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Jia X, An Q, Zhang N, Ren J, Pan S, Zheng C, Zhou Q, Fan G. Recent advances in the contribution of glucosinolates degradation products to cruciferous foods odor: factors that influence degradation pathways and odor attributes. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-29. [PMID: 38644658 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2338834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
As one of the most important vegetables and oils consumed globally, cruciferous foods are appreciated for their high nutritional value. However, there is no comprehensive knowledge to sufficiently unravel the "flavor mystery" of cruciferous foods. The present review provides a comprehensive literature on the recent advances regarding the contribution of glucosinolates (GSL) degradation products to cruciferous foods odor, which focuses on key GSL degradation products contributing to distinct odor of cruciferous foods (Brassica oleracea, Brassica rapa, Brassica napus, Brassica juncea, Raphanus sativus), and key factors affecting GSL degradation pathways (i.e., enzyme-induced degradation, thermal-induced degradation, chemical-induced degradation, microwave-induced degradation) during different processing and cooking. A total of 93 volatile GSL degradation products (i.e., 36 nitriles, 33 isothiocyanates, 3 thiocyanates, 5 epithionitriles, and 16 sulfides) and 29 GSL (i.e., 20 aliphatic, 5 aromatic, and 4 indolic) were found in generalized cruciferous foods. Remarkably, cruciferous foods have a distinctive pungent, spicy, pickled, sulfur, and vegetable odor. In general, isothiocyanates are mostly present in enzyme-induced degradation of GSL and are therefore often enriched in fresh-cut or low-temperature, short-time cooked cruciferous foods. In contrast, nitriles are mainly derived from thermal-induced degradation of GSL, and are thus often enriched in high-temperature, long-time cooked cruciferous foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jia
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qi An
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Nawei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jingnan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Siyi Pan
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chang Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Gang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Kim SH, Ochar K, Hwang A, Lee YJ, Kang HJ. Variability of Glucosinolates in Pak Choy ( Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis) Germplasm. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:9. [PMID: 38202314 PMCID: PMC10780573 DOI: 10.3390/plants13010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Glucosinolates are sulfur-containing phytochemicals generally abundant in cruciferous vegetables such as pak choy. Glucosinolates participate in a range of biological activities essential for promoting a healthy human body. In this study, we aimed to elucidate glucosinolate variability present in pak choy germplasm that are under conservation at the Rural Development Administration Genebank, Jeonju, Republic of Korea. The Acquity Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) analytical system was used in profiling the glucosinolate content in leaf samples of various accessions. We identified a total of 17 glucosinolates in the germplasm. Based on principal compoment analysis performed, three separate groups of the accessions were obtained. Group 1 contained the cultivar cheongsacholong which recorded high content of glucobrassicin (an indole), glucoerucin (aliphatic), gluconasturtiin (aromatic) and glucoberteroin (aliphatic). Group 2 consisted of six accessions, BRA77/72, Lu ling gaogengbai, 9041, Wuyueman, RP-75 and DH-10, predominatly high in aliphatic compounds including glucoiberin, glucocheirolin, and sinigrin. Group 3 comprised the majority of the accessions which were characterized by high content of glucoraphanin, epiprogoitrin, progoitrin, and glucotropaeolin. These results revealed the presence of variability among the pak choy germplasm based on their glucosinolate content, providing an excellent opprtunity for future breeding for improved glucosinolate content in the crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Hoon Kim
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 5487, Republic of Korea; (K.O.); (A.H.); (Y.-J.L.)
| | - Kingsley Ochar
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 5487, Republic of Korea; (K.O.); (A.H.); (Y.-J.L.)
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Plant Genetic Resources Research Institute, Bunso P.O. Box 7, Ghana
| | - Aejin Hwang
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 5487, Republic of Korea; (K.O.); (A.H.); (Y.-J.L.)
| | - Yoon-Jung Lee
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 5487, Republic of Korea; (K.O.); (A.H.); (Y.-J.L.)
| | - Hae Ju Kang
- Department of Agrofood Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea;
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Subramanian P, Kim SH, Hahn BS. Brassica biodiversity conservation: prevailing constraints and future avenues for sustainable distribution of plant genetic resources. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1220134. [PMID: 37575920 PMCID: PMC10413119 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1220134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has seen an observable loss of plant biodiversity which can be attributed to changing climate conditions, destroying ecosystems to create farmlands and continuous selective breeding for limited traits. This loss of biodiversity poses a significant bottleneck to plant biologists across the globe working on sustainable solutions to address the current barriers of agricultural productivity. Plant genetic resources centers or genebanks that conserve plant germplasm can majorly contribute towards addressing this problem. Second only to soybean, Brassica remains the largest oil-seed crop and is cultivated across 124 countries, and FAO estimates for a combined gross production values of broccoli, cabbages, cauliflower, mustard and rape seeds stands at a staggering 67.5 billion US dollars during the year 2020. With such a global status, wide variety of uses and more recently, growing importance in the health food sector, the conservation of diverse genetic resources of Brassica appeals for higher priority. Here we review the current status of Brassica conservation across plant genebanks. At present, at least 81,752 accessions of Brassica are recorded to be conserved in 148 holding institutes spread across only 81 countries. Several aspects that need to be addressed to improve proper conservation of the Brassica diversity was well as dissemination of germplasm are discussed. Primarily, the number of accessions conserved across countries and the diversity of Brassica taxa most countries has been highly limited which may lead to biodiversity loss in the longer run. Moreover, several practical challenges in Brassica germplasm conservation especially with respect to taxonomic authorities have been discussed. The current review identifies and highlights areas for progress in Brassica conservation, which include but are not limited to, distribution of conserved Brassica biodiversity, challenges faced by conservation biologists, conservation methods, technical hurdles and future avenues for research in diverse Brassica species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bum-Soo Hahn
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
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Martínez-Castro J, de Haro-Bailón A, Obregón-Cano S, García Magdaleno IM, Moreno Ortega A, Cámara-Martos F. Bioaccessibility of glucosinolates, isothiocyanates and inorganic micronutrients in cruciferous vegetables through INFOGEST static in vitro digestion model. Food Res Int 2023; 166:112598. [PMID: 36914324 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Green tissues and seeds from cruciferous vegetables growing in conventional and ecological conditions (Brassica carinata; Brassica rapa; Eruca vesicaria and Sinapis alba) were analyzed to determine their contents of glucosinolates, isotihiocyanates (ITCs) and inorganic micronutrients (Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Se and Zn), and the bioaccessibility of these compounds. Regarding total contents and bioaccessibility values of these compounds, no clear difference was found between the organic and conventional systems. Glucosinolates bioaccessibility present in green tissues were high, with values around 60-78%. In additon, it was quantified in bioaccessible fraction ITCs concentrations such as Allyl - ITC; 3 - Buten - 1 - yl - ITC and 4 - Penten - 1 - yl - ITC. Trace elements bioaccessibility in green tissues was also high for Ca (2.26-7.66 mg/g), Cu (0.60-2.78 µg/g), Se (9.93-74.71 µg/Kg) and Zn (12.98-20.15 µg/g). By contrast, the bioaccessibility of glucosinolates and trace elements in cruciferous seeds was extremely low. With the exception of Cu, these bioaccessibility percentages did not exceed 1% in most cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Martínez-Castro
- Departamento de Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Edificio C-1, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - A de Haro-Bailón
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Vegetal, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS - CSIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - S Obregón-Cano
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Vegetal, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS - CSIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - I M García Magdaleno
- Servicios Centrales de Apoyo a la Investigación (SCAI), Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Edificio Ramón y Cajal, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - A Moreno Ortega
- Departamento de Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Edificio C-1, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - F Cámara-Martos
- Departamento de Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Edificio C-1, 14014 Córdoba, Spain.
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Hoffmann H, Baldermann S, Wiesner-Reinhold M, Bergmann MM, Grune T, Hanschen FS. Metabolism and Recovery of Epithionitriles from Glucosinolates-A Human Intervention Study. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2200619. [PMID: 36373491 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Epithionitriles can be main glucosinolate hydrolysis products in Brassica vegetables such as cabbage or pak choi. Here, for the first time, the bioavailability and metabolism of longer-chain epithionitriles (C4-C5) is studied in a human intervention study. METHODS AND RESULTS After consumption of a white cabbage or pak choi sprouts beverage, rich in either 1-cyano-2,3-epithiopropane (CETP) or 1-cyano-3,4-epithiobutane (CETB) and 1-cyano-4,5-epithiopentane (CETPent), blood and urine samples of nine participants are taken and the metabolites are analyzed. The corresponding N-acetyl-S-(cyano-(methylthio)alkyl)-l-cysteine metabolites are identified and quantified by isotope dilution method using UHPLC-TOF-MS. The standards for N-acetyl-S-(cyano-(methylthio)alkyl)-l-cysteine metabolites from CETB and CETPent are synthesized for the first time and their structure confirmed by NMR spectroscopy. In contrast to the metabolites of CETP and CETPent, the expected metabolite of CETB is not detectable. The recoveries of the CETP and CETPent metabolites are 28 ± 9% for CETP and 12 ± 3% for CETPent in urine within 24 h. CONCLUSION CETP and CETPent are quickly uptaken, metabolized via the mercapturic acid pathway, and excreted via urine, while for CETB the corresponding metabolite is not detectable. Therefore, an additional metabolization pathway seems to exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Hoffmann
- Plant Quality and Food Security, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ) e.V., Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979, Grossbeeren, Germany.,Joint Lab PhaSe "Phytochemistry and Biofunctionality of Plant Secondary Metabolites" which is cooperated by affiliations IGZ, DIfE and University of Potsdam in Brandenburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Baldermann
- Plant Quality and Food Security, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ) e.V., Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979, Grossbeeren, Germany.,Joint Lab PhaSe "Phytochemistry and Biofunctionality of Plant Secondary Metabolites" which is cooperated by affiliations IGZ, DIfE and University of Potsdam in Brandenburg, Germany.,Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.,Faculty of Life Sciences: Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Bayreuth, 95326, Kulmbach, Germany
| | - Melanie Wiesner-Reinhold
- Plant Quality and Food Security, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ) e.V., Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979, Grossbeeren, Germany.,Joint Lab PhaSe "Phytochemistry and Biofunctionality of Plant Secondary Metabolites" which is cooperated by affiliations IGZ, DIfE and University of Potsdam in Brandenburg, Germany
| | - Manuela M Bergmann
- Joint Lab PhaSe "Phytochemistry and Biofunctionality of Plant Secondary Metabolites" which is cooperated by affiliations IGZ, DIfE and University of Potsdam in Brandenburg, Germany.,German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Tilman Grune
- Joint Lab PhaSe "Phytochemistry and Biofunctionality of Plant Secondary Metabolites" which is cooperated by affiliations IGZ, DIfE and University of Potsdam in Brandenburg, Germany.,Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.,Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.,Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Franziska S Hanschen
- Plant Quality and Food Security, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ) e.V., Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979, Grossbeeren, Germany.,Joint Lab PhaSe "Phytochemistry and Biofunctionality of Plant Secondary Metabolites" which is cooperated by affiliations IGZ, DIfE and University of Potsdam in Brandenburg, Germany
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BocODD1 and BocODD2 Regulate the Biosynthesis of Progoitrin Glucosinolate in Chinese Kale. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314781. [PMID: 36499110 PMCID: PMC9739482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Progoitrin (2-hydroxy-3-butenyl glucosinolate, PRO) is the main source of bitterness of Brassica plants. Research on the biosynthesis of PRO glucosinolate can aid the understanding of the nutritional value in Brassica plants. In this study, four ODD genes likely involved in PRO biosynthesis were cloned from Chinese kale. These four genes, designated as BocODD1-4, shared 75-82% similarities with the ODD sequence of Arabidopsis. The sequences of these four BocODDs were analyzed, and BocODD1 and BocODD2 were chosen for further study. The gene BocODD1,2 showed the highest expression levels in the roots, followed by the leaves, flowers, and stems, which is in accordance with the trend of the PRO content in the same tissues. Both the expression levels of BocODD1,2 and the content of PRO were significantly induced by high- and low-temperature treatments. The function of BocODDs involved in PRO biosynthesis was identified. Compared with the wild type, the content of PRO was increased twofold in the over-expressing BocODD1 or BocODD2 plants. Meanwhile, the content of PRO was decreased in the BocODD1 or BocODD2 RNAi lines more than twofold compared to the wildtype plants. These results suggested that BocODD1 and BocODD2 may play important roles in the biosynthesis of PRO glucosinolate in Chinese kale.
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Di H, Ma J, Zhang Y, Wei J, Yang J, Ma J, Bian J, Xu J, Huang Z, Tang Y, Li H, Zheng Y, Zhang F, Sun B. Correlations between flavor and glucosinolates and changes in quality-related physiochemical characteristics of Guizhou suancai during the fermentation process. Food Chem 2022; 405:134965. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kim SY, Yang J, Dang YM, Ha JH. Effect of fermentation stages on glucosinolate profiles in kimchi: Quantification of 14 intact glucosinolates using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem X 2022; 15:100417. [PMID: 36211768 PMCID: PMC9532793 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An analytical method for estimating glucosinolate profiles of kimchi is reported. The method employs ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The method is efficient in terms of linearity, sensitivity, accuracy, and precision. The glucosinolate contents and compositions vary with fermentation stage. Total glucosinolates were degraded by 91%–100% in over-fermentation stage.
We developed and validated an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry-based analytical method to determine intact glucosinolates in kimchi and evaluate the effects of fermentation stages on glucosinolate profiles. The developed method yielded reliable data in the kimchi matrix in terms of selectivity, matrix effect (88 %–105 %), linearity (coefficients of determination ≥0.9991), sensitivity (limits of quantification ≤35 nmol/L), accuracy (82 %–101 %), and precision (≤8%). The kimchi samples contained progoitrin, sinigrin, glucoraphanin, glucoraphenin, glucoalyssin, gluconapin, glucobrassicanapin, glucobrassicin, glucoberteroin, gluconasturtiin, 4-methoxyglucobrassicin, and neoglucobrassicin, of which 4-methoxyglucobrassicin, glucobrassicanapin, and gluconapin were the major compounds. Total glucosinolate content was decreased by 31 %–97 % and 91–100 % in the moderate-fermented and over-fermented samples, respectively, compared with that in the non-fermented samples, revealing sudden glucosinolate degradation between the moderate- and over-fermentation stages. In summary, we report an efficient analytical method to estimate kimchi glucosinolate profiles, which could be a foundation for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Yeon Kim
- Hygienic Safety and Distribution Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Yang
- Industrial Solution Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Mi Dang
- Hygienic Safety and Distribution Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyuong Ha
- Hygienic Safety and Distribution Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author.
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Zhang T, Liu R, Zheng J, Wang Z, Gao T, Qin M, Hu X, Wang Y, Yang S, Li T. Insights into glucosinolate accumulation and metabolic pathways in Isatis indigotica Fort. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:78. [PMID: 35193497 PMCID: PMC8862337 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03455-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucosinolates (GSLs) play important roles in defending against exogenous damage and regulating physiological activities in plants. However, GSL accumulation patterns and molecular regulation mechanisms are largely unknown in Isatis indigotica Fort. RESULTS Ten GSLs were identified in I. indigotica, and the dominant GSLs were epiprogoitrin (EPI) and indole-3-methyl GSL (I3M), followed by progoitrin (PRO) and gluconapin (GNA). The total GSL content was highest (over 20 μmol/g) in reproductive organs, lowest (less than 1.0 μmol/g) in mature organs, and medium in fresh leaves (2.6 μmol/g) and stems (1.5 μmol/g). In the seed germination process, the total GSL content decreased from 27.2 μmol/g (of seeds) to 2.7 μmol/g (on the 120th day) and then increased to 4.0 μmol/g (180th day). However, the content of indole GSL increased rapidly in the first week after germination and fluctuated between 1.13 μmol/g (28th day) and 2.82 μmol/g (150th day). Under the different elicitor treatments, the total GSL content increased significantly, ranging from 2.9-fold (mechanical damage, 3 h) to 10.7-fold (MeJA, 6 h). Moreover, 132 genes were involved in GSL metabolic pathways. Among them, no homologs of AtCYP79F2 and AtMAM3 were identified, leading to a distinctive GSL profile in I. indigotica. Furthermore, most genes involved in the GSL metabolic pathway were derived from tandem duplication, followed by dispersed duplication and segmental duplication. Purifying selection was observed, although some genes underwent relaxed selection. In addition, three tandem-arrayed GSL-OH genes showed different expression patterns, suggesting possible subfunctionalization during evolution. CONCLUSIONS Ten different GSLs with their accumulation patterns and 132 genes involved in the GSL metabolic pathway were explored, which laid a foundation for the study of GSL metabolism and regulatory mechanisms in I. indigotica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), The Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resources Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), The Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Zirong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), The Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian'e Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), The Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Qin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), The Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), The Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), The Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Yang
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Centre for Conservation and Utilization of Botanical Resources, Xi'an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province (Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province), Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), The Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, People's Republic of China.
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SUN X, WANG W, PAERHATI M, SONG Z, LI J, ZHU J. Phytochemical composition and nutritional characterization of qamgur (Brassica rapa L.) in different forms. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.35722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui SUN
- Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Wei WANG
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | | | | | - Jin LI
- Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Jingrong ZHU
- Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
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Tie Y, Zhu W, Zhang C, Yin L, Zhang Y, Liu L, Yuan H. Identification of Two Myrosinases from a Leclercia adecarboxylata Strain and Investigation of Its Tolerance Mechanism to Glucosinolate Hydrolysate. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:14151-14164. [PMID: 34806371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSLs), secondary metabolites synthesized by cruciferous plants, can be hydrolyzed by myrosinase into compounds, such as isothiocyanates (ITCs), with various bioactivities. Thus, myrosinase plays an important role in the utilization of GSLs. We isolated a bacterial strain, which was identified as Leclercia adecarboxylata, from the rhizosphere soil of rape seedlings and identified two myrosinase genes and an ITC hydrolase gene. Both myrosinases are intracellular and have 658 amino acid residues. Via molecular docking and chemical modification assays investigating the active sites of the myrosinases, arginine was found to be essential for their catalytic activity. Transcriptomic analysis of the response to sinigrin revealed significant up-regulation of some genes involved in allyl-ITC detoxification, with metallo-β-lactamase 3836 having the highest fold change. Thus, we discovered two myrosinases from L. adecarboxylata and demonstrated that the mechanism of tolerance of the bacterium to allyl-ITC likely involved metallo-β-lactamase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tie
- Solid-State Fermentation Resource Utilization Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Wenyou Zhu
- Solid-State Fermentation Resource Utilization Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Solid-State Fermentation Resource Utilization Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Liguo Yin
- Solid-State Fermentation Resource Utilization Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Yalin Zhang
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Linpei Liu
- Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Huawei Yuan
- Solid-State Fermentation Resource Utilization Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China
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12
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Oloyede OO, Wagstaff C, Methven L. The Impact of Domestic Cooking Methods on Myrosinase Stability, Glucosinolates and Their Hydrolysis Products in Different Cabbage ( Brassica oleracea) Accessions. Foods 2021; 10:2908. [PMID: 34945460 PMCID: PMC8700523 DOI: 10.3390/foods10122908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucosinolate hydrolysis products are responsible for the health-promoting properties of Brassica vegetables. The impact of domestic cooking on the myrosinase stability, glucosinolates and hydrolysis products in 18 cabbage accession was investigated. Cabbages were steamed, microwaved, and stir-fried before analysis. Cooking significantly affected myrosinase stability and glucosinolate concentrations within and between cabbage morphotypes. Myrosinase was most stable after stir-frying, with up to 65% residual activity. Steaming and microwaving resulted in over 90% loss of myrosinase activity in some accessions. Stir-frying resulted in the greatest decrease in glucosinolate concentration, resulting in up to 70% loss. Steamed cabbages retained the highest glucosinolates after cooking (up to 97%). The profile and abundance of glucosinolate hydrolysis products detected varied across all cooking methods studied. Cooking reduced the amounts of nitriles and epithionitriles formed compared to raw samples. Steaming led to a significant increase in the concentration of beneficial isothiocyanates present in the cabbage and a significantly lower level of nitriles compared to other samples. Microwaving led to a reduction in the concentrations of both nitriles and isothiocyanates when compared to other cooking methods and raw cabbage. The results obtained help provide information on the optimal cooking methods for cabbage, suggesting that steaming may be the best approach to maximising beneficial isothiocyanate production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omobolanle O. Oloyede
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Harry Nursten Building, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6DZ, UK; (C.W.); (L.M.)
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Oloyede OO, Wagstaff C, Methven L. Influence of Cabbage ( Brassica oleracea) Accession and Growing Conditions on Myrosinase Activity, Glucosinolates and Their Hydrolysis Products. Foods 2021; 10:foods10122903. [PMID: 34945451 PMCID: PMC8700869 DOI: 10.3390/foods10122903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucosinolates are secondary plant metabolites present in Brassica vegetables. The endogenous enzyme myrosinase is responsible for the hydrolysis of glucosinolates, yielding a variety of compounds, including health-promoting isothiocyanates. The influence of cabbage accession and growing conditions on myrosinase activity, glucosinolates (GSL) and their hydrolysis products (GHPs) of 18 gene-bank cabbage accessions was studied. Growing conditions, cabbage morphotype and accession all significantly affected myrosinase activity and concentration of glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products. In general, cabbages grown in the field with lower growth temperatures had significantly higher myrosinase activity than glasshouse samples. Profile and concentration of glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products differed across the accessions studied. Aliphatic glucosinolates accounted for more than 60 % of total glucosinolates in most of the samples assessed. Nitriles and epithionitriles were the most abundant hydrolysis products formed. The results obtained showed that consumption of raw cabbages might reduce the amount of beneficial hydrolysis products available to the consumer, as more nitriles were produced from hydrolysis compared to beneficial isothiocyanates. However, red and white cabbages contained high concentrations of glucoraphanin and its isothiocyanate, sulforaphane. This implies that careful selection of accessions with ample concentrations of certain glucosinolates can improve the health benefits derived from raw cabbage consumption.
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Current Methods for the Extraction and Analysis of Isothiocyanates and Indoles in Cruciferous Vegetables. ANALYTICA 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/analytica2040011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cruciferous vegetables are characterized by the presence of sulfur-containing secondary plant metabolites known as glucosinolates (GLS). The consumption of cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, cabbage, rocket salad, and cauliflower has been related to the prevention of non-communicable diseases. Their beneficial effects are attributed to the enzymatic degradation products of GLS, e.g., isothiocyanates and indoles. Owing to these properties, there has been a shift in the last few years towards the research of these compounds and a wide range of methods for their extraction and analytical determination have been developed. The aim of this review is to present the sample preparation and extraction procedures of isothiocyanates and indoles from cruciferous vegetables and the analytical methods for their determination. The majority of the references that have been reviewed are from the last decade. Although efforts towards the application of eco-friendly non-conventional extraction methods have been made, the use of conventional solvent extraction is mainly applied. The major analytical techniques employed for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of isothiocyanates and indoles are high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography coupled with or without mass spectrometry detection. Nevertheless, the analytical determination of isothiocyanates presents several problems due to their instability and the absence of chromophores, making the simultaneous determination of isothiocyanates and indoles a challenging task.
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Shakour ZT, Shehab NG, Gomaa AS, Wessjohann LA, Farag MA. Metabolic and biotransformation effects on dietary glucosinolates, their bioavailability, catabolism and biological effects in different organisms. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107784. [PMID: 34102260 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glucosinolate-producing plants have long been recognized for both their distinctive benefits to human nutrition and their resistance traits against pathogens and herbivores. Despite the accumulation of glucosinolates (GLS) in plants is associated with their resistance to various biotic and abiotic stresses, the defensive and biological activities of GLS are commonly conveyed by their metabolic products. In view of this, metabolism is considered the driving factor upon the interactions of GLS-producing plants with other organisms, also influenced by plant and plant attacking or digesting organism characteristics. Several microbial pathogens and insects have evolved the capacity to detoxify GLS-hydrolysis products or inhibit their formation via different means, highlighting the relevance of their metabolic abilities for the plants' defense system activation and target organism detoxification. Strikingly, some bacteria, fungi and insects can likewise produce their own myrosinase (MYR)-like enzymes in one of the most important adaptation strategies against the GLS-MYR plant defense system. Knowledge of GLS metabolic pathways in herbivores and pathogens can impact plant protection efforts and may be harnessed upon for genetically modified plants that are more resistant to predators. In humans, the interest in the implementation of GLS in diets for the prevention of chronic diseases has grown substantially. However, the efficiency of such approaches is dependent on GLS bioavailability and metabolism, which largely involves the human gut microbiome. Among GLS-hydrolytic products, isothiocyanates (ITC) have shown exceptional properties as chemical plant defense agents against herbivores and pathogens, along with their health-promoting benefits in humans, at least if consumed in reasonable amounts. Deciphering GLS metabolic pathways provides critical information for catalyzing all types of GLS towards the generation of ITCs as the biologically most active metabolites. This review provides an overview on contrasting metabolic pathways in plants, bacteria, fungi, insects and humans towards GLS activation or detoxification. Further, suggestions for the preparation of GLS containing plants with improved health benefits are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab T Shakour
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Naglaa G Shehab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Natural Products, Dubai Pharmacy College, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed S Gomaa
- Faculty of Graduate Studies for Statistical Research, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ludger A Wessjohann
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Chemistry Department, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt.
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16
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Bell L, Kitsopanou E, Oloyede OO, Lignou S. Important Odorants of Four Brassicaceae Species, and Discrepancies between Glucosinolate Profiles and Observed Hydrolysis Products. Foods 2021; 10:foods10051055. [PMID: 34064846 PMCID: PMC8150828 DOI: 10.3390/foods10051055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that the distinctive aroma and flavour traits of Brassicaceae crops are produced by glucosinolate (GSL) hydrolysis products (GHPs) with other non-GSL derived compounds also reported to contribute significantly to their aromas. This study investigated the flavour profile and glucosinolate content of four Brassicaceae species (salad rocket, horseradish, wasabi, and watercress). Solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-olfactometry were used to determine the volatile compounds and odorants present in the four species. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine the glucosinolate composition, respectively. A total of 113 compounds and 107 odour-active components were identified in the headspace of the four species. Of the compounds identified, 19 are newly reported for ‘salad’ rocket, 26 for watercress, 30 for wasabi, and 38 for horseradish, marking a significant step forward in understanding and characterising aroma generation in these species. There were several non-glucosinolate derived compounds contributing to the ‘pungent’ aroma profile of the species, indicating that the glucosinolate-derived compounds are not the only source of these sensations in Brassicaceae species. Several discrepancies between observed glucosinolates and hydrolysis products were observed, and we discuss the implications of this for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Bell
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AR, UK;
| | - Eva Kitsopanou
- Sensory Science Centre, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Harry Nursten Building, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6DZ, UK; (E.K.); (O.O.O.)
| | - Omobolanle O. Oloyede
- Sensory Science Centre, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Harry Nursten Building, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6DZ, UK; (E.K.); (O.O.O.)
| | - Stella Lignou
- Sensory Science Centre, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Harry Nursten Building, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6DZ, UK; (E.K.); (O.O.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)118-378-8717
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Zeng W, Tao H, Li Y, Wang J, Xia C, Li S, Wang M, Wang Q, Miao H. The flavor of Chinese kale sprouts is affected by genotypic variation of glucosinolates and their breakdown products. Food Chem 2021; 359:129824. [PMID: 33965761 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic profiling of glucosinolates and their breakdown products in sprouts of 22 Chinese kale (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra, BOA) varieties were investigated by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Relationships between glucosinolate metabolites and flavor of Chinese kale sprouts were also analyzed. Results showed that compositions and contents of both glucosinolates and their breakdown products varied greatly among different varieties of Chinese kale sprouts. Gluconapin and 4,5-Epithio-pentanenitrile were the dominant glucosinolate and glucosinolate breakdown product in Chinese kale sprouts, respectively. Gluconapin and glucobrassicin were significantly related to bitterness (r = 0.577, 0.648, respectively; p < 0.05). BOA 1 and BOA 13, BOA 3 and BOA 10 are good candidates for future breeding programs since the former two varieties have light bitterness and pungency, and the latter two varieties contain high levels of glucosinolate breakdown products such as isothiocyanates and epithionitriles in sprouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Han Tao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yubo Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiansheng Wang
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Chuchu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Songwen Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mengyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiaomei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Huiying Miao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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18
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Zhang F, Lin PX, Xia PX, Di HM, Zhang JQ, Wang ZH, Li ZQ, Huang SY, Li HX, Sun B. The effect of different thawing methods on the health-promoting compounds and antioxidant capacity in frozen baby mustard. RSC Adv 2021; 11:9856-9864. [PMID: 35423474 PMCID: PMC8695503 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00610j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of five domestic thawing methods, including air thawing (AIR), water thawing with bags (W + B), water thawing without bags (W - B), refrigerator thawing (REF), and microwave thawing (MIC), on the main health-promoting compounds and antioxidant capacity in both unblanched and blanched baby mustard were investigated in this study. The results showed that different thawing methods markedly affected the health-promoting compounds and antioxidant capacity of baby mustard. MIC better retained the overall nutritional quality of frozen baby mustard compared with the four other treatments. AIR led to significant decreases in the glucosinolate contents in unblanched and blanched baby mustard. W + B led to significant decreases in the total phenols contents and antioxidant capacity levels in unblanched and blanched baby mustard, as well as the ascorbic acid content in unblanched baby mustard. W + B led to a significant decrease in the FRAP level in unblanched baby mustard, as well as the glucosinolate and ascorbic acid contents and ABTS level in blanched baby mustard. REF led to significant decreases in glucosinolates and proanthocyanidins contents in unblanched baby mustard, as well as the ascorbic acid content in blanched baby mustard. Furthermore, the thawing time was greatly shortened by MIC (only approximately 1 min). Thus, MIC was the optimal thawing method for frozen baby mustard regardless of whether it was blanched, as MIC best preserved nutritional quality and reduced the thawing time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu 611130 China
| | - Pei-Xing Lin
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu 611130 China
| | - Ping-Xin Xia
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu 611130 China
| | - Hong-Mei Di
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu 611130 China
| | - Jia-Qi Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu 611130 China
| | - Zi-Han Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu 611130 China
| | - Zhi-Qing Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu 611130 China
| | - Shu-Ya Huang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu 611130 China
| | - Huan-Xiu Li
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu 611130 China
| | - Bo Sun
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu 611130 China
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Dejanovic GM, Asllanaj E, Gamba M, Raguindin PF, Itodo OA, Minder B, Bussler W, Metzger B, Muka T, Glisic M, Kern H. Phytochemical characterization of turnip greens (Brassica rapa ssp. rapa): A systematic review. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247032. [PMID: 33596258 PMCID: PMC7888597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The Turnip (Brassica rapa L. ssp. rapa) is a leaf and root vegetable grown and consumed worldwide. The consumption of Turnip has been associated with beneficial effects on human health due to their phytochemicals that may control a variety of physiological functions, including antioxidant activity, enzyme regulation, and apoptotic control and the cell cycle. The current systematic review of the literature aims to evaluate both the profile and quantity of phytochemicals commonly found in Turnip greens and to provide perspectives for further investigation. Methods This review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. Four bibliographic databases (PubMed, Embase, Web-of-Science and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) were searched to identify published studies until April 8th, 2020 (date last searched) without data and language restriction. Studies were included if they used samples of Turnip greens (the leaves), and evaluated its phytochemical content. Two reviewers independently evaluated the titles and abstracts according to the selection criteria. For each potentially eligible study, two reviewers assessed the full-texts and independently extracted the data using a predesigned data extraction form. Results Based on the search strategy 5,077 potentially relevant citations were identified and full texts of 37 studies were evaluated, among which 18 studies were eligible to be included in the current review. The majority of included studies were focused on identification of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates (n = 14, 82%), four studies focused on organic acids, and five studies reported phenolic component profile in Turnip greens. Among included studies nine studies (50%) provided information on phytochemical’s content. We found 129 phytochemicals (19 glucosinolates, 33 glucosinolate-breakdown products, 10 organic acids and 59 polyphenolic compounds) reported in Turnip greens. Flavonoids were mainly present as quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin derivatives; while aliphatic forms were the predominant glucosinolate (gluconapin was the most common across five studies, followed by glucobrassicanapin). In general, the phytochemical content varied among the leaves, tops and Turnip roots. Conclusions Emerging evidence suggests the Turnip as a substantial source of diverse bioactive compounds. However, detailed investigation on the pure compounds derived from Turnip green, their bioavailability, transport and metabolism after consumption is further needed. Additional studies on their biological activity are crucial to develop dietary recommendations on the effective dosage and dietary recommendation of Turnip greens for nutrition and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana M. Dejanovic
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Eralda Asllanaj
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Magda Gamba
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Francis Raguindin
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Swiss Paraplegic Research, Nottwil, Switzerland
| | - Oche Adam Itodo
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Swiss Paraplegic Research, Nottwil, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Minder
- Public Health & Primary Care Library, University Library of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Weston Bussler
- Nutrition Innovation Center, Standard Process Inc., Kannapolis, NC, United States of America
| | - Brandon Metzger
- Nutrition Innovation Center, Standard Process Inc., Kannapolis, NC, United States of America
| | - Taulant Muka
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marija Glisic
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Swiss Paraplegic Research, Nottwil, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Hua Kern
- Nutrition Innovation Center, Standard Process Inc., Kannapolis, NC, United States of America
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Witzel K, Kurina AB, Artemyeva AM. Opening the Treasure Chest: The Current Status of Research on Brassica oleracea and B. rapa Vegetables From ex situ Germplasm Collections. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:643047. [PMID: 34093606 PMCID: PMC8173032 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.643047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Germplasm collections reflect the genetic variability in crops and their wild relatives. Hence, those genetic resources are tremendously valuable for breeders and researchers, especially in light of climatic change and stagnant crop production rates. In order to achieve improvements in crop production and end-use quality, favorable traits and donor alleles present in germplasm collections need to be identified and utilized. This review covers recent reports on the utilization of germplasm material to isolate genotypes of Brassica oleracea and B. rapa vegetables, focusing on high nutrient use efficiency, accumulation of biologically active metabolites, pest resistance, and favorable phenotypic appearance. We discuss the current state of Brassica vegetable collections in genebanks and summarize studies directed to the molecular characterization of those collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Witzel
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Großbeeren, Germany
- *Correspondence: Katja Witzel,
| | - Anastasia B. Kurina
- Federal Research Center the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna M. Artemyeva
- Federal Research Center the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), St. Petersburg, Russia
- Anna M. Artemyeva,
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21
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Seasonal Variation of Glucosinolate Hydrolysis Products in Commercial White and Red Cabbages ( Brassica oleracea var. capitata). Foods 2020; 9:foods9111682. [PMID: 33213073 PMCID: PMC7698573 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Brassica vegetables contain glucosinolates, which are well-known for their potential to form health-promoting isothiocyanates. Among those crucifers, white and red cabbage are commonly consumed vegetables, exhibiting different glucosinolate and hydrolysis profiles thereof. Regarding the health beneficial effects from these vegetables, more information, especially concerning the seasonal variation of glucosinolate profiles and the formation of their bioactive hydrolysis products in commercial cabbages, is needed. In this study, glucosinolates and glucosinolate hydrolysis product profiles in red and white cabbages from three different food retailers were monitored over six different sampling dates across the selling season in autumn. For the first time, it was shown that, while glucosinolate profiles were similar in each cabbage variety, glucosinolate hydrolysis product profiles and hydrolysis behavior varied considerably over the season. The highest total isothiocyanate concentrations were observed in conventional red (1.66 μmol/g FW) and organic white (0.93 μmol/g FW) cabbages purchased at the first sampling date in September. Here, red cabbage was with up to 1.06 μmol/g FW of 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl isothiocyanate (sulforaphane), an excellent source for this health-promoting isothiocyanate. Cabbages purchased 11 weeks later in autumn released lower levels of isothiocyanates, but mainly nitriles and epithionitriles. The results indicate that commercial cabbages purchased in early autumn could be healthier options than those purchased later in the year.
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Liu Y, Rossi M, Liang X, Zhang H, Zou L, Ong CN. An Integrated Metabolomics Study of Glucosinolate Metabolism in Different Brassicaceae Genera. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10080313. [PMID: 32751925 PMCID: PMC7463649 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10080313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucosinolates are a group of plant secondary metabolites that can be hydrolyzed into a variety of breakdown products such as isothiocyanates, thiocyanates, and nitriles. These breakdown products can facilitate plant defense and function as attractants to natural enemies of insect pests. As part of the diet, some of these compounds have shown cancer-preventing activities, and the levels of these metabolites in the edible parts of the plants are of interest. In this study, we systematically examined variations in glucosinolates, their precursors, and their breakdown products in 12 commonly consumed vegetables of the Brassicaceae family with gas chromatography—quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (GC-Q-TOF/MS), liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (LC-Q-TOF/MS), and liquid chromatography—triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC-QQQ/MS), using both untargeted and targeted approaches. The findings were integrated with data from literature to provide a comprehensive map of pathways for biosynthesis of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates. The levels of precursor glucosinolates are found to correlate well with their downstream breakdown products. Further, the types and abundances of glucosinolates among different genera are significantly different, and these data allow the classification of plants based on morphological taxonomy. Further validation on three genera, which are grown underground, in damp soil, and above ground, suggests that each genus has its specific biosynthetic pathways and that there are variations in some common glucosinolate biosynthesis pathways. Our methods and results provide a good starting point for further investigations into specific aspects of glucosinolate metabolism in the Brassica vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China;
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore; (M.R.); (L.Z.)
| | - Merja Rossi
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore; (M.R.); (L.Z.)
| | - Xu Liang
- National University of Singapore (NUS) Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; (X.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hui Zhang
- National University of Singapore (NUS) Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; (X.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Li Zou
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore; (M.R.); (L.Z.)
| | - Choon Nam Ong
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore; (M.R.); (L.Z.)
- National University of Singapore (NUS) Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; (X.L.); (H.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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Sikorska-Zimny K, Beneduce L. The glucosinolates and their bioactive derivatives in Brassica: a review on classification, biosynthesis and content in plant tissues, fate during and after processing, effect on the human organism and interaction with the gut microbiota. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:2544-2571. [PMID: 32584172 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1780193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study is a systematic review of the scientific literature reporting content, composition and biosynthesis of glucosinolates (GLS), and their derivative compounds in Brassica family. An amended classification of brassica species, varieties and their GLS content, organized for the different plant organs and in uniformed concentration measure unit, is here reported for the first time in a harmonized and comparative manner. In the last years, the studies carried out on the effect of processing on vegetables and the potential benefits for human health has increased rapidly and consistently the knowledge on the topic. Therefore, there was the need for an updated revision of the scientific literature of pre- and post-harvest modifications of GLS content, along with the role of gut microbiota in influencing their bioavailability once they are ingested. After analyzing and standardizing over 100 articles and the related data, the highest GLS content in Brassica, was declared in B. nigra (L.) W. D. J. Koch (201.95 ± 53.36 µmol g-1), followed by B. oleracea Alboglabra group (180.9 ± 70.3 µmol g-1). The authors also conclude that food processing can influence significantly the final content of GLS, considering the most popular methods: boiling, blanching, steaming, the latter can be considered as the most favorable to preserve highest level of GLS and their deriviatives. Therefore, a mild-processing strategic approach for GLS or their derivatives in food is recommended, in order to minimize the loss of actual bioactive impact. Finally, the human gut microbiota is influenced by Brassica-rich diet and can contribute in certain conditions to the increasing of GLS bioavailability but further studies are needed to assess the actual role of microbiomes in the bioavailability of healthy glucosinolate derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina Sikorska-Zimny
- Fruit and Vegetables Storage and Processing Department, Storage and Postharvest Physiology of Fruit and Vegetables Laboratory, Research Institute of Horticulture, Skierniewice, Poland.,Stefan Batory State University, Skierniewice, Poland
| | - Luciano Beneduce
- Department of the Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment (SAFE), University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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Profiling of Individual Desulfo-Glucosinolate Content in Cabbage Head ( Brassica oleracea var. capitata) Germplasm. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081860. [PMID: 32316621 PMCID: PMC7221891 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual glucosinolates (GSLs) were assessed to select cabbage genotypes for a potential breeding program. One hundred forty-six cabbage genotypes from different origins were grown in an open field from March to June 2019; the cabbage heads were used for GSL analyses. Seven aliphatics [glucoiberin (GIB), progoitrin (PRO), epi-progoitrin (EPI), sinigrin (SIN), glucoraphanin (GRA), glucoerucin (GER) and gluconapin (GNA)], one aromatic [gluconasturtiin (GNS)] and four indolyl GSLs [glucobrassicin (GBS), 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin (4HGBS), 4-methoxyglucobrassicin (4MGBS), neoglucobrassicin (NGBS)] were found this study. Significant variation was observed in the individual GSL content and in each class of GSLs among the cabbage genotypes. Aliphatic GSLs were predominant (58.5%) among the total GSLs, followed by indolyl GSL (40.7%) and aromatic GSLs (0.8%), showing 46.4, 51.2 and 137.8% coefficients of variation, respectively. GIB, GBS and NGBS were the most common GSLs found in all genotypes. GBS was the most dominant GSL, with an average value of 3.91 µmol g−1 (0.79 to 13.14 µmol g−1). SIN, GIB, PRO and GRA were the other major GSLs, showing average values of 3.45, 1.50, 0.77 and 0.62 µmol g−1, respectively. The genotypes with relatively high contents of GBS, SIN, GIB and GRA warrant detailed studies for future breeding programs since the hydrolysis products of these GSLs have several anti-cancer properties.
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Xue YL, Han HT, Liu CJ, Gao Q, Li JH, Zhang JH, Li DJ, Liu CQ. Multivariate analyses of the volatile components in fresh and dried turnip ( Brassica rapa L.) chips via HS-SPME-GC-MS. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2020; 57:3390-3399. [PMID: 32728286 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04372-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Turnip is a vegetable that has many health promoting effects. To diversify the usage and increase the consumption of turnip, the effects of hot air drying, infrared drying, explosion puff drying and freeze drying (FD) on the volatiles of turnip chips were studied. The volatiles of fresh turnip and dried turnip chips were isolated by HS-SPME-GC-MS and a total of 67 volatiles were identified. However, the volatiles in turnip chips dried by different methods are quite different. Based on principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis, the volatiles of fresh turnip were distinguished from those of the dried chips and FD was separated from the other drying methods. As the result of orthogonal projection on latent structure-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), isothiocyanato-cyclopropane and (2-isothiocyanatoethyl)-benzene were identified as the characteristic volatiles of fresh turnip. While, 2-azido-2,3,3-trimethyl-butane and hexanal were identified as the characteristic volatiles for FD dried chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Lin Xue
- Institute of Farm Product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 50 Zhongling Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, 210014 Jiangsu Province People's Republic of China.,College of Light Industry, Liaoning University, Huanggu District, No. 66 Chongshan Middle Road, Shenyang, 110036 Liaoning Province People's Republic of China
| | - Hao-Ting Han
- College of Light Industry, Liaoning University, Huanggu District, No. 66 Chongshan Middle Road, Shenyang, 110036 Liaoning Province People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Ju Liu
- Institute of Farm Product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 50 Zhongling Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, 210014 Jiangsu Province People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Gao
- Party School of Liaoning Provincial Party Committee, Shenyang, 110161 People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Heng Li
- College of Light Industry, Liaoning University, Huanggu District, No. 66 Chongshan Middle Road, Shenyang, 110036 Liaoning Province People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Hui Zhang
- College of Light Industry, Liaoning University, Huanggu District, No. 66 Chongshan Middle Road, Shenyang, 110036 Liaoning Province People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Jing Li
- Institute of Farm Product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 50 Zhongling Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, 210014 Jiangsu Province People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Quan Liu
- Institute of Farm Product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 50 Zhongling Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, 210014 Jiangsu Province People's Republic of China
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26
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Hanschen FS. Domestic boiling and salad preparation habits affect glucosinolate degradation in red cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. rubra). Food Chem 2020; 321:126694. [PMID: 32244140 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Red cabbage contains glucosinolates, precursors to health-promoting isothiocyanates. However, raw cabbage often releases mainly epithionitriles and nitriles from glucosinolates. To increase isothiocyanate formation, the effect of acid usage in the preparation of red cabbage was evaluated. Moreover, the effects of the chosen boiling method (acidic boiled red cabbage versus neutral boiled blue cabbage) on glucosinolate degradation were investigated using UHPLC-DAD-ToF-MS and GC-MS. The addition of vinegar significantly increased isothiocyanate formation of cabbage salad from 0.09 to 0.21 µmol/g fresh weight, while lemon juice only slightly increased isothiocyanate formation. Acidic boiled red cabbage degraded glucosinolates and increased nitrile formation, while in neutral boiled blue cabbage, glucosinolates were stable. However, shortly boiled blue cabbage (5 min) had the highest isothiocyanate levels (0.08 µmol/g fresh weight). Thus, for a diet rich in isothiocyanates it is recommended to acidify raw cabbage salads and prepare shortly boiled blue cabbage instead of red cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska S Hanschen
- Plant Quality and Food Security, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ) e.V., Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany.
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Mandrich L, Caputo E. Brassicaceae-Derived Anticancer Agents: Towards a Green Approach to Beat Cancer. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030868. [PMID: 32213900 PMCID: PMC7146209 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the main cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Although a large variety of therapeutic approaches have been developed and translated into clinical protocols, the toxic side effects of cancer treatments negatively impact patients, allowing cancer to grow. Brassica metabolites are emerging as new weapons for anti-cancer therapeutics. The beneficial role of the consumption of brassica vegetables, the most-used vegetables in the Mediterranean diet, particularly broccoli, in the prevention of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and obesity, has been well-documented. In this review, we discuss the anti-tumor effects of the bioactive compounds from Brassica vegetables with regard to the compounds and types of cancer against which they show activity, providing current knowledge on the anti-cancer effects of Brassica metabolites against major types of tumors. In addition, we discuss the impacts of industrial and domestic processing on the compounds’ functional properties before their consumption as well as the main strategies used to increase the content of health-promoting metabolites in Brassica plants through biofortification. Finally, the impacts of microbiota on the compounds’ bioactivity are considered. This information will be helpful for the further development of efficacious anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Mandrich
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems-IRET-CNR, Via Pietro Castellino, 111, I-80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Emilia Caputo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (I.G.B.) “A. Buzzati-Traverso”, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino, 111, I-80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence:
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28
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Yang Y, Hu Y, Yue Y, Pu Y, Yin X, Duan Y, Huang A, Yang Y, Yang Y. Expression profiles of glucosinolate biosynthetic genes in turnip (Brassica rapa var. rapa) at different developmental stages and effect of transformed flavin-containing monooxygenase genes on hairy root glucosinolate content. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:1064-1071. [PMID: 31713870 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucosinolates (GSLs) are secondary metabolites, mainly existing in Brassica vegetables. Their breakdown products have health benefits and contribute to the distinctive taste of these vegetables. Because of their high value, there is a lot of interest in developing breeding strategies to increase the content of beneficial GSLs in Brassica species. GSLs are synthesized from certain amino acids and their biological roles depend largely on the structure of their side chains. Flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMOGS-OX ) genes are involved in the synthesis of these side chains. To better understand GSL biosynthesis, we sequenced the transcriptomes of turnip (Brassica rapa var. rapa) tubers at four developmental stages (S1-S4) and determined their GSL content. RESULTS The total GSL content was high at the early stage (S1) of tuber development and increased up to S3, then decreased at S4. We detected 61 differentially expressed genes, including five FMOGS-OX genes, that were related for GSL biosynthesis among the four developmental stages. Most of these genes were highly expressed at stages S1 to S3, but their expression was much lower at S4. We estimated the effect of the five FMOGS-OX genes on GSL content by overexpressing them in turnip hairy roots and found that the amount of aliphatic GSLs increased significantly in the transgenic plants. CONCLUSION The transcriptome data and characterization of genes involved in GSL biosynthesis, particularly the FMOGS-OX genes, will be valuable for improving the yield of beneficial GSLs in turnip and other Brassica crops. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Yang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Plant Germplasm & Genom Ctr, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research at Kunming, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Plant Germplasm & Genom Ctr, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research at Kunming, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanling Yue
- College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yanan Pu
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Plant Germplasm & Genom Ctr, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research at Kunming, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xin Yin
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Plant Germplasm & Genom Ctr, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research at Kunming, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanwen Duan
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Plant Germplasm & Genom Ctr, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research at Kunming, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aixia Huang
- College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yunqiang Yang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Plant Germplasm & Genom Ctr, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research at Kunming, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yongping Yang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Plant Germplasm & Genom Ctr, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research at Kunming, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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29
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Chen X, Hanschen FS, Neugart S, Schreiner M, Vargas SA, Gutschmann B, Baldermann S. Boiling and steaming induced changes in secondary metabolites in three different cultivars of pak choi (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis). J Food Compost Anal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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30
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Bonnema G, Lee JG, Shuhang W, Lagarrigue D, Bucher J, Wehrens R, de Vos R, Beekwilder J. Glucosinolate variability between turnip organs during development. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217862. [PMID: 31170222 PMCID: PMC6553741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Turnip (Brassica rapa spp. rapa) is an important vegetable species, with a unique physiology. Several plant parts, including both the turnip tubers and leaves, are important for human consumption. During the development of turnip plants, the leaves function as metabolic source tissues, while the tuber first functions as a sink, while later the tuber turns into a source for development of flowers and seeds. In the present study, chemical changes were determined for two genotypes with different genetic background, and included seedling, young leaves, mature leaves, tuber surface, tuber core, stalk, flower and seed tissues, at seven different time points during plant development. As a basis for understanding changes in glucosinolates during plant development, the profile of glucosinolates was analysed using liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS). This analysis was complemented by a gene expression analysis, focussed on GLS biosynthesis, which could explain part of the observed variation, pointing to important roles of specific gene orthologues for defining the chemical differences. Substantial differences in glucosinolate profiles were observed between above-ground tissues and turnip tuber, reflecting the differences in physiological role. In addition, differences between the two genotypes and between tissues that were harvested early or late during the plant lifecycle. The importance of the observed differences in glucosinolate profile for the ecophysiology of the turnip and for breeding turnips with optimal chemical profiles is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guusje Bonnema
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jun Gu Lee
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Wang Shuhang
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - David Lagarrigue
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Bucher
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ron Wehrens
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ric de Vos
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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31
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Klopsch R, Baldermann S, Hanschen FS, Voss A, Rohn S, Schreiner M, Neugart S. Brassica-enriched wheat bread: Unraveling the impact of ontogeny and breadmaking on bioactive secondary plant metabolites of pak choi and kale. Food Chem 2019; 295:412-422. [PMID: 31174776 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of Brassica vegetables is linked to health benefits, as they contain high concentrations of the following secondary plant metabolites (SPMs): glucosinolate breakdown products, carotenoids, chlorophylls, and phenolic compounds. Especially Brassica vegetables are consumed as microgreens (developed cotyledons). It was investigated how different ontogenetic stages (microgreens or leaves) of pak choi (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis) and kale (Brassica oleracea var. sabellica) differ in their SPM concentration. The impact of breadmaking on SPMs in microgreens (7 days) and leaves (14 days) in pak choi and kale as a supplement in mixed wheat bread was assessed. In leaves, carotenoids, chlorophylls, and phenolic compounds were higher compared to those of microgreens. Breadmaking caused a decrease of SPMs. Chlorophyll degradation was observed, leading to pheophytin and pyropheophytin formation. In kale, sinapoylgentiobiose, a hydroxycinnamic acid derivative, concentration increased. Thus, leaves of Brassica species are suitable as natural ingredients for enhancing bioactive SPM concentrations in bread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Klopsch
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany; NutriAct - Competence Cluster Nutrition Research Berlin-Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Susanne Baldermann
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany; NutriAct - Competence Cluster Nutrition Research Berlin-Potsdam, Germany; University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Science, Department of Food Chemistry, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Franziska S Hanschen
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany.
| | - Alexander Voss
- NutriAct - Competence Cluster Nutrition Research Berlin-Potsdam, Germany; Institute for Food and Environmental Research (ILU) e. V., Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 40-41, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Sascha Rohn
- NutriAct - Competence Cluster Nutrition Research Berlin-Potsdam, Germany; Institute for Food and Environmental Research (ILU) e. V., Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 40-41, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; Universität Hamburg, HAMBURG SCHOOL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Institute for Food Chemistry, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Monika Schreiner
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany; NutriAct - Competence Cluster Nutrition Research Berlin-Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Susanne Neugart
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Faculty of Agricultural Science, Germany.
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Identification Of N-Acetyl- S-(3-Cyano-2-(Methylsulfanyl)Propyl-Cysteine as a Major Human Urine Metabolite from the Epithionitrile 1-Cyano-2,3-Epithiopropane, the Main Glucosinolate Hydrolysis Product from Cabbage. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040908. [PMID: 31018609 PMCID: PMC6521188 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassica vegetables such as cabbage or pak choi contain alkenyl glucosinolates which can release epithionitriles and to a lesser degree isothiocyanates upon enzymatic hydrolysis. Here, for the first time, the metabolism of an epithionitrile was investigated in humans, namely 1-cyano-2,3-epithiopropane (CETP). After consumption of Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. alba and Brassica carinata sprouts, the main urinary metabolite of CETP was identified as N-acetyl-S-(3-cyano-2-(methylsulfanyl)propyl-cysteine using an UHPLC-ESI-QToF-MS approach and synthesis of the metabolite. This urinary epithionitrile metabolite is an S-methylated mercapturic acid. No other metabolites were detected. Then, in a preliminary pilot experiment the excretion kinetics of CETP were investigated in three volunteers. After consumption of a B. carinata sprout preparation containing 50.8 µmol of CETP, urinary N-acetyl-S-(3-cyano-2-(methylsulfanyl)propyl-cysteine concentrations were the highest three hours after consumption, ranging from 23.9 to 37.2 µM, and declined thereafter. Thus, epithionitriles are bioavailable compounds that are metabolized similarly to isothiocyanates by the mercapturic acid pathway. In the future, more epithionitrile metabolites should be identified and the pharmacokinetics of these important class of dietary compounds should be assessed in more detail.
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Improved Separation of Intact Glucosinolates in Bee Pollen by Using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-019-01446-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Witzel K, Abu Risha M, Albers P, Börnke F, Hanschen FS. Identification and Characterization of Three Epithiospecifier Protein Isoforms in Brassica oleracea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1552. [PMID: 31921230 PMCID: PMC6930892 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates present in Brassicaceae play a major role in herbivory defense. Upon tissue disruption, glucosinolates come into contact with myrosinase, which initiates their breakdown to biologically active compounds. Among these, the formation of epithionitriles is triggered by the presence of epithiospecifier protein (ESP) and a terminal double bond in the glucosinolate side chain. One ESP gene is characterized in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (AtESP; At1g54040.2). However, Brassica species underwent genome triplication since their divergence from the Arabidopsis lineage. This indicates the presence of multiple ESP isoforms in Brassica crops that are currently poorly characterized. We identified three B. oleracea ESPs, specifically BoESP1 (LOC106296341), BoESP2 (LOC106306810), and BoESP3 (LOC106325105) based on in silico genome analysis. Transcript and protein abundance were assessed in shoots and roots of four B. oleracea vegetables, namely broccoli, kohlrabi, white, and red cabbage, because these genotypes showed a differential pattern for the formation of glucosinolate hydrolysis products as well for their ESP activity. BoESP1 and BoESP2 were expressed mainly in shoots, while BoESP3 was abundant in roots. Biochemical characterization of heterologous expressed BoESP isoforms revealed different substrate specificities towards seven glucosinolates: all isoforms showed epithiospecifier activity on alkenyl glucosinolates, but not on non-alkenyl glucosinolates. The pH-value differently affected BoESP activity: while BoESP1 and BoESP2 activities were optimal at pH 6-7, BoESP3 activity remained relatively stable from pH 4 to 7. In order test their potential for the in vivo modification of glucosinolate breakdown, the three isoforms were expressed in A. thaliana Hi-0, which lacks AtESP expression, and analyzed for the effect on their respective hydrolysis products. The BoESPs altered the hydrolysis of allyl glucosinolate in the A. thaliana transformants to release 1-cyano-2,3-epithiopropane and reduced formation of the corresponding 3-butenenitrile and allyl isothiocyanate. Plants expressing BoESP2 showed the highest percentage of released epithionitriles. Given these results, we propose a model for isoform-specific roles of B. oleracea ESPs in glucosinolate breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Witzel
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Marua Abu Risha
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Philip Albers
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Frederik Börnke
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Großbeeren, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Franziska S. Hanschen
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Großbeeren, Germany
- *Correspondence: Franziska S. Hanschen,
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35
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Liang X, Lee HW, Li Z, Lu Y, Zou L, Ong CN. Simultaneous Quantification of 22 Glucosinolates in 12 Brassicaceae Vegetables by Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:15546-15553. [PMID: 31458210 PMCID: PMC6643737 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates, which are unique to Brassicaceae vegetables, have diverse biological activities, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer actions. In this study, we applied hydrophilic interaction chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) to the simultaneous quantification of 22 glucosinolates in 12 Brassicaceae vegetables, including pak choi, choy sum, Chinese cabbage, cauliflower, cabbage, broccoli, Kai Lan, Brussels sprouts, rocket salad, daikon radish, red cherry radish, and watercress. Significant differences in concentration and composition of glucosinolates were observed among these vegetables. Cabbage had the highest level of total glucosinolates (μg/g dry weight: 19 551.2 ± 1317.7), whereas Kai Lan had the lowest level (7611.3 ± 868.4). Aliphatic and indole glucosinolates were the major components in the 12 vegetables ranging from 76 to 100%, except watercress (37%). On the basis of the content of glucosinolates, the 12 vegetables were well distinguishable and classified according to their morphological taxonomy. This study presents a HILIC-MS/MS approach for quantification of glucosinolates, and demonstrates the potential of glucosinolate profiles for Brassicaceae species identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liang
- NUS
Environment Research Institute, National
University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411 Singapore
| | - Hui Wen Lee
- NUS
Environment Research Institute, National
University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411 Singapore
| | - Zhifeng Li
- College
of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional
Chinese Medicine, 1688
Meilingdadao Road, 330004 Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Yonghai Lu
- Saw
Swee Hock School of Public Health, National
University of Singapore, 12 Science Drive 2, 117549 Singapore
| | - Li Zou
- Saw
Swee Hock School of Public Health, National
University of Singapore, 12 Science Drive 2, 117549 Singapore
| | - Choon Nam Ong
- NUS
Environment Research Institute, National
University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411 Singapore
- Saw
Swee Hock School of Public Health, National
University of Singapore, 12 Science Drive 2, 117549 Singapore
- E-mail: . Tel: +65-6516 7386
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Hanschen FS, Kühn C, Nickel M, Rohn S, Dekker M. Leaching and degradation kinetics of glucosinolates during boiling of Brassica oleracea vegetables and the formation of their breakdown products. Food Chem 2018; 263:240-250. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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37
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Klopsch R, Witzel K, Artemyeva A, Ruppel S, Hanschen FS. Genotypic Variation of Glucosinolates and Their Breakdown Products in Leaves of Brassica rapa. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:5481-5490. [PMID: 29746112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
An in-depth glucosinolate (GLS) profiling was performed on a core collection of 91 Brassica rapa accessions, representing diverse morphotypes of heterogeneous geographical origin, to better understand the natural variation in GLS accumulation and GLS breakdown product formation. Leaves of the 91 B. rapa accessions were analyzed for their GLS composition by UHPLC-DAD and the corresponding breakdown products by GC-MS. Fifteen different GLSs were identified, and aliphatic GLSs prevailed regarding diversity and concentration. Twenty-three GLS breakdown products were identified, among them nine isothiocyanates, ten nitriles, and four epithionitriles. Epithionitriles were the prevailing breakdown products due to the high abundance of alkenyl GLSs. The large scale data set allowed the identification of correlations in abundance of specific GLSs or of GLS breakdown products. Discriminant function analysis identified subspecies with high levels of similarity in the acquired metabolite profiles. In general, the five main subspecies grouped significantly in terms of their GLS profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Klopsch
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1 , 14979 Großbeeren , Germany
| | - Katja Witzel
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1 , 14979 Großbeeren , Germany
| | - Anna Artemyeva
- N.I.Vavilov Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, Bolshaya Morskaya Street 42-44 , 190000 St. Petersburg , Russia
- Agrophysical Research Institute, Grazhdanskiy prospect 14 , 195220 St. Petersburg , Russia
| | - Silke Ruppel
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1 , 14979 Großbeeren , Germany
| | - Franziska S Hanschen
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1 , 14979 Großbeeren , Germany
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38
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Brassica vegetables as sources of epithionitriles: Novel secondary products formed during cooking. Food Chem 2018; 245:564-569. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.10.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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