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Bou Fakhreddine L, Martínez MG, Sánchez M, Schnettler B. Consumers' willingness to pay for health claims during the COVID-19 pandemic: A moderated mediation analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD RESEARCH 2023; 11:100523. [PMID: 36777477 PMCID: PMC9897873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has posed a substantial threat to people's lives and raised health concerns. This research explores the mediating role of consumers' attitudes towards health claims in the relationship between consumers' interest in health claims and their willingness to pay (WTP) for health claims in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). Additionally, we examine the moderation effect of COVID-19 risk perception in the relationship between consumers' interest in and attitudes towards health claims. Data were collected through an online survey in three countries: Spain, the UK and Chile. Findings confirm the mediating role of consumers' attitudes towards health claims. Furthermore, the relationship between consumers' interest and their attitudes towards health claims was stronger when COVID-19 risk perception was higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Bou Fakhreddine
- Department of Business, Public University of Navarra, Edificio Madroños, Campus Arrosadia, 31006, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Mercedes Sánchez
- Department of Business, Public University of Navarra, Edificio Madroños, Campus Arrosadia, 31006, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Berta Schnettler
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Medioambiente, Bioren-UFRO, Universidad de La Frontera, Chile
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2
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Tackling nutritional and health claims to disentangle their effects on consumer food choices and behaviour: A systematic review. Food Qual Prefer 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2022.104634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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3
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Segovia-Villarreal M, Rosa-Díaz IM. Promoting Sustainable Lifestyle Habits: “Real Food” and Social Media in Spain. Foods 2022; 11:foods11020224. [PMID: 35053956 PMCID: PMC8774662 DOI: 10.3390/foods11020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and state of being overweight are beginning to be treated as global epidemics. In this context, health professionals are increasingly acting as expert opinion leaders that use social media to connect with the public, in order to promote healthy lifestyles and provide specific recommendations for different product categories, including fresh, processed, and ultra-processed meat products. This study investigates how exposure to content created by health professionals, and posted on social media, influences consumers’ attitudes. For this purpose, the collaboration of one relevant nutritionist influencer in Spain has been obtained. The online survey created has provided 4.584 responses, received from followers (from May to June 2019). After applying a partial least squares path modeling approach, the results suggest that trust in the content shared, the perceived credibility of the professional sharing the information and the informative value, determine the strength with which consumers acquire more knowledge about endorsed products, develop a favorable predisposition towards them, prefer them over their options, and modify their behaviour by purchasing them, instead of their usual foods. The link is stronger, in the case of trust and influencer’s credibility, than for informative value. However, the latter has an indirect effect on the attitude phases through the former.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Segovia-Villarreal
- Department of Financial Economics and Accounting, Faculty of Business Sciences, University Pablo de Olavide, 41004 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - Isabel María Rosa-Díaz
- Department of Business Administration and Marketing, Faculty of Economics and Business Sciences, University of Seville, 41018 Sevilla, Spain
- Correspondence:
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4
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Prada M, Saraiva M, Sério A, Coelho S, Godinho CA, Garrido MV. The impact of sugar-related claims on perceived healthfulness, caloric value and expected taste of food products. Food Qual Prefer 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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5
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Health Star Ratings and Beverage Purchase Intentions: A Study of Australian and New Zealand Hospitality Consumers. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112764. [PMID: 34829045 PMCID: PMC8617703 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines the effects of a health star rating system on the attitudes of consumers and their purchase intentions towards beverage products sold in hospitality venues. Previous studies linking health ratings to the food and beverages of consumers mainly focus on fast-moving consumer goods and retail purchasing. However, purchasing patterns in hospitality and foodservice environments are distinct as consumers may be less concerned about health and more interested in the dining experience. Thus, this research focuses on: (1) whether the presence of health star ratings on beverage products influences the willingness of consumers to purchase in the context of the hospitality industry, and (2) identifying the demographic and psychographic factors influencing these behavioural intentions. Using Ordinary Least Squares regression to analyse data from an e-survey of 1021 consumers in Australia and New Zealand, the study found that health star ratings do have an impact on the willingness of consumers to purchase healthy beverages. Specifically, psychographic segmentation around ‘health goals’ is far more pertinent to understanding purchase behaviour in a hospitality setting than age, gender, income, or country. The findings present new insights into the importance of health star labelling on beverages and the purchase intentions of consumers.
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6
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The Importance of Country-of-Origin Information on Food Product Packaging. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093251. [PMID: 34579128 PMCID: PMC8467552 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify selected predictors of country-of-origin (COO) information placed on food packaging. The dependent variable was operationalized in two ways: (1) as a Likert-style question about COO importance in general, and (2) as an indication of COO as the most important food attribute at first purchase, which I called top-of-mind COO importance. The survey was conducted with the use of the internet panel of a research agency in a representative sample of 1051 Polish consumers. In bivariate analyses, I identified the characteristics of consumer segments attaching high importance to each type of COO information. In a multivariate log-normal regression, general COO importance was affected to the largest extent by the product originating from Poland, which confirmed the strong relation between COO importance and consumer ethnocentrism. In multivariate logit regressions, top-of-mind COO importance depended also on the Polish origin of the product to the largest extent. The remaining predictors were sex (men were over 1.5 times more likely to indicate COO as the most important attribute) and age (each year of life contributing to a 2% increase in the likelihood of indicating top-of-mind COO). A theoretical implication is to differentiate between general and top-of-mind COO measures, as different results were obtained depending on whether the COO effect was measured as a response to questions such as “How important is the product COO for you?” or “What is the most important product attribute for you?—COO” Not only were the answer patterns different, but their determinants also varied.
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7
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Sah A, Hillenbrand C, Vogt J. Visible sugar : Salient sugar information impacts health perception of fruit juices but only when motivated to be responsible and not when motivated to enjoy. Appetite 2021; 164:105262. [PMID: 33862190 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study explores when consumers recognize the high sugar content of fruit juice and refrain from choosing it for themselves or their families. Fruit juice may be typically perceived as a healthy drink, despite its often high sugar content. We investigate the role of salience of sugar information and enjoyment and responsibility goals in perception and choice of fruit juices. We argue that sugar information needs to be salient to prevent this health halo effect, but that consumers also need to be in a motivational state that promotes processing of this information. In three experiments (N = 801), we manipulate the salience of the sugar content using a salient sugar label (or no explicit sugar label) as well as the activation of different goals (to enjoy versus to be responsible, in the context of choices for self versus significant others). Utilising a newly designed fictitious juice brand, salient sugar labels are effective in significantly raising awareness of sugar content in study 1. Consumers primed for responsibility consider fruit juice with salient sugar information unhealthier as compared to those primed for enjoyment in study 2. Further, in study 3, parents primed for responsibility perceive fruit juice with salient sugar information as unhealthier and less appealing in comparison to parents primed for enjoyment. The effects of responsibility and enjoyment primes on health perceptions are stronger when people think of responsibility or enjoyment of food in the context of their families rather than themselves. We discuss implications for theorizing, beverage marketing, and public policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anumeha Sah
- Henley Business School, University of Reading, Greenlands, Henley-on-Thames, RG9 3AU, UK.
| | - Carola Hillenbrand
- Henley Business School, University of Reading, Greenlands, Henley-on-Thames, RG9 3AU, UK.
| | - Julia Vogt
- University of Reading, School of Psychology and CLS, Whiteknights, Earley Gate, Reading, RG6 6AL, UK.
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8
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Ballco P, Jurado F, Gracia A. Do health claims add value to nutritional claims? Evidence from a close-to-real experiment on breakfast biscuits. Food Qual Prefer 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.103968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Who Reads Food Labels? Selected Predictors of Consumer Interest in Front-of-Package and Back-of-Package Labels during and after the Purchase. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092605. [PMID: 32867082 PMCID: PMC7551959 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper aims to identify selected predictors of food label use to extend our knowledge about consumer behavior related to food purchases. Two types of information were examined: front-of-package (FOP) and back-of-package (BOP), and two contexts of reading labels were distinguished: during shopping and at home. Various types of potential predictors were tested, including demographic (e.g., age, gender, household size, place of living), socioeconomic (e.g., education, professional activity, income), behavioral (e.g., purchasing certain types of products), and psychographic (e.g., importance attached to various types of information) criteria. The survey was conducted with the use of the CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interviews) methodology in a sample of 1051 Polish consumers. Quota sampling was applied based on sex, age, education, place of living (urban vs. rural), and region. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVAs, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple and retrograde step regressions were applied. In retrograde step regression models, only one predictor (self-rated knowledge about nutrition healthiness) turned out to be significant for all four measures of label reading. The remaining predictors were specific to selected measures of reading labels. The importance of the information about the content of fat and that about the health effects of consuming a food product were significant predictors of three types of food label use. This study confirms the necessity to investigate reading labels in fine-grained models, adapted to different types of labels and different contexts of reading. Our results show that demographic or socioeconomic variables are not significant predictors of reading food labels for a large group of Polish consumers.
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10
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Do Consumers Care about Nutrition and Health Claims? Some Evidence from Italy. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112735. [PMID: 31718014 PMCID: PMC6893455 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates Italian consumer knowledge and use of nutrition and health claims (NHCs). Six specific claims are examined on the basis of a web survey carried out on a sample of 504 consumers. Our results show that there is little attention to NHCs and their use is not widespread; objective knowledge of the selected claims is fairly scant, generating misinterpretation and confusion about their real meaning. K-means cluster analysis allowed us to identify three segments of consumers, characterized by different levels in attention and use frequency of NHCs, with a specific profile in terms of motivation and nutritional knowledge. Our results suggest the advisability of policy interventions and communication efforts which target the three segments with a view to achieving greater attention to NHCs. In conclusion, to boost knowledge concerning the actual meaning of the claims and their relation with a healthy diet, especially to reach non-users, information should be provided both simply and clearly, avoiding the use of complex scientific terminology.
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11
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Research on Food Behavior in Romania from the Perspective of Supporting Healthy Eating Habits. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11195255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Today’s human society provides to food consumers many options that involve difficult decisions. Disoriented and stressed by contradictory messages of mass media and by the warnings of being as slim as possible, a modern consumer gets confused and shows a tendency towards losing his traditional habits. Still, most experts suggest that the adoption of a healthy food behavior, based on minimally processed natural products, may contribute to the development of a sustainable food system. The study aims to design the food profile of Romanian consumers by presenting the underlying factors of a balanced diet. The conducted marketing study was of quantitative nature, in which, a face-to-face survey was used. The questionnaire was applied to individuals aged over 18 years old, and the tool used for collecting data was the structured questionnaire applied to a sample of 1185 Romanian respondents. In this study, the following methods of analysis were used: factor analysis, cluster analysis, and structural equation modeling. The research results present the main aspects underlying the food products classification, the clustering of Romanian consumers by their interest in healthy diet, and the relationships between specific variables influencing the healthy food habits. These results have shown the need for supporting educational campaigns targeted at Romanian consumers aimed to develop healthy food habits that could create conditions needed to reshape food supply, and implicitly, to contribute to the development of environmental sustainability.
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12
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Hung Y, Verbeke W. Consumer evaluation, use and health relevance of health claims in the European Union. Food Qual Prefer 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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13
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Demartini E, De Marchi E, Cavaliere A, Mattavelli S, Gaviglio A, Banterle A, Richetin J, Perugini M. Changing attitudes towards healthy food via self-association or nutritional information: What works best? Appetite 2019; 132:166-174. [PMID: 30119922 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Individual attitudes, both implicit and explicit, have been identified as one of the multiple drivers of consumer behaviors, including food-related ones. Building on such evidence, in this contribution we seek at increasing implicit and explicit consumer attitudes towards a healthy food, comparing the effectiveness of two different treatments. The former is based on a self-association task, that aims at inducing changes in the evaluation of an object thanks to its positive association with the self. The latter is based on information provision. We test if attitude formation can be moderated by the individual level of nutritional knowledge and health-concern. Additionally, we explored whether the study conditions applied could ultimately affect consumers' preferences for specific product attributes using a Discrete Choice Experiment. The main findings provide insights for future policy strategies aimed at promoting more healthful food consumption. Indeed, the self-association increased implicit attitudes and consumer preferences' towards healthy food, whereas information, that represents the main target of food policy interventions, seems to have no impact on individual attitudes and choice behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Demartini
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Italy.
| | - Elisa De Marchi
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessia Cavaliere
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Italy.
| | - Simone Mattavelli
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | - Anna Gaviglio
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | - Marco Perugini
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan Bicocca, Italy.
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14
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Buyuktuncer Z, Ayaz A, Dedebayraktar D, Inan-Eroglu E, Ellahi B, Besler HT. Promoting a Healthy Diet in Young Adults: The Role of Nutrition Labelling. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101335. [PMID: 30241289 PMCID: PMC6213180 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of the nutrition facts label has been associated with healthy eating behaviors for adults. However, the relationship between nutrition facts label use and overall diet quality is not well known in young adults, a vulnerable group that acquire lifelong eating behaviors during this period of life. This study aimed to assess if the use of information on the nutrition facts label is associated with a higher diet quality in young adults. In this cross-sectional study, 958 university students aged 18–34 years were recruited. Nutrition facts label use was recorded. Dietary intake was assessed using 24-h dietary recall. Healthy Eating Index-2005 (HEI-2005) scores were calculated. HEI-2005 score was significantly associated with using nutrition facts label (p < 0.001). The mean total HEI-2005 score was 60.7 ± 10.11, 62.4 ± 11.43 and 67.1 ± 12.23 respectively for never, sometimes and everytime users of nutrition facts label (p < 0.001). Sub-group scores of HEI-2005 for total fruits, whole fruits, total vegetables, whole grains, milk, oils, saturated fat, and calories from solid fat, alcohol and added sugar (SoFAAS) were significantly higher in regular nutrition facts label users (p < 0.05, for each). This study showed that young adults who regularly use the nutrition facts label have a higher diet quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Buyuktuncer
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey.
| | - Aylin Ayaz
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey.
| | - Damla Dedebayraktar
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey.
| | - Elif Inan-Eroglu
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey.
| | - Basma Ellahi
- Faculty of Health and Social Care, University of Chester, Chester CH1 4BJ, UK.
| | - Halit Tanju Besler
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta 99520, North Cyprus.
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15
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Hieke S, Pieniak Z, Verbeke W. European consumers’ interest in nutrition information on (sugar-free) chewing gum. Food Qual Prefer 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Cavaliere A, De Marchi E, Banterle A. Exploring the Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Its Relationship with Individual Lifestyle: The Role of Healthy Behaviors, Pro-Environmental Behaviors, Income, and Education. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10020141. [PMID: 29382086 PMCID: PMC5852717 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The reduction of diet-related diseases and the improvement of environmental sustainability represent two of the major 21st century food policy challenges. Sustainable diets could significantly contribute to achieving both of these goals, improving consumer health and reducing the environmental impact of food production and consumption. The Mediterranean diet (MD) represents an excellent example of sustainable diet, however recent evidence indicates that such a dietary pattern is now progressively disappearing in Mediterranean countries. In such a context, this paper explores how individual lifestyle and habits are related to a high/low adherence to the MD model. The goal is to examine whether there is a relationship between individuals' healthy and pro-environmental behaviors and their level of adherence to the MD. The analysis also explores the role of consumer income and education. The study is based on the Italian population (n = 42,000) and uses a structural equation model approach. The results outline that the MD is part of a sustainability-oriented lifestyle and stress the key role of both income and education in affecting adherence to MD. Future policy aimed at contrasting the gradual disappearance of the MD should emphasize the sustainable dimension of the MD, meanwhile reducing socio-economic disparities among different population segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Cavaliere
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via G. Celoria 2, Milano 20133, Italy.
| | - Elisa De Marchi
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via G. Celoria 2, Milano 20133, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Banterle
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via G. Celoria 2, Milano 20133, Italy.
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17
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Time perspectives and convenience food consumption among teenagers in Vietnam: The dual role of hedonic and healthy eating values. Food Res Int 2017; 99:98-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Investigation on the role of consumer health orientation in the use of food labels. Public Health 2017; 147:119-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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19
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Wiles NL. The nutritional quality of South African ready-to-eat breakfast cereals. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/16070658.2017.1319124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Laurelle Wiles
- Dietetics & Human Nutrition, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
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