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Anilanmert B, Yonar FC. Speedy Gonzales analysis method in one drop of beverage, for crimes committed with drugs from three different groups. ANAL SCI 2023; 39:843-849. [PMID: 36862317 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-023-00282-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Sertraline, zolpidem and fentanyl, are drugs with potential to be used in cases of rape, property theft and organ theft. In this study, a 15 min dilute-and-shoot analysis method was developed for the simultaneous confirmation and quantification of these drugs, using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), in the residues of fruit juice types (mixed fruit juice, cherry juice and apricot juice), frequently consumed soft drinks. A C18 phenomenex column (3 µm × 100 mm × 3 mm) was used in LC-MS/MS analysis. Validation parameters were determined by means of linearity, linear range, LOD, LOQ, repeatability and intermediate precision studies. The linearity of the method was shown up to 2.0 μgmL-1 concentration and r2 was ≥ 0.99, for each analyte. LOD and LOQ values were found in the ranges of 4.9-10.2 and 13.0-57.5 ngmL-1 for all the analytes. Accuracies were between 74 and 126%. HorRat values calculated (between 0.57 and 0.97), revealed that the inter-day precisions (RSD% ≤ 15.5%) are acceptable. The simultaneous extraction and determination of these analytes in beverage residues in very low amounts as 100 µL is challenging because of the difficulty arising from the different chemical properties, the complexity of mixed fruit juice matrix. The method is important for hospitals (especially in emergency-toxicology cases), criminal and special laboratories from the point of determining the combined or single use of these drugs in drug facilitated crimes (DFC) and finding out the reasons of deaths related to these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beril Anilanmert
- Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatma Cavus Yonar
- Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey.
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2
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Rocha RG, Silva IC, Arantes LC, Stefano JS, Lima CD, Melo LM, Munoz RA, dos Santos WT, Richter EM. Simple and rapid electrochemical detection of 1-benzylpiperazine on carbon screen-printed electrode. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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3
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Wang X. Potential application of BC3 nanotubes as a gamma-hydroxybutyric acid drug sensor: A DFT study. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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4
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Ryu J, Manivannan R, Son YA. Azo dye-based optical probe for the detection toward mimic molecule of date rape drug. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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5
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Vincenti F, Montesano C, Babino P, Carboni S, Napoletano S, De Sangro G, Di Rosa F, Gregori A, Curini R, Sergi M. Finding evidence at a crime scene: Sensitive determination of benzodiazepine residues in drink and food paraphernalia by HPLC-HRMS/MS. Forensic Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2021.100327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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6
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Luo Q, Nazarian Shahrbabaki A. γ-Hydroxybutyric acid drug recognition by palladium decorated silicon carbide monolayer. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2020.108135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Ling-Yan W, Ai-Min L, Hamreh S. Gamma-butyrolactone drug detection by Al-doped BC 3 nanotubes: A density functional theory study. J Mol Graph Model 2020; 99:107632. [PMID: 32417724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Potential application of a pristine and Al-doped BC3 nanotube (Al-BC3NT) is explored in detection of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) drug using DFT calculations. The GBL drug weakly adsorbed of the pristine BC3NT with adsorption energy (Ead) of -11.7 kcal/mol. The electronic properties of pristine BC3NT were not altered sensibly by the GBL adsorption, indicating that this tube is not a sensor. By Al-doping in the structure of BC3NT, the GBL interaction was strengthened (Ead = -21.8 kcal/mol). The Eg of Al-BC3NT dramatically declined from 2.38 to 1.93 eV, by GBL interaction. The electrical conductance of GBL/Al-BC3NT was 681 times higher than that of the bare Al-BC3NT. Thus, the Al-BC3NT yields an electronic signal after the GBL drug adsorption, being a promising electronic sensor. The recovery time for GBL drug desorption from the Al-BC3NT surface was predicted to be short (0.9 s). The interaction between the GBL and Al-BC3NT was strengthened in the ethanol solvent, and the Ead became more negative (-28.9 kcal/mol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Ling-Yan
- Chenzhou Vocational Technical College, ChenZhou, Hunan, 423000, China.
| | - Liu Ai-Min
- Chenzhou Vocational Technical College, ChenZhou, Hunan, 423000, China
| | - Sajad Hamreh
- Department of Physics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Doctor EL, McCord B. The application of supported liquid extraction in the analysis of benzodiazepines using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Talanta 2015; 144:938-43. [PMID: 26452911 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Benzodiazepines are among the most frequently prescribed medicines for anxiety disorders and are present in many toxicological screens. These drugs are often administered in the commission of drug facilitated sexual assaults due their effects on the central nervous system. Due to the potency of the drugs, only small amounts are usually given to victims; therefore, the target detection limit for these compounds in biological samples has been set at 50 ng/mL. Currently the standard screening method for detection of this class of drug is the immunoassay; however, screening methods that are more sensitive and selective than immunoassays are needed to encompass the wide range of structural variants of this class of compounds. Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) can be highly sensitive and has been shown to permit analysis of various benzodiazepines with limits of detection as low as 6 ng/mL. This technique permits analytical results in less than 2 min when used on pure drug samples. For biological samples, a key issue for analysis by SERS is removal of exogenous salts and matrix components. In this paper we examine supported liquid extraction as a useful preparation technique for SERS detection. Supported liquid extraction has many of the benefits of liquid-liquid extraction along with the ability to be automated. This technique provides a fast and clean extraction for benzodiazepines from urine at a pH of 5.0, and does not produce large quantities of solvent waste. To validate this procedure we have determined figures of merit and examined simulated urine samples prepared with commonly appearing interferences. It was shown that at a pH 5.0 many drugs that are prevalent in urine samples can be removed, permitting a selective detection of the benzodiazepine of interest. This technique has been shown to provide rapid (less than 20 min), sensitive, and specific detection of benzodiazepines with limits of detection between 32 and 600 ng/mL and dynamic range of 32-25,000 ng/mL. It provides the forensic community with a sensitive and specific screening technique for the detection of benzodiazepines in drug facilitated assault cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika L Doctor
- Department of Chemistry and biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street CP304, Miami, FL 33183, United States.
| | - Bruce McCord
- Department of Chemistry and biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street CP304, Miami, FL 33183, United States.
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9
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Honeychurch KC, Davidson GM, Brown E, Hart JP. Novel reductive-reductive mode electrochemical detection of Rohypnol following liquid chromatography and its determination in coffee. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 853:222-227. [PMID: 25467462 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Rohypnol (flunitrazepam) has been successfully determined in coffee by high performance liquid chromatography dual electrode detection (LC-DED) in the dual reductive mode. Initial studies were performed to optimise the chromatographic conditions and these were found to be 50% acetonitrile, 50% 50 mM pH 2.0 phosphate buffer at a flow rate of 0.75 mL min(-1), employing a Hypersil C18, 5 μm, 250 mm × 4.6 mm column. Cyclic voltammetric studies were made to ascertain the redox behaviour of Rohypnol at a glassy carbon electrode over the pH range 2-12. Hydrodynamic voltammetry was used to optimise the applied potential at the generator and detector cells; these were identified to be -2.4 V and +0.8 V for the redox mode and -2.4 V and -0.1 V for the dual reductive mode respectively. A linear range of 0.5-100 μg mL(-1), with a detection limit of 20 ng mL(-1) was obtained for the dual reductive mode. Further studies were then performed to identify the optimum conditions required for the LC-DED determination of Rohypnol in beverage samples. A convenient and rapid method for the determination of Rohypnol in beverage samples was developed using a simple sample pre-treatment procedure. A recovery of 95.5% was achieved for a sample of white coffee fortified at 9.6 μg mL(-1) Rohypnol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Honeychurch
- Centre for Research in Bioscience, Department of Biological, Biomedical and Analytical Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Gwen M Davidson
- Centre for Research in Bioscience, Department of Biological, Biomedical and Analytical Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Emma Brown
- Centre for Research in Bioscience, Department of Biological, Biomedical and Analytical Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
| | - John P Hart
- Centre for Research in Bioscience, Department of Biological, Biomedical and Analytical Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK.
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10
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Sáiz J, Ortega-Ojeda F, López-Melero L, Montalvo G, García-Ruiz C. Electrophoretic fingerprinting of benzodiazepine tablets in spike drinks. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:3250-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Sáiz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Multipurpose Building of Chemistry; University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
- University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP); University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
| | - Fernando Ortega-Ojeda
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Multipurpose Building of Chemistry; University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
- University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP); University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
| | - Lucía López-Melero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Multipurpose Building of Chemistry; University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
- University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP); University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
| | - Gema Montalvo
- University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP); University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
| | - Carmen García-Ruiz
- University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP); University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
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11
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Zhai D, Tan YQE, Xu W, Chang YT. Development of a fluorescent sensor for illicit date rape drug GHB. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:2904-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc49603a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Honeychurch KC, Crew A, Northall H, Radbourne S, Davies O, Newman S, Hart JP. The redox behaviour of diazepam (Valium®) using a disposable screen-printed sensor and its determination in drinks using a novel adsorptive stripping voltammetric assay. Talanta 2013; 116:300-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Zhai D, Agrawalla BK, Eng PSF, Lee SC, Xu W, Chang YT. Development of a fluorescent sensor for an illicit date rape drug – GBL. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:6170-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc43153c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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D'Aloise P, Chen H. Rapid determination of flunitrazepam in alcoholic beverages by desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Sci Justice 2012; 52:2-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Brown SD, Melton TC. Trends in bioanalytical methods for the determination and quantification of club drugs: 2000-2010. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:300-21. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Acikkol M, Mercan S, Karadayi S. Simultaneous Determination of Benzodiazepines and Ketamine from Alcoholic and Nonalcoholic Beverages by GC-MS in Drug Facilitated Crimes. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1278-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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17
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Gong XY, Kubáň P, Scholer A, Hauser PC. Determination of γ-hydroxybutyric acid in clinical samples using capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1213:100-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Blas M, McCord BR. Determination of trace levels of benzodiazepine in urine using capillary electrochromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:2182-92. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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19
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Webb R, Doble P, Dawson M. A rapid CZE method for the analysis of benzodiazepines in spiked beverages. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:3553-65. [PMID: 17853510 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A rapid CZE method was developed for the simultaneous determination of nine benzodiazepines in spiked beverages (nitrazepam oxazepam, alprazolam, flunitrazepam, temazepam, diazepam, 7-aminoflunitrazepam, 7-aminonitrazepam and 7-aminoclonazepam). The method employed a double-coated capillary coated with poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) and then dextran sulphate. The BGE conditions were 100 mM ammonium phosphate buffer, pH 2.5, which gave baseline resolution between consecutive peaks and a run time of less than 6.5 min. This method offers improvements in both resolution and run time, compared to those attained under analogous conditions with an uncoated capillary. The validated method was successfully applied to beverages that had been spiked with benzodiazepines at concentrations simulating prescription tablets. No sample pretreatment was required to quantify five benzodiazepines in Coca-Cola, orange juice, beer, bourbon and Bacardi. The exception was white wine, where the complex sample matrix did not enable the accurate quantification of nitrazepam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Webb
- Centre for Forensic Science, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Forensic Science, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Alnajjar A, Idris AM, Multzenberg M, McCord B. Development of a capillary electrophoresis method for the screening of human urine for multiple drugs of abuse. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 856:62-7. [PMID: 17581797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2007] [Revised: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A new capillary electrophoresis (CE) method was developed and validated for the screening of human urine for nineteen drugs of abuse. In order to achieve sufficient separation, the electrolyte composition was modified using beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) and organic solvents. To process each sample, a sequential injection-solid-phase extraction (SI-SPE) system was constructed. Using this device, matrix clean-up, extraction, and preconcentration of analytes were performed onto a C(18) cartridge. Optimal separation and detection were obtained using a background electrolyte consisting of 100mM phosphate adjusted to pH 6.0, with 20 mM beta-CD, 5% acetonitrile and 20% isopropanol. Electrokinetic injection was performed at 5 kV for 10s, separation voltage was 25 kV and column temperature was set to 25 degrees C. The separation was carried out in a 67.0 cm x 50 microm fused-silica capillary with UV detection at 214 nm. The combination of SI-SPE and sample stacking showed significant sensitivity enhancement with limits of detection in the range of 5-30 ng ml(-1). A validation study showed good reproducibility of both migration time (RSD=0.003-0.088%) and peak area (RSD=0.54-4.8%). Overall, this automated and miniaturized SI-SPE system provides a rapid, sensitive, and robust procedure for analysis; as well as minimizes sample and solvent consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Alnajjar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia.
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21
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Bishop SC, Lerch M, McCord BR. Detection of nitrated benzodiazepines by indirect laser-induced fluorescence detection on a microfluidic device. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1154:481-4. [PMID: 17499754 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2006] [Revised: 04/19/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently there has been concern regarding the use of flunitrazepam and other low-dose benzodiazepines in drug-facilitated sexual assault. These compounds are placed in drinks of unsuspecting victims and produce a sedative effect with anterorgrade amnesia. Chip-based microfluidic systems can provide a quick and disposable procedure for the detection of flunitrazepam and other nitrated benzodiazepines used in these crimes. This paper describes the application of indirect quenching of cyanine dye (Cy5) for detection of nitrated benzodiazepines. The separation is performed on a microfluidic device with a separation channel 8 cm long and 50 microm wide and utilizes indirect fluorescence detection with 635 nm laser excitation. The optimization of the separation using micellar electrokinetic chromatography with organic modifiers is described. A borate buffer containing 2.6 microM Cy5 dye, 15 mM sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and 20% methanol is used. Complete separation of four target drugs occurs in under 2 min with limits of detection in the low microg/ml range. Overall the method provides a rapid and simple analysis for the presence of nitrated benzodiazepines in beverages and other similar preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C Bishop
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, 136 Clippinger Laboratories, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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Hancu G, Gáspár A, Gyéresi A. Separation of 1,4-benzodiazepines by micellar elektrokinetic capillary chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 69:251-9. [PMID: 16563516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2006.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2005] [Revised: 01/26/2006] [Accepted: 02/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this work the applicability of micellar elektrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) for the determination of benzodiazepines (BZD) has been studied. The applied method was used for the simultaneous separation of 8 BZDs (alprazolam, bromazepam, chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, flunitrazepam, medazepam, oxazepam, nitrazepam), and also for the study of stability in acidic medium. A fast and reliable method has been developed; using a separation buffer composed of sodium tetraborate 25 mM (pH 9.5), SDS (50 mM) and methanol (at least 12%) as an organic modifier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Hancu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Târgu Mureş, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 540139 Târgu Mureş, Romania.
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Abstract
This paper reviews recent methodological and instrumental advances in MEKC. Improvements in sensitivity arising from the use of on-line sample concentration (sweeping, stacking, and combination of both protocols) and derivatization (in-capillary reactions and coupling with flow-injection systems) and improvements in resolution obtained by changing the composition of the BGE (e.g., with organic modifiers, ionic liquids, nonionic and zwitterionic surfactants, mixed micelles, and vesicles) or using coated capillaries are discussed in detail. In addition, MS and LIF spectroscopy are examined in relation to their advantages and restrictions as applied to MEKC analysis. Some thoughts on potential future directions are also expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Silva
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.
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Jabeen R, Payne D, Wiktorowicz J, Mohammad A, Petersen J. Capillary electrophoresis and the clinical laboratory. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:2413-38. [PMID: 16718719 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 15 years, CE as an analytical tool has shown great promise in replacing many conventional clinical laboratory methods, such as electrophoresis and HPLC. CE's appeal was that it was fast, used very small amounts of sample and reagents, was extremely versatile, and was able to separate large and small analytes, whether neutral or charged. Because of this versatility, numerous methods have been developed for analytes that are of clinical interest. Other than molecular diagnostic and forensic laboratories CE has not been able to make a major impact in the United States. In contrast, in Europe and Japan an increasing number of clinical laboratories are using CE. Now that automated multicapillary instruments are commercially available along with cost-effective test kits, CE may yet be accepted as an instrument that will be routinely used in the clinical laboratories. This review will focus on areas where CE has the potential to have the greatest impact on the clinical laboratory. These include analyses of proteins found in serum and urine, hemoglobin (A1c and variants), carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, forensic and therapeutic drug screening, and molecular diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukhsana Jabeen
- University of Texas Medical Branch--Pathology, Galveston, TX 77555-0551, USA
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25
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Quintela O, Sauvage FL, Charvier F, Gaulier JM, Lachâtre G, Marquet P. Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Detection of Low Concentrations of 21 Benzodiazepines, Metabolites, and Analogs in Urine: Method with Forensic Applications. Clin Chem 2006; 52:1346-55. [PMID: 16709625 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2005.065631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Commonly used methods for detecting benzodiazepines (BZPs) and BZP-like substances, such as zolpidem and zopiclone, may not detect low concentrations of these drugs. We developed a liquid chromatographic–tandem mass spectrometric method for identifying these drugs and their relevant metabolites.
Methods: We extracted BZPs from urine by solid-phase extraction with a mixed-mode phase (OASIS® HLB cartridges). Chromatographic separation was performed with a Waters XTerra MS C18 [150 × 2.1 mm (i.d.); bead size, 5 μm] reversed-phase column with deuterated analogs of the analytes as internal standards (IS). Detection was performed with a triple-quadruple mass spectrometer that monitored 2 specific transitions per compound in the electrospray, positive-ion selected-reaction monitoring mode. We tested this technique on urine samples from 12 healthy volunteers and 1 forensic sample obtained in a case of alleged drug-facilitated sexual assault.
Results: Chromatographic separation was achieved within 18 min. The linear dynamic ranges extended from 0.02 or 0.1 μg/L (depending on the drug or metabolite) to 50 μg/L. Extraction recovery (range) was 77%–110%. Limits of detection were ≤0.05 μg/L. No ion suppression was seen except for alprazolam, for which baseline decreased by almost 20%. In the forensic urine sample, the method detected alprazolam (3.5 μg/L) and its characteristic metabolite, α-hydroxyalprazolam (0.17 μg/L).
Conclusion: This method measured low concentrations of BZPs and BZP-like substances and might be useful for analyses of urine in suspected drug-facilitated sexual assault cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Quintela
- Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Limoges University Hospital, Limoges, France
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Tagliaro F, Bortolotti F. Recent advances in the applications of CE to forensic sciences (2001–2004). Electrophoresis 2006; 27:231-43. [PMID: 16421953 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The present article reviews the applications of CE in forensic science covering the period from 2001 until the first part of 2005. The overview includes the most relevant examples of analytical applications of capillary electrophoretic and electrokinetic techniques in the following fields: (i) Forensic drugs and poisons, (ii) explosive analysis and gunshot residues, (iii) small ions of forensic interest, (iv) forensic DNA and RNA analysis, (v) proteins of forensic interest, and (vi) ink analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Tagliaro
- Department of Public Medicine and Health, Section of Forensic Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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Quintela O, Cruz A, Castro AD, Concheiro M, López-Rivadulla M. Liquid chromatography–electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry for the determination of nine selected benzodiazepines in human plasma and oral fluid. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 825:63-71. [PMID: 16154524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2004] [Revised: 11/24/2004] [Accepted: 12/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A new simple and rapid liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric technique was designed for the determination of nine benzodiazepines in plasma and oral fluid. Benzodiazepines were extracted from alkalinised spiked and clinical plasma and oral fluid samples using a single step, liquid-liquid extraction procedure with diethyl ether. The chromatographic separation was performed with a Xterra RP18, 5 microm (150 x 2.1 mm i.d.) reversed-phase column using deuterated analogues of the analytes as internal standard. The recovery ranged from 70.3 to 86.9% for plasma and 63.9 to 77.2% for oral fluid. The limits of detection ranged from 0.5 to 1 ng/ml in plasma and 0.1 to 0.2 ng/ml for oral fluid. The method was validated for all the compounds, including linearity and the main precision parameters. The procedure, showed to be sensitive and specific, was applied to real plasma and oral fluid samples. The method is especially useful to analyse saliva samples from drivers undergoing roadside drug controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Quintela
- Forensic Toxicology Service, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, C/San Francisco s/n, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Olsen V, Gustavsen I, Bramness JG, Hasvold I, Karinen R, Christophersen AS, Mørland J. The concentrations, appearance and taste of nine sedating drugs dissolved in four different beverages. Forensic Sci Int 2005; 151:171-5. [PMID: 15939149 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2004] [Revised: 01/10/2005] [Accepted: 01/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sedating drugs are reported to be used in cases where people have been drugged unwittingly. In the present experiments we studied whether nine sedating medicinal drugs would dissolve in four different beverages to reach concentrations which could possibly cause impairment and whether the drugs altered the appearance and taste of the beverages. Nine sedating medicinal drugs were added separately to water, beer, Coca-Cola and ethanol. Drug concentrations were measured 5, 10, 20 and 40 min after spiking. The amount of drug in one swallow (50 mL) was calculated. Appearance and taste were recorded after 10 min. Flunipam, Sobril, Valium and Xanor dissolved faster than Rohypnol, Imovane, Somadril, Rivotril and Dolcontin. Ten minutes after adding Flunipam, Sobril, Imovane (in beer and Coca-Cola), Valium and Xanor, the concentrations had reached more than 50% of maximum theoretical concentration. Most of the drugs caused sediment, pieces and/or turbidity in one or more of the beverages. Some of the solutions were dyed from added Rohypnol (turquoise or green), Dolcontin (red) and Valium (yellow). Flunipam and Valium caused extensive frothing in beer. The tastes of Imovane and Somadril were distinct in all the beverages, while the taste of other drug solutions was less distinct. The ingestion of all solutions could probably have caused impairment. All the nine drugs were, however, apparent to the consumer from the altered appearance and/or taste of the beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vigdis Olsen
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Toxicology and Drug Abuse, PO Box 4404, Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Brettell
- Office of Forensic Sciences, New Jersey State Police, New Jersey Forensic Science and Technology Complex, 1200 Negron Road, Horizon Center, Hamilton, New Jersey 08691, USA
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