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Akki R, Siracusa R, Cordaro M, Remigante A, Morabito R, Errami M, Marino A. Adaptation to oxidative stress at cellular and tissue level. Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128:521-531. [PMID: 31835914 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2019.1702059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Several in vitro and in vivo investigations have already proved that cells and tissues, when pre-exposed to low oxidative stress by different stimuli such as chemical, physical agents and environmental factors, display more resistance against subsequent stronger ischaemic injuries, resulting in an adaptive response known as ischaemic preconditioning (IPC). The aim of this review is to report the most recent knowledge about the complex adaptive mechanisms, including signalling transduction pathways, antioxidant systems, apoptotic and inflammation pathways, underlying cell protection against oxidative damage. In addition, an update about in vivo adaptation strategies in response to ischaemic/reperfusion episodes and brain trauma is also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachid Akki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Abdelmalek Essaadi, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessia Remigante
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rossana Morabito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Mohammed Errami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Abdelmalek Essaadi, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Angela Marino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Deliu Z, Tamas T, Chowdhury J, Aqil M, Bassiony M, Radosevich JA. Expression of cross-tolerance to a wide range of conditions in a human lung cancer cell line after adaptation to nitric oxide. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317723778. [PMID: 28936924 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317723778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that A549, a human lung adenocarcinoma, can be adapted to nitric oxide (NO●). NO● is a nitrogen-based free radical that is synthesized by a family of enzymes known as nitric oxide synthases. NO● has been shown to be overexpressed in patient populations of different cancers. In addition, it has been observed that patients who express high levels of nitric oxide synthases tend to have poorer clinical outcomes than those with low levels of expression. The original cell line A549 (parent) and the adapted A549-HNO (high nitric oxide) cell line serve as a useful model system to investigate the role of NO● in tumor progression and prognosis. We have previously shown that the A549-HNO-adapted cells grow aggressively when compared to A549-parent cells. Furthermore, we have shown that the A549-HNO-adapted cells exhibit a higher percentage of cell viability when exposed to ultraviolet and X-ray radiation than the A549-parent cells. Cancer patients who develop resistance to one treatment often become resistant to other previously unencountered forms of treatment. This phenomenon is known as cross-tolerance. To determine whether NO● is a potential cross-tolerance causing agent, we have expanded our research by conducting parallel studies to a variety of other agents and conditions beyond radiation and ultraviolet exposure. We exposed both cell lines to varying levels of chemotherapeutic drugs (taxol and doxorubicin), temperature, pH, calcium chloride, cadmium chloride, copper chloride, sodium chloride, ferrous chloride, and sodium-R-lipoic acid. Our results show that the A549-HNO cells exhibit greater viability than the A549-parent cells when exposed to each of the various conditions. Therefore, NO● is one potential driving force that can make tumor cells exhibit cross-tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane Deliu
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Timothy Tamas
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Juel Chowdhury
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Madeeha Aqil
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maaly Bassiony
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - James A Radosevich
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Candas D, Li JJ. MnSOD in oxidative stress response-potential regulation via mitochondrial protein influx. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1599-617. [PMID: 23581847 PMCID: PMC3942709 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 462] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The mitochondrial antioxidant manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is encoded by genomic DNA and its dismutase function is fully activated in the mitochondria to detoxify free radical O2(•-) generated by mitochondrial respiration. Accumulating evidence shows an extensive communication between the mitochondria and cytoplasm under oxidative stress. Not only is the MnSOD gene upregulated by oxidative stress, but MnSOD activity can be enhanced via the mitochondrial protein influx (MPI). RECENT ADVANCES A cluster of MPI containing cytoplasmic/nuclear proteins, such as cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases, and p53 interact with and alter MnSOD activity. These proteins modulate MnSOD superoxide scavenging activity via post-translational modifications in the mitochondria. In addition to well-established pathways in gene expression, recent findings suggest that MnSOD enzymatic activity can also be enhanced by phosphorylation of specific motifs in mitochondria. This review attempts to discuss the pre- and post-translational regulation of MnSOD, and how these modifications alter MnSOD activity, which induces a cell adaptive response to oxidative stress. CRITICAL ISSUES MnSOD is biologically significant to aerobic cells. Its role in protecting the cells against the deleterious effects of reactive oxygen species is evident. However, the exact network of MnSOD-associated cellular adaptive reaction to oxidative stress and its post-translational modifications, especially its enzymatic enhancement via phosphorylation, is not yet fully understood. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The broad discussion of the multiple aspects of MnSOD regulation, including gene expression, protein modifications, and enzymatic activity, will shed light onto the unknown mechanisms that govern the prosurvival networks involved in cellular and mitochondrial adaptive response to genotoxic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demet Candas
- 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis , Sacramento, California
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Part I-mechanism of adaptation: high nitric oxide adapted A549 cells show enhanced DNA damage response and activation of antiapoptotic pathways. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:2403-15. [PMID: 24241898 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1318-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrate that A549, a human lung adenocarcinoma line, could be adapted to the free radical nitric oxide (NO([Symbol: see text])). NO([Symbol: see text]) has been shown to be overexpressed in human tumors. The original cell line, A549 (parent), and the newly adapted A549-HNO (which has a more aggressive phenotype) serves as a useful model system to study the role of NO([Symbol: see text]) in tumor biology. It is well known that DNA damage response (DDR) is altered in cancer cells and NO([Symbol: see text]) is known to cause DNA damage. Modulations in molecular mechanisms involved in DNA damage response in A549-HNO cells can provide better insights into the enhanced growth behavior of these cells. Thus, here, we carried out a series of time course experiments by treating A549 and A549-HNO cells with NO([Symbol: see text]) donor and examining levels of proteins involved in the DDR pathway. We observed induced expression of key components of DDR pathway in A549-HNO cells. The HNO cells showed sustained expression of key proteins involved in both nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination pathways, whereas parent cells only expressed low levels of NHEJ pathway proteins. Further with prolonged NO([Symbol: see text]) exposure, ATR, Chk1, and p53 were activated and upregulated in HNO cells. Activation of p53 results in inhibition of apoptosis through induced Mcl1 expression. It also leads to cell cycle modulation. Interestingly, several reports show that cancer stem cells have enhanced expression of proteins involved in DNA damage response and also activated an antiapoptotic response. Our results here suggest that our HNO adapted A549 cells have increased activation of DNA damage response pathway proteins which can lead to better DNA repair function. Enhanced DDR leads to activation of antiapoptosis response and modulation in the cell cycle which may lead to better survival of these cells under harsh conditions. Thus, our present investigation further supports the hypothesis that HNO exposure leads to survival of these cells.
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Single Fluorescent Probe Distinguishes Hydrogen Peroxide and Nitric Oxide in Cell Imaging. Methods Enzymol 2013; 526:83-106. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405883-5.00005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Release of overexpressed CypB activates ERK signaling through CD147 binding for hepatoma cell resistance to oxidative stress. Apoptosis 2012; 17:784-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-012-0730-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Yuan L, Lin W, Xie Y, Chen B, Zhu S. Single Fluorescent Probe Responds to H2O2, NO, and H2O2/NO with Three Different Sets of Fluorescence Signals. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 134:1305-15. [DOI: 10.1021/ja2100577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha
410082, P. R. China
| | - Weiying Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha
410082, P. R. China
| | - Yinan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha
410082, P. R. China
| | - Bin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha
410082, P. R. China
| | - Sasa Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha
410082, P. R. China
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Quimby S, Fern R. Novel morphological features of developing white matter pericytes and rapid scavenging of reactive oxygen species in the neighbouring endothelia. J Anat 2011; 219:65-77. [PMID: 21480891 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01373.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Capillary endothelia and pericytes form a close morphological arrangement allowing pericytes to regulate capillary blood flow, in addition to contributing to vascular development and support. Vascular changes associated with oxidative stress are implicated in important pathologies in developing whiter matter, but little is known about the vascular unit in white matter of the appropriate age or how it responds to oxidative stress. We show that the ultrastructural arrangement of post-natal day 10 (P10) capillaries involves the apposition of pericyte somata to the capillary inner basement membrane and penetration of pericyte processes onto the abluminal surface where they form close connections with endothelial cells. Some pericytes have an unusual stellate morphology, extending processes radially from the vessel. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were monitored with the ROS-sensitive dye 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin (DCF) in the endothelial cells. Exposure to exogenous ROS (100 μm H(2) O(2) or xanthine/xanthine oxidase), evoked an elevation in intracellular ROS that declined to baseline during the ongoing challenge. A second challenge failed to evoke an intracellular ROS rise unless the nerve was rested for > 4 h or exposed to very high levels of exogenous ROS. Exposure to a first ROS challenge prior to loading with DCF also prevented the intracellular ROS rise from a second challenge, proving that dye washout during exposure to ROS is not responsible for the loss of a second response. Perfusion with 30 μm extracellular Ca(2+) or the voltage-gated Ca(2+) antagonist diltiazem partially prevented this rapid scavenging of intracellular ROS, but blocking either catalase or glutathione peroxidase did not. The phenomenon was present over a range of post-natal ages and may contribute to the high ROS-tolerance of endothelial cells and act to limit the release of harmful ROS onto neighbouring pericytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Quimby
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester, UK
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Role of Nrf2-mediated heme oxygenase-1 upregulation in adaptive survival response to nitrosative stress. Arch Pharm Res 2009; 32:1163-76. [PMID: 19727608 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-009-1807-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitrosative stress caused by reactive nitrogen species such as nitric oxide and peroxynitrite overproduced during inflammation leads to cell death and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many human ailments. However, relatively mild nitrosative stress may fortify cellular defense capacities, rendering cells tolerant or adaptive to ongoing and subsequent cytotoxic challenges, a phenomenon known as 'preconditioning' or 'hormesis'. One of the key components of cellular stress response is heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), the rate limiting enzyme in the process of degrading potentially toxic free heme into biliverdin, free iron and carbon monoxide. HO-1 is upregulated by a wide array of stimuli and has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and other cytoprotective functions. This review is intended to provide readers with a welldocumented account of the research done in the area of cellular adaptive survival response against nitrosative stress with special focus on the role of HO-1 upregulation, especially through activation of the transcription factor, Nrf2.
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Abd El-Baky HH, El Baz FK, El-Baroty GS. Enhancement of antioxidant production in Spirulina platensis under oxidative stress. ACTA PHYSIOLOGIAE PLANTARUM 2009; 31:623-631. [DOI: 10.1007/s11738-009-0273-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Coleman MC, Asbury CR, Daniels D, Du J, Aykin-Burns N, Smith BJ, Li L, Spitz DR, Cullen JJ. 2-deoxy-D-glucose causes cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and radiosensitization in pancreatic cancer. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44:322-31. [PMID: 18215740 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 08/28/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glucose metabolism as assessed by (18)FDG PET imaging provides prognostic information in patients with pancreatic cancer but the implications of manipulating glucose metabolism for therapeutic purposes are unknown. Based on previous results with other cancer cell types, we hypothesized that inhibition of glucose metabolism in pancreatic cancer cells would cause cell killing via oxidative stress resulting from disruptions in thiol metabolism. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2DG), a chemical inhibitor of glucose metabolism, and glucose deprivation induced cytotoxicity in human pancreatic cancer cells in a time-and dose-dependent manner as well as causing significant increases in metabolic oxidative stress as measured by increased glutathione disulfide accumulation and NADP(+)/NADPH ratios. Simultaneous administration of the thiol antioxidant N-acetylcysteine protected pancreatic cancer cells against the c-ytotoxic effects of 2DG as well as reversing 2DG-induced glutathione disulfide accumulation and augmenting intracellular cysteine pools. In nude mice with heterotopic pancreatic tumors, the combination of 2DG and ionizing radiation resulted in greater inhibition of tumor growth and increased survival, relative to either agent alone. These results support the hypothesis that inhibiting glucose metabolism causes cytotoxicity in human pancreatic cancer cells via metabolic oxidative stress and disruptions in thiol metabolism. These results also support the speculation that inhibitors of glucose metabolism can be used in combination with classical oxidative stress-inducing agents (such as ionizing radiation) to enhance therapeutic responses in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell C Coleman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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12
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Vlasova MA, Smirin BV, Pokidyshev DA, Mashina SY, Vanin AF, Malyshev IY, Manukhina EB. Mechanism of adaptation of the vascular system to chronic changes in nitric oxide level in the organism. Bull Exp Biol Med 2007; 142:670-4. [PMID: 17603666 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-006-0447-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We studied the possibility of directed modulation of the efficiency of NO storage in rats due to adaptation to the chronic changes in plasma NO level. The efficiency of NO storage increased during long-term maintenance of high plasma level of NO and decreased in NO-deficient states. The compensatory changes in NO storage capacity of vessels depending on its organism content represent a new mechanism of adaptation of the cardiovascular system to chronic excess or deficit of NO, while directed modulation of this process can be important for the protection of the organism against both surplus or shortage of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Vlasova
- State Research Institute of General Pathology and Pathological Physiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences; Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in causing organ injury in the compromised fetus and neonate. Recent experimental research and clinical studies have clarified important pathways in the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Free radicals are involved in causing cerebral damage after perinatal hypoxia-ischemia affecting membrane lipids, proteins, and DNA. Anti-oxidant strategies can be used as add-on neuroprotective therapy after perinatal oxidative stress. Selective inhibitors of neuronal and inducible nitric oxide synthase, allopurinol, melatonin, and erythropoietin are among the first compounds that are ready for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Buonocore
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine, University of Siena, viale Bracci 36, Siena, Italy.
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14
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Brown KE, Meleah Mathahs M, Broadhurst KA, Coleman MC, Ridnour LA, Schmidt WN, Spitz DR. Increased hepatic telomerase activity in a rat model of iron overload: a role for altered thiol redox state? Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 42:228-35. [PMID: 17189828 PMCID: PMC1820590 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2006] [Revised: 10/03/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres are repeated sequences at chromosome ends that are incompletely replicated during mitosis. Telomere shortening caused by proliferation or oxidative damage culminates in replicative arrest and senescence, which may impair regeneration during chronic liver injury. Whereas the effects of experimental liver injury on telomeres have received little attention, prior studies suggest that telomerase, the enzyme complex that catalyzes the addition of telomeric repeats, is protective in some rodent liver injury models. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of iron overload on telomere length and telomerase activity in rat liver. Mean telomere lengths were similar in iron-loaded and control livers. However, telomerase activity was increased 3-fold by iron loading, with no change in levels of TERT mRNA or protein. Because thiol redox state has been shown to modulate telomerase activity in vitro, hepatic thiols were assessed. Significant increases in GSH (1.5-fold), cysteine (15-fold), and glutamate cysteine ligase activity (1.5-fold) were observed in iron-loaded livers, whereas telomerase activity was inhibited by treatment with N-ethylmaleimide. This is the first demonstration of increased telomerase activity associated with thiol alterations in vivo. Enhanced telomerase activity may be an important factor contributing to the resistance of rodent liver to iron-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle E Brown
- Iowa City Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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15
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Cruz CM, Rinna A, Forman HJ, Ventura ALM, Persechini PM, Ojcius DM. ATP activates a reactive oxygen species-dependent oxidative stress response and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in macrophages. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:2871-9. [PMID: 17132626 PMCID: PMC2693903 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608083200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-18, usually requires two signals. The first, due to microbial products such as lipopolysaccharide, initiates transcription of the cytokine genes and accumulation of the precursor proteins. Cleavage and secretion of the cytokines is mediated by caspase-1, in association with an inflammasome containing Nalp3, which can be activated by binding of extracellular ATP to purinergic receptors. We show that treatment of macrophages with ATP results in production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which stimulate the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway and subsequent Akt and ERK1/2 activation. ROS exerts its effect through glutathionylation of PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted from chromosome 10), whose inactivation would shift the equilibrium in favor of PI3K. ATP-dependent ROS production and PI3K activation also stimulate transcription of genes required for an oxidative stress response. In parallel, ATP-mediated ROS-dependent PI3K is required for activation of caspase-1 and secretion of IL-1beta and IL-18. Thus, an increase in ROS levels in ATP-treated macrophages results in activation of a single pathway that promotes both adaptation to subsequent exposure to oxidants or inflammation, and processing and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane M. Cruz
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, California 95344
- Laboratorio de Imunobiofisica, IBCCF, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21949-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Rinna
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, California 95344
| | - Henry Jay Forman
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, California 95344
| | - Ana L. M. Ventura
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24030-210, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro M. Persechini
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24030-210, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - David M. Ojcius
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, California 95344
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: P.O. Box 2039, Merced, CA 95344. Tel.: 209-724-2948; Fax: 209-724-2912; E-mail:
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Ridnour LA, Thomas DD, Donzelli S, Espey MG, Roberts DD, Wink DA, Isenberg JS. The biphasic nature of nitric oxide responses in tumor biology. Antioxid Redox Signal 2006; 8:1329-37. [PMID: 16910780 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2006.8.1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The dual or biphasic responses of cancer to nitric oxide (NO) arise from its concentration dependent ability to regulate tumor growth, migration, invasion, survival, angiogenesis, and metastasis. The outcome of these various NO-dependent processes is dictated by several factors including NO flux, the chemical redox environment, and the duration of NO exposure. Further, it was recently discovered that an NO-induced redox flux in vascular endothelial cells hypersensitizes these cells to the antiangiogenic effects of thrombospondin-1. This suggests a novel treatment paradigm for targeting tumor-driven angiogenesis that combines redox modulation with mimetic derivatives of thrombospondin-1. This article discusses the biphasic nature of NO in cancer biology and the implications of NO-driven redox flux for modulation of tumor-stimulated angiogenesis, growth, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Ridnour
- Tumor Biology Section, Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Madhavan L, Ourednik V, Ourednik J. Increased "vigilance" of antioxidant mechanisms in neural stem cells potentiates their capability to resist oxidative stress. Stem Cells 2006; 24:2110-9. [PMID: 16728559 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Although the potential value of transplanted and endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) for the treatment of the impaired central nervous system (CNS) has widely been accepted, almost nothing is known about their sensitivity to the hostile microenvironment in comparison to surrounding, more mature cell populations. Since many neuropathological insults are accompanied by oxidative stress, this report compared the alertness of antioxidant defense mechanisms and cell survival in NSCs and postmitotic neural cells (PNCs). Both primary and immortalized cells were analyzed. At steady state, NSCs distinguished themselves in their basal mitochondrial metabolism from PNCs by their lower reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and higher expression of the key antioxidant enzymes uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Following exposure to the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid, PNC cultures were marked by rapidly decreasing mitochondrial activity and increasing ROS content, both entailing complete cell loss. NSCs, in contrast, reacted by fast upregulation of UCP2, GPx, and superoxide dismutase 2 and successfully recovered from an initial deterioration. This recovery could be abolished by specific antioxidant inhibition. Similar differences between NSCs and PNCs regarding redox control efficiency were detected in both primary and immortalized cells. Our first in vivo data from the subventricular stem cell niche of the adult mouse forebrain corroborated the above observations and revealed strong baseline expression of UCP2 and GPx in the resident, proliferating NSCs. Thus, an increased "vigilance" of antioxidant mechanisms might represent an innate characteristic of NSCs, which not only defines their cell fate, but also helps them to encounter oxidative stress in diseased CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalitha Madhavan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine 2052, Iowa State University, Ames, 50011, USA
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Andringa KK, Coleman MC, Aykin-Burns N, Hitchler MJ, Walsh SA, Domann FE, Spitz DR. Inhibition of Glutamate Cysteine Ligase Activity Sensitizes Human Breast Cancer Cells to the Toxicity of 2-Deoxy-d-Glucose. Cancer Res 2006; 66:1605-10. [PMID: 16452219 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that cancer cells increase glucose metabolism to protect against metabolic fluxes of hydroperoxides via glutathione-dependent peroxidases. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose, inhibits glucose metabolism and has been shown to cause cytotoxicity in cancer cells that is partially mediated by disruptions in thiol metabolism. In the current study, human breast cancer cells were continuously treated (24 hours) with 2-deoxy-D-glucose, and total glutathione content as well as the expression of the first enzyme in the glutathione synthetic pathway [glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL)] were found to be induced 2.0-fold. Inhibiting GCL activity during 2-deoxy-D-glucose exposure using l-buthionine-[S,R]-sulfoximine (BSO) significantly enhanced the cytotoxic effects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and caused increases in endpoints indicative of oxidative stress, including % oxidized glutathione and steady-state levels of pro-oxidants as assayed using an oxidation-sensitive fluorescent probe. These results show that treatment of human breast cancer cells with 2-deoxy-d-glucose causes metabolic oxidative stress that is accompanied by increases in steady-state levels of GCL mRNA, GCL activity, and glutathione content. Furthermore, inhibition of 2-deoxy-D-glucose-mediated induction of GCL activity with BSO increases endpoints indicative of oxidative stress and sensitizes cancer cells to 2-deoxy-D-glucose-induced cytotoxicity. These results support the hypothesis that drug combinations capable of inhibiting both glucose and hydroperoxide metabolism may provide an effective biochemical strategy for sensitizing human cancer cells to metabolic oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly K Andringa
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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19
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Tapia PC. Sublethal mitochondrial stress with an attendant stoichiometric augmentation of reactive oxygen species may precipitate many of the beneficial alterations in cellular physiology produced by caloric restriction, intermittent fasting, exercise and dietary phytonutrients: "Mitohormesis" for health and vitality. Med Hypotheses 2005; 66:832-43. [PMID: 16242247 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2005.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2005] [Accepted: 09/02/2005] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The precise mechanistic sequence producing the beneficial effects on health and lifespan seen with interventions as diverse as caloric restriction, intermittent fasting, exercise, and consumption of dietary phytonutrients is still under active characterization, with large swaths of the research community kept in relative isolation from one another. Among the explanatory models capable of assisting in the identification of precipitating elements responsible for beneficial influences on physiology seen in these states, the hormesis perspective on biological systems under stress has yielded considerable insight into likely evolutionarily consistent organizing principles functioning in all four conditions. Recent experimental findings provide the tantalizing initial lodestones for an entirely new research front examining molecular substrates of stress resistance. In this novel body of research, a surprising new twist has emerged: Reactive oxygen species, derived from the mitochondrial electron transport system, may be necessary triggering elements for a sequence of events that result in benefits ranging from the transiently cytoprotective to organismal-level longevity. With the recent appreciation that reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species function as signaling elements in a interconnected matrix of signal transduction, the entire basis of many widely accepted theories of aging that predominated in the past may need to be reconsidered to facilitate the formulation of an new perspective more correctly informed by the most contemporaneous experimental findings. This perspective, the mitohormesis theory, can be used in many disparate domains of inquiry to potentially explain previous findings, as well as point to new targets of research. The utility of this perspective for research on aging is significant, but beyond that this perspective emphasizes the pressing need to rigorously characterize the specific contribution of the stoichiometry of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species in the various compartments of the cell to cytoprotection and vitality. Previous findings regarding the influences of free radical chemistry on cellular physiology may have represented assessments examining the consequences of isolated elevation of signaling elements within a larger signal transductive apparatus, rather than definitive characterizations of the only modality of reactive oxygen species (and reactive nitrogen species) influence. In applying this perspective, it may be necessary for the research community, as well as the practicing clinician, to engender a more sanguine perspective on organelle level physiology, as it is now plausible that such entities have an evolutionarily orchestrated capacity to self-regulate that may be pathologically disturbed by overzealous use of antioxidants, particularly in the healthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Tapia
- University of Alabama School of Medicine, Medical Student Service, VH P-100, 1530 3rd Avenue S, Birmingham, AL 35294-0019, USA.
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Morrison JP, Coleman MC, Aunan ES, Walsh SA, Spitz DR, Kregel KC. Aging reduces responsiveness to BSO- and heat stress-induced perturbations of glutathione and antioxidant enzymes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005; 289:R1035-41. [PMID: 15947071 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00254.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aging alters cellular responses to both heat and oxidative stress. Thiol-mediated metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is believed to be important in aging. To begin to determine the role of thiols in aging and heat stress, we depleted liver glutathione (GSH) by administering l-buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) in young (6 mo) and old (24 mo) Fisher 344 rats before heat stress. Animals were given BSO (4 mmol/kg ip) or saline (1 ml ip) 2 h before heat stress and subsequently heated to a core temperature of 41°C over a 90-min period. Liver tissue was collected before and 0, 30, and 60 min after heat stress. BSO inhibited glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL, the rate-limiting enzyme in GSH synthesis) catalytic activity and resulted in a decline in liver GSH and GSSG that was more pronounced in young compared with old animals. Catalase activity did not change between groups until 60 min after heat stress in young BSO-treated rats. Young animals experienced a substantial and persistent reduction in Cu,Zn-SOD activity with BSO treatment. Mn-SOD activity increased with BSO but declined after heat stress. The differences in thiol depletion observed between young and old animals with BSO treatment may be indicative of age-related differences in GSH compartmentalization that could have an impact on maintenance of redox homeostasis and antioxidant balance immediately after a physiologically relevant stress. The significant changes in antioxidant enzyme activity after GSH depletion suggest that thiol status can influence the regulation of other antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna P Morrison
- Integrative Physiology Laboratory, 532 FH, Department of Exercise Science, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Morrison JP, Coleman MC, Aunan ES, Walsh SA, Spitz DR, Kregel KC. Thiol supplementation in aged animals alters antioxidant enzyme activity after heat stress. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005; 99:2271-7. [PMID: 16099896 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00412.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Declines in oxidative and thermal stress tolerance are well documented in aging systems. It is thought that these alterations are due in part to reductions in antioxidant defenses. Although intracellular thiols are major redox buffers, their role in maintaining redox homeostasis is not completely understood, particularly during aging, where the reliance on antioxidant enzymes and proteins may be altered. To determine whether thiol supplementation improved the antioxidant enzyme profile of aged animals after heat stress, young and old Fischer 344 rats were treated with N-acetylcysteine (NAC; 4 mmol/kg ip) 2 h before heat stress. Liver tissue was collected before and 0, 30, and 60 min after heat stress. Aging was associated with a significant decline in tissue cysteine and glutathione (GSH) levels. There was also an age-related decrease in copper-zinc superoxide dismutase activity. Heat stress did not alter liver GSH, glutathione disulfide, or antioxidant enzyme activity. With NAC treatment, old animals took up more cysteine than young animals as reflected in an increase in liver GSH and a corresponding decrease in glutamate cysteine ligase activity. Catalase activity increased after NAC treatment in both age groups. Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase activity did not change with heat stress or drug treatment, whereas manganese superoxide dismutase activity was increased in old animals only. These data indicate that GSH synthesis is substrate limited in old animals. Furthermore, aged animals were characterized by large fluctuations in antioxidant enzyme balance after NAC treatment, suggesting a lack of fine control over these enzymes that may leave aged animals susceptible to subsequent stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna P Morrison
- Integrative Physiology Laboratory, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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