province, Iran. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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Šimko P, Kolarič L. Decrease in Aflatoxin M1 Concentration in Milk during Cholesterol Removal by Application of β-Cyclodextrin. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14060379. [PMID: 35737040 PMCID: PMC9228745 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14060379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately one-third of humankind is chronically exposed to the carcinogenic aflatoxin M1 contained in milk. As β-cyclodextrin is frequently used in the food industry, its effect on aflatoxin M1 concentration was investigated during cholesterol removal from milk due to the similarity among the physicochemical properties of aflatoxin M1 and cholesterol. Moreover, the elimination of cholesterol using β-cyclodextrin has been successfully applied in many studies without any substantial effect on the quality of the treated milk. Therefore, milk samples were spiked with aflatoxin M1 within the range from 0.20 to 2.00 µg/kg, and cholesterol removal was carried out by 2.0% (w/w) β-cyclodextrin addition, as this concentration is enough for the sufficient removal of cholesterol. It was found that the mean cholesterol concentration decreased by 92.3%, while the aflatoxin M1 concentration decreased to 0.53 ± 0.04 µg/kg, i.e., by 39.1% after treatment (n = 2). This mitigation procedure itself is easy and inexpensive and thus is fully applicable with a high potential for complete decontamination of aflatoxin M1 milk. This method will therefore considerably improve the food safety issues associated with aflatoxin M1 presence in milk and dairy products.
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Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence in Children under the Age of Five's Food Products and Aflatoxin M1 Exposure Assessment and Risk Characterization of Arab Infants through Consumption of Infant Powdered Formula: A Lebanese Experience. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14050290. [PMID: 35622537 PMCID: PMC9143641 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a salient metabolite that can be used to assess Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) exposure in humans and animals. The carcinogenic potency of AFB1 and AFM1 was severely reported. The aims of this study were (1) to survey the contamination level of AFM1 in the most traded infant powdered formula brands (IPF) (n = 42) along with the AFB1 level in under 5's children food brands (biscuits, cornflakes, and cereals) (n = 42) and (2) to assess the estimated daily intake (EDI), the hazard quotient (HQ) and the margin of exposure (MOE) of AFM1 among infants (0-12 months) in Lebanon. All of the samples were analyzed using ELISA technique. AFB1 was below detection limit in all of the children's food brands samples. Out of 42 IPF samples 9.5% were AFM1-positive in the range of 29.54-140.16 ng/L and exceeded the maximum tolerable limit (MTL) set by the European commission (25 ng/kg). The overall average contamination level was 5.72 ± 0.014 ng/L. The EDI of AMF1 for male was in the range of 0.37-0.78 ng/kg/b.w./day and 0.40-0.87 ng/kg/b.w./day for females. Similarly, the HQ calculation resulted in an average of 3.05 for males and 3.28 for females. MOE calculations were far lower from 10,000 in both genders which indicates a high risk of genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Our findings show that AFM1's EDI, HQ and MOE scored high among Lebanese infants. As infants consume more IPF relative to their body weight, the persistence of IPF with high AFM1 levels threatens their health. Thus, infant's exposure risk to AFM1 in IPF should be a continuous focus of attention.
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