1
|
Rehan K, Rehan I, Sultana S, Khan F. Spectrochemical Analysis of Nutritional and Toxic Metals in Different Brands of Candies Using Advanced Diagnostic Approaches. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:3840-3850. [PMID: 37934356 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03945-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Candies are frequently consumed sweetened food products among children, and their consumption can expose them to potential toxins and contamination. The present study employed calibration-free-laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (CF-LIBS) as a steadfast diagnostic technique to analyze the presence of nutritional and heavy metals in candies from various brands available in local markets in Haripur, Pakistan. A pulsed Nd-YAG laser was used to create a microplasma on the target surface. The emitted light was collected using a dedicated spectrometer to analyze and quantify the species present in the candies. The analysis revealed the presence of micronutrients, macronutrients, and trace toxic metals such as Ca, K, Mg, Fe, Na, Al, Pb, Cr, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Ni. The optimization of our LIBS system was achieved through a parametric dependence study. The confirmation of the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium was achieved by assessing McWhirter's criterion and considering the relaxation time and the diffusion length of atoms in plasma. The highest concentrations (measured in mg/kg) of Pb, Cr, and Mn were determined to be 15 mg/kg, 340 mg/kg, and 880 mg/kg, respectively. The levels of Pb and Cr were found to be well above the maximum accepted limit set by the WHO. Similarly, the concentration of Mn in S-4 and S-5 exceeded the permissible limits set by the WHO. However, Zn, Cu, and Ni were found within safe limits in all the collected samples. In addition, the abundance obtained through CF-LIBS was compared to the concentration of similar (duplicate) candies samples analyzed using a standard analytical technique like inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. Excellent harmony could be seen in both outcomes. Moreover, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was also utilized to confirm the presence of detected toxins. The significance of our findings lies in creating awareness among the public about the health risks associated with consuming toxins through candies, thereby protecting numerous human lives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Rehan
- Department of Physics, The University of Haripur, Haripur, KP, Pakistan
| | - I Rehan
- Department of Physics, Islamia College University Peshawar, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan.
| | - S Sultana
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University Peshawar, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan
| | - F Khan
- Department of Physics, The University of Haripur, Haripur, KP, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mostafa MR, Mohamed GG, Fouad OA. Electrochemical and statistical study of Nickel ion assessment in daily children intake samples relying on magnesium aluminate spinel nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16424. [PMID: 39013935 PMCID: PMC11252383 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Lately, children's daily consumption of some products, such as cereals and candies, has been rising, which provides a compelling rationale for determining any metallic substances that may be present. Monitoring the concentration of certain metals, like nickel, in these products is necessary due to medical issues in humans when consumed regularly. So, in this work, a novel and highly selective carbon paste as a Ni(II) ion-selective sensor was prepared and investigated using ceramic magnesium aluminum spinel nanoparticles as the ionophore and tritolyl phosphate (TOCP) as a plasticizer. A modified co-precipitation method was used to synthesize the spinel nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope with EDAX, transmission electron microscope, and BET surface area were used to determine the phase composition, microstructure, pores size, particle size, and surface area of the synthesized nanoparticles. The spinel nanoparticle was found to have a nano crystallite size with a cubic crystal system, a particle size ranging from 17.2 to 51.52 nm, mesoporous nature (average pore size = 8.72 nm), and a large surface area (61.75 m2/g). The composition ratio of graphite carbon as a base: TOCP as binder: spinal as ionophore was 67.3:30.0:2.7 (wt%) based on potentiometric detections over concentrations from 5.0 × 10-8 to 1.0 × 10-2 mol L-1 with LOD of 5.0 × 10-8 mol L-1. A measurement of 29.22 ± 0.12 mV decade-1 over pH 2.0-7.0 was made for the Nernstian slope. This sensor demonstrated good repeatability over nine weeks and a rapid response of 8 s. A good selectivity was shown for Ni(II) ions across many interferents, tri-, di-, and monovalent cations. The Ni(II) content in spiked real samples, including cocaine, sweets, coca, chocolate, carbonated drinks, cereals, and packages, were measured. The results obtained indicated no significant difference between the proposed potentiometric method and the officially reported ICP method according to the F- and t-test data. In addition to utilizing ANOVA statistical analysis, validation procedures have been implemented, and the results exceed the ICP-MS methodology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maysa R Mostafa
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Gehad G Mohamed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
- Nanoscience Department, Basic and Applied Sciences Institute, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology, New Borg El Arab, Alexandria, 21934, Egypt
| | - Omar A Fouad
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Klemenčić M, Bolanča Mirković I, Bolf N, Markić M. Determination of the Mass Fractions of the Heavy Metals in the Recycled Cellulose Pulp. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:934. [PMID: 38611192 PMCID: PMC11013302 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In the process of paper recycling, certain amounts of metals can be found in the cellulose suspension, the source of which is mainly printing inks. The paper industry often uses different technologies to reduce heavy metal emissions. The recycling of laminated packaging contributes to the formation of sticky particles, which affects the concentration of heavy metals. This study aimed to determine the mass fraction of metals in the different phases of the deinking process to optimize the cellulose pulp's quality and design healthy correct packaging products. In this research, the deinking flotation of laminated and non-laminated samples was carried out by the Ingede 11 method. As a result of the study, the mass fractions of metals in cellulose pulp were divided into four groups according to the mass fraction's increasing value and the metals' increasing electronegativity. The quantities of metals were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The separation of metals from cellulose pulp is influenced by the presence of adhesives and the electronegativity of the metal. The results of the study show that the recycling process removes certain heavy metals very well, which indicates the good recycling potential of pharmaceutical cardboard samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mia Klemenčić
- Faculty of Graphic Arts, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | | | - Nenad Bolf
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia (M.M.)
| | - Marinko Markić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia (M.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Prattay KMR, Chowdhury MTA, Sarkar MR, Rahman T, Emon SZ, Hossain A, Rajib HG, Abdurrahim M. Microbiological Analysis and Content of Heavy Metals in Different Candies, Chocolates, and Their Wrappers in Bangladesh. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2024; 2024:4536475. [PMID: 38566755 PMCID: PMC10987241 DOI: 10.1155/2024/4536475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Present study investigates 39 brands of candies, chocolate, and litchis, purchased from Dhaka City, Bangladesh, for their moisture content, sulphated ash value, heavy metal, and bacterial contamination. All the brands showed moisture content (0.64%-4.775%) within the BSTI range, but sulphated ash values (18.80%-25.72%) were beyond the accepted value. Pb, Cd, Ni, and Cr ranged from 0.24-2.40 μg/g, 0.071-0.44 μg/g, 0.38-48.10 μg/g, and 0.50-12.79 μg/g, respectively, in the tested brands. Most of the brands contained Pb and Cd beyond the acceptable limits of WHO/FDA. Pb (2.24-2586.75 μg/g) was found in high concentration in the packaging of most brands, and Ni and Cd ranged from 2.10-108.05 μg/g and 1.68-45 μg/g, respectively. Bacterial presence was found in 15 brands, and 4 of them had a total aerobic bacterial count of >1 log CFU/g. Consumption of such contaminated confectionaries holds significant public health risks, specially in children, and demands necessary precautionary steps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazi Milenur Rahman Prattay
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
- School of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Tanvir Ahmed Chowdhury
- Department of Soil, Water and Environment, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Raihan Sarkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Tanvir Rahman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Sharmin Zaman Emon
- Centre for Advanced Research in Sciences (CARS), University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Abrar Hossain
- Department of Disaster Science and Climate Resilience, Faculty of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Hredoy Ghosh Rajib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Abdurrahim
- Biomedical and Toxicological Research Institute (BTRI), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gerassimidou S, Geueke B, Groh KJ, Muncke J, Hahladakis JN, Martin OV, Iacovidou E. Unpacking the complexity of the polyethylene food contact articles value chain: A chemicals perspective. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 454:131422. [PMID: 37099905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene (PE) is the most widely used type of plastic food packaging, in which chemicals can potentially migrate into packaged foods. The implications of using and recycling PE from a chemical perspective remain underexplored. This study is a systematic evidence map of 116 studies looking at the migration of food contact chemicals (FCCs) across the lifecycle of PE food packaging. It identified a total of 377 FCCs, of which 211 were detected to migrate from PE articles into food or food simulants at least once. These 211 FCCs were checked against the inventory FCCs databases and EU regulatory lists. Only 25% of the detected FCCs are authorized by EU regulation for the manufacture of food contact materials. Furthermore, a quarter of authorized FCCs exceeded the specific migration limit (SML) at least once, while one-third (53) of non-authorised FCCs exceeded the threshold value of 10 μg/kg. Overall, evidence on FCCs migration across the PE food packaging lifecycle is incomplete, especially at the reprocessing stage. Considering the EU's commitment to increase packaging recycling, a better understanding and monitoring of PE food packaging quality from a chemical perspective across the entire lifecycle will enable the transition towards a sustainable plastics value chain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Spyridoula Gerassimidou
- Sustainable Plastics Research Group (SPlasH), Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Birgit Geueke
- Food Packaging Forum (FPF), 8045 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ksenia J Groh
- Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jane Muncke
- Food Packaging Forum (FPF), 8045 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - John N Hahladakis
- Food-Energy-Water-Waste Sustainability (FEWWS) Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Olwenn V Martin
- Plastic Waste Innovation Hub, Department of Arts and Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
| | - Eleni Iacovidou
- Sustainable Plastics Research Group (SPlasH), Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom; Division of Environmental Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ibrahim ID, Hamam Y, Sadiku ER, Ndambuki JM, Kupolati WK, Jamiru T, Eze AA, Snyman J. Need for Sustainable Packaging: An Overview. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4430. [PMID: 36298009 PMCID: PMC9609329 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Packaging materials are a significant part of our lives due to their daily usage at grocery stores, supermarkets, restaurants, pharmaceuticals, etc. Packaging plays an important role in ensuring that the products are preserved during handling, transporting, and storage. Similarly, it helps to maintain and prolong the shelf life of products. These materials are used for packaging meats, poultry and seafood products, food and beverages, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products. Several applications of packaging materials have been discussed extensively, with little discussion on their end of life and continuous availability without impacting the environment. This study presents the need for sustainable packaging as a result of growing demands and the environmental impact of packaging materials after use. This study also presents the importance, types, and applications of packaging materials. Based on the findings of this study, sustainable packaging is made possible by using bio-based and recyclable materials. These materials contribute a great deal to protecting and ensuring a sustainable environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Idowu David Ibrahim
- Institute for NanoEngineering Research (INER) and Department of Chemical, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology Pretoria South Africa, Pretoria 0183, South Africa
| | - Yskandar Hamam
- École Supérieure d'Ingénieurs en Électrotechnique et Électronique, 93162 Paris, France
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology Pretoria South Africa, Pretoria 0183, South Africa
| | - Emmanuel Rotimi Sadiku
- Institute for NanoEngineering Research (INER) and Department of Chemical, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology Pretoria South Africa, Pretoria 0183, South Africa
| | - Julius Musyoka Ndambuki
- Department of Civil Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology Pretoria South Africa, Pretoria 0183, South Africa
| | - Williams Kehinde Kupolati
- Department of Civil Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology Pretoria South Africa, Pretoria 0183, South Africa
| | - Tamba Jamiru
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology Pretoria South Africa, Pretoria 0183, South Africa
| | - Azunna Agwo Eze
- Institute for NanoEngineering Research (INER) and Department of Chemical, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology Pretoria South Africa, Pretoria 0183, South Africa
| | - Jacques Snyman
- Department of Civil Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology Pretoria South Africa, Pretoria 0183, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li H, Zeng L, Wang C, Shi C, Li Y, Peng Y, Chen H, Zhang J, Cheng B, Chen C, Xiang M, Huang Y. Review of the toxicity and potential molecular mechanisms of parental or successive exposure to environmental pollutants in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 311:119927. [PMID: 35970344 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollutants such as heavy metals, nano/microparticles, and organic compounds have been detected in a wide range of environmental media, causing long-term exposure in various organisms and even humans through breathing, contacting, ingestion, and other routes. Long-term exposure to environmental pollutants in organisms or humans promotes exposure of offspring to parental and environmental pollutants, and subsequently results in multiple biological defects in the offspring. This review dialectically summarizes and discusses the existing studies using Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) as a model organism to explore the multi/transgenerational toxicity and potential underlying molecular mechanisms induced by environmental pollutants following parental or successive exposure patterns. Parental and successive exposure to environmental pollutants induces various biological defects in C. elegans across multiple generations, including multi/transgenerational developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, and metabolic disturbances, which may be transmitted to progeny through reactive oxygen species-induced damage, epigenetic mechanisms, insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling pathway. This review aims to arouse researchers' interest in the multi/transgenerational toxicity of pollutants and hopes to explore the possible long-term effects of environmental pollutants on organisms and even humans, as well as to provide constructive suggestions for the safety and management of emerging alternatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Lingjun Zeng
- Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Chen Wang
- Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
| | - Chongli Shi
- Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Yeyong Li
- Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Yi Peng
- Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Haibo Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Biao Cheng
- Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Biomedical Nanotechnology Center, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Minghui Xiang
- Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ahmed HAM, Gouhar AS, Janjua MN, Alhafez N. Estimation of some heavy metals contamination in waste newspapers. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:711. [PMID: 36028588 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10215-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals in waste newspapers produce varying degrees of contamination concerns during food consumption, and when heavy metals levels exceed the permissible level, they become harmful to human. Different types of waste newspapers were analyzed for As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Al, and Zn by ICP-OES. The digestion solution included 10 ml of 69% nitric acid and 2 ml of 30% hydrogen peroxide. Based on the results for light fonts, the average content of As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb was 2.8, 1.5, 6.9, 5.6, and 5.0 µg/l, while was 3.4 and 0.18 mg/l for Al, and Zn, respectively. In bold fonts, the content of As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb was 4.9, 2.4, 9.1, 7.9, and 7.0 µg/l, respectively, while Al and Zn were 5.7 mg/l and 0.32 mg/l, respectively. In the pictures, the levels of As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb were 6.1, 2.99, 11.2, 9.4, and 8.99 µg/l, while Al and Zn were 8.2 and 0.39 mg/l, respectively. The results showed that all levels of heavy metals under study were within the specialized global councils' permitted limits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Abdel Moniem Ahmed
- Department of Forensic Sciences, College of Criminal Justice, Naïf Arab University for Security Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed Saad Gouhar
- Department of Forensic Sciences, College of Criminal Justice, Naïf Arab University for Security Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Naeem Janjua
- Department of Forensic Sciences, College of Criminal Justice, Naïf Arab University for Security Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada Alhafez
- Department of Forensic Sciences, College of Criminal Justice, Naïf Arab University for Security Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Development and Validation of an ICP-AES Method for the Determination of Toxic and Nutrient Metals in Candies: Application for the Analysis of Different Samples from the Greek Market. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112210599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we present the development and validation of an inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometric (ICP-AES) method for the determination of Ag, Ba, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in different candies. Various wet digestion protocols were examined in order to ensure minimum consumption of chemicals and sample preparation time. Under optimized conditions, less than 10 min were required for complete sample decomposition. The ICP-AES method was validated in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs). The relative recoveries for the proposed method ranged between 80.0% and 119.0%, while the relative standard deviation values were lower than 9.0%, indicating good method accuracy and precision, respectively. The LODs for the examined analytes were 0.04–2.25 mg kg−1. Finally, the proposed method was successfully employed for the analysis of hard candies, jellies and lollipops that are sold in the Greek market, which are highly likely to be consumed by children.
Collapse
|
10
|
Assessment and detection of the potential contaminants from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber-based biodegradable tray. Food Packag Shelf Life 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2021.100685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
11
|
Alamri M, Qasem AA, Mohamed AA, Hussain S, Ibraheem MA, Shamlan G, Alqah HA, Qasha AS. Food packaging's materials: A food safety perspective. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:4490-4499. [PMID: 34354435 PMCID: PMC8325021 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Food packaging serves purposes of food product safety and easy handling and transport by preventing chemical contamination and enhancing shelf life, which provides convenience for consumers. Various types of materials, including plastics, glass, metals, and papers and their composites, have been used for food packaging. However, owing to consumers' increased health awareness, the significance of transferring harmful materials from packaging materials into foods is of greater concern. This review highlights the interactions of food with packaging materials and elaborates the mechanism, types, and contributing factors of migration of chemical substances from the packaging to foods. Also, various types of chemical migrants from different packaging materials with their possible impacts on food safety and human health are discussed. We conclude with a future outlook based on legislative considerations and ongoing technical contributions to optimization of food-package interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M.S. Alamri
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Akram A.A. Qasem
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdellatif A. Mohamed
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahzad Hussain
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. Ibraheem
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghalia Shamlan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham A. Alqah
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali S. Qasha
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Luiz LDC, Bell MJV, Batista RT, Freitas RPD, Rocha RAD, Moreira SI, Moraes MN, Anjos VDCD. Use of Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy to detect metallic contamination in candies. Food Packag Shelf Life 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2021.100649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
13
|
An Influence of the Fuel Type on Element Behaviour in Domestic Boilers with Respect to the Circular Economy. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11114980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of waste from the regional production of waste wood, waste paper, and cardboard in the form of briquettes may be causing an increase in local emissions, both of major elements and trace elements. When burning paper and cardboard briquettes, more than 70% of Mn, Zn, As, and Pb is released into the air from the total content of trace elements in the fuel. The largest amounts of major and trace elements are released when burning paper briquettes (56 g/kg of fuel); half of these amounts are released from burning briquettes from waste wood and coal (23 g/kg of fuel). The pursuit of alternative uses for those cardboard components that are not suitable for recycling cannot be directed to the production of briquettes for residential combustion in the framework of the application of the principles of the circular economy. In particular, the high concentrations of undesirable elements in the emissions released in the gas phase into the atmosphere are an obstacle existing even when the parameters of the PM10 emissions of a boiler are met. This is related to the high ash content of the cardboard (13.5%). Waste paper or cardboard could be added to waste wood at a maximum of 10% to make the pollution produced comparable to the burning of coal briquettes.
Collapse
|
14
|
Mohamed Nor NH, Kooi M, Diepens NJ, Koelmans AA. Lifetime Accumulation of Microplastic in Children and Adults. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:5084-5096. [PMID: 33724830 PMCID: PMC8154366 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to microplastic is recognized as a global problem, but the uncertainty, variability, and lifetime accumulation are unresolved. We provide a probabilistic lifetime exposure model for children and adults, which accounts for intake via eight food types and inhalation, intestinal absorption, biliary excretion, and plastic-associated chemical exposure via a physiologically based pharmacokinetic submodel. The model probabilistically simulates microplastic concentrations in the gut, body tissue, and stool, the latter allowing validation against empirical data. Rescaling methods were used to ensure comparability between microplastic abundance data. Microplastic (1-5000 μm) median intake rates are 553 particles/capita/day (184 ng/capita/day) and 883 particles/capita/day (583 ng/capita/day) for children and adults, respectively. This intake can irreversibly accumulate to 8.32 × 103 (90% CI, 7.08 × 102-1.91 × 106) particles/capita or 6.4 (90% CI, 0.1-2.31 × 103) ng/capita for children until age 18, and up to 5.01 × 104 (90% CI, 5.25 × 103-9.33 × 106) particles/capita or 40.7 (90% CI, 0.8-9.85 × 103) ng/capita for adults until age 70 in the body tissue for 1-10 μm particles. Simulated microplastic concentrations in stool agree with empirical data. Chemical absorption from food and ingested microplastic of the nine intake media based on biphasic, reversible, and size-specific sorption kinetics, reveals that the contribution of microplastics to total chemical intake is small. The as-yet-unknown contributions of other food types are discussed in light of future research needs.
Collapse
|
15
|
Kovačević S, Lončarević I, Pajin B, Fišteš A, Vasiljević I, Lazović M, Mrkajić D, Karadžić Banjac M, Podunavac-Kuzmanović S. Toward identification of the risk group of food products: Chemometric assessment of heavy metals content in confectionery products. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:1068-1078. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1606455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivana Lončarević
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Biljana Pajin
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Fišteš
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Orisakwe OE, Igweze ZN, Udowelle NA. Candy consumption may add to the body burden of lead and cadmium of children in Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:1921-1931. [PMID: 30460652 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3706-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The affordability of candies and chocolates makes their consumption common especially in children. Heavy metal contamination of these candies is well known. This study has estimated health risks associated with heavy metals (HM; Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Zn) in commonly consumed candies in Nigeria. Fifty candies/sweets and chocolates/chewing gums bought from different stores in Port Harcourt and Uyo in Niger Delta, Nigeria, were processed and digested in perchloric acid. The filtrate was analyzed for these heavy metals using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Pb/Zn and Cd/Zn ratios were calculated. Daily intake, the target hazard quotient (THQ), the hazard index (HI), and the cancer risk were estimated for children. About 80% of the samples exceeded the 0.1 mg/kg permissible lead level in candies. Milk sweet had the highest Pb:Zn and Cd:Zn ratios of 0.99 and 0.40 respectively. For chocolates, the Emperor had the highest Pb:Zn (0.50) ratios and Trident had the highest Cd:Zn (0.57) ratios. The calculated percentage provisional tolerable weekly intake (%PTWI) of cadmium from consumption of chocolates and candies was higher than the Joint Expert Committee for Food Additives (JECFA) standard, and the cancer risk of lead, cadmium, and chromium ranged between 10-7 and 10-3. Consumption of some candies by children in Nigeria may pose significant health risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orish Ebere Orisakwe
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Port-Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
| | - Zelinjo Nkeiruka Igweze
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Madonna University, Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Nnaemeka Arinze Udowelle
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Port-Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Neuwirth LS. Resurgent lead poisoning and renewed public attention towards environmental social justice issues: A review of current efforts and call to revitalize primary and secondary lead poisoning prevention for pregnant women, lactating mothers, and children within the U.S. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2018; 24:86-100. [PMID: 30139311 PMCID: PMC6237172 DOI: 10.1080/10773525.2018.1507291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The recent Colorado Gold King Mine waste-water spill and Michigan's water supply re-routing program catastrophe, has directed renewed public attention towards resurgent environmental lead contamination threats. Leaded environments present social justice issues for children and mothers possessing blood lead levels (BLLs) > 5 μg/dL. Childhood lead exposure remains a continual U.S. public health problem manifesting in lifelong adverse neuropsychological consequences. The 2007 Inspector General Report demonstrated low BLL screening rates across the U.S. and this study examined the regularity of children's BLL screening rates. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Lead Poisoning National Surveillance 2010-2014 children's BLL screening rates, were examined to assess BLL screening regularity in states traditionally known to have regularly occurring BLL screenings: New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. The results extracted from the CDC data showed that < 50% of children were BLL screened by six-years of age across the states that were sampled. The findings highlight that without a "clear map" of lead exposed areas through accurate and consistent BLL screenings, how the potential for such disparities within - and between-states within the U.S. could arise due to environmental social justice issues in relation to BLL screening barriers. Barriers preventing children's BLL screenings were considered, and public health interventions recommended to improve screening rates included: routine BLL screening for all pregnant women, lactating mothers, and children; while, removing known lead exposure sources within communities. This study calls for action during a time of renewed public attention to resurgent lead poisoning within the U.S.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz S. Neuwirth
- Department of Psychology, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, USA
- Neuroscience Research Institute, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Séby F, Vacchina V. Critical assessment of hexavalent chromium species from different solid environmental, industrial and food matrices. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
19
|
Zhaoyong Z, Xiaodong Y, Simay Z, Mohammed A. Health risk evaluation of heavy metals in green land soils from urban parks in Urumqi, northwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:4459-4473. [PMID: 29185222 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0737-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Here, we sampled, tested, and analyzed heavy metals in soil obtained from green land in urban parks of Urumqi. Analysis included soil nutrient contents, particle size distribution, and health risks of heavy metal contaminants. Results showed that (1) organic matter and rapidly available phosphorus contents of all samples ranged from 6.07-58.34 and 6.52-116.15 mg/kg, with average values of 31.26 and 36.24 mg/kg, respectively; (2) silt (particle size 20-200 μm) comprised most of the particle distribution, accounting for 46.56-87.38% of the total, and the remaining particles were clay particles (0-20 μm) and sand (200-2000 μm); (3) calculations of HQing, HQinh, and HQderm for eight heavy metals in three exposure patterns revealed values less than 1 for children and adults, indicating a level of carcinogenic risk for these heavy metals; and (4) calculating the carcinogenic risks of nickel, chromium, and cadmium through breathing pathway indicating no potential carcinogenic risk for any of the three. This research showed high soil nutrient content, providing fertile ground for plant growth in the green land of these urban parks. However, measures such as using sprinklers and increased green vegetation areas have been proposed to improve soil texture. This research can serve as a reference point for soil environmental protection efforts as well as future plant growth in urban Urumqi parks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Zhaoyong
- College of Resource and Environment Sciences/Xinjiang Common University Key Laboratory of Smart City and Environmental Stimulation, Xinjiang University, 14 Shengli Road, Tianshan Region, Urumqi, 830046, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Xiaodong
- College of Resource and Environment Sciences/Xinjiang Common University Key Laboratory of Smart City and Environmental Stimulation, Xinjiang University, 14 Shengli Road, Tianshan Region, Urumqi, 830046, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, People's Republic of China
| | - Zibibula Simay
- College of Resource and Environment Sciences/Xinjiang Common University Key Laboratory of Smart City and Environmental Stimulation, Xinjiang University, 14 Shengli Road, Tianshan Region, Urumqi, 830046, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, People's Republic of China.
| | - Anwar Mohammed
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abt E, Fong Sam J, Gray P, Robin LP. Cadmium and lead in cocoa powder and chocolate products in the US Market. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2018; 11:92-102. [PMID: 29310543 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2017.1420700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cocoa powder and chocolate products are known to sometimes contain cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) from environmental origins. A convenience sample of cocoa powder, dark chocolate, milk chocolate, and cocoa nib products was purchased at retail in the US and analysed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to assess Cd and Pb concentrations. Cd and Pb were evaluated in relation to the percent cocoa solids and to the reported origin of the cocoa powder and chocolate products. Cd ranged from 0.004 to 3.15 mg/kg and Pb ranged from <LOD to 0.38 mg/kg. Cd and Pb were significantly correlated with percent cocoa, with correlations varying by product type and geographic origin. Geographic variation was observed for Cd, with higher Cd concentrations found in products reported as originating from Latin America than from Africa. The influence of percent cocoa solids and cocoa origin on Cd levels are relevant to international standards for Cd in chocolate products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Abt
- a Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , College Park , MD , USA
| | - Jennifer Fong Sam
- a Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , College Park , MD , USA
| | - Patrick Gray
- a Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , College Park , MD , USA
| | - Lauren Posnick Robin
- a Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , College Park , MD , USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Park Y, Lee A, Choi K, Kim HJ, Lee JJ, Choi G, Kim S, Kim SY, Cho GJ, Suh E, Kim SK, Eun SH, Eom S, Kim S, Kim GH, Moon HB, Kim S, Choi S, Kim YD, Kim J, Park J. Exposure to lead and mercury through breastfeeding during the first month of life: A CHECK cohort study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 612:876-883. [PMID: 28886539 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mercury and lead are naturally occurring toxicants and are responsible for various health issues including neurobehavioral and developmental disorders. Because of crucial synchronized developmental processes occurring at the early stage of life, infancy and childhood are considered as among the most susceptible windows to the exposure to these metals. Breastmilk is often the only source of nutrition during the first months of life. As breastmilk can be contaminated with these metals, breastfeeding may serve as a significant route of heavy metal exposure among infants. In order to understand current levels of exposure to mercury and lead through breastfeeding, and their associated risks, a total of 157 lactating mothers were recruited from Children's Health and Environmental Chemicals of Korea (CHECK) cohort, and breastmilk samples were collected at 15 and 30days after delivery (n=207). Mercury was detected from 100% of breastmilk with a median concentration of 0.59μg/L, and lead was detected in 77% of the samples with a median at 4.71μg/L. Higher concentrations of lead were found in the 30- day breastmilk than in the 15-day. Up to 45% of the breastmilk samples exceeded the normal range of the breastmilk lead suggested by WHO. Based on Monte Carlo simulation, about 71% of 15days old infants and 56% of 30days old infants were estimated at risk due to lead exposure through breastfeeding. Considering vulnerability of infants and well-known neurological toxicity of these metals, further studies to identify major exposure sources that contribute the lead concentration in breastmilk and health implication of early life stage exposure to lead among the breastfed infants are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yelim Park
- College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea; Chemtopia, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Aram Lee
- College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hai-Joong Kim
- College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Jae Lee
- College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyuyeon Choi
- College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjoo Kim
- College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Young Kim
- College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum Joon Cho
- College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsook Suh
- College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Koo Kim
- College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Hee Eun
- College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyong Eom
- College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyo Kim
- College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun-Ha Kim
- College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungkyoon Kim
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooran Choi
- College of Medicine, Inha University, Inchoen, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Don Kim
- School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Kim
- Hankook General Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongim Park
- College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tamayo y Ortiz M, Téllez-Rojo MM, Hu H, Hernández-Ávila M, Wright R, Amarasiriwardena C, Lupoli N, Mercado-García A, Pantic I, Lamadrid-Figueroa H. Lead in candy consumed and blood lead levels of children living in Mexico City. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 147:497-502. [PMID: 26974363 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that lead exposure continues to pose a health risk in Mexico. Children are a vulnerable population for lead effects and Mexican candy has been found to be a source of exposure in children. There are no previous studies that estimates lead concentrations in candy that children living in Mexico City consume and its association with their blood lead level. OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether there is an association between reported recent consumption of candies identified to have lead, and blood lead levels among children in Mexico City. METHODS A subsample of 171 children ages 2-6 years old, from the Early Life Exposure in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants (ELEMENT) cohort study was assessed between June 2006 and July 2007. The candy reported most frequently were analyzed for lead using ICP-MS. The total weekly intake of lead through the consumption of candy in the previous week was calculated. Capillary blood lead levels (BLL) were measured using LeadCare (anodic stripping voltammetry). RESULTS Lead concentrations ≥0.1ppm, the FDA permitted level (range: 0.13-0.7ppm) were found in 6 samples out of 138 samples from 44 different brands of candy. Median BLL in children was 4.5µg/dl. After adjusting for child's sex, age, BMI, maternal education & occupation, milk consumption, sucking the candy wrapper, use of lead-glazed pottery, child exposure behavior, living near a lead exposure site and use of folk remedies, an increase of 1µg of lead ingested through candy per week was associated with 3% change (95% CI: 0.1%, 5.2%) in BLL. CONCLUSIONS Although lead concentrations in candy were mostly below the FDA permitted level, high lead concentrations were detected in 4% of the candy samples and 12% of brands analyzed. Although candy intake was modestly associated with children's BLL, lead should not be found in consumer products, especially in candy that children can consume due to the well documented long-lasting effect of lead exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Tamayo y Ortiz
- National Council of Science and Technology, Avenida Insurgentes Sur 1582, Benito Juárez, Crédito Constructor, 03940 Ciudad de México, D.F, Mexico; National Institute of Public Health, Universidad No. 655 Colonia Santa María, Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera C.P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Martha María Téllez-Rojo
- National Institute of Public Health, Universidad No. 655 Colonia Santa María, Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera C.P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Howard Hu
- University of Toronto, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, 6, 155 College St, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 3M7.
| | - Mauricio Hernández-Ávila
- National Institute of Public Health, Universidad No. 655 Colonia Santa María, Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera C.P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Robert Wright
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, United States.
| | - Chitra Amarasiriwardena
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, United States.
| | - Nicola Lupoli
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Adriana Mercado-García
- National Institute of Public Health, Universidad No. 655 Colonia Santa María, Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera C.P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Ivan Pantic
- National Institute of Perinatology, Calle Montes Urales #800, Miguel Hidalgo Lomas Virreyes, 11000 Ciudad de México, D.F, Mexico.
| | - Héctor Lamadrid-Figueroa
- National Institute of Public Health, Universidad No. 655 Colonia Santa María, Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera C.P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rashid MH, Fardous Z, Chowdhury MAZ, Alam MK, Bari ML, Moniruzzaman M, Gan SH. Determination of heavy metals in the soils of tea plantations and in fresh and processed tea leaves: an evaluation of six digestion methods. Chem Cent J 2016; 10:7. [PMID: 26900397 PMCID: PMC4759960 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-016-0154-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to determine the levels of cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), arsenic (As) and selenium (Se) in (1) fresh tea leaves, (2) processed (black) tea leaves and (3) soils from tea plantations originating from Bangladesh. Methods Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS) was used to evaluate six digestion methods, (1) nitric acid, (2) nitric acid overnight, (3) nitric acid–hydrogen peroxide, (4) nitric–perchloric acid, (5) sulfuric acid, and (6) dry ashing, to determine the most suitable digestion method for the determination of heavy metals in the samples. Results The concentration ranges of Cd, Pb, As and Se in fresh tea leaves were from 0.03–0.13, 0.19–2.06 and 0.47–1.31 µg/g, respectively while processed tea contained heavy metals at different concentrations: Cd (0.04–0.16 µg/g), Cr (0.45–10.73 µg/g), Pb (0.07–1.03 µg/g), As (0.89–1.90 µg/g) and Se (0.21–10.79 µg/g). Moreover, the soil samples of tea plantations also showed a wide range of concentrations: Cd (0.11–0.45 µg/g), Pb (2.80–66.54 µg/g), As (0.78–4.49 µg/g), and Se content (0.03–0.99 µg/g). Method no. 2 provided sufficient time to digest the tea matrix and was the most efficient method for recovering Cd, Cr, Pb, As and Se. Methods 1 and 3 were also acceptable and can be relatively inexpensive, easy and fast. The heavy metal transfer factors in the investigated soil/tea samples decreased as follows: Cd > As > Se > Pb. Conclusion Overall, the present study gives current insights into the heavy metal levels both in soils and teas commonly consumed in Bangladesh.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Harunur Rashid
- Agrochemical and Environmental Research Division, Institute of Food and Radiation Biology, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Savar, Dhaka, 1349 Bangladesh
| | - Zeenath Fardous
- Food Analysis and Research Laboratory, Center for Advanced Research in Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M Alamgir Zaman Chowdhury
- Agrochemical and Environmental Research Division, Institute of Food and Radiation Biology, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Savar, Dhaka, 1349 Bangladesh
| | - Md Khorshed Alam
- Agrochemical and Environmental Research Division, Institute of Food and Radiation Biology, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Savar, Dhaka, 1349 Bangladesh
| | - Md Latiful Bari
- Food Analysis and Research Laboratory, Center for Advanced Research in Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Moniruzzaman
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Siew Hua Gan
- Human Genome Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Marín-Martínez R, Barber X, Cabrera-Vique C, Carbonell-Barrachina ÁA, Vilanova E, García-Hernández VM, Roche E, Garcia-Garcia E. Aluminium, nickel, cadmium and lead in candy products and assessment of daily intake by children in Spain. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2016; 9:66-71. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2015.1131753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
25
|
Devi P, Bajala V, Garg VK, Mor S, Ravindra K. Heavy metal content in various types of candies and their daily dietary intake by children. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:86. [PMID: 26759032 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-5078-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Children are vulnerable to heavy metal contamination through consumption of candies and chocolates. Considering this representative samples (69) of candies and chocolates based on cocoa, milk and sugar were analyzed for selected heavy metals by means of flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The average concentration of Zn, Pb, Ni, and Cd was found to be 2.52 ± 2.49, 2.0 ± 1.20, 0.84 ± 1.35, and 0.17 ± 0.22 μg/g respectively. Results indicate that cocoa-based candies have higher metal content than milk- or sugar-based candies. The daily dietary intake of metals for children eating candies and chocolates was also calculated, and results indicated highest intake of Pb and Zn followed by Ni, Cd, and Cu. Comparison of the current study results with other studies around the globe shows that the heavy metal content in candies and chocolates is lower in India than reported elsewhere. However, to reduce the further dietary exposure of heavy metals through candies and chocolates, their content should be monitored regularly and particularly for Pb as children are highly susceptible to its toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parmila Devi
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, 125001, India
| | - Vandana Bajala
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, 125001, India
| | - V K Garg
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, 125001, India
| | - Suman Mor
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University (PU), Chandigarh, 160014, India
- Centre for Public Health, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160025, India
| | - Khaiwal Ravindra
- School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Roy E, Patra S, Madhuri R, Sharma PK. Simultaneous determination of heavy metals in biological samples by a multiple-template imprinting technique: an electrochemical study. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra08875a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
27
|
Pfadenhauer LM, Burns J, Rohwer A, Rehfuess EA. A protocol for a systematic review of the effectiveness of interventions to reduce exposure to lead through consumer products and drinking water. Syst Rev 2014; 3:36. [PMID: 24731516 PMCID: PMC4049510 DOI: 10.1186/2046-4053-3-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The toxic heavy metal lead continues to be a leading environmental risk factor, with the number of attributable deaths having doubled between 1990 and 2010. Although major sources of lead exposure, in particular lead in petrol, have been significantly reduced in recent decades, lead is still used in a wide range of processes and objects, with developing countries disproportionally affected. The objective of this systematic review is to assess the effectiveness of regulatory, environmental and educational interventions for reducing blood lead levels and associated health outcomes in children, pregnant women and the general population. METHODS/DESIGN The databases MEDLINE, Embase and the Global Health Library (GHL) will be searched using a sensitive search strategy. Studies in English, German, French, Spanish, Italian or Afrikaans will be screened according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. We will consider randomized and non-randomized studies accepted by the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organization of Care (EPOC) Group, as well as additional non-randomized studies. Screening of titles and abstracts will be performed by one author. Full texts of potentially relevant studies will be independently assessed for eligibility by two authors. A single author will extract data, with a second reviewer checking the extraction form. Risk of bias will be assessed by two researchers using the Graphical Appraisal Tool for Epidemiological studies, as modified by the Centre for Public Health at the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Any inconsistencies in the assessment of eligibility, data extraction or quality appraisal will be resolved through discussion. Where two or more studies report the primary outcome blood lead levels within the same population group, intervention category and source of lead exposure, data will be pooled using random effects meta-analysis. In parallel, harvest plots as a graphical method of evidence synthesis will be used to present findings for blood lead levels and secondary outcomes. DISCUSSION This systematic review will fill an important evidence gap with respect to the effectiveness of interventions to reduce lead in consumer products and drinking water in the context of new WHO guidelines for the prevention and management of lead poisoning. It will also contribute to setting a future research agenda.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Maria Pfadenhauer
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bartos A, Majak I, Leszczyńska J. Uptake and assimilability of nickel in the course of systemic allergy: Implications for elimination diet. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
29
|
Qin Y, Zhang Z, Li L, Chen C, Shun S, Huang Y. Inductively coupled plasma orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ICP-oa-TOF-MS) analysis of heavy metal content in Indocalamus tesselatus samples. Food Chem 2013; 141:2154-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.04.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
30
|
Effect of edible plants combination on mineral bioaccessibility and bioavailability, using in vitro digestion and liposome-affinity extraction. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
31
|
Arvanitoyannis IS, Kotsanopoulos KV. Migration Phenomenon in Food Packaging. Food–Package Interactions, Mechanisms, Types of Migrants, Testing and Relative Legislation—A Review. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-013-1106-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
32
|
Kim MJ, Kim SA, Kang YS, Hwang IG, Rhee MS. Microbial diversity and prevalence of foodborne pathogens in cheap and junk foods consumed by primary schoolchildren. Lett Appl Microbiol 2013; 57:47-53. [PMID: 23551123 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Aerobic plate counts (APC), coliforms, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and eight foodborne pathogens were tested in 1008 cheap and junk foods, including candies, dried cakes, chewing gum, chocolate, dried and seasoned seafood, ice cream, and sugary foods. APCs were positive for 342 samples (33·9%), and the majority of the counts were 2-3 log CFU g(-1) or ml(-1) (average: 1·10 log CFU g(-1) or ml(-1) ). Most samples (97·3%) contained no coliforms (average: 0·07 log CFU g(-1) or ml(-1) ). Bacillus cereus was detected in 68 samples (average: 0·14 log CFU g(-1) or ml(-1) ). Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes were detected in 6 and 1 samples, respectively, whereas other foodborne pathogens were not isolated. The highest bacterial counts were associated with dried and seasoned seafood products and dried cakes, suggesting that appropriate regulations of these food types should be considered. Cheap and junk foods were produced mainly in developing countries, but there were no significant differences in the bacterial counts among different countries of origin. The presence of foodborne pathogens may pose a risk for children. These results suggest that there is cause for deeper concern about the safety of these foods and that effective countermeasures should be established to improve their microbiological safety. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Food safety is especially important for children, but only limited information is available about the microbiological quality of cheap and junk foods that are consumed frequently by primary schoolchildren (e.g. dried cakes, candies and chocolates). The present study investigated the microbial quality of cheap and junk foods, and our results indicate that these foods are a potential health risk for children, therefore, deeper concern about the safety of these foods and effective countermeasures should be established to improve their microbiological safety. The present study may contribute to the development of an appropriate child food safety management system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Kim
- Division of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
The residual contaminants in paper-plastic food packaging materials can migrate into both surface and inside of food, and consequently harm consumer’s health. Due to this fact, the safety of food packaging materials has attracted concerns from all over world. In this study, the residual contaminants were extracted by ethanol from paper-plastic food packaging materials under ultrasonic condition and different temperatures firstly, then the extractives were concentrated by rotary evaporator, and finally the concentrated contaminants were characterized by means of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) detection. The results showed that the following contaminants are detected in the paper-plastic food packaging materials: plasticizer including dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP); antioxidants including 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-p-benzoquinone and 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT), and solvents in printing ink production including n-Hexadecane and n-Heptadecane. Upon the test results, the conclusion is that more residual contaminants can be detected under high temperatures. This study is helpful for quality control of paper-plastic food packaging materials and has built basic foundation for future migration research.
Collapse
|
34
|
New tools to assess toxicity, bioaccessibility and uptake of chemical contaminants in meat and seafood. Food Res Int 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
35
|
Huerta-Pujol O, Soliva M, Giró F, López M. Heavy metal content in rubbish bags used for separate collection of biowaste. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2010; 30:1450-1456. [PMID: 20400284 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2010.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The heavy metal content of several rubbish bags used to collect the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) is shown in this paper. Nowadays, several public awareness campaigns carried out by municipalities have promoted rubbish bags based mainly on their appearance, without concern for their heavy metal content. A high amount of heavy metals was detected in some polyethylene bags promoted in different campaigns for OFMSW source-sorted collection, while compostable bags presented low quantities of heavy metals. Some other rubbish bags, as well as commercial bags, were also analysed for comparison. These results should be taken into account before promoting the use of one or other type of bag. Moreover, the rubbish bag manufacturers should reduce the heavy metal content in order to avoid heavy metal scattering in the environment, and also to reduce the consumption of raw materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Huerta-Pujol
- Department of Agri-Food Engineering and Biotechnology (DEAB), Escola Superior d'Agricultura de Barcelona, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Esteve Terradas, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Unceta N, Séby F, Malherbe J, Donard OFX. Chromium speciation in solid matrices and regulation: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:1097-111. [PMID: 20099060 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3417-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the extensive use of chromium in industrial processes has led to the promotion of several directives and recommendations by the European Union, that try to limit and regulate the presence of Cr(VI) in the environment and to protect industrial workers using chromium and end-users of manufactured products. As a consequence, new standard methods and analytical procedures have been published at the EU level for Cr(VI) determination in soil, sludge, sediment, and similar waste materials, workplace atmospheres, cement, packaging materials, industrially produced samples, and corrosion-protection layers on some components of vehicles and electrical and electronic equipment. The objective of this article is to summarize the different directives and recommendations and to critically review the currently existing standard methods and the methods published in the literature for chromium speciation in the above mentioned solid matrices, putting the emphasis on the different extraction procedures which have been developed for each matrix. Particular attention has been paid to Cr(III) and Cr(VI) inter-conversions that can occur during extraction and efforts to minimize these unwanted reactions. Although the use of NaOH-Na(2)CO(3) solutions with hot plate extraction seems to be the more widespread procedure, species transformation can still occur and several studies suggest that speciated isotope-dilution mass spectrometry (SIDMS) could be a suitable tool for correction of these interconversions. Besides, recent studies have proved the role of Cr(III) in chromium toxicology. As a consequence, the authors suggest an update of standard methods in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Unceta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|