Electrohydrodynamic atomization of Balangu (Lallemantia royleana) seed gum for the fast-release of Mentha longifolia L. essential oil: Characterization of nano-capsules and modeling the kinetics of release

Facile construction of pectin-based hesperidin microcapsules: Solubilization, stability, loading process, and release mechanism

Constructing carrier materials with polysaccharides to enhance the solubility of insoluble active ingredients is a crucial strategy for improving bioavailability. This research constructed pectin-based hesperidin microcapsules (PHM) through self-assembly processes in the deep eutectic solvent, improving the solubility, storage stability, and bioavailability of hesperidin (HES). PHM exhibited high encapsulation efficiency (91.7%) and loading capacity (11.5%), with a small particle size (1.73 μm). The interaction mechanism was clarified through physical characterization and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The vitro release demonstrated that the release ratio of PHM was only 6.4% in simulated gastric fluid (SGF), but reached 80.9% in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). The release mechanism of PHM in SGF followed Fickian diffusion, while in SIF followed skeleton dissolution diffusion with a stable rate. Furthermore, the cell cytotoxicity experiments confirmed the remarkable biocompatibility of PHM toward human colon cells, which suggested its potential application in food and pharmaceutical fields.

Development of Hybrid Electrospun Nanofibers: Improving Effects of Cellulose Nanofibers (CNFs) on Electrospinnability of Gelatin

Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) were used to improve the electrospinnability of the gelatin protein in a water/ethanol/acetic acid (3:2:3, v/v) solution. The effects of different concentrations of CNFs (0.5-4%) on the important physical properties of the gelatin solution (15%), including rheology, conductivity, and surface tension, were investigated. The apparent viscosity and shear-thinning behavior were increased by increasing the CNF concentration from 0 to 4% at a low shear rate (<10 s-1). CNFs also increased the electrical conductivity and surface tension of the gelatin solution. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed uniformly ordered structures with good continuity without fracture or bead formation in all hybrid nanofibers. They also showed that the average diameters of fibers decreased from 216 nm in the pure gelatin nanofibers to 175.39 nm in the hybrid gelatin/CNF (4%) ones. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results showed that CNFs increased Tg, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the electrospinning process caused the formation of more amorphous structures in the gelatin/CNF hybrid nanofibers. The tensile test indicated that by adding 2% CNFs, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and strain at break (SB) of nanofiber mats increased from 4.26 to 10.5 MPa and 3.3% to 6.25%, respectively. The current study indicated that incorporating CNFs at the optimal concentration into a gelatin solution can improve the resulting hybrid nanofibers' morphology, average diameter, and mechanical properties.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Metabolites and Transcriptome Profiling Reveal Molecular Mechanisms and Differences in Terpene Biosynthesis in Two Torrya grandis Cultivars during Postharvest Ripening

Terpene aroma compounds are key quality attributes of postharvest Torreya grandis nuts, contributing to their commercial value. However, terpene biosynthesis and regulatory networks in different T. grandis cvs. are still poorly understood. Here, chief cvs. 'Xi Fei' and 'Xiangya Fei' were investigated for their differences in terpene biosynthesis and gene expression levels during postharvest ripening using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and transcriptomic datasets. A total of 28 and 22 aroma compounds were identified in 'Xi Fei' and 'Xiangya Fei', respectively. Interestingly, differences in aroma composition between the two cvs. were mostly attributed to D-limonene and α-pinene levels as key determinants in Torreya nuts' flavor. Further, transcriptome profiling, correlation analysis, and RT-qPCR annotated two novel genes, TgTPS1 in 'Xi Fei' and TgTPS2 in 'Xiangya Fei', involved in terpene biosynthesis. In addition, six transcription factors (TFs) with comparable expression patterns to TgTPS1 and four TFs to TgTPS2 were identified via correlation analysis of a volatile and transcriptome dataset to be involved in terpene biosynthesis. Our study provides novel insight into terpene biosynthesis and its regulation at the molecular level in T. grandis nut and presents a valuable reference for metabolic engineering and aroma improvement in this less explored nut.

Mechanical properties, sustained release, and oxygen scavenging properties of nanocomposite films loaded with bimetallic nanoparticles (Fe2O3/TiO2) in extra virgin olive oil

The aim of this study was the synthesis of bimetallic nanoparticles based on Fe2O3/TiO2 and its use in the poly(lactic acid) (PLA) films as an oxygen scavenger in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) packaging. Bimetallic nanocomposites were prepared by two different precipitation methods (precipitation with ammonia and sodium hydroxide). The characteristics of bimetallic nanoparticles precipitated with sodium hydroxide (Na-Ti0.01Fe0.048O0.08) and bimetallic nanoparticles precipitated with ammonia (NH-Ti0.01Fe0.022O0.09) were compared. Relative amounts of elements in bimetallic nanocomposites and their morphological characteristics were determined using field emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer. Porosity volume and surface area of bimetallic nanoparticles were calculated using adsorption-desorption isotherms and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method. The formation/characterization of bimetallic nanoparticles and their location in the matrix of PLA-based nanocomposite film was studied using X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared. In nanocomposite films based on PLA, bimetallic nanoparticles lead to better oxidative stability (peroxide value, p-anisidine index, K232, and K270) of the EVOO and oxygen scavenging during storage compared to free nanoparticles. Mechanical properties of nanocomposite films were improved due to bimetallic nanoparticles, which were better for Na-Ti0.01Fe0.048O0.08. In vitro release modeling of the bimetallic nanoparticles in EVOO proved that Fickian diffusion is the dominant mechanism, and the Peleg model was the best description of the release behavior of nanoparticles.

In vitro release modeling of beta-carotene from Bene oleosome and electrosprayed Quince seed hydrocolloids loaded with oleosomes containing beta-carotene

This research aimed to extract oleosome from the Bene kernel as a carrier of beta-carotene (3, 5, and 10 % w/w) and then use oleosomes in the Quince seed gum (QSG) electrosprayed nanoparticles for the sustained release of beta-carotene in food simulant. Oleosomes loaded with 5 % w/w beta-carotene had the highest encapsulation efficiency (94.53 % ± 1.23 %) and were used at 1, 3, and 5 % w/w in the QSG electrosprayed nanoparticles. Electrospray feed solutions containing 5 % oleosomes loaded with beta-carotene had the highest zeta potential (-34.45 ± 0.58 mV) and the lowest surface tension (23.47 ± 1.10 mN/m). FESEM images showed that with the increase of oleosomes up to 3 % w/w, the average size of the electrosprayed particles decreases. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) test proved the presence of protein in the oleosomes and their successful extraction from Bene seeds. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and FTIR proved the successful entrapment of beta-carotene in the oleosomes structure and the successful placement of oleosomes containing beta-carotene in the electrosprayed nanoparticles. The predominant driving force involving the release of beta-carotene from the designed structures in food simulants was the Fickian release mechanism. The Peleg model was introduced as the best model describing the beta-carotene release.

The Fabrication, Drug Loading, and Release Behavior of Porous Mannitol

Porous materials are widely used as an effective strategy for the solubilization of insoluble drugs. In order to improve the solubility and bioavailability of low water-solubility drugs, it is necessary to prepare porous materials. Mannitol is one of the most popular excipients in food and drug formulations. In this study, porous mannitol was investigated as a drug carrier for low water solubility drugs. Its fabrication, drug loading, and drug release mechanisms were investigated. Porous mannitol was fabricated using the co-spray-antisolvent process and utilizing polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVP K30) as the template agent. Porous mannitol particles were prepared by changing the proportion of the template agent, spraying the particles with mannitol, and eluting with ethanol in order to regulate their pore structure. In subsequent studies, porous mannitol morphology and characteristics were determined systematically. Furthermore, curcumin and ibuprofen, two poorly water-soluble drugs, were loaded into porous mannitol, and their release profiles were analyzed. The results of the study indicated that porous mannitol can be prepared using PVP K30 as a template and that the amount of template agent can be adjusted in order to control the structure of the porous mannitol. When the template agent was added in amounts of 1%, 3%, and 5%, the mannitol pore size increased by 167.80%, 95.16%, and 163.98%, respectively, compared to raw mannitol. Molecular docking revealed that mannitol and drugs are adsorbents and adhere to each other by force interaction. The cumulative dissolution of curcumin and ibuprofen-loaded porous mannitol reached 69% and 70%, respectively. The release mechanism of curcumin and ibuprofen from drug-loaded mannitol was suitable for the Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model. In summary, the co-spray-antisolvent method proved effective in fabricating porous materials rapidly, and porous mannitol had a remarkable effect on drug solubilization. The results obtained are conducive to the development of porous materials.

Alginate-based edible coating with oregano essential oil/β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex for chicken breast preservation

A sodium alginate (SA) edible coating containing oregano essential oil (OEO)/β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) inclusion complexes (SA/OEO-MP coating) was developed to extend the shelf life of fresh chicken breast during refrigeration storage. First, OEO was inserted into the hydrophobic interior of β-CD to form an inclusion complex (OEO-MP) that maintained its excellent antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The formed OEO-MP was characterized using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results demonstrated that β-CD could improve the thermal stability of OEO. The encapsulation efficiency reached 71.6 %, and OEO was released continuously from the OEO-MP. The lipid oxidation, total viable count (TVC) and sensory properties of chicken breasts were regularly monitored when OEO-MP was incorporated into the SA coating for chicken breast preservation. Compared with the uncoated group, the SA/OEO-MP-coated groups showed significantly reduced increases in pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N), and TVC, especially in the SA/OEO-MP1 group. In summary, the SA/OEO-MP coating could preserve the chicken breast by reducing lipid oxidation and inhibiting the proliferation of microorganisms. It would be developed as a prospective edible packaging for chicken preservation.

Encapsulation of mint essential oil: Techniques and applications

Mint essential oil (MEO) is an outstanding antibacterial and antioxidant agent, that can be considered as a promising natural preservative, flavor, insecticide, coolant, and herbal medicine. However, the low solubility and volatility of MEO limits its extensive applications. In order to utilize MEO in different products, it is essential to develop treatments that can overcome these limitations. More recently, encapsulation technology has been developed as a promising method to overcome the shortcomings of MEO. In which, sensitive compounds such as essential oils (EOs) are entrapped in a carrier to produce micro or nanoparticles with increased stability against environmental conditions. Additionally, encapsulation of EOs makes transportation and handling easier, reduces their volatility, controls their release and consequently improves the efficiency of these bioactive compounds and extends their industrial applications. Several encapsulation techniques, such as emulsification, coacervation, ionic gelation, inclusion complexation, spray drying, electrospinning, melt dispersion, melt homogenization, and so on, have been emerged to improve the stability of MEO. These encapsulated MEOs can be also used in a variety of food, bioagricultural, pharmaceutical, and health care products with excellent performance. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the physicochemical and functional properties of MEO, recent advances in encapsulation techniques for MEO, and the application of micro/nanocapsulated MEO in different products.

Preparation, characterization and release kinetics of a multilayer encapsulated Perilla frutescens L. essential oil hydrogel bead

Encapsulation has been widely used as the protection of essential oils, which gives the possibility of their implementation as food preservatives. In this study, Perilla frutescens L. essential oil (PLEO) microcapsule powders were prepared firstly by spray drying method using octenyl succinic anhydride starch (OSAs) as wall material, and then they were further encapsulated by sodium alginate and chitosan via polyelectrolyte complex coacervates method. The best results were obtained by using 4 % of OSAs-PLEO microcapsule powders, 2 % of sodium alginate and 1.5 % of chitosan producing PLEO hydrogel beads with encapsulation efficiency of 61.29 % and loading degree of 41.11 %. Morphology observation showed PLEO hydrogel beads was a millimeter scale spherical particle. FTIR assay confirmed the physical embedding of OSAs on PLEO and the formation of complex coacervates between sodium alginate and chitosan. TG and DSC assay showed the chitosan/alginate/OSAs complex coacervates as wall materials substantially improved the thermal stability of PLEO. Besides, PLEO hydrogel beads had a better stability in aqueous and acidic food formulations, which achieved a complete and prolonged release of PLEO. The Peppas-Sahlin model was the best approach for PLEO release profile, and release phenomenon was mainly governed by Fickian diffusion.

Electrospun plant protein-based nanofibers loaded with sakacin as a promising bacteriocin source for active packaging against Listeria monocytogenes in quail breast

The main objective of this study was to fabricate nanofibers from zein incorporated with two concentrations of sakacin (9 and 18 AU/mL) with anti-Listeria properties by electrospinning technique. The efficacies of the resulting active nanofibers against L. innocua, in quail breast during 24 days of refrigerated storage (4 ± 1 °C) were evaluated. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of bacteriocin against L. innocua was approximate 9 AU/mL. Fourier-transform infrared spectra of bacteriocin-loaded nanofibers indicated characteristic peaks of zein and sakacin and that the nanofibers showed an encapsulation efficiency close to 91.5 %. The thermal stability of sakacin increased by electrospinning. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that nanofibers prepared from electrospinning zein/sakacin solutions exhibited smooth and continuous nanofibers with no defects with an average diameter between 236 and 275 nm. The presence of sakacin led to decreased contact angle properties. Nanofibers with 18 AU/mL sakacin exhibited the highest zone of inhibition of 226.14 ± 8.05 mm. The lowest L. innocua (6.1 logs CFU/cm²) growth after 24 days at 4 °C were obtained in quail breast wrapped with zein containing 18 AU/mL sakacin. The results demonstrate an outlook for the potential use of zein nanofibers containing sakacin to reduce L. innocua contamination in ready-to-eat (RTE) products.

Bioactive gliadin electrospinning loaded with Zataria multiflora Boiss essential oil: Improves antimicrobial activity and release modeling behavior

This study aimed to produce electrospun gliadin nanofibers containing Zataria multiflora Boiss essential oil (ZMEO) (5, 10, and 15% w/w), thereby developing active, sustained-release antimicrobial mats. By increasing the level of the ZMEO, the zeta potential and electrical conductivity increased, but the viscosity and consistency index decreased. All feed solutions demonstrated shear-thinning behavior, and the power law model was the best model. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images proved that the gliadin nanofibers showed a uniform, beaded-free structure at different levels of ZMEO, with an average diameter of between 403.87 ± 15.29 and 522.19 ± 11.23 nm. Increments in the level of ZMEO decreased the mats' tensile strength and Young's modulus but increased their elongation at break. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis confirmed that the ZMEO was well loaded within these structures, augmenting its thermal stability. The studied Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were more resistant to the ZMEO than the Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus). The Peleg model was the most suitable model for describing the ZMEO release behavior, the mechanism of which was primarily Fickian diffusion.

Essential Oil-Based Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Agents in the Food Industry

The use of essential oils (EO) loaded with nanoparticles is the most promising alternative to increase food quality and safety. Interesting works describe the antimicrobial properties of EO for pathogen control in natural and processed foods for human health and animal production, also contributing to sustainability. Their association with different nanosystems allows novel developments in the micronutrition, health promotion, and pathogen control fields, preventing the aggravation of bacterial microevolution and combating antibiotic resistance. Benefits to the environment are also provided, as they are biodegradable and biocompatible. However, such compounds have some physicochemical properties that prevent commercial use. This review focuses on recent developments in antimicrobial EO-based nanoparticles and their application in different food matrices.

Green biosynthesis of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles using Mentha longifolia for imatinib mesylate delivery

In this work, the rapid, facile, and eco-friendly green process was introduced in the preparation of β-cyclodextrin/magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles by using the aqueous Mentha longifolia extracts of Mentha longifolia. The obtained nanoparticles were characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray powder diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscope, and thermogravimetric analysis. Also, effective factors on the synthesis of magnetic nanocomposites including temperature, concentration of the Mentha longifolia extract, and concentration of FeSO₄ solution were optimised by Taguchi design. Moreover, important effective parameters on the adsorption efficiency; such as adsorbent dosage, pH, contact time, and temperature were investigated. The prepared magnetic nanocomposite was applied as a nanocarrier for imatinib mesylate delivery. In vitro studies confirmed imatinib mesylate release over 6 h. The nanocarrier showed pH-dependent imatinib mesylate release with higher drug release at simulated cancer fluid (pH = 5.6) compared to neural fluid (pH = 7.4). Moreover, the sorption isotherms and kinetics for the magnetic nanocomposite were fitted into Langmuir and pseudo-second order models, respectively. Based on the thermodynamic results, the adsorption of imatinib mesylate onto the nanoadsorbent was found to be spontaneous and exothermic.

Seed gum-based delivery systems and their application in encapsulation of bioactive molecules

Now-a-days, the food/pharma realm faces with great challenges for the application of bioactive molecules when applying them in free form due to their instability in vitro/in vivo. For promoting the biological and functional properties of bioactive molecules, efficient delivery systems have played a pivotal role offering a controlled delivery and improved bioavailability/solubility of bioactives. Among different carbohydrate-based delivery systems, seed gum-based vehicles (SGVs) have shown great promise, facilitating the delivery of a high concentration of bioactive at the site of action, a controlled payload release, and less bioactive loss. SGVs are potent structures to promote the bioavailability, beneficial properties, and in vitro/in vivo stability of bioactive components. Here, we offer a comprehensive overview of seed gum-based nano- and microdevices as delivery systems for bioactive molecules. We have a focus on structural/functional attributes and health-promoting benefits of seed gums, but also strategies involving modification of these biopolymers are included. Diverse SGVs (nano/microparticles, functional films, hydrogels/nanogels, particles for Pickering nanoemulsions, multilayer carriers, emulsions, and complexes/conjugates) are reviewed and important parameters for bioactive delivery are highlighted (e.g. bioactive-loading capacity, control of bioactive release, (bio)stability, and so on). Future challenges for these biopolymer-based carriers have also been discussed. HighlightsSeed gum-based polymers are promising materials to design different bioactive delivery systems.Seed gum-based delivery systems are particles, fibers, complexes, conjugates, hydrogels, etc.Seed gum-based vehicles are potent structures to promote the bioavailability, beneficial properties, and in vitro/in vivo stability of bioactive components.

Preparation of corn starch/rock bean protein edible film loaded with d-limonene particles and their application in glutinous rice cake preservation

Glycerol hydrogenated rosin (GEHR) and d-limonene were prepared for micro-particles by electrostatic spray method. When the GEHR/d-limonene ratio is 5.5:4.5 and the electrostatic spray extrusion speed is 1 mL/h, the best particle size (177.24 ± 17.09 μm) and embedding rate of d-limonene (41.74 ± 9.88%) are achieved. Then, rock bean protein (RP) was extracted from wild rock beans and combined with GEHR/d-limonene particles and corn starch (CS) to prepare a new type of edible film. The prepared film was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in terms of structural changes and physical, optical, mechanical, and thermal properties. The results show that the edible film with a ratio of 1:1 exhibited more optimized thermal (179.2 °C) and mechanical properties (TS 0.88 MPa, EAB 54.36%). Studies on freshly prepared glutinous rice cake as an object for preservation using edible film show that the films can prolong shelf life by ~2-4 d. Through this experiment, it can serve as a reference for the development of a new type of edible film.

The interaction of temperature and relative humidity affects the main aromatic components in postharvest Torreya grandis nuts

The postharvest ripening stage is necessary for Torreya grandis (T. grandis) nuts to complete aromatic synthesis, which requires appropriate temperature and relative humidity (RH). Currently, scarce information is available regarding the changes in aroma profiles in T. grandis nuts and the relationship with their response to different environmental conditions. Therefore, the interaction of temperature (20 °C or 30 °C) and relative humidity (70% RH or 90% RH) was investigated on aromatic substances after harvest. The results showed that 56 aromatic components were detected by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and mainly divided into five categories, among which terpenes were the most abundant (56.2-86.7%). Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that both temperature and humidity can affect the aroma composition, and terpenes were mainly influenced by humidity. Specifically, d-limonene occupied the largest proportion of terpenes (63.0-90.8%) and was significantly upregulated by high humidity.

Authentication of the therapeutic Lamiaceae taxa by using pollen traits observed under scanning electron microscopy

Herbal medicines are gaining popularity worldwide for human healthcare because of their therapeutic potential. However, adulteration and use of unauthentic raw herbals as substitutes have become a major issue for the local communities and industry for reasons of safety and efficacy. Therefore, the authentication of medicinal plants before their use in herbal medicines is a need of time. Hence, the present study was designed with an aim, to authenticate the therapeutic Lamiaceous taxa by using pollen traits observed under scanning electron microscopy. Pollen micro-morphological studies solve the problem through discrimination and correct identification of the Lamiaceae species from the adulterants. Based on pollen features, Lamiaceae were further divided into two sub-families Lamioideae (tricolpate) and Nepetoideae (hexa-colpate). The pollen grains of Lamioideae were found as small to medium-sized, tricolpate, radially/bilateral symmetrical, sub-spheroidal and oblate shape. Besides, exine patterns bireticulate, reticulate and micro-reticulate, colpus surface sculpturing as psilate, gemmate, scabrate, and verrucate have also been reported. A significant variation was found in the pattern of the reticulum, thickness, and the number of secondary lumina per primary lumen. Similarly, Nepetoideae has a hexa zono-colpate pollen but tri and tetra zono-colpate pollen have also been observed. Hence, this study contributes to the authentication and correct identification of medicinally important Lamiaceae taxa by using scanning electron microscopic techniques and can help to solve the adulteration problem. Highlights Authentication of medicinally important Lamiceous taxa was carried out through scanning electron microscopic techniques. Chemotaxonomic characterization was used for the accurate identification of the therapeutic taxa. The medicinal, palynological and phytochemical significance of Lamiaceae taxa were evaluated. A significant variation was seen in the palynological traits that help in the determination and authentication of the therapeutic Lamiaceous species. Based on the chemotaxonomic characterization, our study can help to solve the adulteration problem for the reason of safety and efficacy.

Current trends in flavor encapsulation: A comprehensive review of emerging encapsulation techniques, flavour release, and mathematical modelling

Food flavors are volatile compounds that impact the human sensory perception profoundly and find extensive applications in various food products. Because of their volatility and high sensitivity to pH, temperature, oxidation, and external conditions, they require adequate protection to last for a longer duration. Encapsulation plays a critical role in preserving food flavors by enhancing their thermal and oxidative stability, overcoming volatility limitations, and regulating their rapid release with improved bioavailability in food products. The current review focuses on the recent developments in food flavor encapsulation techniques, such as electrospinning/spraying, cyclodextrin inclusion complexes, coacervation, and yeast cell micro-carriers. The review also comprehensively discusses the role of encapsulants in achieving controlled flavor release, the mechanisms involved, and the mathematical modelling for flavor release. Specific well-established nanoencapsulation techniques render better encapsulation efficiency and controlled release of flavor compounds. The review examined specific emerging methods for flavor encapsulation, such as yeast cell encapsulation, which require further exploration and development. This article provides readers with up-to-date information on different encapsulation processes and coating methods used for flavor encapsulation.

Biocompatibility of electrospun cell culture scaffolds made from balangu seed mucilage/PVA composites

Synthesis of Balangu (Lallemantia royleana) seed mucilage (BSM) solutions combined with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was studied for the purpose of producing 3D electrospun cell culture scaffolds. Production of pure BSM nanofibers proved to be difficult, yet integration of PVA contributed to a facile and successful formation of BSM/PVA nanofibers. Different BSM/PVA ratios were fabricated to achieve the desired nanofibrous structure for cell proliferation. It is found that the optimal bead-free ratio of 50/50 with a mean fiber diameter of ≈180 nm presents the most desirable scaffold structure for cell growth. The positive effect of PVA incorporation was approved by analyzing BSM/PVA solutions through physiochemical assays such as electrical conductivity, viscosity and surface tension tests. According to the thermal analysis (TGA/DSC), incorporation of PVA enhanced thermal stability of the samples. Successful fabrication of the nanofibers is verified by FT-IR spectra, where no major chemical interaction between BSM and PVA is detected. The crystallinity of the electrospun nanofibers is investigated by XRD, revealing the nearly amorphous structure of BSM/PVA scaffolds. The MTT assay is employed to verify the biocompatibility of the scaffolds. The cell culture experiment using epithelial Vero cells shows the affinity of the cells to adhere to their nanofibrous substrate and grow to form continuous cell layers after 72 h of incubation.

Sustained-release modeling of clove essential oil in brine to improve the shelf life of Iranian white cheese by bioactive electrospun zein

In this study, the sustained-release of clove essential oil (CEO) loaded into the structure of electrospun zein was used as a biopreservative to extend the shelf life of Iranian white cheese. CEO was loaded at levels of 5, 7.5, and 10% w/w in the structure of electrospun nanofibers. In this study, a concentration of 35% w/v zein was used to produce electrospun fibers, and in the field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) it was observed that by increasing the loading of CEO from 5 to 10% w/w in the fiber structure, their diameter decreased from 517.96 ± 41.57 nm to 457.88 ± 32.45 nm. Although increasing the level of CEO reduced the diameter of the electrospun nanofibers, Young's modulus, tensile strength, and a higher level of CEO increased elongation at break of the films. The results of mechanical properties showed that by increasing the amount of CEO application in the structure of electrospun zein nanofibers from 5 to 10% w/w tensile strength from 8.18 ± 0.62 to 4.43 ± 0.86 MPa, and Young's modulus from 38.25 ± 2.81 to 27.25 ± 3.48 MPa decreased. Successful encapsulation of CEO in designed structures and the absence of adverse bonds between the encapsulant material (zein) and the core (CEO) were confirmed by the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) test. The in vitro sustained-release of the CEO in 8% w/v brine during 45 days of storage at 4 °C was modeled. The Fickian diffusion was the dominant release mechanism of the CEO and the Peppas-Sahlin model was the best model describing the essential oil release behavior. The electrospun films containing CEO were well able to suppress the growth of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157: H7 in samples of Iranian white cheese kept in 8% brine for 45 days at 4 °C. The samples treated with the electrospun film containing 7.5% w/w of CEO had the highest acceptability among different treatments.

Characterization and release kinetics study of potato starch nanocomposite films containing mesoporous nano-silica incorporated with Thyme essential oil

This study aimed to develop potato starch nanocomposite films containing mesoporous nano-silica (SBA-15, SBA-16 and MCM-41) incorporated with Thyme essential oil (TEO). TEO-SBA-15/potato starch films, TEO-SBA-16/potato starch films and TEO-MCM-41/potato starch films were prepared based on potato starch. The physical and mechanical properties of the nanocomposite films were also investigated. The results showed that the addition of mesoporous nano-silica incorporated with TEO improved the properties of potato starch nanocomposite films. Especially, the addition of TEO-MCM-41 markedly enhanced the tensile strength (4.33 MPa), and reduced the water vapor permeability (1.80 g·m^-1·h^-1·KPa^-1) and moisture absorption (37.67%) of potato starch nanocomposite films. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that TEO-MCM-41 hardly agglomerated in the potato starch nanocomposite films. Additionally, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed that strong hydrogen bonds were formed between TEO-MCM-41 and potato starch. The release kinetics of TEO proved that incorporating TEO into the pores of mesoporous nano-silica could delay its release rate, and the Peleg model (t/(M_t - M₀) = K₁ + K₂t) was suitable for describing the release behavior. The findings of this study suggested that TEO-MCM-41/potato starch films had a good application prospect in the field of slow-releasing and antimicrobial packaging materials.

Effects of the Addition of Herbs on the Properties of Doenjang

Three types of doenjang, a fermented soybean paste, were prepared by adding coriander (CR), Korean mint (KM), and peppermint (PM) and compared to the control group (CN) by studying their metabolite profiles and antioxidant activities followed by different fermentation periods (1, 30, and 150 days, respectively). The primary metabolome was analyzed by GC-TOF-MS, and 36 of metabolites were identified in four types of doenjang samples (CN, CR, KM, and PM). Samples were clustered based on the herb type and fermentation period in PCA and PLS-DA analysis. For the secondary metabolome analysis, UHPLC-Q-orbitrap-MS was used, and 26 metabolites were identified. The statistical analysis showed that the samples were clustered by herb type rather than fermentation period, and the samples containing KM and PM were located in the same group. The DPPH assay showed that PM-containing doenjang had the highest antioxidant activity. Correlation analysis indicated that organic acids such as lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, uracil, vanillic acid, and quinic acid showed positive correlation with the DPPH activity. Overall, our results demonstrated that incorporating herbs in doenjang during fermentation caused significant shifts (p-value < 0.05) in the doenjang metabolites and antioxidant activity. Hence, herbs could be utilized for enhancing doenjang fermentation.

Electrospraying as a novel process for the synthesis of particles/nanoparticles loaded with poorly water-soluble bioactive molecules

Hydrophobicity and low aqueous-solubility of different drugs/nutraceuticals remain a persistent challenge for their development and clinical/food applications. A range of nanotechnology strategies have been implemented to address this issue, and amongst which a particular emphasis has been made on those that afford an improved biological performance and tunable release kinetic of bioactives through a one-step process. More recently, the technique of electrospraying (or electrohydrodynamic atomization) has attained notable impulse in virtue of its potential to tune attributes of nano/micro-structured particles (e.g., porosity, particle size, etc.), rendering a near zero-order release kinetics, diminished burst release manner, as well as its simplicity, reproducibility, and applicability to a broad spectrum of hydrophobic and poorly water-soluble bioactives. Controlled morphology or monodispersity of designed particles could be properly obtained via electrospraying, with a high encapsulation efficiency and without unfavorable denaturation of thermosensitive bioactives upon encapsulation. This paper overviews the recent technological advances in electrospraying for the encapsulation of low queues-soluble bioactive agents. State-of-the-art, advantages, applications, and challenges for its implementation in pharmaceutical/food researches are also discussed.

Production of d-limonene-loaded Pickering emulsions stabilized by chitosan nanoparticles

Recently, Pickering emulsions have been considered as an efficient method to maintain and protect the functional properties of essential oils against the harsh conditions. In this research, the encapsulation of d-limonene, as an aromatic component with several distinct properties, was conducted through optimizing the production of Pickering emulsions stabilized by chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) and using the response surface methodology; independent variables were different concentrations of CSNPs (0.43, 0.25, and 0.07% w/v) and ratio of d-limonene to Pickering emulsions (5, 15, and 25%). The stability of the emulsions increased at higher contents of the CSNPs. By increasing the concentration of CSNPs and ratio of d-limonene to Pickering emulsion, viscosity of Pickering emulsions was considerably increased. Considering the chemical interactions, thermal behaviors, and crystallinity of samples, CSNPs can be used as an appropriate stabilizer for d-limonene-loaded emulsions and a food grade delivery carrier for the bioactive compounds.

The aplication of Pistacia khinjuk extract nanoemulsion in a biopolymeric coating to improve the shelf life extension of sunflower oil

In the present study, a hydroalcoholic extract of P. khinjuk was obtained by sonication method at 60°C for 50 min. The measurement revealed that the total phenolic content of the extract was 46.0 mg/g. The results showed that the extract has an antioxidant activity of 73.5% and 8.3 (µmol TE/g DW) in DPPH radical scavenging method and FRAP assay, respectively. Also, Balango (Lallemantia royleana) and Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seed gum and their composition (1:1) were used to prepare the nanoemulsion with P. khinjuk extract. The droplet mean size of nanoemulsions was ranged from 310.34 to 354.19 nm. The highest encapsulation efficiency was observed in Balango nanoemulsion. P. khinjuk extract nanoemulsion coating with Balango and TBHQ was added to sunflower oil at 200 and 100 ppm, respectively. During 24-day storage at 60°C, samples were investigated for peroxide, acid, and p-anisidine values at 4-day intervals. The results showed that oils containing nanoemulsion had the highest stability during storage. However, in all samples peroxide, acid and p-anisidine values increased but the rate of oxidation in samples containing both synthetic and natural antioxidants was slower than the control sample.

Sustained release modeling of clove essential oil from the structure of starch-based bio-nanocomposite film reinforced by electrosprayed zein nanoparticles

Electrosprayed zein nanoparticles containing 10% (w/w) of clove essential oil (CEO) were prepared and then with different levels (5, 10, and 15% w/w) in the starch matrix were used. The incorporation of zein nanoparticles in the structure of starch-based bio-nanocomposites films was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Increasing the level of application of zein bio-nanofillers in the starch film matrix increased thickness and contact angle. However, the use of electrosprayed zein nanoparticles loaded by CEO (EZN-CEO) up to 10% significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the water vapor permeability (WVP), but using 15% of the nanoparticles increased the WVP of the films significantly (p < 0.05). Increasing the EZN-CEO up to 10% significantly (p < 0.05) increased the tensile strength and Young's modulus and reduced the elongation at break of the films. Sustained release of CEO from the bio-nanocomposites showed that the most release of the CEO occurs in 10% ethanol medium. The Fickian diffusion was the predominant mechanism in the release of the CEO, and the Peleg model was selected as the best one to explain the release behavior. The structures designed in this study can be used as an edible coating and bio-preservative in perishable food products.