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Neamatallah T. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester attenuates indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:1791-1801. [PMID: 37740773 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02730-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Gastric ulcer is one of the most frequent gastrointestinal ailments worldwide. Indomethacin, one of the most potent NSAIDs, suffers undesirable ulcerogenic activity. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) has known health benefits. The current study examined the potential of CAPE to combat indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers in rats. Animals were randomized into 5 groups: control, Indomethacin (50 mg/kg) mg/kg), Indomethacin + CAPE (5 mg/kg/day), Indomethacin + CAPE (10 mg/kg), and Indomethacin + Omeprazole (30 mg/kg). CAPE prevented the rise in ulcer index, attenuated histopathological changes and preserved gastric mucin concentration. CAPE efficiently significantly prevented accumulation of malondialdehude (MDA) and prevented exhaustion of the enzymatic activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Further, CAPE prevented the rise in the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) and nuclear factor kapp-B (NFκB). This was associated with down-regulation of Bax and up-regulation of Bcl-2 mRNA. Finally, CAPE prevented induced indomethacin-induced decrease in heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in gastric tissues. In conclusion, CAPE possesses the ability to prevent indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats. This involves, at least partially, antioxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis and enhancement of HSP70 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thikryat Neamatallah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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2
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Santos FA, Viana AFSC, Nunes PIG, Portela BYM, Alves APNN, Viana DDA, Carvalho KR, Pereira RDCA, Ribeiro PRV, Alves-Filho EG, de Brito ES, Silveira ER, Canuto KM. UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS-based metabolomic approach and gastroprotective effect of two chemotypes of Egletes viscosa (L.) less. against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 309:116348. [PMID: 36894109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Egletes viscosa (L.) (macela) is a native wild herb that can be found in different states of northeastern Brazil. The infusions of its flower buds are traditionally used for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. E. viscosa possesses two chemotypes (named A and B), distinguishable by the composition of the essential oil from the flower buds. Although there are previous studies of the gastroprotective effect of the isolated constituents of E. viscosa, its infusions have not been investigated yet. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the chemical composition and the gastroprotective effect of flower bud infusions of E. viscosa from chemotype A (EVCA) and chemotype B (EVCB). MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixteen infusions were brewed with flower buds according to the traditional preparation mode and were analyzed through a UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS based metabolomic approach for determination of their metabolic fingerprints and quantification of bioactive compounds. Afterward, these data were analyzed by chemometric methods (OPLS-DA) for discrimination of the two chemotypes. Additionally, infusions of EVCA and EVCB (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) were evaluated on gastric ulcers induced by absolute ethanol (96%, 0.2 mL, p.o.) in mice. To elucidate the gastroprotective mechanisms, the effect of EVCA and EVCB on gastric acid secretion and gastric wall mucus was determined and the role of TRPV1 channels, prostaglandins, nitric oxide and KATP channels were assessed. Moreover, the oxidative stress-related parameters and the histological aspects of the stomach tissue were analyzed. RESULTS The chemotypes can be discriminated from each other using UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS chemical fingerprints. Both chemotypes presented similar chemical compositions, consisting basically of caffeic acid derivatives, flavonoids and diterpenes. The quantification of bioactive compounds demonstrated that chemotype A possesses more ternatin, tanabalin and centipedic than chemotype B. EVCA and EVCB (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly decreased the severity of ethanol-induced gastric lesions, as shown by a reduction in histological alterations and leucocyte infiltration in gastric tissue. The gastroprotective mechanism of both infusions involves an antioxidant effect, maintenance of gastric mucus and reduction gastric secretion. Stimulation of endogenous prostaglandins and nitric oxide release, activation of TRPV1 channels, and KATP channels are also involved in the gastroprotection of the infusions. CONCLUSION The gastroprotective effect of EVCA and EVCB was equivalent and mediated through antioxidant and antisecretory actions, including the activation of TRPV1 receptors, stimulation of endogenous prostaglandins and nitric oxide, and opening of KATP channels. The presence of caffeic acid derivatives, flavonoids and diterpenes in both infusions is involved in mediating this protective effect. Our findings support the traditional use of infusions of E. viscosa for gastric disorders regardless of the chemotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Almeida Santos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | | | - Paulo Iury Gomes Nunes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Benedito Yago Machado Portela
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula Negreiros Nunes Alves
- Dental Clinic Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | | | - Kaline Rodrigues Carvalho
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Tropical Agroindustry, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Edy Sousa de Brito
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Tropical Agroindustry, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Edilberto Rocha Silveira
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Kirley Marques Canuto
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Tropical Agroindustry, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
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Study of Influence of Extraction Method on the Recovery Bioactive Compounds from Peel Avocado. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062557. [PMID: 36985528 PMCID: PMC10056231 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The avocado peel is a waste material from consumption avocado (Persea americana Mill.) with big biotechnology potential. The purpose of the present work was to study the influence of six extraction methods, maceration (M), maceration plus β-cyclodextrin (MβC), solid-state fermentation (SSF), sonication with water or ethanol, wet grinding (WG), wet grinding plus maceration (WGM), on the recovery of bioactive compounds from the avocado peel such as total phenols, epicatechin and chlorogenic acid. The results showed that the extraction method has a significant effect on the content of total phenols, the WGM method obtaining the highest value of total phenols (2143.1 mg GAE/100 g dry weight). Moreover, the results indicated that the extraction method had a significant effect on chlorogenic acid and epicatechin recovery, the WGM method obtaining the highest amount of epicatechin and chlorogenic acid, 181.7 and 244.3 mg/100 g dry matter, respectively. Additionally, the characterization of WGM extract was realized by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS and GC-MS. Thus, the WGM method allowed for obtaining good yields of recovery of phenolic compounds using an accessible technology and a more environment-friendly solvent.
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Potential effects of carbon monoxide donor and its nanoparticles on experimentally induced gastric ulcer in rats. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:1495-1510. [PMID: 36882659 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01166-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of gastric ulcers is increasing worldwide, especially those brought on by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), so prevention is extremely crucial. The protective potential of carbon monoxide (CO) in several inflammatory disorders has been clarified. The goal of the current study was to investigate the gastroprotective effect of CO produced by its pharmacological donor (CORM2) and its nanoparticles (NPs) against indomethacin (INDO)-induced ulcers. Investigations on CORM2's dose-dependent effects were also conducted. For induction of gastric ulcer, 100 mg kg-1 of INDO was given orally. Before ulcer induction, CORM2 (5, 10, and 15 mg kg-1), CORM2 nanoparticles (5 mg kg-1), or ranitidine (30 mg kg-1) were given intraperitoneally for 7 days. Ulcer score, gastric acidity, gastric contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) blood content were estimated. Additionally, gene expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and immunohistochemical staining of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) as well as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were analyzed. Results demonstrated a substantial dose-dependent decrease in ulcer score, pro-inflammatory indicators, and oxidative stress markers with CORM2 and its NPs. Furthermore, CORM2 and its NPs markedly increased NRF2, COX-1, and HO-1, but CORM2 NPs outperformed CORM2 in this regard. In conclusion, the CO released by CORM2 can protect against INDO-induced gastric ulcers dose dependently, and the highest used dose had no effect on COHb concentration.
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Freshwater Clam Extract Attenuates Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Damage In Vitro and In Vivo. Foods 2022; 12:foods12010156. [PMID: 36613372 PMCID: PMC9818263 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Contemporary pharmacological studies have reported that freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminea) can provide a broad spectrum of bioactivities, including antioxidant, anticancer, antihypertensive, hepatoprotective, and hypocholesterolemic effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the gastroprotective effects of water extract of freshwater clam (WEC) on indomethacin (IND)-induced gastric mucosal cell damage in vitro and gastric ulcer in vivo. The cell viability of rat gastric mucosa RGM-1 cells was markedly decreased by 0.8 mM of IND treatment, and pre-treated with various concentration of WEC significantly restored IND-induced cell damage in a dose-dependent manner. WEC also significantly attenuated the elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 nuclear translocation induced by IND. In the in vivo study, IND caused severe gastric ulcer in Wistar rats, while WEC pretreatment effectively reduced the ulcer area and edema in the submucosa. We found that WEC significantly restored glutathione (GSH) content in gastric mucosa in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). The reduction of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) caused by IND was also improved with higher doses of WEC administration. Moreover, the overexpression of COX-2, iNOS, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) proteins in gastric mucosa was downregulated by administration of WEC. Consequently, WEC can be used as a potential nutritional supplement to improve NSAIDs-caused gastric mucosal lesions.
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David D, Felipe Alzate A, Rojano B, Copete-Pertuz LS, Echeverry R. Extraction and characterization of phenolic compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity from avocado seed (Persea americana mill). BIONATURA 2022. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2022.07.04.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in the demand for Hass avocado has brought a rise in the generation of inedible waste such as peel and seed, by-products that are rich in bioactive substances. In the present study, aqueous, ethanolic, and supercritical fluid extracts were obtained from fresh seed and dry seed, which were analyzed to determine the antioxidant capacity measured through 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH); 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) methods as well as the content of phenolic compounds. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of strains of food interest, such as Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica Typhimurium and Escherichia coli was evaluated. The ethanolic extract of fresh seed presented the highest antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. The aqueous extract of fresh seed registered a significant antioxidant capacity but an absence of antimicrobial activity. In contrast, the ethanolic extract of dry seed showed a representative antimicrobial activity on both S. enterica Typhimurium and L. monocytogenes, but low antioxidant activity. E. coli exhibited resistance against all the assessed extracts. The results from this work highlight the opportunity to consider the Hass avocado seed extracts as a novel alternative to replace or reduce the use of synthetic antioxidant and antimicrobial additives in food.
Keywords: Waste by-product; Aqueous extract; Ethanolic extract; Supercritical extraction; Polyphenols; Free radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorely David
- ecnoparque Nodo Rionegro. Grupo de Investigación en Innovación y Agroindustria (GIIA). Centro de la Innovación La Agroindustria y la Aviación, Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje - SENA, Vereda la Bodega-Zona Franca-Bodegas 14 y 15, CP 054040 Rionegro, Colombia
| | - Andrés Felipe Alzate
- Laboratorio Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia– Sede Medellín, Calle 59A No 63-20, CP 050034 Medellín, Colombia
| | - Benjamín Rojano
- Laboratorio Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia– Sede Medellín, Calle 59A No 63-20, CP 050034 Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ledys S. Copete-Pertuz
- Compañía Nacional de Levaduras, Levapan S.A, Cr27 A 40-470, 763028 Valle del Cauca, Colombia
| | - Ricardo Echeverry
- Universidad Católica de Oriente- Facultad Ciencias de la Salud- Grupo de investigación APS
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Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) seeds compounds affect Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric adenocarcinoma cells growth. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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8
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Bangar SP, Dunno K, Dhull SB, Kumar Siroha A, Changan S, Maqsood S, Rusu AV. Avocado seed discoveries: Chemical composition, biological properties, and industrial food applications. Food Chem X 2022; 16:100507. [PMID: 36573158 PMCID: PMC9789361 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The processing industry discards avocado seeds, which increases production and ultimately pollutes the environment. It would be advantageous to handle these waste by-products both economically and environmentally. Avocado seeds are rich in polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and other bioactive substances. The nutritional and phytochemical composition of avocado seeds has been well studied and discussed. Avocado-seed extracts also have many health-related bioactive properties, such as anti-hyperglycaemic, anticancer, anti-hypercholesterolemia, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-neurogenerative effects are clearly demonstrated how these properties can be used to formulate or fortify food. The health-promoting properties of avocado seeds have been studied. These properties are attributed to various phytochemicals, such as acetogenin, catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin B1, estragole, etc. Additionally, items made from valorized avocado seeds that people can consume have been explored. The best applications of valorized by-products have been created for the pharmaceutical, functional food, and nutraceutical sectors while considering quality and safety. More clinical testing and product development research are required to prove the effectiveness of avocado seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneh Punia Bangar
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, SC 29634, USA,Corresponding authors at: Life Science Institute, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Kyle Dunno
- Department of Packaging Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Sanju Bala Dhull
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa-125055, India
| | - Anil Kumar Siroha
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa-125055, India
| | - Sushil Changan
- Division of Crop Physiology, Biochemistry and Post-Harvest Technology, ICAR – Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla 171001, India
| | - Sajid Maqsood
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Alexandru Vasile Rusu
- Life Science Institute, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania,Animal Science and Biotechnology Faculty, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania,Corresponding authors at: Life Science Institute, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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9
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Therapeutic Versus Preventative Use of Ginkgo biloba Extract (EGb 761) against Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Ulcer in Mice. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175598. [PMID: 36080365 PMCID: PMC9458100 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The main bioactive constituents in the standardized Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (EGb 761) are the terpene lactones and flavonoid glycosides. EGb 761’s antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties have previously been demonstrated. Indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers have a multifactorial etiology and represent a major restriction to its therapeutic utility. The underlying ulcerogenic process involves oxidative and inflammatory biomolecular insults. This study was performed to explore the curative and preventative benefits of EGb 761 in experimentally-induced ulcers. To develop gastric ulcers in mice, indomethacin (40 mg/kg) was administered orally. EGb 761 (200 mg/kg) was given by gavage for 7 days before (preventative) and after (therapeutic) indomethacin administration. The histological alterations and macroscopic mucosal lesions were assessed. In gastric tissue homogenates, malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO), and inflammatory cytokines were measured. The expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), cytokines, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the stomach mucosa were also investigated. The ulcer index, histological alterations, gastric oxidants, and inflammatory biomarkers were all significantly increased by indomethacin. In stomach specimens, it increased COX-2 and PCNA expression. EGb 761 treatments, both prophylactic and therapeutic, resulted in significant reductions in ulcer lesions, nitrosative and oxidative damage, and inflammatory markers, along with the lowering of COX-2 and PCNA expressions. Furthermore, in the fight against stomach ulcers, EGb 761 treatment was found to be more efficient than prevention.
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Sonchus oleraceus L. Promotes Gastroprotection in Rodents via Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antisecretory Activities. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:7413231. [PMID: 36051492 PMCID: PMC9427263 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7413231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sonchus oleraceus L. is an edible and medicinal plant used to treat stomachache and gastric ailments around the world. Thus, this study aimed to determine the gastroprotective mode of action of hydroalcoholic extract of S. oleraceus (HES). Mice were treated with HES before induction of gastric ulceration by ethanol/HCl. The area and histological appearance of ulcers were quantified, and mucus was measured histochemically. The effects of HES on inflammatory and oxidative markers were assessed in the ulcerated tissue. In addition, we investigated the gastric acid antisecretory activity of HES in pylorus-ligated rats. Chemical analyses of HES and its antioxidant activity were also performed in vitro. The HES (30 or 300 mg/kg) reduced the ulceration by 71.5 and 76.2%, respectively, compared with vehicle (p < 0.001), and the histological analysis confirmed the macroscopic results with elevation in mucin levels by 361.4 and 477.5%, respectively, compared with vehicle (p < 0.001). Moreover, the gastroprotection was accompanied by increases in GSH levels and in SOD, CAT, and GST activities; in parallel to a reduction in MPO activity and TNF levels. Furthermore, HES reduced the total acidity, and pepsin activity of the gastric juice of rats by 61 and 63%, respectively, compared to the vehicle. Phytochemical analysis indicated that luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside is the main active compound annotated in HES. Was also found that HES scavenged the DPPH radical with an IC50 of 15.41 μg/mL. In conclusion, the gastroprotective effects of HES involve reductions in oxidative stress and inflammatory injury, in conjunction with an increase in mucus layer and inhibition of gastric secretion. This study advances in elucidating the modes of the antiulcer potential of S. oleraceus and contributes to the prospection of new gastroprotective molecules.
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Effects of Ascorbic Acid and Melatonin Treatments on Antioxidant System in Fresh-Cut Avocado Fruits During Cold Storage. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-022-02892-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Valorization of avocado seeds with antioxidant capacity using pressurized hot water extraction. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13036. [PMID: 35906278 PMCID: PMC9338084 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17326-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pulp of avocado (Persea Americana) is widely consumed as the primary food source, while the seed is often discarded as food waste. Increased consumption of avocado would inevitably results in production of waste by-products such as avocado seeds, hence the ability to extract phytochemicals from such waste, and upcycling to potential nutraceutical products is of great interest. The overall aim of this study is to explore avocado seeds as potential functional food through the combined use of a green extraction method, chemical standardization and pattern recognition tools, and biological characterization assays. Specifically, this study utilized an organic solvent-free extraction method, pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) to extract phytochemicals from avocado seeds and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS) was used to identify the phytochemicals present in the avocado seeds. Our results demonstrated that avocado seed extracts have antioxidant activity and inhibited oxidative stress-induced metabolomics changes in endothelial cells, suggesting that avocado seed extracts have vasoprotective actions.
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Boeing T, de Souza P, da Silva LM, Gasparotto Junior A. Herbal Medicines in the Treatment of Dyspepsia: An Overview. PLANTA MEDICA 2022; 88:664-677. [PMID: 34474492 DOI: 10.1055/a-1580-7782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the efficacy of herbal medicines for managing dyspepsia in humans and animals. Searches were conducted on the PubMed, Science Direct, and Medline databases, for publications in the last 3 years. In each database, the search terms used consisted of the 2 key terms describing the disorder and subtypes plus each of the terms relating to the therapy. The key terms used were "natural product" and "medicinal plant" in a cross-over with "dyspepsia" and "functional dyspepsia" (i.e., gastroprotection, Helicobacter pylori infection, prokinetic). We included all human and animal studies on the effects of herbal medicines reporting the key outcome of dyspepsia symptoms. Preclinical studies using critically validated models showed that most medicinal plants with gastroprotective action had antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antisecretory effects. Moreover, several species displayed anti Helicobacter pylori and prokinetic efficacy. The data availability of controlled clinical studies is currently minimal. The use of different methodologies and the minimal number of patients raise doubts about the effects of these preparations. Only adequate clinical trials with scientifically validated methods can determine whether different herbal medicines can be used as viable alternatives to the conventional pharmacological treatments used to control dyspepsia symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaise Boeing
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, Brazil
| | - Priscila de Souza
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, Brazil
| | - Luisa Mota da Silva
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, Brazil
| | - Arquimedes Gasparotto Junior
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology (LaFac), Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados (UFGD), Dourados, MS, Brazil
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Pușcaș A, Tanislav AE, Marc RA, Mureșan V, Mureșan AE, Pall E, Cerbu C. Cytotoxicity Evaluation and Antioxidant Activity of a Novel Drink Based on Roasted Avocado Seed Powder. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11081083. [PMID: 35448810 PMCID: PMC9032841 DOI: 10.3390/plants11081083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The avocado seed is an underused waste resulting from the processing of pulp. Polyphenols, fibers, and carotenoids are present in the seed, which also exhibits prophylactic, fungicidal, and larvicidal effects. Developing food products with avocado seed as an ingredient or spice is highly desired for nutritional, environmental, and economic reasons. The present study proposed its valorization in a hot drink, similar to already existing coffee alternatives, obtained by infusing the roasted and grinded avocado seed. The proximate composition of the raw or conditioned avocado seed and that of the novel drink were determined. The total phenolic content was assessed using the Folin-Ciocâlteu method. The total carotenoids were extracted and assessed spectrophotometrically. Starch determination was performed by the Ewers Polarimetric method. The highest content of polyphenols, 772.90 mg GAE/100 g, was determined in the crude seed, while in the drink was as low as 17.55 mg GAE/100 g. However, the proposed drink demonstrated high antioxidant capacity, evaluated through the DPPH method. This might be due to the high content of the total carotenoid compounds determined in the roasted seed (6534.48 µg/100 g). The proposed drink demonstrated high antiproliferative activity on Hs27 and DLD-1 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Pușcaș
- Food Engineering Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Calea Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.P.); (A.E.T.); (R.A.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Anda E. Tanislav
- Food Engineering Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Calea Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.P.); (A.E.T.); (R.A.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Romina A. Marc
- Food Engineering Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Calea Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.P.); (A.E.T.); (R.A.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Vlad Mureșan
- Food Engineering Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Calea Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.P.); (A.E.T.); (R.A.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Andruța E. Mureșan
- Food Engineering Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Calea Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.P.); (A.E.T.); (R.A.M.); (V.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +4-(074)-447-6052
| | - Emoke Pall
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Calea Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (E.P.); (C.C.)
| | - Constantin Cerbu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Calea Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (E.P.); (C.C.)
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Ma N, Sun Y, Yi J, Zhou L, Cai S. Chinese sumac (Rhus chinensis Mill.) fruits alleviate indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in mice by improving oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 284:114752. [PMID: 34662665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE According to traditional Chinese medicine and a previous literature, many parts of Chinese sumac (Rhus chinensis Mill.), including fruits, are used as traditional herb to prevent or cure many diseases, such as inflammation, diarrhea, malaria, and other acute or chronic gastrointestinal diseases. However, the effects of the fruits on the prevention of gastric ulcer and the underlying mechanisms have not been reported. AIM OF THE STUDY This experiment aimed to investigate the preventive effect of ethanol extract (RM) from Chinese sumac fruits on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in mice and the underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS A single gavage of indomethacin was used to induce a gastric ulcer model in Kunming male mice. According to the results of histopathological analysis, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analysis, as well as the expression of prostaglandin E-2, antioxidant enzymes and cytokines, the protective effect of RM on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer was evaluated. The expression levels of several key proteins involved in oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in gastric tissue were detected to illuminate the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS RM significantly reduced the ulcer index and pepsin activity, improved the microstructure of gastric mucosa and the prostaglandin E-2 content, restored the levels of glutathione and superoxide dismutase, and decreased the contents of malondialdehyde, advanced oxidation protein products, TNF-α, IL-1 β and IL-6. Further experimental results showed that RM could improve the expression levels of HO-1 and NQO1 by activating the Nrf2 protein pathway to alleviate oxidative stress in gastric tissue. At the same time, RM significantly down-regulated the expressions of p-NF-κB, p-IκBα and iNOS to relieve inflammatory response, and inhibited the cellular apoptosis of gastric tissue by up-regulating Bcl-2 and down-regulating Bax and cleaved Caspase-3. CONCLUSIONS The current work clarified that the ethanol extract from Chinese sumac fruits can improve the oxidative stress level, inflammatory response and cell apoptosis in gastric tissue by interfering with the expressions of several key regulatory proteins to prevent indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in mice. This study may provide some insights and scientific evidence on the application of Chinese sumac fruits as a traditional herb to prevent or alleviate gastric ulcer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Ma
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650500, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yilin Sun
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650500, People's Republic of China.
| | - Junjie Yi
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650500, People's Republic of China.
| | - Linyan Zhou
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650500, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shengbao Cai
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650500, People's Republic of China.
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Gastroprotective Effects of the Aqueous Extract from Taraxacum officinale in Rats Using Ultrasound, Histology, and Biochemical Analysis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2021:8987232. [PMID: 34970327 PMCID: PMC8714386 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8987232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. belonging to the family Asteraceae is an edible medicinal plant distributed worldwide. This study aimed to determine the gastroprotective effects of aqueous extract of T. officinale (AETo) in rats using ultrasound, histological, and biochemical analyses. In this study, gastric ulceration was induced by ethanol or piroxicam. Rats were then treated with AETo (3, 30, or 300 mg/kg). The area and histological appearance of gastric ulcers were quantified, and histochemical analysis was performed. The activity of AETo on inflammatory and oxidative stress markers was assessed in the ulcerated tissue. In addition, we investigated the thickness of the gastric wall using the ultrasound technique. Moreover, chemical analyses of AETo were performed. In rats with ethanol- or piroxicam-induced ulcers, AETo reduced the ulceration area, elevated mucin level, and the gastroprotective effect was confirmed by histological analysis. The gastroprotective effect was accompanied by increased activities of SOD, CAT, and GST, as well as an increase in GSH level and reduction in MPO activity. Furthermore, AETo reduced the thickness of the gastric wall in rats. Phytochemical analysis of AETo indicated phenolic acids and flavonoids as the main active compounds. In conclusion, the gastroprotective effect of AETo involves reduction in oxidative stress and inflammatory injury and increase in mucin content. This study advances in the elucidation of mechanisms of gastric protection of T. officinale, contributes to the prospection of new molecules gastroprotective, and proposes the ultrasonographic analyses as a new gastroprotective assessment tool in preclinical studies.
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Zuñiga-Martínez BS, Domínguez-Avila JA, Wall-Medrano A, Ayala-Zavala JF, Hernández-Paredes J, Salazar-López NJ, Villegas-Ochoa MA, González-Aguilar GA. Avocado paste from industrial byproducts as an unconventional source of bioactive compounds: characterization, in vitro digestion and in silico interactions of its main phenolics with cholesterol. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-021-01117-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Zhang W, Qi S, Xue X, Al Naggar Y, Wu L, Wang K. Understanding the Gastrointestinal Protective Effects of Polyphenols using Foodomics-Based Approaches. Front Immunol 2021; 12:671150. [PMID: 34276660 PMCID: PMC8283765 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.671150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant polyphenols are rich sources of natural anti-oxidants and prebiotics. After ingestion, most polyphenols are absorbed in the intestine and interact with the gut microbiota and modulated metabolites produced by bacterial fermentation, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Dietary polyphenols immunomodulatory role by regulating intestinal microorganisms, inhibiting the etiology and pathogenesis of various diseases including colon cancer, colorectal cancer, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colitis. Foodomics is a novel high-throughput analysis approach widely applied in food and nutrition studies, incorporating genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and integrating multi-omics technologies. In this review, we present an overview of foodomics technologies for identifying active polyphenol components from natural foods, as well as a summary of the gastrointestinal protective effects of polyphenols based on foodomics approaches. Furthermore, we critically assess the limitations in applying foodomics technologies to investigate the protective effect of polyphenols on the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Finally, we outline future directions of foodomics techniques to investigate GI protective effects of polyphenols. Foodomics based on the combination of several analytical platforms and data processing for genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics studies, provides abundant data and a more comprehensive understanding of the interactions between polyphenols and the GI tract at the molecular level. This contribution provides a basis for further exploring the protective mechanisms of polyphenols on the GI system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Zhang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Suzhen Qi
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xue
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yahya Al Naggar
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
- General Zoology, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Liming Wu
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Mora-Sandí A, Ramírez-González A, Castillo-Henríquez L, Lopretti-Correa M, Vega-Baudrit JR. Persea Americana Agro-Industrial Waste Biorefinery for Sustainable High-Value-Added Products. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1727. [PMID: 34070330 PMCID: PMC8197556 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant problems have arisen in recent years, such as global warming and hunger. These complications are related to the depletion and exploitation of natural resources, as well as environmental pollution. In this context, bioprocesses and biorefinery can be used to manage agro-industrial wastes for obtaining high-value-added products. A large number of by-products are composed of lignin and cellulose, having the potential to be exploited sustainably for chemical and biological conversion. The biorefinery of agro-industrial wastes has applications in many fields, such as pharmaceuticals, medicine, material engineering, and environmental remediation. A comprehensive approach has been developed toward the agro-industrial management of avocado (Persea americana) biomass waste, which can be transformed into high-value-added products to mitigate global warming, save non-renewable energy, and contribute to health and science. Therefore, this work presents a comprehensive review on avocado fruit waste biorefinery and its possible applications as biofuel, as drugs, as bioplastics, in the environmental field, and in emerging nanotechnological opportunities for economic and scientific growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Mora-Sandí
- School of Chemistry, National University of Costa Rica (UNA), Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica; (A.M.-S.); (A.R.-G.)
| | - Abigail Ramírez-González
- School of Chemistry, National University of Costa Rica (UNA), Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica; (A.M.-S.); (A.R.-G.)
| | - Luis Castillo-Henríquez
- National Laboratory of Nanotechnology (LANOTEC), National Center for High Technology (CeNAT), San José 1174-1200, Costa Rica;
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Mary Lopretti-Correa
- Nuclear Research Center, Faculty of Science, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo 11300, Uruguay;
| | - José Roberto Vega-Baudrit
- School of Chemistry, National University of Costa Rica (UNA), Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica; (A.M.-S.); (A.R.-G.)
- National Laboratory of Nanotechnology (LANOTEC), National Center for High Technology (CeNAT), San José 1174-1200, Costa Rica;
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Recovery of bioactive components from avocado peels using microwave-assisted extraction. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2021.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Ahmed MAE, Mohanad M, Ahmed AAE, Aboulhoda BE, El-Awdan SA. Mechanistic insights into the protective effects of chlorogenic acid against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats: Modulation of the cross talk between autophagy and apoptosis signaling. Life Sci 2021; 275:119370. [PMID: 33744322 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the gastroprotective effect of chlorogenic acid (CGA) against Indomethacin (IND)-induced gastric ulcer (GU) in rats and its underlying mechanism, especially through autophagic and apoptotic pathways. METHODS Seventy-five rats were divided into five groups; control, IND (50 mg/kg, p.o.), CGA (100 mg/kg, p.o., 14 days), IND pretreated with CGA (50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg, p.o., 14 days). The stomach tissues were examined to calculate the ulcer index and analyze markers of autophagy (beclin-1, LC3-II/LC3-I and p62), lysosomal function (cathepsin-D) and apoptosis (Bcl-2, Bax and caspase-3), along with expression of Akt/mTOR pathway using western blot or ELISA techniques. In addition, viability of gastric mucosal cells was detected by flowcytometry. Structural changes were assessed histologically, while autophagic and apoptotic changes of gastric mucosa were observed by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS CGA exhibited a dose-dependent gastroprotective effect by reversing IND-induced accumulation of autophagic vacuoles, significant reduction in beclin-1, LC3-II/LC3-I, and p62 levels, and down-regulation of p-Akt/p-mTOR expression. CGA100 also restored normal autolysosomal function by modulation of cathepsin-D levels. Furthermore, pretreatment with CGA100 was significantly associated with an increase in antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 along with a decrease in proapoptotic Bax and caspase-3 proteins in such a way that impairs IND-induced apoptosis. This was confirmed by CGA-induced significant decrease in annexin V+ cells. CONCLUSIONS The natural compound CGA offers a novel gastroprotective intervention against IND-induced GU through restoration of normal autophagic flux, impairment of apoptosis in a crosstalk mechanism mediated by Akt/mTOR pathway reactivation, and alleviation of IND-induced lysosomal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha A E Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), 6th of October City, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Marwa Mohanad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), 6th of October City, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amany A E Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ein Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Basma E Aboulhoda
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sally A El-Awdan
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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22
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Mashayekhi-sardoo H, Razavi BM, Ekhtiari M, Kheradmand N, Imenshahidi M. Gastroprotective effects of both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Lemon verbena leaves against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 23:1639-1646. [PMID: 33489039 PMCID: PMC7811806 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2020.44341.10377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Regarding Lemon verbena gastroprotective effects, we investigated the protective effects of Lemon verbena extracts on reducing gastric ulcer induced by indomethacin. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats received aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Lemon verbena (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg), zileuton (100 mg/kg), montelukast (10 mg/kg), or 1% Tween 80 in presence or absence of indomethacin (100 mg/kg). RESULTS Indomethacin produced stomach ulcer and increased neutrophils percentage and MDA level compared with the control group (P<0.001). Co-administration of indomethacin and zileuton, montelukast and ethanolic (200 mg/kg) (P<0.001), aqueous extract (200 mg/kg) (P<0.05) reduced ulcer compared with the indomethacin group (P<0.001). Ethanolic extracts (100 and 200 mg/kg) and aqueous extract (200 mg/kg) reduced the MDA level (P<0.001). Ethanolic (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) and aqueous extracts (200 mg/kg) significantly decreased neutrophils percentage compared with the indomethacin group (P<0.001). CONCLUSION Aqueous and particularly ethanolic extracts of Lemon verbena have protective effects on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibeh Mashayekhi-sardoo
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bibi Marjan Razavi
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Ekhtiari
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Negar Kheradmand
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Imenshahidi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Chaouch MA, Benvenuti S. The Role of Fruit by-Products as Bioactive Compounds for Intestinal Health. Foods 2020; 9:E1716. [PMID: 33266454 PMCID: PMC7700329 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The fruit processing industry generates large amounts of wastes (pomace, seeds, peels) that causes negative environmental impact with considerable treatment expenses. Nevertheless, various studies demonstrated that these by-products are still rich in bioactive compounds, especially dietary fibres and phenolic compounds, thus leading to significant chemical, physical and biological properties. These characteristics make fruits by-products a good source for new supplements in food products having important effect on intestinal function. Thus, the aim of this review is to evaluate the different bioactive compounds isolated from fruit by-products and to analyse their application in various formulations for the food and nutraceutical industries. In consideration of the biological properties of these compounds, their role in the functioning and action on intestine and gut flora was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Aymen Chaouch
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy;
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24
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Maziero Alves G, Aires R, de Souza Santos V, Zambom Côco L, Peters B, de Leone Evangelista Monteiro Assis A, Ramos Athaydes B, Gobbi Amorim F, Valentim Nogueira B, de Ribeiro Gonçalves RC, Dos Santos Meyrelles S, Melo Costa Pereira T, Prandi Campagnaro B. Sildenafil attenuates nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory-induced gastric ulceration in mice via antioxidant and antigenotoxic mechanisms. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 48:401-411. [PMID: 33020944 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sildenafil (SIL) has potential as an interesting gastroprotective drug. However, the pathways of its protective effect still needs to be clarified, and its use as a potential gastroprotective agent validated. This study aims to evaluate the effects of SIL via modulation of oxidative stress in a NSAID-induced gastric lesion model. Male Swiss mice were divided into six groups: control (CON, water), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID, water), proton pump inhibitor (PPI, 30 mg/kg of lansoprazole), SIL 5 (5 mg/kg), SIL 25 (25 mg/kg) and SIL 50 (50 mg/kg). The animals were treated by gavage (a single dose) after 24 hours of fasting, and gastric lesions were performed after 30 minutes, with indomethacin (40 mg/kg, by gavage). After 6h, the animals were killed and the stomach was removed to evaluate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, oxidation of macromolecules, quantification of antioxidant enzymes, DNA fragmentation, apoptosis and macroscopic and histologic analysis of gastric lesions. SIL exerts a dose-dependent gastroprotective effect against NSAID-induced mucosal injury, also reducing cytoplasmic levels of ROS and consequent oxidative damage to macromolecules. In addition, SIL increases nitric oxide bioavailability, antioxidant enzymes and gastric cellular viability, as well as restoring important factors involved in gastroprotection. Our results demonstrate that different doses of SIL prevent indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in mice via different, but complementary antioxidant, antigenotoxic and antiapoptotic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele Maziero Alves
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology and Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University (UVV), Vila Velha, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Aires
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES), Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Verônica de Souza Santos
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology and Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University (UVV), Vila Velha, Brazil
| | - Larissa Zambom Côco
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology and Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University (UVV), Vila Velha, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Peters
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology and Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University (UVV), Vila Velha, Brazil
| | | | - Brena Ramos Athaydes
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Gobbi Amorim
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology and Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University (UVV), Vila Velha, Brazil
| | - Breno Valentim Nogueira
- Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Rita Cássia de Ribeiro Gonçalves
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Silvana Dos Santos Meyrelles
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES), Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Thiago Melo Costa Pereira
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology and Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University (UVV), Vila Velha, Brazil.,Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology (IFES), Vila Velha, Brazil
| | - Bianca Prandi Campagnaro
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology and Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University (UVV), Vila Velha, Brazil
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Salazar-López NJ, Domínguez-Avila JA, Yahia EM, Belmonte-Herrera BH, Wall-Medrano A, Montalvo-González E, González-Aguilar GA. Avocado fruit and by-products as potential sources of bioactive compounds. Food Res Int 2020; 138:109774. [PMID: 33292952 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The increased demand for avocado, and therefore production and consumption, generate large quantities of by-products such as seeds, peel, and defatted pulp, which account for approximately 30% of fruit weight, and which are commonly discarded and wasted. The present review focuses on various compounds present in avocado fruit and its by-products, with particular interest to those that can be potentially used in different industrial forms, such as nutraceuticals, to add to or to formulate functional foods, among other uses. Main molecular families of bioactive compounds present in avocado include phenolic compounds (such as hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids, flavonoids and proanthocyanins), acetogenins, phytosterols, carotenoids and alkaloids. Types, contents, and possible functions of these bioactive compounds are described from a chemical, biological, and functional approach. The use of avocado and its by-products requires using processing methods that allow highest yield with the least amount of unusable residues, while also preserving the integrity of bioactive compounds of interest. Avocado cultivar, fruit development, ripening stage, and processing methods are some of the main factors that influence the type and amount of extractable molecules. The phytochemical diversity of avocado fruit and its by-products make them potential sources of nutraceutical compounds, from which functional foods can be obtained, as well as other applications in food, health, pigment, and material sectors, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Julieta Salazar-López
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico
| | - J Abraham Domínguez-Avila
- Cátedras CONACYT-Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico
| | - Elhadi M Yahia
- Laboratorio de Fitoquímicos y Nutrición, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Avenida de las Ciencias, Juriquilla, Querétaro, 76230 Qro., Mexico.
| | - Beatriz Haydee Belmonte-Herrera
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico
| | - Abraham Wall-Medrano
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Anillo Envolvente del PRONAF y Estocolmo s/n, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua 32310, Mexico.
| | - Efigenia Montalvo-González
- Laboratorio Integral de Investigación en Alimentos, Tecnológico Nacional de México-Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Av. Tecnológico 255 Fracc. Lagos del Country, Tepic, Nayarit 63175, Mexico.
| | - G A González-Aguilar
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
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Alves E, Simoes A, Domingues MR. Fruit seeds and their oils as promising sources of value-added lipids from agro-industrial byproducts: oil content, lipid composition, lipid analysis, biological activity and potential biotechnological applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:1305-1339. [PMID: 32393054 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1757617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Thousands of tons of fruit seeds are discarded every year worldwide as agro-industrial byproducts. Fruit seeds have a high oil content, are rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (FA) and in n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated essential FA. Sterols, phospholipids, glycolipids, carotenoids, tocopherols and polyphenols are other seed phytochemicals that make them interesting from a commercial viewpoint. Fruit seeds have high potential as raw material for several industries, but their lipid profile remains poorly studied. Current analytical approaches for the analysis of lipids that are based on high-performance liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry allow the separation and analysis of compounds with the accurate identification and structural characterization of molecular species in very small quantities. Even though lipidomic analysis of fruit seeds' lipids is still in its infancy, it will bring a new look over these value-added byproducts. This review covers the following topics: (a) the lipid content of various fruit seed oils; (b) their lipid composition (FA, triacylglycerol, sterol, phospholipid and glycolipid profiles), (c) current and future analytical methodologies for the analysis of lipids in fruit seeds; (d) biological activities of fruit seeds' extracts; and (e) potential biotechnological applications of fruit seed oils for their commercial valorization based on lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Alves
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Abigail Simoes
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Rosário Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal.,Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, CESAM, Ecomare, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
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Fierascu RC, Sieniawska E, Ortan A, Fierascu I, Xiao J. Fruits By-Products - A Source of Valuable Active Principles. A Short Review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:319. [PMID: 32351951 PMCID: PMC7174504 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing demand for more sustainable, alternative processes leading to production of plant-derived preparations imposes the use of plants waste generated mainly by agri-food and pharmaceutical industries. These mostly unexploited but large quantities of plants waste also increase the interest in developing alternative approaches for sustainable production of therapeutic molecules. In order to reduce the amount of plant waste by further processing, different novel extraction techniques can be applied. Fruits and their industrial by-products are rich sources of different classes of compounds with therapeutic properties. The processed fruits waste can be reused and lead to novel pharmaceuticals, food supplements or functional foods. This review intends to briefly summarize recent aspects regarding the production of different active compounds from fruit by-products, and their therapeutic properties. The potential use of fruits by-products in different industries will be also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu C. Fierascu
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- The National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, Emerging Nanotechnologies Group, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elwira Sieniawska
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Alina Ortan
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irina Fierascu
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- The National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, Emerging Nanotechnologies Group, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Villacís-Chiriboga J, Elst K, Van Camp J, Vera E, Ruales J. Valorization of byproducts from tropical fruits: Extraction methodologies, applications, environmental, and economic assessment: A review (Part 1: General overview of the byproducts, traditional biorefinery practices, and possible applications). Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:405-447. [PMID: 33325169 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tropical fruits represent one of the most important crops in the world. The continuously growing global market for the main tropical fruits is currently estimated at 84 million tons, of which approximately half is lost or wasted throughout the whole processing chain. Developing novel processes for the conversion of these byproducts into value-added products could provide a viable way to manage this waste problem, aiming at the same time to create a sustainable economic growth within a bio-economy perspective. Given the ever-increasing concern about sustainability, complete valorization through a bio-refinery approach, that is, zero waste concept, as well as the use of green techniques is therefore of utmost importance. This paper aims to report the status on the valorization of tropical fruit byproducts within a bio-refinery frame, via the application of traditional methodologies, and with specific attention to the extraction of phenolics and carotenoids as bioactive compounds. The different types of byproducts, and their content of bioactives is reviewed, with a special emphasis on the lesser-known tropical fruits. Moreover, the bioactivity of the different types of extracts and their possible application as a resource for different sectors (food, pharmaceutical, and environmental sciences) is discussed. Consequently, this review presents the concepts of tropical fruit biorefineries, and the potential applications of the isolated fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Villacís-Chiriboga
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Business Unit Separation and Conversion Technology, Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium.,Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Ladrón de Guevara, E11-253, P.O.BOX 17 012759, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Kathy Elst
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Business Unit Separation and Conversion Technology, Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - John Van Camp
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Edwin Vera
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Ladrón de Guevara, E11-253, P.O.BOX 17 012759, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jenny Ruales
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Ladrón de Guevara, E11-253, P.O.BOX 17 012759, Quito, Ecuador
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Fidelis M, de Moura C, Kabbas Junior T, Pap N, Mattila P, Mäkinen S, Putnik P, Bursać Kovačević D, Tian Y, Yang B, Granato D. Fruit Seeds as Sources of Bioactive Compounds: Sustainable Production of High Value-Added Ingredients from By-Products within Circular Economy. Molecules 2019; 24:E3854. [PMID: 31731548 PMCID: PMC6864632 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The circular economy is an umbrella concept that applies different mechanisms aiming to minimize waste generation, thus decoupling economic growth from natural resources. Each year, an estimated one-third of all food produced is wasted; this is equivalent to 1.3 billion tons of food, which is worth around US$1 trillion or even $2.6 trillion when social and economic costs are included. In the fruit and vegetable sector, 45% of the total produced amount is lost in the production (post-harvest, processing, and distribution) and consumption chains. Therefore, it is necessary to find new technological and environmentally friendly solutions to utilize fruit wastes as new raw materials to develop and scale up the production of high value-added products and ingredients. Considering that the production and consumption of fruits has increased in the last years and following the need to find the sustainable use of different fruit side streams, this work aimed to describe the chemical composition and bioactivity of different fruit seeds consumed worldwide. A comprehensive focus is given on the extraction techniques of water-soluble and lipophilic compounds and in vitro/in vivo functionalities, and the link between chemical composition and observed activity is holistically explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Fidelis
- MSc in Food Science and Technology, Ponta Grossa 84035010, Brazil;
| | - Cristiane de Moura
- Graduate Program in Chemistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Ponta Grossa 84030900, Brazil; (C.d.M.); (T.K.J.)
| | - Tufy Kabbas Junior
- Graduate Program in Chemistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Ponta Grossa 84030900, Brazil; (C.d.M.); (T.K.J.)
| | - Nora Pap
- Food Processing and Quality, Innovative Food System, Production Systems Unit, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Tietotie 2, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland; (N.P.); (P.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Pirjo Mattila
- Food Processing and Quality, Innovative Food System, Production Systems Unit, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Tietotie 2, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland; (N.P.); (P.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Sari Mäkinen
- Food Processing and Quality, Innovative Food System, Production Systems Unit, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Tietotie 2, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland; (N.P.); (P.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Predrag Putnik
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (P.P.); (D.B.K.)
| | - Danijela Bursać Kovačević
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (P.P.); (D.B.K.)
| | - Ye Tian
- Food Chemistry and Food Development Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; (Y.T.); (B.Y.)
| | - Baoru Yang
- Food Chemistry and Food Development Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; (Y.T.); (B.Y.)
| | - Daniel Granato
- Food Processing and Quality, Innovative Food System, Production Systems Unit, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Tietotie 2, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland; (N.P.); (P.M.); (S.M.)
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30
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Bhuyan DJ, Alsherbiny MA, Perera S, Low M, Basu A, Devi OA, Barooah MS, Li CG, Papoutsis K. The Odyssey of Bioactive Compounds in Avocado ( Persea americana) and Their Health Benefits. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E426. [PMID: 31554332 PMCID: PMC6826385 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8100426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Persea americana, commonly known as avocado, has recently gained substantial popularity and is often marketed as a "superfood" because of its unique nutritional composition, antioxidant content, and biochemical profile. However, the term "superfood" can be vague and misleading, as it is often associated with unrealistic health claims. This review draws a comprehensive summary and assessment of research performed in the last few decades to understand the nutritional and therapeutic properties of avocado and its bioactive compounds. In particular, studies reporting the major metabolites of avocado, their antioxidant as well as bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties, are summarized and assessed. Furthermore, the potential of avocado in novel drug discovery for the prevention and treatment of cancer, microbial, inflammatory, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases is highlighted. This review also proposes several interesting future directions for avocado research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deep Jyoti Bhuyan
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Muhammad A Alsherbiny
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt.
| | - Saumya Perera
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Mitchell Low
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Amrita Basu
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech.
| | - Okram Abemsana Devi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Community Science, Assam Agricultural University, Assam 785013, India.
| | - Mridula Saikia Barooah
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Community Science, Assam Agricultural University, Assam 785013, India.
| | - Chun Guang Li
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Konstantinos Papoutsis
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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