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Mekky RH, Abdel-Sattar E, Abdulla MH, Segura-Carretero A, Al-Khayal K, Eldehna WM, Del Mar Contreras M. Metabolic profiling and antioxidant activity of fenugreek seeds cultivars 'Giza 2' and 'Giza 30' compared to other geographically-related seeds. Food Chem X 2024; 24:101819. [PMID: 39328377 PMCID: PMC11426063 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study addresses a comparative comprehensive metabolic profiling of two Egyptian cultivars of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seeds 'Giza 2' and 'Giza 30' via RP-HPLC-DAD-QTOF-MS and MS/MS. Briefly, 126 metabolites were detected in the samples under investigation, being classified into hydroxybenzoic acids (8), hydroxycinnamic acids (7), flavonoids (49 with a predominancy of flavones in particular apigenin derivatives), coumarins (1), furostanol saponins (17), alkaloids (2), amino acids (11), peptides (2), jasmonates (6), nucleosides (30), organic acids (16), terpenoids (1), and sugars (3). In addition, the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were determined and compared with other geographically related seeds (chickpea Giza-1, sesame Giza-32, and linseed, Giza-10), showing slight differences among them but higher values than the other geographically related seeds that were segregated from them upon chemometric analysis. This is the first comprehensive metabolic profiling of these cultivars, presenting an initial account of some metabolites found in Fabaceae, such as apigenin di C pentoside, with a significant occurrence of biologically active furostanol saponins. It gives a prospect of fenugreeks richness of bioactive metabolites as an essential functional food that could add value to the food and nutraceutical industries' sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham Hassan Mekky
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, Cairo-Suez Road, 11829 Cairo, Egypt
- Research and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Bioregiόn Building, Health Science Technological Park, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Essam Abdel-Sattar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, El Kasr El-Aini Street, 11562 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha-Hamadien Abdulla
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Antonio Segura-Carretero
- Research and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Bioregiόn Building, Health Science Technological Park, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Khayal Al-Khayal
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wagdy M Eldehna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, P.O. Box 33516, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria; Canal El Mahmoudia St., Alexandria 21648, Egypt
| | - María Del Mar Contreras
- Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
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2
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Feng Z, Morton JD, Maes E, Kumar L, Serventi L. Exploring faba beans ( Vicia faba L.): bioactive compounds, cardiovascular health, and processing insights. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-14. [PMID: 39097752 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2387330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Faba beans (Vicia faba L.), integral to the legume family, are a significant component of the global pulse market because of their nutritional richness and positive health implications. While existing reviews have extensively covered the nutritional composition and anti-nutritional factors of faba beans, and their utilization in food product development, the insights into the optimization of processing methods and upcycling the wastewater during faba bean processing remain insufficient. Therefore, this review focuses on consolidating information about their bioactive compounds, elucidating associated health benefits and unveiling the possible application of processing water derived from faba beans. Key issues discussed include the impact of bioactive compounds in faba beans on cardiovascular health and carcinogenic condition, the challenges in processing that affect bioactive content, and the potential nutritional and functional applications of processing water in food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqian Feng
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - James D Morton
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Evelyne Maes
- Proteins & Metabolites Team, AgResearch Limited, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Lokesh Kumar
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Luca Serventi
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Christchurch, New Zealand
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3
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Sweilam SH, Abd El Hafeez MS, Mansour MA, Mekky RH. Unravelling the Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Potential of Different Parts of Rumex vesicarius L.: A RP-HPLC-MS-MS/MS, Chemometrics, and Molecular Docking-Based Comparative Study. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1815. [PMID: 38999655 PMCID: PMC11244572 DOI: 10.3390/plants13131815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Rumex vesicarius L. Polygonaceae is a wildly grown plant in Egypt, North Africa, and Asia with wide traditional uses. Several studies reported its biological activities and richness in phytochemicals. This research addresses a comprehensive metabolic profiling of the flowers, leaves, stems, and roots via RP-HPLC-QTOF-MS and MS/MS with chemometrics. A total of 60 metabolites were observed and grouped into phenolic acids, flavonoids, phenols, terpenes, amino acids, fatty acids, organic acids, and sugars. Principal component analysis and hierarchal cluster analysis showed the segregation of different parts. Moreover, the antioxidant capacity was determined via several methods and agreed with the previous results. Additionally, an in silico approach of molecular docking of the predominant bioactive metabolites was employed against two antioxidant targets, NADPH oxidase and human peroxiredoxin 5 enzyme (PDB ID: 2CDU and 1HD2) receptors, alongside ADME predictions. The molecular modelling revealed that most of the approached molecules were specifically binding with the tested enzymes, achieving high binding affinities. The results confirmed that R. vesicarius stems and roots are rich sources of bioactive antioxidant components. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive metabolic profiling of R. vesicarius giving a prospect of its relevance in the development of new naturally based antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherouk Hussein Sweilam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo-Suez Road, Badr City 11829, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Abd El Hafeez
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo-Suez Road, Badr City 11829, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Mansour
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo-Suez Road, Badr City 11829, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reham Hassan Mekky
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo-Suez Road, Badr City 11829, Cairo, Egypt
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4
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Saeed NM, Ramadan LA, El-Sabbagh WA, Said MA, Abdel-Rahman HM, Mekky RH. Exploring the anti-osteoporosis potential of Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss extract employing experimentally ovariectomized rat model and network pharmacology approach. Fitoterapia 2024; 175:105971. [PMID: 38663562 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.105971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
One of the most prevalent secondary osteoporosis is ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis. Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) has potent estrogenic and antioxidant properties and was used traditionally in the treatment of amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea. The present study aimed to characterize parsley leaf extract (PLE) employing RP-HPLC-MS-MS/MS-based method and possible protective effect in ovariectomized (OVX)-induced osteoporosis in rats was assessed. Rats were randomly assigned into SHAM group, OVX group, PLE + OVX group (150 mg/kg/day, p.o), and estradiol benzoate (E2) + OVX group (30 μg/kg/day, s.c). After eight weeks following ovariectomy, biomarkers of bone strength, bone resorption, oxidative stress and histopathology were carried out. A network pharmacology approach investigated the key targets and potential mechanisms by of PLE metabolites against osteoporosis using databases: PubChem, BindingDB server, DisGeNET, ShinyGO, and KEGG Pathway. Moreover, FunRich 3.1.3, Cytoscape 3.10.0, and MOE 2019.0102 softwares were used for network pharmacology analysis and molecular docking studies. Flavones and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives were predominant among 38 metabolites in PLE. It significantly restored bone strength and bone resorption biomarkers, osteocalcin (OST), oxidative stress biomarkers and histopathological alterations. The employed network pharmacology approach revealed that 14 primary target genes were associated with decreasing the severity of osteoporosis. Molecular docking revealed that cGMP-PKG signaling pathway has the highest fold enrichment and its downstream PDE5A. Luteolin, diosmetin, and isorhamnetin derivatives affected mostly osteoporosis targets. PLE exhibited protective action against ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in rats and may be a promising therapy for premenopausal bone loss. cGMP-PKG signaling pathway could be a promising target for PLE in treating osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha M Saeed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, Cairo-Suez Road, 11829 Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Laila A Ramadan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, Cairo-Suez Road, 11829 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Walaa A El-Sabbagh
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), 11787 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Said
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Hanaa M Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo 11829, Egypt; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Reham Hassan Mekky
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, Cairo-Suez Road, 11829, Cairo, Egypt..
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Grudzińska M, Galanty A, Prochownik E, Kołodziejczyk A, Paśko P. Can Simulated Microgravity and Darkness Conditions Influence the Phytochemical Content and Bioactivity of the Sprouts?-A Preliminary Study on Selected Fabaceae Species. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1515. [PMID: 38891323 PMCID: PMC11174765 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Sprouts' consumption has become popular due to their wide availability, easy cultivation process, and proven biological activity. Moreover, stress factors, such as limited access to light or disturbed gravity during growth, may contribute to the increased activity and the synthesis of bioactive compounds. In this study, for the first time, the examination of the impact of darkness and simulated microgravity conditions on the white clover sprouts from the Fabaceae family was conducted. Among several species, used in the preliminary attempts, only white clover was satisfactory sprouting in the disturbed gravity conditions, and thus was chosen for further examination. A random positioning machine setup was used during the cultivation process to simulate microgravity conditions. Additionally, the sprouts were cultivated in total darkness. Simulated microgravity and/or darkness during the first few days of the sprouts' growth caused biomass reduction, the increased synthesis of bioactive compounds (isoflavones and phenolics), and changes in the level of abscisic acid and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. Moreover, it increased the antioxidant properties of the sprouts, while the enhancement of their cytotoxic impact was observed only for androgen-dependent prostate cancer LNCaP cells. To conclude, the presented results are promising in searching for novel functional food candidates and further studies are necessary, directed at other plant families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Grudzińska
- Doctoral School of Medical and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Łazarza St., 31-530 Cracow, Poland;
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Galanty
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Ewelina Prochownik
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Agata Kołodziejczyk
- Space Technology Centre, AGH University of Technology, 36 Czarnowiejska St., 30-054 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Paweł Paśko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland;
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Chávez García SN, Rodríguez-Herrera R, Nery Flores S, Silva-Belmares SY, Esparza-González SC, Ascacio-Valdés JA, Flores-Gallegos AC. Sprouts as probiotic carriers: A new trend to improve consumer nutrition. FOOD CHEMISTRY. MOLECULAR SCIENCES 2023; 7:100185. [PMID: 38155686 PMCID: PMC10753383 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2023.100185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, efforts to eradicate hunger in the world have led to the generation of sustainable development goals to reduce poverty and inequality. It is estimated that the current coronavirus pandemic could add between 83 and 132 million to the total number of undernourished people in the world by 2021. Food insecurity is a contributing factor to the increase in malnutrition, overweight and obesity due to the quality of diets to which people have access. It is therefore necessary to develop functional foods that meet the needs of the population, such as the incorporation of sprouts in their formulation to enhance nutritional quality. Germination of grains and seeds can be used as a low-cost bioprocessing technique that provides higher nutritional value and better bioavailability of nutrients. Consequently, the manuscript describes relevant information about the germination process in different seeds, the changes caused in their nutritional value and the use of techniques within the imbibition phase to modify the metabolic profiles within the sprouts such as inoculation with lactic acid bacteria and yeasts, to generate a functional symbiotic food.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sandra Cecilia Esparza-González
- School of Odontology, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Boulevard Venustiano Carranza and José Cárdenas S/N, Republica Oriente, C.P. 25280 Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
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7
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Wu M, Zhou Q, Zhou L, Wang J, Ren T, Zheng Y, Lv W, Zhao W. Enhancement of γ-Aminobutyric Acid and the Characteristics of Nutrition and Function in White Quinoa through Ultrasound Stress at the Pre-Germination Stage. Foods 2023; 13:57. [PMID: 38201084 PMCID: PMC10778457 DOI: 10.3390/foods13010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The global production of quinoa has been increasing in recent years. In plant-based foods, ultrasound stress has received increasing attention, owing to its ability to enhance the production of primary and secondary metabolites. We studied the effects of ultrasonic stress at the pre-germination stage on the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) accumulation and characteristics of nutrition and function in quinoa. The results showed that ultrasonic conditions of 100 W for 4 min promoted an increase in GABA content by 9.15-fold, to 162.47 ± 6.69 mg/100 g·DW, compared to that of untreated quinoa, through promoting a 10.2% and 71.9% increase in the water absorption and glutamate decarboxylase activity of quinoa, respectively. Meanwhile, compared to untreated quinoa, ultrasonic stress at the pre-germination stage enhanced the total phenolic, total flavonoid, and total saponin contents of quinoa by 10.2%, 33.6%, and 90.7%, to 3.29 mg GA/g·DW, 104.0 mg RE/100 g·DW, and 7.13 mg/g, respectively, without decreasing its basic nutritional quality. Ultrasonic stress caused fissures on the surface of quinoa starch particles. Additionally, germination under ultrasonic stress increased the n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids by 14.4%. Furthermore, ultrasonic stress at the pre-germination stage promoted the scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl1-picrylhydrazyl radicals and inhibitions of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase by 14.4%, 14.9%, 24.6%, and 20.0% in vitro, compared to untreated quinoa. The results indicated that the quinoa sprouted via ultrasonic stress could represent a promising method through which to develop nutritionally balanced whole grains rich in GABA, with hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities, which could provide theoretical support for the development of functional whole-grain foods based on quinoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Wu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China; (M.W.); (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (J.W.); (T.R.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Qian Zhou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China; (M.W.); (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (J.W.); (T.R.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Liangfu Zhou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China; (M.W.); (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (J.W.); (T.R.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China; (M.W.); (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (J.W.); (T.R.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ting Ren
- College of Food Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China; (M.W.); (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (J.W.); (T.R.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yu Zheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China; (M.W.); (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (J.W.); (T.R.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Wei Lv
- National Engineering Research Center for Semi-Arid Agriculture, Shijiazhuang 050000, China;
| | - Wen Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China; (M.W.); (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (J.W.); (T.R.); (Y.Z.)
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8
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Salvador-Reyes R, Furlan LC, Martínez-Villaluenga C, Dala-Paula BM, Clerici MTPS. From ancient crop to modern superfood: Exploring the history, diversity, characteristics, technological applications, and culinary uses of Peruvian fava beans. Food Res Int 2023; 173:113394. [PMID: 37803732 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
The search for plant-based superfoods has shown that many regional populations already have these foods in their diet, with significant potential for production and marketing. This critical review intends to show the history, diversity, characteristics, and uses, emphasizing their significance in traditional diets and potential in the food industry of Peruvian fava beans. As a valuable plant-based protein source, fava beans offer essential micronutrients and have diverse culinary applications. Innovative food industry applications include plant-based meat alternatives, fortified gluten-free products, and a natural color, protein, and fiber source in extruded foods. Key studies have highlighted the successful incorporation of fava beans into various food products, improving their nutritional properties, though some studies also point to limitations in their sensory acceptance. Further research is needed to understand the bioactive components, health effects, and techno-functional characteristics of beans. Challenges facing cultivating and consuming fava beans in Peru include adapting to climate change, enhancing productivity and quality, and promoting consumption and added value. Addressing these challenges involves developing climate-resilient varieties, optimizing agricultural practices, and providing access to resources and financing. In conclusion, this review highlights the promising prospects of Peruvian fava beans as a sustainable, nutritionally rich, and versatile ingredient in the food industry. By harnessing their potential and overcoming challenges, Peruvian fava beans can transition from an ancient crop to a modern superfood, inspiring a global shift towards sustainable and nutritionally balanced diets, aiding the fight against malnutrition, and enriching culinary traditions worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Salvador-Reyes
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil; Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Tecnológica del Perú, Lima, Peru.
| | | | - Cristina Martínez-Villaluenga
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Department of Technological Processes and Biotechnology, Jose Antonio Novais, 6, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bruno Martins Dala-Paula
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental, Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG 37130-000, Brazil
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Karolkowski A, Meudec E, Bruguière A, Mitaine-Offer AC, Bouzidi E, Levavasseur L, Sommerer N, Briand L, Salles C. Faba Bean ( Vicia faba L. minor) Bitterness: An Untargeted Metabolomic Approach to Highlight the Impact of the Non-Volatile Fraction. Metabolites 2023; 13:964. [PMID: 37623907 PMCID: PMC10456379 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13080964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In the context of climate change, faba beans are an interesting alternative to animal proteins but are characterised by off-notes and bitterness that decrease consumer acceptability. However, research on pulse bitterness is often limited to soybeans and peas. This study aimed to highlight potential bitter non-volatile compounds in faba beans. First, the bitterness of flours and air-classified fractions (starch and protein) of three faba bean cultivars was evaluated by a trained panel. The fractions from the high-alkaloid cultivars and the protein fractions exhibited higher bitter intensity. Second, an untargeted metabolomic approach using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-DAD-HRMS) was correlated with the bitter perception of the fractions. Third, 42 tentatively identified non-volatile compounds were associated with faba bean bitterness by correlated sensory and metabolomic data. These compounds mainly belonged to different chemical classes such as alkaloids, amino acids, phenolic compounds, organic acids, and terpenoids. This research provided a better understanding of the molecules responsible for bitterness in faba beans and the impact of cultivar and air-classification on the bitter content. The bitter character of these highlighted compounds needs to be confirmed by sensory and/or cellular analyses to identify removal or masking strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Karolkowski
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de L’Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France; (A.K.); (A.B.); (A.-C.M.-O.)
- Groupe Soufflet-Invivo, F-10400 Nogent-sur-Seine, France;
| | - Emmanuelle Meudec
- SPO, Université de Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, F-34000 Montpellier, France; (E.M.); (N.S.)
- INRAE, PROBE Research Infrastructure, PFP Polyphenol Analysis Facility, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Antoine Bruguière
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de L’Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France; (A.K.); (A.B.); (A.-C.M.-O.)
| | - Anne-Claire Mitaine-Offer
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de L’Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France; (A.K.); (A.B.); (A.-C.M.-O.)
| | - Emilie Bouzidi
- Vivien Paille (Groupe Avril), F-59300 Valenciennes, France;
| | | | - Nicolas Sommerer
- SPO, Université de Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, F-34000 Montpellier, France; (E.M.); (N.S.)
- INRAE, PROBE Research Infrastructure, PFP Polyphenol Analysis Facility, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Loïc Briand
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de L’Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France; (A.K.); (A.B.); (A.-C.M.-O.)
| | - Christian Salles
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de L’Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France; (A.K.); (A.B.); (A.-C.M.-O.)
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10
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Karolkowski A, Belloir C, Lucchi G, Martin C, Bouzidi E, Levavasseur L, Salles C, Briand L. Activation of bitter taste receptors by saponins and alkaloids identified in faba beans (Vicia faba L. minor). Food Chem 2023; 426:136548. [PMID: 37302309 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite their interests, faba beans are characterised by bitterness but little is known about its compounds that activate the 25 human bitter receptors (TAS2Rs). This study aimed to determine the bitter molecules in faba beans, especially saponins and alkaloids. These molecules were quantified by UHPLC-HRMS in flour, starch and protein fractions of 3 faba bean cultivars. The fractions from the low-alkaloid cultivar and the protein fractions exhibited higher saponin content. Vicine and convicine were highly correlated with bitter perception. The bitterness of soyasaponin βb and alkaloids was studied using a cellular approach. Soyasaponin βb activated 11 TAS2Rs, including TAS2R42 whereas vicine activated only TAS2R16. The high vicine content should explain the faba bean bitterness considering that concentration of soyasaponin βb was low. This research provides a better understanding of the bitter molecules in faba beans. Selection of low-alkaloid ingredients or alkaloid removal treatments could improve the faba bean flavour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Karolkowski
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France; Groupe Soufflet-Invivo, 10400 Nogent-sur-Seine, France.
| | - Christine Belloir
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Géraldine Lucchi
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France; INRAE, PROBE Research Infrastructure, ChemoSens Facility, F-21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Christophe Martin
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France; INRAE, PROBE Research Infrastructure, ChemoSens Facility, F-21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Emilie Bouzidi
- Vivien Paille (Groupe Avril), 59300 Valenciennes, France.
| | | | - Christian Salles
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Loïc Briand
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France.
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11
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Karolkowski A, Belloir C, Briand L, Salles C. Non-Volatile Compounds Involved in Bitterness and Astringency of Pulses: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:3298. [PMID: 37110532 PMCID: PMC10141849 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the many advantages of pulses, they are characterised by off-flavours that limit their consumption. Off-notes, bitterness and astringency contribute to negative perceptions of pulses. Several hypotheses have assumed that non-volatile compounds, including saponins, phenolic compounds, and alkaloids, are responsible for pulse bitterness and astringency. This review aims to provide an overview highlighting the non-volatile compounds identified in pulses and their bitter and/or astringent characteristics to suggest their potential involvement in pulse off-flavours. Sensorial analyses are mainly used to describe the bitterness and astringency of molecules. However, in vitro cellular assays have shown the activation of bitter taste receptors by many phenolic compounds, suggesting their potential involvement in pulse bitterness. A better knowledge of the non-volatile compounds involved in the off-flavours should enable the creation of efficient strategies to limit their impact on overall perception and increase consumer acceptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Karolkowski
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France; (A.K.); (C.B.)
- Groupe Soufflet (Ets J. Soufflet), 10400 Nogent-sur-Seine, France
| | - Christine Belloir
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France; (A.K.); (C.B.)
| | - Loïc Briand
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France; (A.K.); (C.B.)
| | - Christian Salles
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France; (A.K.); (C.B.)
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12
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Avramidou E, Sarri E, Ganopoulos I, Madesis P, Kougiteas L, Papadopoulou EA, Aliferis KA, Abraham EM, Tani E. Genetic and Metabolite Variability among Commercial Varieties and Advanced Lines of Vicia faba L. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:908. [PMID: 36840256 PMCID: PMC9967272 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Vicia faba L. (faba bean) is one of the most promising pulse crops due to its nutritional value and high nitrogen fixation capacity. The aim of the present study was to compare the genetic diversity and the seed metabolite profiles of five genetic materials of faba bean. Specifically, three newly developed advanced lines (KK18, KK14 and KK10) and two commercial cultivars (POLIKARPI and TANAGRA), were evaluated for this purpose. Genetic diversity among populations was assessed by SCoT molecular markers. Through UPGMA dendrogram, genetic distances between populations were estimated. Untargeted metabolomics analysis of the seeds was performed employing GC/EI/MS. The cultivar POLYKARPI exhibited the highest polymorphism. All varieties showed a higher within-cultivars and advanced lines variability than between. POLYKARPI and KK14 had the lowest genetic distances, while KK18 and TANAGRA presented the highest ones. The advanced line KK18 displayed the best nutritional profile, the highest concentration of desirable metabolites (lactic acid and trehalose), the lowest concentration of anti-nutritional factors (oxalic acid) and the lowest concentration of saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic acid). According to the results of the present study, KK18 line is a very promising material for further exploration and utilization in breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Avramidou
- Department of Forestry and Natural Environment, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Institute of Applied Bioscience, CERTH, Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Efi Sarri
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Ganopoulos
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, HAO-Dimitra, Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Madesis
- Institute of Applied Bioscience, CERTH, Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, 38446 Volos, Greece
| | - Leonidas Kougiteas
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Evgenia-Anna Papadopoulou
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos A. Aliferis
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Eleni M. Abraham
- Department of Forestry and Natural Environment, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Tani
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
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13
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Gonda S, Szűcs Z, Plaszkó T, Cziáky Z, Kiss-Szikszai A, Sinka D, Bácskay I, Vasas G. Quality-controlled LC-ESI-MS food metabolomics of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) sprouts: Insights into changes in primary and specialized metabolites. Food Res Int 2023; 164:112347. [PMID: 36737938 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is an important food and spice with bioactive compounds against diabetes. In this study, fenugreek seeds germinating in darkness for 72 h were studied using quantification of trigonelline and 4-hydroxyisoleucine and an LC-ESI-MS/MS-based metabolomic approach capable of accurately estimating 237 features from various primary and specialized compound classes. During germination, the concentrations of trigonelline and 4-hydroxyisoleucine rose by 33.5% and 33.3%, respectively. At the same time, untargeted metabolomics revealed 9 putative flavonoids increasing 1.19- to 2.77-fold compared to the dormant seeds. A set of 19 steroid saponins rose by 1.08- to 31.86-fold. Primary metabolites however showed much more variability: abundance changes in amino acid derivatives, peptides and saccharides fell in the 0.09- to 22.25-fold, 0.93- to 478.79-fold and 0.36- to 941.58-fold ranges, respectively. To increase biosynthesis of specialized metabolites during germination, sprouts were exposed to 1-100 mM methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and methyl salicylate (MeSA). The hormone treatments affected normal metabolism: 67.1-83.1 % and 64.1-83.5 % of compounds showed a reduction compared to the controls in 100 mM MeJA and MeSA treatments at different sampling time points. Contrary to expectations, the abundance of flavonoids decreased, compared to the control sprouts (0.75- and 0.68-fold change medians, respectively). The same was observed for most, but not all steroid saponins. The quality-controlled untargeted metabolomics approach proved to yield excellent insight into the metabolic changes during germination of fenugreek. The results suggest that although fenugreek germination causes major shifts in plant metabolism, there are no major qualitative changes in bioactive specialized metabolites during the first three days. This stability likely translates into good bioactivity that is similar to that of the seeds. Because the large changes in the primary metabolites likely alter the nutritive value of the seed, further studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Gonda
- Department of Botany, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Zsolt Szűcs
- Department of Botany, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; Healthcare Industry Institute, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Plaszkó
- Department of Botany, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Cziáky
- University of Nyíregyháza, Agricultural and Molecular Research and Service Institute, 4400 Nyíregyháza, Sóstói út 31/b, Hungary
| | - Attila Kiss-Szikszai
- University of Debrecen, Department of Organic Chemistry, H-4010 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Hungary
| | - Dávid Sinka
- University of Debrecen, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, H-4032, Nagyerdei körút 98, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Bácskay
- Healthcare Industry Institute, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; University of Debrecen, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, H-4032, Nagyerdei körút 98, Hungary
| | - Gábor Vasas
- Department of Botany, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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14
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Hassan Mekky R, Abdel-Sattar E, Segura-Carretero A, del Mar Contreras M. A comparative study on the metabolites profiling of linseed cakes from Egyptian cultivars and antioxidant activity applying mass spectrometry-based analysis and chemometrics. Food Chem 2022; 395:133524. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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15
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New perspectives on physiological, biochemical and bioactive components during germination of edible seeds: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Bi W, Zhao G, Zhou Y, Xia X, Wang J, Wang G, Lu S, He W, Bi T, Li J. Metabonomics analysis of flavonoids in seeds and sprouts of two Chinese soybean cultivars. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5541. [PMID: 35365712 PMCID: PMC8975843 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09408-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A popular food in China, soybean seeds and sprouts contained many biologically active substances which are beneficial to the human body, such as flavonoids. Northeast of China is the main producing area of soybean. The experimental materials came from the main soybean producing areas in Northeast China, this study compared flavonoids of two China cultivars of soybeans, Heinong52(HN52) and Heinong71(HN71). Here, we also considered the effects of germination on the chemical profile of flavonoids. Using a LC-ESI-MS/MS system, 114 differential flavonoid metabolites were identified. A total of 18 metabolites were significantly different between the two soybean varieties before germination, of which 14 were up-regulated and 4 were down-regulated. After germination, 33 significantly different metabolites were found in the two soybean sprouts, of which 19 were up-regulated and 14 were down-regulated. These experimental results revealed significant up-regulation of metabolites in soybean sprouts compared with soybean seeds, thus suggesting that soybean germination may increase content of flavonoid metabolites. There are six main pathways for the synthesis of flavonoids: isoflavonoid biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids. Soybean seeds lack flavone and flavanol biosynthesis and develop the capacity for this biosynthetic pathway after germination as sprouts. Isoflavonoid biosynthesis is the most abundantly utilized pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Bi
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Post-Doctoral Station, Nangang District, Harbin, 150086, People's Republic of China.
- Soybean Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nangang District, Harbin, 150086, People's Republic of China.
- Colleage of Life Sciences, Yulin University, Yuyang District, Yulin, 719000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guixing Zhao
- Soybean Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nangang District, Harbin, 150086, People's Republic of China
| | - Yutong Zhou
- School of Hydraulic and Electric Power, Heilongjiang University, Nangang District, Harbin, 150086, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Xia
- Soybean Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nangang District, Harbin, 150086, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinsheng Wang
- Soybean Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nangang District, Harbin, 150086, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangjin Wang
- Soybean Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nangang District, Harbin, 150086, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuwen Lu
- Food Processing Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nangang District, Harbin, 150086, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjin He
- Soybean Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nangang District, Harbin, 150086, People's Republic of China
| | - Taifei Bi
- Colleage of Life Sciences, Yulin University, Yuyang District, Yulin, 719000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinrong Li
- Soybean Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nangang District, Harbin, 150086, People's Republic of China
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17
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Ezzat SM, Abdel Rahman MF, Salama MM, Mahrous EA, El Bariary A. Non-polar metabolites of green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) potentiate the antidiabetic activity of mesenchymal stem cells in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14083. [PMID: 35034354 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are consumed as pods or mature seeds (common beans). The pods were extracted with 95% ethanol and processed to prepare non-polar and polar fractions. Comparing the antihyperglycemic activity of both fractions, non-polar fraction (NPF, 200 mg kg-1 day-1 ) lowered blood glucose in streptozotocin diabetic rats by 65% compared to 57% for the polar fraction at the same dose. When NPF treatment was combined with injection of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) a 4.4-fold increase in serum insulin and a 73.6% reduction in blood glucose were observed compared to untreated control. Additionally, a significant decrease in malondialdehyde (76.2%), nitric oxide (68.2%), cholesterol (76.1%), and triglycerides (69.5%) and a 1.75-fold increase in HDL concentrations were observed in the group treated with this combination compared to diabetic animals. Interestingly, NPF increased homing of MSC in pancreas potentiating their antidiabetic activity. Finally, 26 compounds were identified in NPF using LC/MS analysis and four were isolated in pure form. The isolated compounds namely calotroproceryl acetate, fridelin, calotroproceryl A, and stigmasterol showed good inhibitory activity against pancreatic lipase with IC50 at 1.93, 1.07, 1.34 and 1.44-1 μg/ml, respectively. Additionally, these compounds inhibited α-amylase, albeit at higher concentration, with IC50 at 248, 212, 254, and 155 μg/ml for calotroproceryl acetate, fridelin, calotroproceryl A, and stigmasterol, respectively. Our results suggest that green beans extract can potentiate effect of MSC in diabetes directly due to its own antidiabetic effect and indirectly by increasing MSC homing in pancreatic tissues. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: It has been suggested in this study that green beans can improve hyperglycemia, oxidative balance in diabetes, so green beans can be promoted as a healthy nutrient for diabetic patients. Green beans also can enhance homing and differentiation of mesnchymal stem cells in the pancreas for future stem cell therapy of type I diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahira M Ezzat
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed F Abdel Rahman
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire Hosted by Global Academic Foundation, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha M Salama
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Engy A Mahrous
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amany El Bariary
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza, Egypt
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18
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Oral and Topical Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Jatropha integerrima Leaves Extract in Relation to Its Metabolite Profile. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11020218. [PMID: 35050106 PMCID: PMC8781579 DOI: 10.3390/plants11020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Jatropha integerrima Jacq., family: Euphorbiaceae, is used in India and subtropical Africa to treat different skin conditions. In this study we evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of J. integerrima leaves extract (JILE) using rat paw edema model. The extract was administered orally (200 and 400 mg/kg) or applied topically as creams at 2.5, 5, and 10% strength. Four hours post-treatment, maximum reduction of edema volume by 63.09% was observed after oral administration of JILE (400 mg/kg) as compared to indomethacin with 60.43%. The extract anti-inflammatory effect was accompanied by a decrease in NO, prostaglandin PGE2, TNF-α and PKC levels by 19, 29.35, 16.9, and 47.83%, respectively. Additionally, topical applications of JILE showed dose dependent reduction in paw edema and resulted in normalized levels of PGE2, TNF-α, and PKC when used as 10% cream. Signs of inflammations were reduced or absent from paw tissue of animals receiving JILE either orally or topically. Finally, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of JILE resulted in the annotation of 133 metabolites including 24 diterpenoids, 19 flavonoids, 10 phenolic acid conjugates, 8 cyclic peptides, 6 phytosterols, 4 sesquiterpenes, and 4 coumarins. Several of the annotated metabolites have known anti-inflammatory activity including vitexin, isovitexin, fraxitin, scopeltin, stigmasterol, and many diterpenoidal derivatives.
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19
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Dursun Capar T, Yalcin H. Protein/polysaccharide conjugation via Maillard reactions in an aqueous media: Impact of protein type, reaction time and temperature. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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20
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Bautista-Expósito S, Vandenberg A, Peñas E, Frias J, Martínez-Villaluenga C. Lentil and Fava Bean With Contrasting Germination Kinetics: A Focus on Digestion of Proteins and Bioactivity of Resistant Peptides. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:754287. [PMID: 34759946 PMCID: PMC8575454 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.754287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Germination offers advantages to improve legume protein digestibility as it disintegrates seed structure and hydrolyzes proteins and anti-nutrients. Seed permeability (related to polyphenol content of seed coats) is an important factor affecting the duration of seed germination and its impact on protein digestibility and bioactivity. The objective was to compare the effect of seed germination on protease activity, structure, and proteolysis of four selected legumes with contrasting seed coat polyphenol profiles (gray zero-tannin lentil [GZL], beluga lentil [BL], and dehulled red lentil [DL]; and zero tannin/low vicine-convicine fava bean [ZF]). Protein hydrolysis was characterized during germination and digestion with respect to proteins, peptides, and free amino acids (FAAs). In vitro antihypertensive and antioxidant activities of digests were investigated, and the peptidomic characterization [high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS)] and identification of bioactive fragments in intestinal digests were performed. Regardless of the seed type, germination increased protease activity and reduced the levels of phytic acid, trypsin inhibitors, and tannins (only in BL). A significant proteolysis of the 7S and 11S globulins and a concomitant increase of peptides and FAAs were observed in all sprouted legumes. Digestion kinetics in sprouts revealed a faster generation of FAAs and peptides than in dry seeds, with changes being more evident for DL, associated with a faster imbibition, germination, and sprout growth. In contrast, BL sprouts showed the lowest protein digestibility, likely due to a lower protease activity, seed structure disintegration, and higher anti-nutrient levels in comparison to GZL, DL, and ZF. Moreover, the digestion of sprouts resulted in a higher number of resistant peptides in DL and ZF that matched with previously reported bioactive sequences, suggesting a promising health potential of legume sprouts that was confirmed in vitro. The results suggested that the germination process improved protein digestibility and the health-promoting potential of lentil and fava bean proteins although these changes were more evident in DL due to its rapid imbibition, faster germination, and sprout development. This study will provide important information for either plant breeders to develop legume varieties with permeable seed coats or food producers that could use dehulled seeds for efficient production of sprouts as sustainable food sources of plant proteins with improved nutritional and healthy properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bautista-Expósito
- Department of Food Characterization, Quality and Safety, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Albert Vandenberg
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Elena Peñas
- Department of Food Characterization, Quality and Safety, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juana Frias
- Department of Food Characterization, Quality and Safety, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Martínez-Villaluenga
- Department of Food Characterization, Quality and Safety, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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21
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Mattila P, Pap N, Järvenpää E, Kahala M, Mäkinen S. Underutilized Northern plant sources and technological aspects for recovering their polyphenols. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2021; 98:125-169. [PMID: 34507641 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Consumers worldwide are increasingly interested in the authenticity and naturalness of products. At the same time, the food, agricultural and forest industries generate large quantities of sidestreams that are not effectively utilized. However, these raw materials are rich and inexpensive sources of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols. The exploitation of these raw materials increases income for producers and processors, while reducing transportation and waste management costs. Many Northern sidestreams and other underutilized raw materials are good sources of polyphenols. These include berry, apple, vegetable, softwood, and rapeseed sidestreams, as well as underutilized algae species. Berry sidestreams are especially good sources of various phenolic compounds. This chapter presents the properties of these raw materials, providing an overview of the techniques for refining these materials into functional polyphenol-rich ingredients. The focus is on economically and environmentally sound technologies suitable for the pre-treatment of the raw materials, the modification and recovery of the polyphenols, as well as the formulation and stabilization of the ingredients. For example, sprouting, fermentation, and enzyme technologies, as well as various traditional and novel extraction methods are discussed. Regarding the extraction technologies, this chapter focuses on safe and green technologies that do not use organic solvents. In addition, formulation and stabilization that aim to protect isolated polyphenols during storage and extend shelflife are reviewed. The formulated polyphenol-rich ingredients produced from underutilized renewable resources could be used as sustainable, active ingredients--for example, in food and nutraceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirjo Mattila
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Turku, Finland.
| | - Nora Pap
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Eila Järvenpää
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Minna Kahala
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Sari Mäkinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen, Finland
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22
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Tissue culture-based genetic improvement of fava bean (Vicia faba L.): analysis on previous achievements and future perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6531-6546. [PMID: 34427764 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11517-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Fava bean is an extremely important legume and serves immense potential to function as an ingredient as pulse proteins in human diet. Bearing the proficiency of yielding magnanimous amount of functional and nutritional ingredients, this bean deserves to replace any other leguminous crop too. The instability of fava bean in its yield makes breeding for crop improvement difficult, and its high susceptibility to a number of abiotic and biotic stresses additionally results in unstable yields. The self-incompatibility leads to the formation of a limited genetic pool and shows a slow progress in breeding. The plant is highly recalcitrant, making it an onerous task to micropropagate or regenerate fava beans under in vitro conditions. Another fly in the ointment is the release of phenolic compounds by the plant. There are several endeavours that have been made to establish in vitro regeneration, protoplast culture, and genetic transformation and to genetically improve this plant. Nonetheless there are a number of promising cutting-edge technologies that are yet to be harnessed in order to ensure its comprehensive and sustainable genetic improvement. The in vitro-based technologies of this legume and its untraveled path in the plant tissue culture-mediated approaches can assist further genetic manipulation of this plant species in a smoother manner and at an exponential rate. Creation of a single review comprising all the updates and genetic advancements in fava bean is an absolute necessity of the hour. Thus, the importance of this review remains at the peak as it covers a vast range of information, starting from the basic description to the utmost modern stages of advancement in the selected crop. Overall interpretation of the review is aimed at encouraging readers to focus on almost all possible dimensions of international research, already executed, and is being executed in fava bean, thereby helping to understand the demand and advantages of the crop, even at the molecular level.Key points• Fava bean, commonly known as "poor man's meat", is a protein-rich legume with multiple nutritional and pharmacological benefits.• Its highly recalcitrant response makes in vitro interventions quite challenging for its genetic improvement.• This review delves into biotechnological interventions for its advancements to date and highlights major hurdles and potential research solutions to ensure comprehensive genetic improvement.
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Kowalczyk M, Rolnik A, Adach W, Kluska M, Juszczak M, Grabarczyk Ł, Wozniak K, Olas B, Stochmal A. Multifunctional compounds in the extract from mature seeds of Vicia faba var. minor: Phytochemical profiling, antioxidant activity and cellular safety in human selected blood cells in in vitro trials. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111718. [PMID: 34243619 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The field bean (Vicia faba) is a valuable fodder plant of the Fabaceae family, grown as a main crop for its seed yield. Its phytochemical profile is characterized by the presence of a range of compounds with various biological activities. PURPOSE The present study investigates the phytochemical profile of the extract from mature seeds of Vicia faba var. minor and examines its impact on preventing oxidative damage to various lipids, protein and DNA molecules in vitro. METHODS Human plasma was treated with H2O2/Fe (an OH. donor) to induce oxidative damage to lipids and proteins, and the plant extract was then added. As oxidative stress may influence the biological activity of plasma, e.g. coagulation, and influence cardiovascular disease, the study also examined the effect of the plant extract on coagulation and monoamine oxidase activity (MAO, EC 1.4.3.4). RESULTS The tested extract exerted a protective effect on plasma lipids and proteins treated with H2O2/Fe. However, while it appears to effectively protect the DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from oxidative damage, it did not induce changes in the coagulation process, and significantly reduced MAO activity when applied at 1, 5, and 10 µg/mL. It is possible that the observed antioxidant potential may be due to the complex chemical composition of the extract: the phytochemical profile demonstrated a range of phenolic compounds, including catechins. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that extract from mature seeds of V. faba var. minor may be a promising source of antioxidants in multiple applications, including diseases associated with oxidative stress; however, more studies based on in vitro and in vivo models are needed to determine its biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Kowalczyk
- Department of Biochemistry and Crop Quality, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, State Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Agata Rolnik
- University of Lodz, Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Weronika Adach
- University of Lodz, Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kluska
- University of Lodz, Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Michał Juszczak
- University of Lodz, Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Łukasz Grabarczyk
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, Warszawska 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Wozniak
- University of Lodz, Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Beata Olas
- University of Lodz, Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, 90-236 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Anna Stochmal
- Department of Biochemistry and Crop Quality, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, State Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
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Fayek NM, Mekky RH, Dias CN, Kropf M, Heiss AG, Wessjohann LA, Farag MA. UPLC-MS Metabolome-Based Seed Classification of 16 Vicia Species: A Prospect for Phyto-Equivalency and Chemotaxonomy of Different Accessions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:5252-5266. [PMID: 33877831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Seeds of domesticated Vicia (vetch) species (family Fabaceae-Faboideae) are produced and consumed worldwide for their nutritional value. Seed accessions belonging to 16 different species of Vicia-both domesticated and wild taxa-were subjected to a chemotaxonomic study using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) analyzed by chemometrics. A total of 89 metabolites were observed in the examined Vicia accessions. Seventy-eight out of the 89 detected metabolites were annotated. Metabolites quantified belonged to several classes, viz., flavonoids, procyanidins, prodelphinidins, anthocyanins, stilbenes, dihydrochalcones, phenolic acids, coumarins, alkaloids, jasmonates, fatty acids, terpenoids, and cyanogenics, with flavonoids and fatty acids amounting to the major classes. Flavonoids, fatty acids, and anthocyanins showed up as potential chemotaxonomic markers in Vicia species discrimination. Fatty acids were more enriched in Vicia faba specimens, while the abundance of flavonoids was the highest in Vicia parviflora. Anthocyanins allowed for discrimination between Vicia hirsuta and Vicia sepium. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on employing UPLC-MS metabolomics to discern the diversity of metabolites at the intrageneric level among Vicia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrin M Fayek
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini Street, 11562 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reham Hassan Mekky
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, Cairo-Suez Road, 11829 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Clarice Noleto Dias
- Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products Graduate Program, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Matthias Kropf
- Institute for Integrative Nature Conservation Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Gregor Mendel-Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas G Heiss
- Department for Bioarchaeology, Austrian Archaeological Institute (ÖAI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW), Franz Klein-Gasse 1, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ludger A Wessjohann
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle - Saale, Germany
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini Street, 11562 Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
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Mekky RH, Abdel-Sattar E, Segura-Carretero A, Contreras MDM. Metabolic Profiling of the Oil of Sesame of the Egyptian Cultivar 'Giza 32' Employing LC-MS and Tandem MS-Based Untargeted Method. Foods 2021; 10:foods10020298. [PMID: 33540686 PMCID: PMC7913063 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is a global oil crop. Sesame oil has been regarded as functional oil with antioxidant properties in several in vivo studies but little is known about its minor fraction. In this line, this study figures out the profile of the polar fraction of Egyptian cultivar Giza 32 sesame oil (SG32 oil) employing reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry and tandem MS. The characterization of the sesame oil metabolites depended on the observation of their retention time values, accurate MS, and MS/MS data, with UV spectra, and compared with relevant literature and available standards. Remarkably, 86 metabolites were characterized and sub-grouped into phenolic acids, lignans, flavonoids, nitrogenous compounds, and organic acids. From the characterized metabolites, 72 compounds were previously characterized in SG32 cake, which presented antioxidant properties, and hence it could contribute to SG32 oil antioxidant properties. Further studies are required to state the presence of such phenolics in commercial sesame oils and what of these compounds resist oil refining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham Hassan Mekky
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, Cairo-Suez Road, Cairo 11829, Egypt
- Research and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Bioregiόn Building, Health Science Technological Park, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Granada, Spain;
- Correspondence: (R.H.M.); or (M.d.M.C.); Tel.: +20-100-5720-695 (R.H.M.)
| | - Essam Abdel-Sattar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, El Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt;
| | - Antonio Segura-Carretero
- Research and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Bioregiόn Building, Health Science Technological Park, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Granada, Spain;
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - María del Mar Contreras
- Research and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Bioregiόn Building, Health Science Technological Park, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Granada, Spain;
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Campus Las Lagunillas, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.H.M.); or (M.d.M.C.); Tel.: +20-100-5720-695 (R.H.M.)
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Abdel-Sattar E, Mahrous EA, Thabet MM, Elnaggar DMY, Youssef AM, Elhawary R, Zaitone SA, Celia Rodríguez-Pérez, Segura-Carretero A, Mekky RH. Methanolic extracts of a selected Egyptian Vicia faba cultivar mitigate the oxidative/inflammatory burden and afford neuroprotection in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Inflammopharmacology 2020; 29:221-235. [PMID: 33118083 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-020-00768-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Vicia faba L. is a legume from the family Fabaceae. Ancient Egyptians consumed fava beans thousands of years ago and they are still one of the most popular foods in Egypt. The current study examined the anti-Parkinson effect of 80% methanolic extracts of seeds or sprouts of the fava 'Sakha 3 'cultivar which has been selected based on the total phenol content among three cultivars tested. In addition, the extracts were characterized by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC-DAD-QTOF-MS). Three doses (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg) of 80% methanol extracts of seeds or sprouts of the Sakha 3 cultivar were evaluated in rotenone-Parkinsonian mice from behavioral, biochemical, and histopathological aspects. The extract of fava sprouts (600 mg/kg dose) showed the most beneficial effect. It improved motor activity, enhanced striatal dopamine level, and decreased the striatal malondialdehyde, as well as the expression of the inflammatory markers, compared with the rotenone control group and groups receiving lower therapeutic doses of the extracts or L-Dopa. In addition, these findings were supported by a histopathological investigation which indicated that mice treated with the 600-mg/kg dose of the sprout extract showed a low number of degenerated neurons. The application of RP-HPLC-DAD-QTOF-MS and mass/mass spectroscopy enabled the metabolic profiling of the sprouts and seeds of the 'Sakha 3' cultivar. It is obvious that germination increased the amounts of phenolic acids, saponins, and aromatic amino acids, together with a dramatic increase in flavonoids. In conclusion, the 80% methanolic extract of sprouts of the fava "Sakha 3" cultivar may be a promising candidate for treating Parkinsonism if appropriate safety data are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essam Abdel-Sattar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Engy A Mahrous
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mareena M Thabet
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo-Suez Road Cairo, Badr City, 11829, Egypt
| | - Dina M Yousry Elnaggar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo-Suez Road Cairo, Badr City, 11829, Egypt
| | - Amal M Youssef
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Reda Elhawary
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sawsan A Zaitone
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Celia Rodríguez-Pérez
- Research and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Bioregiόn Building, Health Science Technological Park, Avenida del Conocimiento S/N, 18016, Granada, Spain.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, AvenidaFuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Segura-Carretero
- Research and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Bioregiόn Building, Health Science Technological Park, Avenida del Conocimiento S/N, 18016, Granada, Spain.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, AvenidaFuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Reham Hassan Mekky
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo-Suez Road Cairo, Badr City, 11829, Egypt.,Research and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Bioregiόn Building, Health Science Technological Park, Avenida del Conocimiento S/N, 18016, Granada, Spain
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