1
|
Puigseslloses P, Nadal-Gratacós N, Ketsela G, Weiss N, Berzosa X, Estrada-Tejedor R, Islam MN, Holy M, Niello M, Pubill D, Camarasa J, Escubedo E, Sitte HH, López-Arnau R. Structure-activity relationships of serotonergic 5-MeO-DMT derivatives: insights into psychoactive and thermoregulatory properties. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:2346-2358. [PMID: 38486047 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02506-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
Recent studies have sparked renewed interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelics for treating depression and other mental health conditions. Simultaneously, the novel psychoactive substances (NPS) phenomenon, with a huge number of NPS emerging constantly, has changed remarkably the illicit drug market, being their scientific evaluation an urgent need. Thus, this study aims to elucidate the impact of amino-terminal modifications to the 5-MeO-DMT molecule on its interactions with serotonin receptors and transporters, as well as its psychoactive and thermoregulatory properties. Our findings demonstrated, using radioligand binding methodologies, that all examined 5-MeO-tryptamines exhibited selectivity for 5-HT1AR over 5-HT2AR. In fact, computational docking analyses predicted a better interaction in the 5-HT1AR binding pocket compared to 5-HT2AR. Our investigation also proved the interaction of these compounds with SERT, revealing that the molecular size of the amino group significantly influenced their affinity. Subsequent experiments involving serotonin uptake, electrophysiology, and superfusion release assays confirmed 5-MeO-pyr-T as the most potent partial 5-HT releaser tested. All tested tryptamines elicited, to some degree, the head twitch response (HTR) in mice, indicative of a potential hallucinogenic effect and mainly mediated by 5-HT2AR activation. However, 5-HT1AR was also shown to be implicated in the hallucinogenic effect, and its activation attenuated the HTR. In fact, tryptamines that produced a higher hypothermic response, mediated by 5-HT1AR, tended to exhibit a lower hallucinogenic effect, highlighting the opposite role of both 5-HT receptors. Moreover, although some 5-MeO-tryptamines elicited very low HTR, they still act as potent 5-HT2AR agonists. In summary, this research offers a comprehensive understanding of the psychopharmacological profile of various amino-substituted 5-MeO-tryptamines, keeping structural aspects in focus and accumulating valuable data in the frame of NPS. Moreover, the unique characteristics of some 5-MeO-tryptamines render them intriguing molecules as mixed-action drugs and provide insight within the search of non-hallucinogenic but 5-HT2AR ligands as therapeutical agents.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/metabolism
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/drug effects
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Mice
- Humans
- Molecular Docking Simulation/methods
- Serotonin/metabolism
- Male
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/metabolism
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/drug effects
- Hallucinogens/pharmacology
- Psychotropic Drugs/pharmacology
- Body Temperature Regulation/drug effects
- Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/drug effects
- Methoxydimethyltryptamines/pharmacology
- Methoxydimethyltryptamines/metabolism
- HEK293 Cells
- Receptors, Serotonin/metabolism
- Receptors, Serotonin/drug effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pol Puigseslloses
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Pharmacology Section and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Group (GQF), IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, 08017, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Nadal-Gratacós
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Pharmacology Section and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Group (GQF), IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, 08017, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gabriel Ketsela
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Group (GQF), IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, 08017, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicola Weiss
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Pharmacology Section and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Berzosa
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Group (GQF), IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, 08017, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roger Estrada-Tejedor
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Group (GQF), IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, 08017, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mohammad Nazmul Islam
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Wäehringerstrasse 13A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marion Holy
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Wäehringerstrasse 13A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Niello
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Wäehringerstrasse 13A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Genetics of Cognition Lab, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - David Pubill
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Pharmacology Section and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Camarasa
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Pharmacology Section and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Escubedo
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Pharmacology Section and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Harald H Sitte
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Wäehringerstrasse 13A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
- Center for Addiction Research and Science, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 13A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Raúl López-Arnau
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Pharmacology Section and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kozell LB, Eshleman AJ, Swanson TL, Bloom SH, Wolfrum KM, Schmachtenberg JL, Olson RJ, Janowsky A, Abbas AI. Pharmacologic Activity of Substituted Tryptamines at 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) 2A Receptor (5-HT 2AR), 5-HT 2CR, 5-HT 1AR, and Serotonin Transporter. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2023; 385:62-75. [PMID: 36669875 PMCID: PMC10029822 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel psychoactive substances, including synthetic substituted tryptamines, represent a potential public health threat. Additionally, some substituted tryptamines are being studied under medical guidance as potential treatments of psychiatric disorders. Characterizing the basic pharmacology of substituted tryptamines will aid in understanding differences in potential for harm or therapeutic use. Using human embryonic kidney cells stably expressing 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT2C receptors (5-HT1AR, 5-HT2AR, and 5HT2CR, respectively) or the serotonin transporter (SERT), we measured affinities, potencies and efficacies of 21 substituted tryptamines. With the exception of two 4-acetoxy compounds, substituted tryptamines exhibited affinities and potencies less than one micromolar at the 5-HT2AR, the primary target for psychedelic effects. In comparison, half or more exhibited low affinities/potencies at 5-HT2CR, 5-HT1AR, and SERT. Sorting by the ratio of 5-HT2A to 5-HT2C, 5-HT1A, or SERT affinity revealed chemical determinants of selectivity. We found that although 4-substituted compounds exhibited affinities that ranged across a factor of 100, they largely exhibited high selectivity for 5-HT2ARs versus 5-HT1ARs and 5-HT2CRs. 5-substituted compounds exhibited high affinities for 5-HT1ARs, low affinities for 5-HT2CRs, and a range of affinities for 5-HT2ARs, resulting in selectivity for 5-HT2ARs versus 5-HT2CRs but not versus 5-HT1ARs. Additionally, a number of psychedelics bound to SERT, with non-ring-substituted tryptamines most consistently exhibiting binding. Interestingly, substituted tryptamines and known psychedelic standards exhibited a broad range of efficacies, which were lower as a class at 5-HT2ARs compared with 5-HT2CRs and 5-HT1ARs. Conversely, coupling efficiency/amplification ratio was highest at 5-HT2ARs in comparison with 5-HT2CRs and 5-HT1ARs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Synthetic substituted tryptamines represent both potential public health threats and potential treatments of psychiatric disorders. The substituted tryptamines tested differed in affinities, potencies, and efficacies at 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)2A, 5-HT2C, and 5HT1A receptors and the serotonin transporter (SERT). Several compounds were highly selective for and coupled very efficiently downstream of 5-HT2A versus 5-HT1A and 5-HT2C receptors, and some bound SERT. This basic pharmacology of substituted tryptamines helps us understand the pharmacologic basis of their potential for harm and as therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Kozell
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System (L.B.K., A.J.E., T.L.S., S.H.B., K.M.W., J.L.S., A.J., A.I.A.) and Departments of Psychiatry (L.B.K., A.J.E., T.L.S., A.J., A.I.A.) and Behavioral Neuroscience (L.B.K., R.J.O., A.I.A.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Amy J Eshleman
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System (L.B.K., A.J.E., T.L.S., S.H.B., K.M.W., J.L.S., A.J., A.I.A.) and Departments of Psychiatry (L.B.K., A.J.E., T.L.S., A.J., A.I.A.) and Behavioral Neuroscience (L.B.K., R.J.O., A.I.A.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Tracy L Swanson
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System (L.B.K., A.J.E., T.L.S., S.H.B., K.M.W., J.L.S., A.J., A.I.A.) and Departments of Psychiatry (L.B.K., A.J.E., T.L.S., A.J., A.I.A.) and Behavioral Neuroscience (L.B.K., R.J.O., A.I.A.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Shelley H Bloom
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System (L.B.K., A.J.E., T.L.S., S.H.B., K.M.W., J.L.S., A.J., A.I.A.) and Departments of Psychiatry (L.B.K., A.J.E., T.L.S., A.J., A.I.A.) and Behavioral Neuroscience (L.B.K., R.J.O., A.I.A.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Katherine M Wolfrum
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System (L.B.K., A.J.E., T.L.S., S.H.B., K.M.W., J.L.S., A.J., A.I.A.) and Departments of Psychiatry (L.B.K., A.J.E., T.L.S., A.J., A.I.A.) and Behavioral Neuroscience (L.B.K., R.J.O., A.I.A.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jennifer L Schmachtenberg
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System (L.B.K., A.J.E., T.L.S., S.H.B., K.M.W., J.L.S., A.J., A.I.A.) and Departments of Psychiatry (L.B.K., A.J.E., T.L.S., A.J., A.I.A.) and Behavioral Neuroscience (L.B.K., R.J.O., A.I.A.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Randall J Olson
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System (L.B.K., A.J.E., T.L.S., S.H.B., K.M.W., J.L.S., A.J., A.I.A.) and Departments of Psychiatry (L.B.K., A.J.E., T.L.S., A.J., A.I.A.) and Behavioral Neuroscience (L.B.K., R.J.O., A.I.A.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Aaron Janowsky
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System (L.B.K., A.J.E., T.L.S., S.H.B., K.M.W., J.L.S., A.J., A.I.A.) and Departments of Psychiatry (L.B.K., A.J.E., T.L.S., A.J., A.I.A.) and Behavioral Neuroscience (L.B.K., R.J.O., A.I.A.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Atheir I Abbas
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System (L.B.K., A.J.E., T.L.S., S.H.B., K.M.W., J.L.S., A.J., A.I.A.) and Departments of Psychiatry (L.B.K., A.J.E., T.L.S., A.J., A.I.A.) and Behavioral Neuroscience (L.B.K., R.J.O., A.I.A.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Waters K. Pharmacologic Similarities and Differences Among Hallucinogens. J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 61 Suppl 2:S100-S113. [PMID: 34396556 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hallucinogens constitute a unique class of substances that cause changes in the user's thoughts, perceptions, and mood through various mechanisms of action. Although the serotonergic hallucinogens such as lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, and N,N-dimethyltryptamine have been termed the classical hallucinogens, many hallucinogens elicit their actions through other mechanisms such as N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonism, opioid receptor agonism, or inhibition of the reuptake of monoamines including serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. The aim of this article is to compare the pharmacologic similarities and differences among substances within the hallucinogen class and their impact on physical and psychiatric effects. Potential toxicities, including life-threatening and long-term effects, will be reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Waters
- School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shi Y, Wang R, Yuan S, Qiang H, Shen M, Shen B, Drummer OH, Yu Z, Zhao Y, Xiang P. UHPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneously detecting 16 tryptamines and their metabolites in human hair and applications to real forensics cases. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1159:122392. [PMID: 33126071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Tryptamines are hallucinogenic substances many of which have appeared recently as novel psychoactive substances (NPS). Herein, we describe the establishment of a rapid UHPLC-MS/MS quantitative method for the targeted screening of 16 tryptamines of abuse in hair. Twenty milligram pieces of hair were pulverized below 4 °C in 0.5 mL of deionized water containing 0.1% formic acid and an internal standard (2 ng/mL psilocin-d10 and psilocybin-d4). After subsequent centrifugation, 5 μL of the supernatant was injected into a LC-MS/MS system fitted with a Waters Acquity UPLC HSS T3 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm). The column was gradient eluted at 0.3 mL/min with mobile phases composed of 20 mmol/L ammonium acetate, 5% acetonitrile, and 0.1% formic acid in water (solvent A) and acetonitrile (solvent B). Limits of detection ranged between 0.1 and 20 pg/mg, with limits of quantitation ranging from 3 to 50 pg/mg. The calibration curves for all analytes were linear (r > 0.992). Accuracies varied between 91% and 114%, with intraday precision RSDs < 14% and interday precision RSDs of between 1.3% and 14%. The recoveries of all tryptamines were in the 85-115% range, with the matrix effect ranging from 95% to 112%. The validated method was successfully used to analyse 191 hair samples from suspected tryptamine users, 77 of which were 5-MeO-DiPT-positive, while the 16 tryptamines and their metabolites were not detected in the remaining 114 hair samples. 5-MeO-DiPT and its 5-MeO-NiPT, 5-OH-DiPT, and 4-OH-DiPT metabolites were concurrently detected in 34 hair samples. 5-MeO-DiPT, as the parent drug, was the parent substance found in the hair samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shi
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Roujia Wang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China; School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China; School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Huosheng Qiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Min Shen
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Baohua Shen
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Olaf H Drummer
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Southbank, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zhiguo Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yunli Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lee HZS, Ng JYJ, Ong MC, Lim JLW, Yap TWA. Technical note: Unequivocal identification of 5-methoxy-DiPT with NOESY NMR and GC-IRD. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 316:110537. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
6
|
Yan X, Yuan S, Yu Z, Zhao Y, Zhang S, Wu H, Yan H, Xiang P. Development of an LC-MS/MS method for determining 5-MeO-DIPT in dried urine spots and application to forensic cases. J Forensic Leg Med 2020; 72:101963. [PMID: 32452453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2020.101963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The dried urine spots (DUSs) technique is increasing continuously as an easy sampling method for monitoring substance abuse due to its advantages of stability and convenience regarding transport and storage. 5-Methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT) is a new type of tryptamine hallucinogen, the use of which has been banned in many countries. And according to the previous research, 5-MeO-DIPT is not stable in urine. In order to improve its stability, an LC-MS/MS method for determining 5-MeO-DIPT in DUSs was developed. METHOD 10 μl urine was spotted on Whatman FTATM classic card, then extracted with 200 μl methanol, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in positive ion multiple reaction monitoring mode was utilized for analysis. RESULTS The LOD and LLOQ of the method were 0.1 ng/ml and 0.2 ng/ml, respectively. The accuracy and precision were 98.2%-103.9% and 2.7%-8.5%, respectively. It was found that the stability of 5-MeO-DIPT in DUSs was better than the stability of 5-MeO-DIPT in urine stored at 25 °C. Moreover, this method was also applied to detect 5-MeO-DIPT in the urine of individuals known to have used 5-MeO-DIPT. It was found that the concentrations of 5-MeO-DIPT were 0.3-2.3 ng/ml, which were lower than those obtained via GC-Orbitrap-MS. The small volume of urine required (10 μl), combined with the simplicity of the analytical technique, makes this an useful procedure for the screening of drug of abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuying Yan
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key laboratory of Forensic Medicine, 1347 West Guangfu Road, Shanghai, 200063, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key laboratory of Forensic Medicine, 1347 West Guangfu Road, Shanghai, 200063, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Zhiguo Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yunli Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Sujing Zhang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key laboratory of Forensic Medicine, 1347 West Guangfu Road, Shanghai, 200063, China
| | - Hejian Wu
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key laboratory of Forensic Medicine, 1347 West Guangfu Road, Shanghai, 200063, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key laboratory of Forensic Medicine, 1347 West Guangfu Road, Shanghai, 200063, China.
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key laboratory of Forensic Medicine, 1347 West Guangfu Road, Shanghai, 200063, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Luethi D, Liechti ME. Designer drugs: mechanism of action and adverse effects. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1085-1133. [PMID: 32249347 PMCID: PMC7225206 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02693-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Psychoactive substances with chemical structures or pharmacological profiles that are similar to traditional drugs of abuse continue to emerge on the recreational drug market. Internet vendors may at least temporarily sell these so-called designer drugs without adhering to legal statutes or facing legal consequences. Overall, the mechanism of action and adverse effects of designer drugs are similar to traditional drugs of abuse. Stimulants, such as amphetamines and cathinones, primarily interact with monoamine transporters and mostly induce sympathomimetic adverse effects. Agonism at μ-opioid receptors and γ-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) or GABAB receptors mediates the pharmacological effects of sedatives, which may induce cardiorespiratory depression. Dissociative designer drugs primarily act as N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists and pose similar health risks as the medically approved dissociative anesthetic ketamine. The cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor is thought to drive the psychoactive effects of synthetic cannabinoids, which are associated with a less desirable effect profile and more severe adverse effects compared with cannabis. Serotonergic 5-hydroxytryptamine-2A (5-HT2A) receptors mediate alterations of perception and cognition that are induced by serotonergic psychedelics. Because of their novelty, designer drugs may remain undetected by routine drug screening, thus hampering evaluations of adverse effects. Intoxication reports suggest that several designer drugs are used concurrently, posing a high risk for severe adverse effects and even death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dino Luethi
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 13a, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
- Institute of Applied Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Schanzenstrasse 55, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias E Liechti
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Schanzenstrasse 55, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yan X, Xiang P, Zhao Y, Yu Z, Yan H. Determination of 5-MeO-DIPT in Human Urine Using Gas Chromatography Coupled with High-Resolution Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2020; 44:461-469. [PMID: 32020169 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
5-Methoxy-N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT) is a designer hallucinogen derived from tryptamine and its use has been banned by many countries. In this study, a qualitative and quantitative method was developed for determining 5-MeO-DIPT in urine by gas chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry. 5-hydroxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-OH-DIPT) and 5-methoxy-N-isopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-IPT) were identified as 5-MeO-DIPT metabolites in abusers’ urine. 5-MeO-DIPT was extracted from urine by liquid–liquid extraction with ethyl acetate under alkaline conditions. The extract was analyzed by GC-Orbitrap-MS in full scan mode with a resolution of 60,000 full width at half maxima (FWHM). The linear range of this method was 2–300 ng/mL with r > 0.99, and the limit of detection was 1 ng/mL. The accuracy and precision were 93–108.7% and 3.1–10.3%, respectively. This method is simple and sensitive. It has been successfully used to detect 5-MeO-DIPT in drug abusers’ urine, which showed that the concentrations of 5-MeO-DIPT were between 1 and 2.8 ng/mL. 5-OH-DIPT and 5-MeO-IPT, two urinary major metabolites of 5-MeO-DIPT, were identified in urine samples from 5-MeO-DIPT users. Furthermore, the stability of 5-MeO-DIPT in human urine was investigated. It was discovered that the concentration of 5-MeO-DIPT in urine decreased by 22.8, 33.2 and 38.2% after samples were stored for 24 h at 25°C, 5 days at 4°C and 7 days at 4°C, respectively. And 5-MeO-DIPT in urine were stable after they were stored for 30 days at −20°C. Therefore, it is recommended that urine should be stored under freezing conditions before performing 5-MeO-DIPT analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuying Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key laboratory of Forensic Medicine, 1347 West Guangfu Road, Shanghai 20063, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key laboratory of Forensic Medicine, 1347 West Guangfu Road, Shanghai 20063, China
| | - Yunli Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhiguo Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key laboratory of Forensic Medicine, 1347 West Guangfu Road, Shanghai 20063, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang X, Cui J, Zhuo Y, Shen B, Zhang S, Liu W, Shen M, Xiang P. A Retrospective of Prevalence of Drugs of Abuse by Hair Analysis in Shanghai using LC–MS-MS. J Anal Toxicol 2020; 44:482-489. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
This study presents a retrospective analysis of the prevalence of drug abuse in Shanghai by hair analysis. Files and toxicology analysis results of a total of 5,610 cases requesting for hair analysis of abused drugs at the Academy of Forensic Science (AFS) in Shanghai over 12 months between August 2018 and July 2019 were reviewed. All cases of drug abuse identified by hair analysis were from the public security organs in Shanghai, China. Hair samples were analyzed for drugs of abuse and related metabolites, mainly including amphetamine (AMP), methamphetamine (MA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), ketamine (K), norketamine (NK), cocaine (COC), benzoylecgonine, morphine, 6-acetylmorphine, flunitrazepam, and 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT), using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS-MS). Among the 5,610 cases, 1,713 (30.5%) were positive for drugs of abuse, with amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) (57%), including amphetamines (AMP and MA) (48%), MDMA and MDA (9%), being the most frequently detected drugs, followed by THC (14%), COC (8%), 5-MeO-DIPT (8%), and K (7%). The majority (75%) of positive hair samples were from male subjects. Overall, 77% of abusers were younger than 44 years old. The proportion of female subjects (22.3%) under 24 years was larger than that of male subjects (7.8%). There were 132 cases (7.7%) in which more than one type of drug was detected among 1,713 drug-positive cases. The most common combination was MDMA and K. The present study characterizes the current toxicological profile of drug abuse cases and provides a scientific basis for drug abuse prevention. Moreover, the hair concentration distributions of the commonly abused drugs in positive cases have been reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Cui
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Yue Zhuo
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Forensic Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Baohua Shen
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Sujing Zhang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Shen
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Application of hair analysis to document illegal 5-methoxy-N,N-dissopropyltrptamine (5-MeO-DiPT) use. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 304:109972. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.109972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
11
|
Abstract
Several novel psychoactive substances have emerged in recent years. Users are typically young men who use other substances. In the category of stimulants, cathinones ("bath salts") have predominated and can lead to agitation, psychosis, hyperthermia, and death. Synthetic cannabinoids ("spice") are more potent than marijuana and can lead to agitation, psychosis, seizures, and death. There are no rapid tests to identify these substances and general treatment includes benzodiazepines for agitation and supportive therapy. Many Synthetic opioids are potent analogues of fentanyl and carry a high risk of overdose. In addition, there are several designer benzodiazepines that have emerged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Graddy
- Division of Chemical Dependence, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5200 Eastern Avenue, Suite D5W, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Megan E Buresh
- Division of Chemical Dependence, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5200 Eastern Avenue, Suite D5W, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Darius A Rastegar
- Division of Chemical Dependence, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5200 Eastern Avenue, Suite D5W, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Savoldi R, Polari D, Pinheiro-da-Silva J, Silva PF, Lobao-Soares B, Yonamine M, Freire FAM, Luchiari AC. Behavioral Changes Over Time Following Ayahuasca Exposure in Zebrafish. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:139. [PMID: 28804451 PMCID: PMC5532431 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The combined infusion of Banisteriopsis caapi stem and Psychotria viridis leaves, known as ayahuasca, has been used for centuries by indigenous tribes. The infusion is rich in N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, with properties similar to those of serotonin. Despite substantial progress in the development of new drugs to treat anxiety and depression, current treatments have several limitations. Alternative drugs, such as ayahuasca, may shed light on these disorders. Here, we present time-course behavioral changes induced by ayahuasca in zebrafish, as first step toward establishing an ideal concentration for pre-clinical evaluations. We exposed adult zebrafish to five concentrations of the ayahuasca infusion: 0 (control), 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 3 ml/L (n = 14 each group), and behavior was recorded for 60 min. We evaluated swimming speed, distance traveled, freezing and bottom dwelling every min for 60 min. Swimming speed and distance traveled decreased with an increase in ayahuasca concentration while freezing increased with 1 and 3 ml/L. Bottom dwelling increased with 1 and 3 ml/L, but declined with 0.1 ml/L. Our data suggest that small amounts of ayahuasca do not affect locomotion and reduce anxiety-like behavior in zebrafish, while increased doses of the drug lead to crescent anxiogenic effects. We conclude that the temporal analysis of zebrafish behavior is a sensitive method for the study of ayahuasca-induced functional changes in the vertebrate brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robson Savoldi
- Luchiari Lab, Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do NorteNatal, Brazil
| | - Daniel Polari
- Luchiari Lab, Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do NorteNatal, Brazil
| | | | - Priscila F Silva
- Luchiari Lab, Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do NorteNatal, Brazil
| | - Bruno Lobao-Soares
- Biophysics and Pharmacology, Federal University of Rio Grande do NorteNatal, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Yonamine
- Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fulvio A M Freire
- Aquatic Fauna Lab, Botany and Zoology, Federal University of Rio Grande do NorteNatal, Brazil
| | - Ana C Luchiari
- Luchiari Lab, Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do NorteNatal, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Karinen R, Høiseth G. A literature review of blood concentrations of new psychoactive substances classified as phenethylamines, aminoindanes, arylalkylamines, arylcyclohexylamines, and indolalkylamines. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 276:120-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
14
|
Proposal of 5-methoxy- N -methyl- N -isopropyltryptamine consumption biomarkers through identification of in vivo metabolites from mice. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1508:95-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
15
|
Palma-Conesa ÁJ, Ventura M, Galindo L, Fonseca F, Grifell M, Quintana P, Fornís I, Gil C, Farré M, Torrens M. Something New about Something Old: A 10-Year Follow-Up on Classical and New Psychoactive Tryptamines and Results of Analysis. J Psychoactive Drugs 2017; 49:297-305. [DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2017.1320732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro José Palma-Conesa
- Predoctoral Researcher, Addiction Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Resident Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry and Addiction Institute, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Predoctoral Student, Department de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal and Farmacologia, Terapèutica i Toxicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Spain
- Collaborator, Energy Control, Associació Benestar i Desenvolupament, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Ventura
- Researcher, Addiction Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Manager, Drug Checking Service, Energy Control, Associació Benestar i Desenvolupament, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Liliana Galindo
- Researcher, Addiction Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Consultant Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry and Addiction Institute, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Postdoctoral Student, Department de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal and Farmacologia, Terapèutica i Toxicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francina Fonseca
- Researcher, Addiction Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Senior Consultant, Neuropsychiatry and Addiction Institute, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Assistant Professor, Department de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal and Farmacologia, Terapèutica i Toxicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Grifell
- Predoctoral Researcher, Addiction Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Resident Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry and Addiction Institute, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Predoctoral Student, Department de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal and Farmacologia, Terapèutica i Toxicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pol Quintana
- Collaborator, Resident Family Medicine, Energy Control, Associació Benestar i Desenvolupament, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iván Fornís
- Consultant, Drug Checking Service, Energy Control, Associació Benestar i Desenvolupament, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Gil
- Technician, Drug Checking Service, Energy Control, Associació Benestar i Desenvolupament, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magí Farré
- Predoctoral Researcher, Addiction Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Professor, Department de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal and Farmacologia, Terapèutica i Toxicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Spain
- Head Senior Consultant, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trías i Pujol, Servei de Farmacología Clínica, Badalona, Spain
| | - Marta Torrens
- Professor, Department de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal and Farmacologia, Terapèutica i Toxicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Spain
- Head Researcher, Addiction Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Head Senior Consultant, Addiction Program, Neuropsychiatry and Addiction Institute, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Caspar AT, Gaab JB, Michely JA, Brandt SD, Meyer MR, Maurer HH. Metabolism of the tryptamine-derived new psychoactive substances 5-MeO-2-Me-DALT, 5-MeO-2-Me-ALCHT, and 5-MeO-2-Me-DIPT and their detectability in urine studied by GC-MS, LC-MS n , and LC-HR-MS/MS. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:184-195. [PMID: 28342193 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Many N,N-dialkylated tryptamines show psychoactive properties and were encountered as new psychoactive substances. The aims of the presented work were to study the phase I and II metabolism and the detectability in standard urine screening approaches (SUSA) of 5-methoxy-2-methyl-N,N-diallyltryptamine (5-MeO-2-Me-DALT), 5-methoxy-2-methyl-N-allyl-N-cyclohexyltryptamine (5-MeO-2-Me-ALCHT), and 5-methoxy-2-methyl-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-2-Me-DIPT) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography coupled with multistage accurate mass spectrometry (LC-MSn ), and liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HR-MS/MS). For metabolism studies, urine was collected over a 24 h period after administration of the compounds to male Wistar rats at 20 mg/kg body weight (BW). Phase I and II metabolites were identified after urine precipitation with acetonitrile by LC-HR-MS/MS. 5-MeO-2-Me-DALT (24 phase I and 12 phase II metabolites), 5-MeO-2-Me-ALCHT (24 phase I and 14 phase II metabolites), and 5-MeO-2-Me-DIPT (20 phase I and 11 phase II metabolites) were mainly metabolized by O-demethylation, hydroxylation, N-dealkylation, and combinations of them as well as by glucuronidation and sulfation of phase I metabolites. Incubations with mixtures of pooled human liver microsomes and cytosols (pHLM and pHLC) confirmed that the main metabolic reactions in humans and rats might be identical. Furthermore, initial CYP activity screenings revealed that CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 were involved in hydroxylation, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 in O-demethylation, and CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 in N-dealkylation. For SUSAs, GC-MS, LC-MSn , and LC-HR-MS/MS were applied to rat urine samples after 1 or 0.1 mg/kg BW doses, respectively. In contrast to the GC-MS SUSA, both LC-MS SUSAs were able to detect an intake of 5-MeO-2-Me-ALCHT and 5-MeO-2-Me-DIPT via their metabolites following 1 mg/kg BW administrations and 5-MeO-2-Me-DALT following 0.1 mg/kg BW dosage. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Achim T Caspar
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 100, Building 46, D-66421, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Jonas B Gaab
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 100, Building 46, D-66421, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Julian A Michely
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 100, Building 46, D-66421, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Simon D Brandt
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, James, Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.,The Alexander Shulgin Research Institute, 1483 Shulgin Road, Lafayette, CA, 94549, USA
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 100, Building 46, D-66421, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Hans H Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 100, Building 46, D-66421, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jiang XL, Shen HW, Yu AM. Modification of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine-induced hyperactivity by monoamine oxidase A inhibitor harmaline in mice and the underlying serotonergic mechanisms. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:608-15. [PMID: 26977821 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) and harmaline are indolealkylamine (IAA) drugs often abused together. Our recent studies have revealed the significant effects of co-administered harmaline, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), on 5-MeO-DMT pharmacokinetics and thermoregulation. This study was to delineate the impact of harmaline and 5-MeO-DMT on home-cage activity in mouse models, as well as the contribution of serotonin (5-HT) receptors. METHODS Home-cage activities of individual animals were monitored automatically in the home cages following implantation of telemetry transmitters and administration of various doses of IAA drugs and 5-HT receptor antagonists. Area under the effect curve (AUEC) of mouse activity values were calculated by trapezoidal rule. RESULTS High dose of harmaline (15mg/kg, ip) alone caused an early-phase (0-45min) hypoactivity in mice that was fully attenuated by 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY-100635, whereas a late-phase (45-180min) hyperactivity that was reduced by 5-HT2A receptor antagonist MDL-100907. 5-MeO-DMT (10 and 20mg/kg, ip) alone induced biphasic effects, an early-phase (0-45min) hypoactivity that was completely attenuated by WAY-100635, and a late-phase (45-180min) hyperactivity that was fully suppressed by MDL-100907. Interestingly, co-administration of MAOI harmaline (2-15mg/kg) with a subthreshold dose of 5-MeO-DMT (2mg/kg) induced excessive hyperactivities at late phase (45-180min) that could be abolished by either WAY-100635 or MDL-100907. CONCLUSIONS Co-administration of MAOI with 5-MeO-DMT provokes excessive late-phase hyperactivity, which involves the activation of both 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Ling Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Hong-Wu Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Ai-Ming Yu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cytochrome P450 inhibition potential of new psychoactive substances of the tryptamine class. Toxicol Lett 2016; 241:82-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
19
|
Jiang XL, Shen HW, Yu AM. Potentiation of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine-induced hyperthermia by harmaline and the involvement of activation of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors. Neuropharmacology 2015; 89:342-51. [PMID: 25446678 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) and harmaline are serotonin (5-HT) analogs often abused together, which alters thermoregulation that may indicate the severity of serotonin toxicity. Our recent studies have revealed that co-administration of monoamine oxidase inhibitor harmaline leads to greater and prolonged exposure to 5-HT agonist 5-MeO-DMT that might be influenced by cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) status. This study was to define the effects of harmaline and 5-MeO-DMT on thermoregulation in wild-type and CYP2D6-humanized (Tg-CYP2D6) mice, as well as the involvement of 5-HT receptors. Animal core body temperatures were monitored noninvasively in the home cages after implantation of telemetry transmitters and administration of drugs. Harmaline (5 and 15 mg/kg, i.p.) alone was shown to induce hypothermia that was significantly affected by CYP2D6 status. In contrast, higher doses of 5-MeO-DMT (10 and 20 mg/kg) alone caused hyperthermia. Co-administration of harmaline (2, 5 or 15 mg/kg) remarkably potentiated the hyperthermia elicited by 5-MeO-DMT (2 or 10 mg/kg), which might be influenced by CYP2D6 status at certain dose combination. Interestingly, harmaline-induced hypothermia was only attenuated by 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY-100635, whereas 5-MeO-DMT- and harmaline-5-MeO-DMT-induced hyperthermia could be suppressed by either WAY-100635 or 5-HT2A receptor antagonists (MDL-100907 and ketanserin). Moreover, stress-induced hyperthermia under home cage conditions was not affected by WAY-100635 but surprisingly attenuated by MDL-100907 and ketanserin. Our results indicate that co-administration of monoamine oxidase inhibitor largely potentiates 5-MeO-DMT-induced hyperthermia that involves the activation of both 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors. These findings shall provide insights into development of anxiolytic drugs and new strategies to relieve the lethal hyperthermia in serotonin toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Ling Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214-8033, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Araújo AM, Carvalho F, Bastos MDL, Guedes de Pinho P, Carvalho M. The hallucinogenic world of tryptamines: an updated review. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:1151-73. [PMID: 25877327 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1513-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
21
|
Tittarelli R, Mannocchi G, Pantano F, Romolo FS. Recreational use, analysis and toxicity of tryptamines. Curr Neuropharmacol 2015; 13:26-46. [PMID: 26074742 PMCID: PMC4462041 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666141210222409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The definition New psychoactive substances (NPS) refers to emerging drugs whose chemical structures are similar to other psychoactive compounds but not identical, representing a "legal" alternative to internationally controlled drugs. There are many categories of NPS, such as synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic cathinones, phenylethylamines, piperazines, ketamine derivatives and tryptamines. Tryptamines are naturally occurring compounds, which can derive from the amino acid tryptophan by several biosynthetic pathways: their structure is a combination of a benzene ring and a pyrrole ring, with the addition of a 2-carbon side chain. Tryptamines include serotonin and melatonin as well as other compounds known for their hallucinogenic properties, such as psilocybin in 'Magic mushrooms' and dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in Ayahuasca brews. AIM To review the scientific literature regarding tryptamines and their derivatives, providing a summary of all the available information about the structure of these compounds, their effects in relationship with the routes of administration, their pharmacology and toxicity, including articles reporting cases of death related to intake of these substances. METHODS A comprehensive review of the published scientific literature was performed, using also non peer-reviewed information sources, such as books, government publications and drug user web fora. CONCLUSIONS Information from Internet and from published scientific literature, organized in the way we proposed in this review, provides an effective tool for specialists facing the emerging NPS threat to public health and public security, including the personnel working in Emergency Department.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Tittarelli
- Legal Medicine Section, Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 336, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Mannocchi
- Legal Medicine Section, Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 336, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Flaminia Pantano
- Legal Medicine Section, Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 336, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Saverio Romolo
- Legal Medicine Section, Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 336, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Institut de Police Scientifique, Université de Lausanne, Batochime, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Dinger J, Meyer MR, Maurer HH. In vitro cytochrome P450 inhibition potential of methylenedioxy-derived designer drugs studied with a two-cocktail approach. Arch Toxicol 2014; 90:305-18. [PMID: 25417051 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1412-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In vitro cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibition assays are common approaches for testing the inhibition potential of drugs for predicting potential interactions. In contrast to marketed medicaments, drugs of abuse, particularly the so-called novel psychoactive substances, were not tested before distribution and consumption. Therefore, the inhibition potential of methylenedioxy-derived designer drugs (MDD) of different drug classes such as aminoindanes, amphetamines, benzofurans, cathinones, piperazines, pyrrolidinophenones, and tryptamines should be elucidated. The FDA-preferred test substrates, split in two cocktails, were incubated with pooled human liver microsomes and analysed after protein precipitation using LC-high-resolution-MS/MS. IC50 values were determined of MDD showing more than 50 % inhibition in the prescreening. Values were calculated by plotting the relative metabolite concentration formed over the logarithm of the inhibitor concentration. All MDD showed inhibition against CYP2D6 activity and most of them in the range of the clinically relevant CYP2D6 inhibitors quinidine and fluoxetine. In addition, the beta-keto compounds showed inhibition of the activity of CYP2B6, 5,6-MD-DALT of CYP1A2 and CYP3A, and MDAI of CYP2A6, all in the range of clinically relevant inhibitors. In summary, all MDD showed inhibition of the activity of CYP2D6, six of CYP1A2, three of CYP2A6, 13 of CYP2B6, two of CYP2C9, six of CYP2C19, one of CYP2E1, and six of CYP3A. These results showed that the CYP inhibition by MDD might be clinically relevant, but further studies are needed for final conclusions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Dinger
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Hans H Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
|
25
|
Meyer MR, Caspar A, Brandt SD, Maurer HH. A qualitative/quantitative approach for the detection of 37 tryptamine-derived designer drugs, 5 β-carbolines, ibogaine, and yohimbine in human urine and plasma using standard urine screening and multi-analyte approaches. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:225-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7425-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
26
|
Swortwood MJ, Hearn WL, DeCaprio AP. Cross-reactivity of designer drugs, including cathinone derivatives, in commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Drug Test Anal 2013; 6:716-27. [PMID: 23677923 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Since the introduction of synthetic heroin, designer drugs have been increasing in prevalence in the United States drug market over the past few decades. Recently, 'legal highs' sold as 'bath salts' have become a household term for one such class of designer drugs. While a number of federal and state bans have been enacted, the abuse of these designer drugs still continues. Few assays have been developed for the comprehensive detection of such compounds, so it is important to investigate how they may or may not react in presumptive screens, i.e. pre-existing commercial immunoassays. In this experiment, 16 different ELISA reagents were evaluated to determine the cross-reactivity of 30 designer drugs, including 24 phenylethylamines (including 8 cathinone derivatives), 3 piperazines, and 3 tryptamines. Cross-reactivity towards most drugs was <4% in assays targeting amphetamine or methamphetamine. Compounds such as MDA, MDMA, ethylamphetamine, and α-methyltryptamine demonstrated cross-reactivities in the range of 30-250%, but data were consistent with both manufacturer's inserts and published literature. When tested against the Randox Mephedrone/Methcathinone kit, cathinone derivatives demonstrated cross-reactivity at concentrations as low as 150 ng/ml. Since this same reagent did not cross-react with other amphetamine-like compounds, it opens the possibility to screen post-mortem specimens without the interference of putrefactive amines. All other assays demonstrated essentially no cross-reactivity towards any of the analytes evaluated. Given these results, a great need exists for more broad-range screening techniques to be applied when analyzing biological specimens by immunoassays for drugs of abuse, specifically the more recent designer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine J Swortwood
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Jiang XL, Shen HW, Mager DE, Yu AM. Pharmacokinetic interactions between monoamine oxidase A inhibitor harmaline and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, and the impact of CYP2D6 status. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:975-86. [PMID: 23393220 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.050724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT or street name "5-MEO") is a newer designer drug belonging to a group of naturally occurring indolealkylamines. Our recent study has demonstrated that coadministration of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) inhibitor harmaline (5 mg/kg) increases systemic exposure to 5-MeO-DMT (2 mg/kg) and active metabolite bufotenine. This study is aimed at delineating harmaline and 5-MeO-DMT pharmacokinetic (PK) interactions at multiple dose levels, as well as the impact of CYP2D6 that affects harmaline PK and determines 5-MeO-DMT O-demethylation to produce bufotenine. Our data revealed that inhibition of MAO-A-mediated metabolic elimination by harmaline (2, 5, and 15 mg/kg) led to a sharp increase in systemic and cerebral exposure to 5-MeO-DMT (2 and 10 mg/kg) at all dose combinations. A more pronounced effect on 5-MeO-DMT PK was associated with greater exposure to harmaline in wild-type mice than CYP2D6-humanized (Tg-CYP2D6) mice. Harmaline (5 mg/kg) also increased blood and brain bufotenine concentrations that were generally higher in Tg-CYP2D6 mice. Surprisingly, greater harmaline dose (15 mg/kg) reduced bufotenine levels. The in vivo inhibitory effect of harmaline on CYP2D6-catalyzed bufotenine formation was confirmed by in vitro study using purified CYP2D6. Given these findings, a unified PK model including the inhibition of MAO-A- and CYP2D6-catalyzed 5-MeO-DMT metabolism by harmaline was developed to describe blood harmaline, 5-MeO-DMT, and bufotenine PK profiles in both wild-type and Tg-CYP2D6 mouse models. This PK model may be further employed to predict harmaline and 5-MeO-DMT PK interactions at various doses, define the impact of CYP2D6 status, and drive harmaline-5-MeO-DMT pharmacodynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Ling Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
The recreational tryptamine 5-MeO-DALT (N,N-diallyl-5-methoxytryptamine): a brief review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 39:259-62. [PMID: 22683457 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
5-MeO-DALT (N,N-diallyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a psychoactive substance, sold primarily over the Internet as a 'research chemical' or 'plant food'. Although details for the synthesis of this tryptamine have been available since 2004, its use as a hallucinogenic drug has been reported only occasionally in on-line user fora. It is controlled in only a few countries world-wide. There is little scientifically-based literature on the pharmacological, physiological, psychopharmacological, toxicological and epidemiological characteristics of 5-MeO-DALT. Here we review what is known about these aspects. We also report what we believe to be the first death involving the use of this substance. The case involved a man in his mid-20s who died in mid-2010. The coroner concluded that the deceased "died from injuries sustained after being hit by a lorry whilst under the influence of 5-MeODALT". It is critical that any other cases, including non-fatal instances, are documented so that a scientific evidence-base can be established for this drug.
Collapse
|
29
|
Cardiovascular toxicity of novel psychoactive drugs: lessons from the past. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 39:244-52. [PMID: 22580238 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The long use of ephedrine, amphetamines, cocaine, LSD and more recently 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA; "Ecstasy") allows us to predict with some confidence what cardiovascular risks are likely to be associated with novel psychoactive substances (NPS). Once the probably multiple biological activities of a compound are known it is possible to define the likely risks of cardiovascular toxicity. Agonists of 5-HT(2A) receptors or alpha-adrenoceptors may cause vasoconstriction and tissue ischemia. Drugs which have agonist affinity for 5-HT(2B) receptors will probably promote heart valve fibrosis leading to heart failure. Compounds that interfere with uptake of dopamine or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) are likely to also have effects on noradrenergic neurotransmission and lead to sympathomimetic effects on the heart and vasculature. Drugs that cause dopamine release, or inhibit uptake are likely to be addictive and lead to chronic use. Other drugs (particularly the so-called empathogens) are associated with weekly usage in social settings; over time such use can lead to cardiovascular harm. Defining which of these effects NPS have is an important element of predicting the harm they may cause and informing those appointed to introduce regulations to control them.
Collapse
|
30
|
Determination of 32 cathinone derivatives and other designer drugs in serum by comprehensive LC-QQQ-MS/MS analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012. [PMID: 23180084 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6548-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Recently, clandestine drug lab operators have attempted to bypass controlled substances laws and regulations with "designer" compounds chemically and pharmacologically similar to controlled substances. For example, "bath salts" have erupted onto the scene as "legal highs" containing cathinone analogs that have produced severe side effects in users worldwide. These products have sparked concern among law enforcement agencies, and emergency bans have been placed on the sale of such items. Despite the increasing number of designer drugs available, there are few comprehensive screening techniques for their detection and quantification in biological specimens. The liquid chromatography triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (LC-QQQ-MS/MS) method presented here encompasses over thirty important compounds within the phenethylamine, tryptamine, and piperazine designer drug classes. Analytes were determined by LC-QQQ-MS/MS in the multiple-reaction monitoring mode after mixed-mode solid-phase extraction. The bioanalytical method was fully validated according to recommended international guidelines. The assay was selective for all analytes with acceptable accuracy and precision. Limits of quantification were in the range of 1-10 ng/mL for each compound with limits of detection near 10 pg/mL. In order to evaluate its applicability in a forensic toxicological setting, the validated method was used to analyze post-mortem specimens from two cases that were suspected of containing designer drugs. The method was able to identify and quantify seven of these compounds at concentrations as low as 11 ng/mL. The method should have wide applicability for rapid screening of important new drugs of abuse at high sensitivity in both post- and ante-mortem forensic analysis.
Collapse
|
31
|
Caudevilla-Gálligo F, Riba J, Ventura M, González D, Farré M, Barbanoj MJ, Bouso JC. 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B): presence in the recreational drug market in Spain, pattern of use and subjective effects. J Psychopharmacol 2012; 26:1026-35. [PMID: 22234927 DOI: 10.1177/0269881111431752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) is a psychoactive analogue of mescaline that is becoming increasingly popular as a rave and club drug. We investigated its presence in the illicit drug market in Spain, its pattern of use and profile of subjective effects. Drug material was analysed for 2C-B and information on pattern of use and subjective effects was obtained from recreational users. Scores were statistically compared with previously collected data on psychostimulants (d-amphetamine), entactogens (MDMA) and psychedelics (ayahuasca and Salvia divinorum). The percentage of samples containing 2C-B doubled between 2006 and 2009, evolved from powder to tablet form and showed low falsification rates. Respondents reported taking 2C-B orally in doses of about 20 mg. Subjective effects involved perceptual modifications analogous to those observed after ayahuasca and salvia but absent after amphetamine and MDMA. Pleasure and sociability effects did not differ from those after MDMA and incapacitation was lower than for the psychedelics used as comparators. In conclusion, we found 2C-B is consistently present in the illicit drug market in Spain. While it elicits perceptual modifications that are analogous to other psychedelics, the lower impairment and higher pleasurable effects make it comparable with entactogens.
Collapse
|
32
|
|
33
|
Kim Y, Kim UY, In MK, Lee JI, Kwon OS, Yoo HH. Hydrophillic Interaction Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Identification and Quantitation of 5-MeO-DIPT and its Metabolites in Rat Urine. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.4.1158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
34
|
Jin MJ, Jin C, Kim JY, In MK, Kwon OS, Yoo HH. A Quantitative Method for Simultaneous Determination of 5-Methoxy-N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine and its Metabolites in Urine Using Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray lonization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Forensic Sci 2011; 56:1044-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01753.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
35
|
Abstract
Since the late 1990s the illicit drug market has undergone considerable change: along with the traditional drugs of abuse that still dominate, more than 100 psychotropic substances designed to bypass controlled substances legislation have appeared and led to intoxications and fatalities. Starting from the huge class of phenylalkylamines, containing many subgroups, the spectrum of structures has grown from tryptamines, piperazines, phenylcyclohexyl derivates and pyrrolidinophenones to synthetic cannabinoids and the first synthetic cocaine. Due to the small prevalence and high number of unknown substances, the detection of new designer drugs is a challenge for clinical and forensic toxicologists. Standard screening procedures might fail because a recently discovered or yet unknown substance has not been incorporated in the library used. Nevertheless, many metabolism studies, case reports, screening methods and substance-profiling papers concentrating on single compounds have been published. This review provides an overview of the developed bioanalytical and analytical methods, the matrices used, sample-preparation procedures, concentration of analytes in case of intoxication and also gives a résumé of immunoassay experiences. Additionally, six screening methods for biological matrices with a larger spectrum of analytes are described in more detail.
Collapse
|
36
|
Microwave-accelerated preparation and analytical characterization of 5-ethoxy-N,N-dialkyl-[α,α,β,β-H4]- and [α,α,β,β-D4]-tryptamines. Drug Test Anal 2010; 3:597-608. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
37
|
Min JZ, Yamashita K, Toyo'oka T, Inagaki S, Higashi T, Kikura-Hanajiri R, Goda Y. Simultaneous and group determination methods for designated substances by HPLC with multi-channel electrochemical detection and their application to real samples. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 24:1287-99. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
38
|
|
39
|
Wohlfarth A, Weinmann W, Dresen S. LC-MS/MS screening method for designer amphetamines, tryptamines, and piperazines in serum. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 396:2403-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3394-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
40
|
Metabolism and toxicological analyses of hallucinogenic tryptamine analogues being abused in Japan. Forensic Toxicol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-009-0087-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
41
|
Min JZ, Hatanaka S, Toyo’oka T, Inagaki S, Kikura-Hanajiri R, Goda Y. Rapid, sensitive and simultaneous determination of fluorescence-labeled designated substances controlled by the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law in Japan by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:1411-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3046-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
42
|
Graham DL, Herring NR, Schaefer TL, Vorhees CV, Williams MT. Glucose and corticosterone changes in developing and adult rats following exposure to (+/-)-3,4-methylendioxymethamphetamine or 5-methoxydiisopropyltryptamine. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2009; 32:152-7. [PMID: 19737610 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2009.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Revised: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of the club drugs 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and 5-methoxy-n,n-diisopropyltryptamine (Foxy) is of growing concern, especially as many of the effects, particularly during development, are unknown. The effects of these drugs upon homeostasis may be important since both are known to stimulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The purpose of this experiment was to examine alterations in rats in corticosterone and glucose following an acute exposure to these drugs at different stages of development: preweaning, juvenile, and adulthood. Both MDMA and Foxy increased corticosterone levels significantly at all ages examined, while glucose was elevated at all stages except at the juvenile time point (postnatal day 28). For both measures, there were no differences between the sexes with either drug. The data indicate that an acute exposure to these drugs alters CORT and glucose levels, raising the possibility that these changes may have effects on behavioral and cognitive function, as we and others have previously demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devon L Graham
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, & Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wang MJ, Tsai CH, Hsu WY, Liu JT, Lin CH. Optimization of separation and online sample concentration ofN,N-dimethyltryptamine and related compounds using MEKC. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:441-5. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
44
|
HSIAO Y, LIU JT, LIN CH. Simultaneous Separation and Detection of 18 Phenethylamine/Tryptamine Derivatives by Liquid Chromatography-UV Absorption and -Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. ANAL SCI 2009; 25:759-63. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.25.759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao HSIAO
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University
| | - Ju-Tsung LIU
- Forensic Science Center, Military Police Command, Department of Defense
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
KIKURA-HANAJIRI R, KAWAMURA M, UCHIYAMA N, OGATA J, KAMAKURA H, SAISHO K, GODA Y. Analytical Data of Designated Substances (Shitei-Yakubutsu) Controlled by the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law in Japan, Part I: GC-MS and LC-MS. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2008; 128:971-9. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.128.971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jun OGATA
- National Inatitute of Health Sciences
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure ionization electrospray mass spectrometry determination of “hallucinogenic designer drugs” in urine of consumers. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 47:335-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
47
|
Kuwahara T, Nakakura T, Oda S, Mori M, Uehira T, Okamoto G, Yoshino M, Sasakawa A, Yajima K, Umemoto A, Takada K, Makie T, Yamamoto Y. Problems in three Japanese drug users with Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2008; 55:156-60. [PMID: 18319560 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.55.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Numbers of individuals infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are increasing in Japan. The majority of them are Men who have sex with men and a part of them take drugs as 'Sex drug' at their sexual intercourse. Especially, Amyl nitrite, Methamphetamine, 5-methoxy-N, N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT; Foxy), and 3, 4-methylenedioxy- methamphetamine (MDMA; Ecstasy) are used, and they sometimes cause the physical and mental disorders. However, the actual drug inducing troubles among Japanese HIV-infected drug users had not yet been discussed enough. In this report, we describe three cases with HIV infection; a case developed severe neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) after taking 5-MeO-DIPT, a case with persistent convulsion due to multiple drug intake and a case with rhabdomyolysis due to the non-subjective methamphetamine intake. Through these cases, we raise and discuss several underlying problems associated with drug use among HIV-infected individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kuwahara
- Department of Pharmacy, Osaka National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Yu AM. Indolealkylamines: biotransformations and potential drug-drug interactions. AAPS JOURNAL 2008; 10:242-53. [PMID: 18454322 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-008-9028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 03/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Indolealkylamine (IAA) drugs are 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT or serotonin) analogs that mainly act on the serotonin system. Some IAAs are clinically utilized for antimigraine therapy, whereas other substances are notable as drugs of abuse. In the clinical evaluation of antimigraine triptan drugs, studies on their biotransformations and pharmacokinetics would facilitate the understanding and prevention of unwanted drug-drug interactions (DDIs). A stable, principal metabolite of an IAA drug of abuse could serve as a useful biomarker in assessing intoxication of the IAA substance. Studies on the metabolism of IAA drugs of abuse including lysergic acid amides, tryptamine derivatives and beta-carbolines are therefore emerging. An important role for polymorphic cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) in the metabolism of IAA drugs of abuse has been revealed by recent studies, suggesting that variations in IAA metabolism, pharmaco- or toxicokinetics and dynamics can arise from distinct CYP2D6 status, and CYP2D6 polymorphism may represent an additional risk factor in the use of these IAA drugs. Furthermore, DDIs with IAA agents could occur additively at the pharmaco/toxicokinetic and dynamic levels, leading to severe or even fatal serotonin toxicity. In this review, the metabolism and potential DDIs of these therapeutic and abused IAA drugs are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ming Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 541 Cooke Hall, Buffalo, New York, 14260-1200, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Comparison of the separation of nine tryptamine standards based on gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis methods. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1181:131-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Revised: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
50
|
Sanders B, Lankenau SE, Bloom JJ, Hathazi D. "Research chemicals": tryptamine and phenethylamine use among high-risk youth. Subst Use Misuse 2008; 43:389-402. [PMID: 18365939 PMCID: PMC2536767 DOI: 10.1080/00952990701202970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Tryptamines and phenethylamines are two broad categories of psychoactive substances with a long history of licit and illicit use. Profiles of users of recently emerging tryptamines and phenethylamines are nonexistent, however, since surveillance studies do not query the use of these substances. This manuscript describes the types, modes of administration, onset of use, and context of use of a variety of lesser known tryptamines and phenethylamines among a sample of high-risk youth. Findings are based upon in-depth interviews with 42 youth recruited in public settings in Los Angles during 2005 and 2006 as part of larger study examining health risks associated with injecting ketamine. Youth reported that their use of tryptamines and phenethylamines was infrequent, spontaneous, and predominately occurred at music venues, such as festivals, concerts, or raves. Several purchased a variety of these "research chemicals" from the Internet and used them in private locations. While many described positive experiences, reports of short-term negative health outcomes included nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, disorientations, and frightening hallucinations. These findings, based upon pilot study data, move toward an epidemiology of tryptamine and phenethylamine use among high-risk youth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bill Sanders
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Hollywood, California 90028, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|