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Muhoberac BB. Using substantial reductant concentration with chelation therapy to enhance small aggregate dispersal, iron mobilization, and its clearance in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1006203. [PMID: 36188476 PMCID: PMC9520002 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1006203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Connections between altered iron homeostasis and certain neurodegenerative diseases are highlighted by numerous studies suggesting iron neurotoxicity. Iron causes aggregation in neurodegenerative disease-linked proteins as well as others and additionally facilitates oxidative damage. Iron and oxidative damage can cause cell death including by ferroptosis. As treatment for neurodegeneration, chelation therapy alone is sometimes used with modest, varying efficacy and has not in general proven to reverse or halt the damage long term. Questions often focus on optimal chelator partitioning and fine-tuning binding strength; however iron oxidation state chemistry implies a different approach. More specifically, my perspective is that applying a redox-based component to iron mobilization and handling is crucial because ferrous iron is in general a more soluble, weaker biological binder than ferric. Once cellular iron becomes oxidized to ferric, it binds tenaciously, exchanges ligands more slowly, and enhances protein aggregation, which importantly can be reversed by iron reduction. This situation escalates with age as brain reducing ability decreases, iron concentration increases, autophagic clearance decreases, and cell stress diminishes iron handling capacity. Taken together, treatment employing chelation therapy together with a strong biological reductant may effectively remove inappropriately bound cellular iron or at least inhibit accumulation. This approach would likely require high concentration ascorbate or glutathione by IV along with chelation to enhance iron mobilization and elimination, thus reducing cumulative cellular damage and perhaps restoring partial function. Potential treatment-induced oxidative damage may be attenuated by high reductant concentration, appropriate choice of chelator, and/or treatment sequence. Comprehensive study is urged.
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2
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The potential role of ischaemia-reperfusion injury in chronic, relapsing diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Long COVID, and ME/CFS: evidence, mechanisms, and therapeutic implications. Biochem J 2022; 479:1653-1708. [PMID: 36043493 PMCID: PMC9484810 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ischaemia–reperfusion (I–R) injury, initiated via bursts of reactive oxygen species produced during the reoxygenation phase following hypoxia, is well known in a variety of acute circumstances. We argue here that I–R injury also underpins elements of the pathology of a variety of chronic, inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, ME/CFS and, our chief focus and most proximally, Long COVID. Ischaemia may be initiated via fibrin amyloid microclot blockage of capillaries, for instance as exercise is started; reperfusion is a necessary corollary when it finishes. We rehearse the mechanistic evidence for these occurrences here, in terms of their manifestation as oxidative stress, hyperinflammation, mast cell activation, the production of marker metabolites and related activities. Such microclot-based phenomena can explain both the breathlessness/fatigue and the post-exertional malaise that may be observed in these conditions, as well as many other observables. The recognition of these processes implies, mechanistically, that therapeutic benefit is potentially to be had from antioxidants, from anti-inflammatories, from iron chelators, and via suitable, safe fibrinolytics, and/or anti-clotting agents. We review the considerable existing evidence that is consistent with this, and with the biochemical mechanisms involved.
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Mechanistic Insights of Chelator Complexes with Essential Transition Metals: Antioxidant/Pro-Oxidant Activity and Applications in Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031247. [PMID: 35163169 PMCID: PMC8835618 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The antioxidant/pro-oxidant activity of drugs and dietary molecules and their role in the maintenance of redox homeostasis, as well as the implications in health and different diseases, have not yet been fully evaluated. In particular, the redox activity and other interactions of drugs with essential redox metal ions, such as iron and copper, need further investigation. These metal ions are ubiquitous in human nutrition but also widely found in dietary supplements and appear to exert major effects on redox homeostasis in health, but also on many diseases of free radical pathology. In this context, the redox mechanistic insights of mainly three prototype groups of drugs, namely alpha-ketohydroxypyridines (alpha-hydroxypyridones), e.g., deferiprone, anthraquinones, e.g., doxorubicin and thiosemicarbazones, e.g., triapine and their metal complexes were examined; details of the mechanisms of their redox activity were reviewed, with emphasis on the biological implications and potential clinical applications, including anticancer activity. Furthermore, the redox properties of these three classes of chelators were compared to those of the iron chelating drugs and also to vitamin C, with an emphasis on their potential clinical interactions and future clinical application prospects in cancer, neurodegenerative and other diseases.
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Trying to Solve the Puzzle of the Interaction of Ascorbic Acid and Iron: Redox, Chelation and Therapeutic Implications. MEDICINES 2020; 7:medicines7080045. [PMID: 32751493 PMCID: PMC7460366 DOI: 10.3390/medicines7080045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Iron and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) are essential nutrients for the normal growth and development of humans, and their deficiency can result in serious diseases. Their interaction is of nutritional, physiological, pharmacological and toxicological interest, with major implications in health and disease. Millions of people are using pharmaceutical and nutraceutical preparations of these two nutrients, including ferrous ascorbate for the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia and ascorbate combination with deferoxamine for increasing iron excretion in iron overload. The main function and use of vitamin C is its antioxidant activity against reactive oxygen species, which are implicated in many diseases of free radical pathology, including biomolecular-, cellular- and tissue damage-related diseases, as well as cancer and ageing. Ascorbic acid and its metabolites, including the ascorbate anion and oxalate, have metal binding capacity and bind iron, copper and other metals. The biological roles of ascorbate as a vitamin are affected by metal complexation, in particular following binding with iron and copper. Ascorbate forms a complex with Fe3+ followed by reduction to Fe2+, which may potentiate free radical production. The biological and clinical activities of iron, ascorbate and the ascorbate–iron complex can also be affected by many nutrients and pharmaceutical preparations. Optimal therapeutic strategies of improved efficacy and lower toxicity could be designed for the use of ascorbate, iron and the iron–ascorbate complex in different clinical conditions based on their absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicity (ADMET), pharmacokinetic, redox and other properties. Similar strategies could also be designed in relation to their interactions with food components and pharmaceuticals, as well as in relation to other aspects concerning personalized medicine.
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Redox Interactions of Vitamin C and Iron: Inhibition of the Pro-Oxidant Activity by Deferiprone. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113967. [PMID: 32486511 PMCID: PMC7312906 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AscH2) is one of the most important vitamins found in the human diet, with many biological functions including antioxidant, chelating, and coenzyme activities. Ascorbic acid is also widely used in medical practice especially for increasing iron absorption and as an adjuvant therapeutic in iron chelation therapy, but its mode of action and implications in iron metabolism and toxicity are not yet clear. In this study, we used UV–Vis spectrophotometry, NMR spectroscopy, and EPR spin trapping spectroscopy to investigate the antioxidant/pro-oxidant effects of ascorbic acid in reactions involving iron and the iron chelator deferiprone (L1). The experiments were carried out in a weak acidic (pH from 3 to 5) and neutral (pH 7.4) medium. Ascorbic acid exhibits predominantly pro-oxidant activity by reducing Fe3+ to Fe2+, followed by the formation of dehydroascorbic acid. As a result, ascorbic acid accelerates the redox cycle Fe3+ ↔ Fe2+ in the Fenton reaction, which leads to a significant increase in the yield of toxic hydroxyl radicals. The analysis of the experimental data suggests that despite a much lower stability constant of the iron–ascorbate complex compared to the FeL13 complex, ascorbic acid at high concentrations is able to substitute L1 in the FeL13 chelate complex resulting in the formation of mixed L12AscFe complex. This mixed chelate complex is redox stable at neutral pH = 7.4, but decomposes at pH = 4–5 during several minutes at sub-millimolar concentrations of ascorbic acid. The proposed mechanisms play a significant role in understanding the mechanism of action, pharmacological, therapeutic, and toxic effects of the interaction of ascorbic acid, iron, and L1.
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Human Semen Samples with High Antioxidant Reservoir May Exhibit Lower Post-Cryopreservation Recovery of Sperm Motility. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9030111. [PMID: 30893949 PMCID: PMC6468513 DOI: 10.3390/biom9030111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryopreservation-thawing of human semen was found to reduce the level of antioxidant activity surrounding the sperm, which may negatively affect post-cryopreservation (post-thaw) recovery of sperm motility. Therefore, the current manufactured cryoprotectant media have been supplemented with certain antioxidants to preserve the loss in seminal antioxidant activity. In this study, we aimed to explore the correlation between total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of human semen samples before cryopreservation and the post-thaw recovery of sperm motility. Normal semen specimens (n = 77) were recruited in this study. Sperm motility was measured for each semen sample before and after cryopreservation and the post-thaw recovery of sperm motility was calculated. Seminal TAC was measured spectrophotometrically before cryopreservation for each semen sample using the sensitive cupric ion-reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) method. The results from this study showed that the post-thaw recovery of sperm motility is negatively correlated (p = 0.0404, p = 0.0402) with the absorbance at 450 nm and the values of seminal TAC in terms of µM Trolox equivalents, as evaluated by CUPRAC, respectively. In conclusion, the total antioxidant reservoir in each ejaculated semen specimen could be a factor in determining the post-thaw recovery of sperm motility toward lower recovery for semen specimens of high antioxidant content.
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Enhanced solubility and antioxidant activity of chlorogenic acid-chitosan conjugates due to the conjugation of chitosan with chlorogenic acid. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 170:206-216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Čabarkapa A, Dekanski D, Živković L, Milanović-Čabarkapa M, Bajić V, Topalović D, Giampieri F, Gasparrini M, Battino M, Spremo-Potparević B. Unexpected effect of dry olive leaf extract on the level of DNA damage in lymphocytes of lead intoxicated workers, before and after CaNa 2 EDTA chelation therapy. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 106:616-623. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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9
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Effect of Selected Plant Phenolics on Fe 2+-EDTA-H₂O₂ System Mediated Deoxyribose Oxidation: Molecular Structure-Derived Relationships of Anti- and Pro-Oxidant Actions. Molecules 2016; 22:molecules22010059. [PMID: 28042856 PMCID: PMC6155846 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In the presence of transition metal ions and peroxides, polyphenols, well-known dietary antioxidants, can act as pro-oxidants. We investigated the effect of 13 polyphenols and their metabolites on oxidative degradation of deoxyribose by an •OH generating Fenton system (Fe2+-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-H2O2). The relationship between phenolics pro-oxidant/anti-oxidant effects and their molecular structure was analyzed using multivariate analysis with multiple linear regression and a backward stepwise technique. Four phenolics revealed a significant inhibitory effect on OH-induced deoxyribose degradation, ranging from 54.4% ± 28.6% (3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid) to 38.5% ± 10.4% (catechin) (n = 6), correlating with the number of –OH substitutions (r = 0.58). Seven phenolics augmented the oxidative degradation of deoxyribose with the highest enhancement at 95.0% ± 21.3% (quercetin) and 60.6% ± 12.2% (phloridzin). The pro-oxidant effect correlated (p < 0.05) with the number of –OH groups (r = 0.59), and aliphatic substitutes (r = −0.22) and weakly correlated with the occurrence of a catechol structure within the compound molecule (r = 0.17). Selective dietary supplementation with phenolics exhibiting pro-oxidant activity may increase the possibility of systemic oxidative stress in patients treated with medications containing chelating properties or those with high plasma concentrations of H2O2 and non-transferrin bound iron.
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Rationale for the Successful Management of EDTA Chelation Therapy in Human Burden by Toxic Metals. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:8274504. [PMID: 27896275 PMCID: PMC5118545 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8274504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental and occupational toxicants is responsible for adverse effects on human health. Chelation therapy is the only procedure able to remove toxic metals from human organs and tissue, aiming to treat damage related to acute and/or chronic intoxication. The present review focuses on the most recent evidence of the successful use of the chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Assessment of toxic-metal presence in humans, as well as the rationale of EDTA therapy in cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, is reported.
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Wei X, Zhuang L, Wu C, Chen W, Li Z, Xu B. Rapid determination of trace EDTA in wines and beers by LC-MS/MS. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Vial G, Le Guen M, Lamarche F, Detaille D, Cottet-Rousselle C, Demaison L, Hininger-Favier I, Theurey P, Crouzier D, Debouzy JC, Dubouchaud H, Fontaine É. Liver mitochondrial function in ZDF rats during the early stages of diabetes disease. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/3/e12686. [PMID: 26847727 PMCID: PMC4758924 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the early alterations of the liver mitochondrial function in ZDF (fa/fa) rats that develop diabetes compared to that of their lean counterparts ZDF (fa/+). Liver mitochondrial function was examined in 11‐ and 14‐week‐old ZDF (fa/fa) and ZDF lean (fa/+) rats. Oxygen consumption, H2O2 release, calcium retention capacity (CRC), membrane potential, membrane fluidity, and fatty acid composition were analyzed. State 3 oxygen consumption with palmitoyl‐carnitine increases between 11 and 14 weeks of age in lean but not in diabetic animals. This response was not seen with other substrates, suggesting that the use of fatty acids is impaired in diabetic rats. H2O2 release was lower in 14‐week‐old ZDF (fa/fa) rats as compared to ZDF lean (fa/+). These changes were not associated with differences in enzymatic activities of the respiratory complexes, suggesting regulatory mechanisms independent of their expression levels. Membrane fluidity and composition analyses show only slight effects linked to diabetes progression. The most salient feature was a reduction in CRC in the presence of CsA, an effect reflecting PTP dysregulation. Our data suggest few changes of mitochondrial function in ZDF fa/fa rats. At the age of 11 weeks, liver mitochondria have mainly a reduced effect of CsA on CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Vial
- Facultés de médecine Charles Mérieux Lyon-Sud et Rockfeller, INSERM U-1060 Laboratoire CarMeN Université Lyon 1, INRA 1235, INSA de Lyon, Lyon, France European Center For Nutrition and Health, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Marie Le Guen
- Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamentale et Appliquée (LBFA) et SFR Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEeSy), INSERM U-1055, Grenoble, France Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble, France
| | - Frédéric Lamarche
- Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamentale et Appliquée (LBFA) et SFR Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEeSy), INSERM U-1055, Grenoble, France Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble, France Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Dominique Detaille
- Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux - CRCTB - LIRYC Université de Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, INSERM U-1045 Hôpital Xavier Arnozan, Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cécile Cottet-Rousselle
- Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamentale et Appliquée (LBFA) et SFR Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEeSy), INSERM U-1055, Grenoble, France
| | - Luc Demaison
- Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamentale et Appliquée (LBFA) et SFR Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEeSy), INSERM U-1055, Grenoble, France Unité de Nutrition Humaine, INRA, UMR 1019 Clermont Université Université d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Isabelle Hininger-Favier
- Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamentale et Appliquée (LBFA) et SFR Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEeSy), INSERM U-1055, Grenoble, France Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre Theurey
- Facultés de médecine Charles Mérieux Lyon-Sud et Rockfeller, INSERM U-1060 Laboratoire CarMeN Université Lyon 1, INRA 1235, INSA de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - David Crouzier
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées-Unité des Risques Technologiques Emergents, Brétigny sur Orge, France
| | - Jean-Claude Debouzy
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées-Unité des Risques Technologiques Emergents, Brétigny sur Orge, France
| | - Hervé Dubouchaud
- Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamentale et Appliquée (LBFA) et SFR Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEeSy), INSERM U-1055, Grenoble, France Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble, France
| | - Éric Fontaine
- Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamentale et Appliquée (LBFA) et SFR Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEeSy), INSERM U-1055, Grenoble, France Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble, France Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, France
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Čabarkapa A, Borozan S, Živković L, Stojanović S, Milanović-Čabarkapa M, Bajić V, Spremo-Potparević B. CaNa2EDTA chelation attenuates cell damage in workers exposed to lead-a pilot study. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 242:171-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Aquino JDS, Tavares RL, Medeiros LDB, Martins CCDL, Pessoa DCNDP, Stamford TLM. Effect of the consumption on buriti oil on the metabolism of rats induced by iron overload. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2015; 59:422-7. [DOI: 10.1590/2359-3997000000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Dusek P, Roos PM, Litwin T, Schneider SA, Flaten TP, Aaseth J. The neurotoxicity of iron, copper and manganese in Parkinson's and Wilson's diseases. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015; 31:193-203. [PMID: 24954801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Impaired cellular homeostasis of metals, particularly of Cu, Fe and Mn may trigger neurodegeneration through various mechanisms, notably induction of oxidative stress, promotion of α-synuclein aggregation and fibril formation, activation of microglial cells leading to inflammation and impaired production of metalloproteins. In this article we review available studies concerning Fe, Cu and Mn in Parkinson's disease and Wilson's disease. In Parkinson's disease local dysregulation of iron metabolism in the substantia nigra (SN) seems to be related to neurodegeneration with an increase in SN iron concentration, accompanied by decreased SN Cu and ceruloplasmin concentrations and increased free Cu concentrations and decreased ferroxidase activity in the cerebrospinal fluid. Available data in Wilson's disease suggest that substantial increases in CNS Cu concentrations persist for a long time during chelating treatment and that local accumulation of Fe in certain brain nuclei may occur during the course of the disease. Consequences for chelating treatment strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Dusek
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Charles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Neuroradiology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Per M Roos
- Department of Neurology, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomasz Litwin
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Trond Peder Flaten
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan Aaseth
- Department of Medicine, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Kongsvinger Hospital Division, Kongsvinger, Norway
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Meszaros A, Fekete J. Determination of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid from Swine Organs, Feces, Urine, and Plasma by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-014-9946-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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17
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Filipović NR, Marković I, Mitić D, Polović N, Milčić M, Dulović M, Jovanović M, Savić M, Nikšić M, Anđelković K, Todorović T. A Comparative Study of In Vitro Cytotoxic, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activity of Pt(II), Zn(II), Cu(II), and Co(III) Complexes withN-heteroaromatic Schiff Base (E)-2-[N′-(1-pyridin-2-yl-ethylidene)hydrazino]acetate. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2013; 28:99-110. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nenad R. Filipović
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Faculty of Agriculture; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - Ivanka Marković
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry; Faculty of Medicine; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - Dragana Mitić
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | | | - Miloš Milčić
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - Marija Dulović
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry; Faculty of Medicine; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - Maja Jovanović
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry; Faculty of Medicine; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - Milena Savić
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Faculty of Agriculture; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - Miomir Nikšić
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Faculty of Agriculture; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
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Padron DA, Klausmeyer KK. Syntheses and coordination studies of 2-(diphenylphosphinomethyl)pyridine N,P dioxide with Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ tetrafluoroborate. Inorganica Chim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2013.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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19
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Nwose EU, Bwititi PT, Chalada MJ. Reactive nitrogen and oxygen species in anticoagulated blood of healthy sheep. EXPERT OPINION ON MEDICAL DIAGNOSTICS 2013; 7:427-33. [PMID: 23805984 DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2013.808187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little or no study has been done to compare the indices of 'nitrosative' and 'oxidative' stresses, especially in terms of correlation and the possible differential effects of the chelating agents. OBJECTIVE This preliminary study investigated possible correlations between the indices of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in blood, effect of anticoagulated-blood tubes, and impact of blood-clotting pathways. METHODS Thirty blood samples from sheep were collected into ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and citrate tubes at the Berrima Veterinary Laboratory using their standard protocol. Nitrosative and oxidative stress indices were then measured and correlation analyses performed. RESULTS The ROS and RNS indices were weakly correlated (r > 0.2; p < 0.05) with each other from the EDTA sample, but not from citrated blood. None of the nitrosative or oxidative stress biomarkers was significantly associated with changes in the prothrombin time. The activated partial thromboplastin time showed statistically significant association with some oxidative stress indices (catalase and malondialdehyde), but with none of the nitrosative stress indices. Further, all measured parameters were higher in EDTA than in citrate blood (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION The choice of anticoagulated blood tube could affect the measures of nitrosative stress indices and may impact on the potential correlations between nitrosative versus oxidative stress biomarkers. Perhaps the suggestion that EDTA is better than citrate for hematological anticoagulant studies should be considered for nitrosative and oxidative stress studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezekiel Uba Nwose
- Charles Darwin University, School of Psychological & Clinical Sciences, Darwin 0909, Australia.
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Born T, Kontoghiorghe CN, Spyrou A, Kolnagou A, Kontoghiorghes GJ. EDTA chelation reappraisal following new clinical trials and regular use in millions of patients: review of preliminary findings and risk/benefit assessment. Toxicol Mech Methods 2012; 23:11-7. [PMID: 22991933 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2012.730562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
EDTA chelation therapy is regularly used in thousands of patients worldwide. An FDA approval of more than 50 years ago for heavy metal detoxification prompted many physicians to use EDTA as an alternative medicine for many categories of patients. Recently, NIH initiated the so-called Trial to Assess Chelation Therapy (TACT), which has been designed to evaluate whether EDTA and high dose oral vitamins and mineral therapy could offer clinical, quality of life, and economic benefits for patients with a previous myocardial infraction. A 50% reduction of urinary Pb and improvement of systolic blood pressure was observed in 33 cardiovascular patients following 20 iv administrations. In another study involving 15 patients of different categories, EDTA also has been shown to be an effective and nontoxic chelator for the removal of xenobiotic metals such as Pb, Cd, Ni and Al. Administration of iv EDTA on weekly basis appears to be a sufficient and nontoxic protocol for treating patients with suspected overload and toxicity of xenobiotic metals especially Pb and Cd. The causative effect of xenobiotic metals in cancer, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, renal and other diseases needs further investigation. Similarly, the use of EDTA chelation therapy in other conditions, which are not related to xenobiotic metal toxicity needs further investigation and confirmation of therapeutic use from controlled randomized clinical trials. Metal balance and drug interaction studies are required to clarify the risk/benefit assessment for the long term use of EDTA in patients with excess xenobiotic metal toxicity and in other conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy Born
- Born Preventive Health Care Clinic, Grand Rapids and Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Chen KH, Lin JL, Lin-Tan DT, Hsu HH, Hsu CW, Hsu KH, Yen TH. Effect of chelation therapy on progressive diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes and high-normal body lead burdens. Am J Kidney Dis 2012; 60:530-8. [PMID: 22721929 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2012.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A previous study in type 2 diabetic patients with high-normal body lead burdens showed that EDTA chelation therapy for 3 months slows progressive diabetic nephropathy during a 12-month follow-up. The effect of a longer course of therapy on kidney function decrease over a longer follow-up is not known. STUDY DESIGN A 12-month run-in phase, then a randomized single-blind study with a 27-month intervention. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS University medical center; 50 patients (serum creatinine, 1.5-3.9 mg/dL) with high-normal body lead burden (≥80-<600 μg) were randomly assigned to the treatment and control groups. INTERVENTION The treatment group received weekly chelation therapy for 3 months to reduce their body lead burden to <60 μg and then as needed for 24 months to maintain this level. The control group received placebo for 3 months and then weekly for 5 weeks at 6-month intervals for 24 months. OUTCOMES The primary end point was change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) over time. A secondary end point was a 2-fold increase in baseline serum creatinine level or the requirement for renal replacement therapy. MEASUREMENTS Body lead burdens were assessed by EDTA mobilization tests and eGFR was calculated using the equation for Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. RESULTS Mean baseline eGFRs in the treatment and control groups were similar. After 3 months of chelation therapy, the change in eGFR in the treatment group (+1.0 ± 4.8 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) differed significantly from that in the control group (-1.5 ± 4.8 mL/min/1.73 m(2); P = 0.04). In the subsequent 24-month intervention, the yearly rate of decrease in eGFR (5.6 ± 5.0 mL/min/1.73 m(2) per year) in the treatment group was slower than that (9.2 ± 3.6 mL/min/1.73 m(2) per year; P = 0.04) in the control group. 17 (68%) control-group patients and 9 (36%) treatment-group patients achieved the secondary end point. LIMITATIONS Small sample size, not double blind. CONCLUSIONS A 27-month course of EDTA chelation therapy retards the progression of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients with high-normal body lead burdens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Hsing Chen
- Division of Clinical Toxicology, Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Lin-Kou Medical Center, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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González-Cuevas J, Navarro-Partida J, Marquez-Aguirre AL, Bueno-Topete MR, Beas-Zarate C, Armendáriz-Borunda J. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid induces antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in experimental liver fibrosis. Redox Rep 2011; 16:62-70. [PMID: 21722414 PMCID: PMC6837538 DOI: 10.1179/174329211x13002357050851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) is associated with oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and inflammation. This work was focused on elucidating the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in this model of hepatotoxicity. METHODS Wistar male rats were treated with CCl(4) and EDTA (60, 120, or 240 mg/kg). Morphometric analyses were carried out in Masson's stained liver sections to determine fibrosis index. Coagulation tests prothrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin time (PTT) were also determined. Gene expression for transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta1), alpha1(I) procollagen gene (alpha1 Col I), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) was monitored by real-time PCR. Antioxidant effect of EDTA was measured by its effects on lipid peroxidation; biological activity of ceruloplasmin (Cp), SOD, and catalase (Cat) were analyzed by zymography assays. RESULTS Animals with CCl(4)-hepatic injury that received EDTA showed a decrement in fibrosis (20%) and lipid peroxidation (22%). The mRNA expression for TNF-alpha (55%), TGF-beta1 (50%), IL-6 (52%), and alpha1 Col I (60%) was also decreased. This group of animals showed increased Cp (62%) and SOD (25%) biological activities. Coagulation blood tests, Cat activity, and gene expression for SOD were not modified by EDTA treatment. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that EDTA treatment induces the activity of antioxidant enzymes, decreases lipid peroxidation, hepatic inflammation, and fibrosis in experimental liver fibrosis induced by CCl(4).
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Affiliation(s)
- J González-Cuevas
- Instituto de Biología Molecular en Medicina y Terapia Génica Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340 México
| | - J Navarro-Partida
- Instituto de Biología Molecular en Medicina y Terapia Génica Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340 México
| | - A L Marquez-Aguirre
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado deJalisco, CIATEJ, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - M R Bueno-Topete
- Instituto de Biología Molecular en Medicina y Terapia Génica Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340 México
| | - C Beas-Zarate
- Departamento de Biologia Celular y Molecular, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara
| | - J Armendáriz-Borunda
- Instituto de Biología Molecular en Medicina y Terapia Génica Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340 México
- O.P.D. Hospital Civil de GuadalajaraGuadalajara, Jalisco, México
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Kell DB. Towards a unifying, systems biology understanding of large-scale cellular death and destruction caused by poorly liganded iron: Parkinson's, Huntington's, Alzheimer's, prions, bactericides, chemical toxicology and others as examples. Arch Toxicol 2010; 84:825-89. [PMID: 20967426 PMCID: PMC2988997 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0577-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to a variety of toxins and/or infectious agents leads to disease, degeneration and death, often characterised by circumstances in which cells or tissues do not merely die and cease to function but may be more or less entirely obliterated. It is then legitimate to ask the question as to whether, despite the many kinds of agent involved, there may be at least some unifying mechanisms of such cell death and destruction. I summarise the evidence that in a great many cases, one underlying mechanism, providing major stresses of this type, entails continuing and autocatalytic production (based on positive feedback mechanisms) of hydroxyl radicals via Fenton chemistry involving poorly liganded iron, leading to cell death via apoptosis (probably including via pathways induced by changes in the NF-κB system). While every pathway is in some sense connected to every other one, I highlight the literature evidence suggesting that the degenerative effects of many diseases and toxicological insults converge on iron dysregulation. This highlights specifically the role of iron metabolism, and the detailed speciation of iron, in chemical and other toxicology, and has significant implications for the use of iron chelating substances (probably in partnership with appropriate anti-oxidants) as nutritional or therapeutic agents in inhibiting both the progression of these mainly degenerative diseases and the sequelae of both chronic and acute toxin exposure. The complexity of biochemical networks, especially those involving autocatalytic behaviour and positive feedbacks, means that multiple interventions (e.g. of iron chelators plus antioxidants) are likely to prove most effective. A variety of systems biology approaches, that I summarise, can predict both the mechanisms involved in these cell death pathways and the optimal sites of action for nutritional or pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry and the Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK.
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Mosayebi G, Haghmorad D, Namaki S, Ghazavi A, Ekhtiari P, Mirshafiey A. Therapeutic Effect of EDTA in Experimental Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2010; 32:321-6. [DOI: 10.3109/08923970903338367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Robitaille L, Mamer OA, Miller WH, Levine M, Assouline S, Melnychuk D, Rousseau C, Hoffer LJ. Oxalic acid excretion after intravenous ascorbic acid administration. Metabolism 2009; 58:263-9. [PMID: 19154961 PMCID: PMC3482487 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2008.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid is frequently administered intravenously by alternative health practitioners and, occasionally, by mainstream physicians. Intravenous administration can greatly increase the amount of ascorbic acid that reaches the circulation, potentially increasing the risk of oxalate crystallization in the urinary space. To investigate this possibility, we developed gas chromatography mass spectrometry methodology and sampling and storage procedures for oxalic acid analysis without interference from ascorbic acid and measured urinary oxalic acid excretion in people administered intravenous ascorbic acid in doses ranging from 0.2 to 1.5 g/kg body weight. In vitro oxidation of ascorbic acid to oxalic acid did not occur when urine samples were brought immediately to pH less than 2 and stored at -30 degrees C within 6 hours. Even very high ascorbic acid concentrations did not interfere with the analysis when oxalic acid extraction was carried out at pH 1. As measured during and over the 6 hours after ascorbic acid infusions, urinary oxalic acid excretion increased with increasing doses, reaching approximately 80 mg at a dose of approximately 100 g. We conclude that, when studied using correct procedures for sample handling, storage, and analysis, less than 0.5% of a very large intravenous dose of ascorbic acid is recovered as urinary oxalic acid in people with normal renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Robitaille
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1E2
| | - Orval A. Mamer
- McGill University Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1A4
| | - Wilson H. Miller
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1E2
| | - Mark Levine
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sarit Assouline
- Montreal Centre for Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1E2
| | - David Melnychuk
- Montreal Centre for Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1E2
| | - Caroline Rousseau
- Montreal Centre for Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1E2
| | - L. John Hoffer
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1E2
- McGill University Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1A4
- Corresponding author. Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1E2. Tel.: +1 514 340 8222x5276; fax: +1 514 340 7502. (L.J. Hoffer)
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Kell DB. Iron behaving badly: inappropriate iron chelation as a major contributor to the aetiology of vascular and other progressive inflammatory and degenerative diseases. BMC Med Genomics 2009; 2:2. [PMID: 19133145 PMCID: PMC2672098 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The production of peroxide and superoxide is an inevitable consequence of aerobic metabolism, and while these particular 'reactive oxygen species' (ROSs) can exhibit a number of biological effects, they are not of themselves excessively reactive and thus they are not especially damaging at physiological concentrations. However, their reactions with poorly liganded iron species can lead to the catalytic production of the very reactive and dangerous hydroxyl radical, which is exceptionally damaging, and a major cause of chronic inflammation. REVIEW We review the considerable and wide-ranging evidence for the involvement of this combination of (su)peroxide and poorly liganded iron in a large number of physiological and indeed pathological processes and inflammatory disorders, especially those involving the progressive degradation of cellular and organismal performance. These diseases share a great many similarities and thus might be considered to have a common cause (i.e. iron-catalysed free radical and especially hydroxyl radical generation).The studies reviewed include those focused on a series of cardiovascular, metabolic and neurological diseases, where iron can be found at the sites of plaques and lesions, as well as studies showing the significance of iron to aging and longevity. The effective chelation of iron by natural or synthetic ligands is thus of major physiological (and potentially therapeutic) importance. As systems properties, we need to recognise that physiological observables have multiple molecular causes, and studying them in isolation leads to inconsistent patterns of apparent causality when it is the simultaneous combination of multiple factors that is responsible.This explains, for instance, the decidedly mixed effects of antioxidants that have been observed, since in some circumstances (especially the presence of poorly liganded iron) molecules that are nominally antioxidants can actually act as pro-oxidants. The reduction of redox stress thus requires suitable levels of both antioxidants and effective iron chelators. Some polyphenolic antioxidants may serve both roles.Understanding the exact speciation and liganding of iron in all its states is thus crucial to separating its various pro- and anti-inflammatory activities. Redox stress, innate immunity and pro- (and some anti-)inflammatory cytokines are linked in particular via signalling pathways involving NF-kappaB and p38, with the oxidative roles of iron here seemingly involved upstream of the IkappaB kinase (IKK) reaction. In a number of cases it is possible to identify mechanisms by which ROSs and poorly liganded iron act synergistically and autocatalytically, leading to 'runaway' reactions that are hard to control unless one tackles multiple sites of action simultaneously. Some molecules such as statins and erythropoietin, not traditionally associated with anti-inflammatory activity, do indeed have 'pleiotropic' anti-inflammatory effects that may be of benefit here. CONCLUSION Overall we argue, by synthesising a widely dispersed literature, that the role of poorly liganded iron has been rather underappreciated in the past, and that in combination with peroxide and superoxide its activity underpins the behaviour of a great many physiological processes that degrade over time. Understanding these requires an integrative, systems-level approach that may lead to novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
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Biomarkers of exposure to vitamins A, C, and E and their relation to lipid and protein oxidation markers. Eur J Nutr 2008; 47 Suppl 2:3-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-008-2003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Harvey BH, Joubert C, du Preez JL, Berk M. Effect of Chronic N-Acetyl Cysteine Administration on Oxidative Status in the Presence and Absence of Induced Oxidative Stress in Rat Striatum. Neurochem Res 2007; 33:508-17. [PMID: 17763945 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-007-9466-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidants have possible therapeutic value in neurodegenerative disorders, although they may have pro-oxidant effects under certain conditions. Glutathione (GSH) is a key free radical scavenger. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) bolsters GSH and intracellular cysteine and also has effective free radical scavenger properties. The effects of chronic NAC administration (50 mg/kg/day, 500 mg/kg/day, 1500 mg/kg/day x 21 days) on cellular markers of oxidative status was studied in striatum of healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats as well as in animals with apparent striatal oxidative stress following chronic haloperidol treatment (1.5 mg/kg/day x 3 weeks). In non-haloperidol treated animals, NAC 50 and 500 mg/kg did not affect oxidative status, although NAC 1,500 mg/kg significantly increased striatal superoxide levels, decreased lipid peroxidation and increased consumption of reduced glutathione (GSH). Haloperidol alone evoked a significant increase in superoxide and lipid peroxidation. All NAC doses blocked haloperidol induced increases in superoxide levels, while NAC 500 mg/kg and 1,500 mg/kg prevented haloperidol-associated lipid peroxidation levels and also increased the GSSG/GSH ratio. NAC may protect against conditions of striatal oxidative stress, although possible pro-oxidative actions at high doses in otherwise healthy individuals, e.g. to offset worsening of neurodegenerative illness, should be viewed with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H Harvey
- Unit for Drug Research and Development, School of Pharmacy (Pharmacology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
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Ihedioha JI, Ochiogu IS, Ihedioha TE. Co-administration of Na-EDTA and diminazene aceturate (DA) to mice infected with DA-resistant Trypanosoma brucei. J Comp Pathol 2007; 136:206-11. [PMID: 17367805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of co-administration of Na-EDTA and diminazene aceturate (DA) on the level of parasitaemia (LOP), parasite clearance, packed cell volume (PCV) and post-infection survival time (PIST) in mice infected with DA-resistant Trypanosoma brucei. Five groups of 10 mice were treated as follows: infected and treated with Na-EDTA+DA; infected and treated with DA alone; infected and treated with Na-EDTA alone; infected-untreated; and uninfected-untreated. The co-administration of Na-EDTA and DA led to reduced LOP and improvements in PCV (P<0.05), as compared with treatment with DA alone. Mice treated with Na-EDTA+DA had a marginally (P>0.05) higher PIST than did mice treated with DA alone. Comparison of the group given Na-EDTA alone with the infected-untreated group showed that the former group had a significantly lower (P<0.01) LOP, improved PCV (P<0.05) and higher (P<0.01) PIST. It was concluded that the co-administration of Na-EDTA and DA led to a slight potentiation of DA in the treatment of mice infected with DA-resistant T. brucei, and that the administration of Na-EDTA alone significantly enhanced the resistance of the infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Ihedioha
- Departments of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria Nsukka, PO Box 3236, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria.
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Cao H, Polansky MM, Anderson RA. Cinnamon extract and polyphenols affect the expression of tristetraprolin, insulin receptor, and glucose transporter 4 in mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 459:214-22. [PMID: 17316549 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2006.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2006] [Revised: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cinnamon improves glucose and lipid profiles of people with type 2 diabetes. Water-soluble cinnamon extract (CE) and HPLC-purified cinnamon polyphenols (CP) with doubly linked procyanidin type-A polymers display insulin-like activity. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of cinnamon on the protein and mRNA levels of insulin receptor (IR), glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), and tristetraprolin (TTP/ZFP36) in mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Immunoblotting showed that CP increased IRbeta levels and that both CE and CP increased GLUT4 and TTP levels in the adipocytes. Quantitative real-time PCR indicated that CE (100mug/ml) rapidly increased TTP mRNA levels by approximately 6-fold in the adipocytes. CE at higher concentrations decreased IRbeta protein and IR mRNA levels, and its effect on GLUT4 mRNA levels exhibited a biphasic pattern in the adipocytes. These results suggest that cinnamon exhibits the potential to increase the amount of proteins involved in insulin signaling, glucose transport, and anti-inflammatory/anti-angiogenesis response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heping Cao
- Nutrient Requirements and Functions Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA.
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Winterbone MS, Sampson MJ, Saha S, Hughes JC, Hughes DA. Pro-oxidant effect of alpha-tocopherol in patients with type 2 diabetes after an oral glucose tolerance test--a randomised controlled trial. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2007; 6:8. [PMID: 17316429 PMCID: PMC1819366 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-6-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a part of a larger study investigating the effects of alpha-tocopherol on gene expression in type 2 diabetics we observed a pro-oxidant effect of alpha-tocopherol which we believe may be useful in interpreting outcomes of large intervention trials of alpha-tocopherol. METHODS 19 type 2 diabetes subjects were randomised into two groups taking either 1200 IU/day of alpha-tocopherol or a matched placebo for 4 weeks. On day 0 and 29 of this study oxidative DNA damage was assessed in mononuclear cells from fasted blood samples and following a 2 h glucose tolerance test (GTT). RESULTS On day 0 there was no significant difference in oxidative DNA damage between the two groups or following a GTT. On day 29 there was no significant difference in oxidative DNA damage in fasted blood samples, however following a GTT there was a significant increase in oxidative DNA damage in the alpha-tocopherol treatment group. CONCLUSION High dose supplementation with alpha-tocopherol primes mononuclear cells from patients with type 2 diabetes for a potentially damaging response to acute hyperglycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Winterbone
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Mike J Sampson
- Bertram Diabetes Research Unit, Norfolk & Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Norwich, NR4 7UY, UK
| | - Shikha Saha
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Jackie C Hughes
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
| | - David A Hughes
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
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Bobko AA, Kirilyuk IA, Grigor'ev IA, Zweier JL, Khramtsov VV. Reversible reduction of nitroxides to hydroxylamines: roles for ascorbate and glutathione. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 42:404-12. [PMID: 17210453 PMCID: PMC1829321 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2006] [Revised: 10/24/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Biological applications of stable nitroxyl radicals, NR, include their use as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging, spin labels, superoxide dismutase mimics, and antioxidants. The rapid reduction of NR in biological samples into hydroxylamines (HA) significantly limits their application. In turn, reoxidation of HA back to the NR has been used for detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this work comparative studies of the reduction of pyrrolidine, imidazoline, and imidazolidine NR by ascorbate were performed taking advantage of recently synthesized tetraethyl-substituted NR with much higher stability toward reduction both in vitro and in vivo. Surprisingly, these NR kept 10-50% of initial intensity of electron paramagnetic resonance signal for about 1 h in the presence of 100-fold excess of ascorbate. To explain these data, reoxidation of the corresponding HA by ascorbate radical and dehydroascorbic acid back to the NR was proposed. This hypothesis was supported by direct measurement of the NR appearance from the HA on ascorbate radical generation by ascorbate oxidase, or in the presence of the dehydroascorbic acid. The reversible reaction between NR and ascorbate was observed for the various types of NR, and the rate constants for direct and reverse reactions were determined. The equilibrium constants for one-electron reduction of the tetraethyl-substituted NR by ascorbate were found to be in the range from 2.65x10(-6) to 10(-5) which is significantly lower than corresponding values for the tetramethyl-substituted NR (more or about 10(-4)). This explains the establishment of an EPR-detectable quasi-equilibrium level of tetraethyl-substituted NR in the presence of an excess of ascorbate. The redox reactions of the NR-HA couple in ascorbate-containing media were found to be significantly affected by glutathione (GSH). This effect was attributed to the reduction of ascorbate radicals by GSH, and the rate constant of this reaction was found to be equal to 10 M-1 s-1. In summary, the data provide new insight into the redox chemistry of NR and HA, and significantly affect interpretation and strategy of their use as redox- and ROS-sensitive probes, or as antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Bobko
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Kuo DJ, Bruckner AL, Jeng MR. Darbepoetin alfa and ferric gluconate ameliorate the anemia associated with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. Pediatr Dermatol 2006; 23:580-5. [PMID: 17156003 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1470.2006.00314.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to describe the efficacy of darbepoetin alfa and ferric gluconate complex in the treatment of the anemia associated with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. To accomplish this aim, we retrospectively reviewed a series of patients with this disease treated in a single institution with darbepoetin alfa and parenteral iron for anemia. Four patients with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa were treated for a mean length of treatment of 14.5 months (4-18 months). Three patients received parenteral iron in the form of ferric gluconate complex and one received iron dextran. The mean pretreatment hemoglobin was 6.8 g/dL (4.9-9.6 g/dL). All four had improvements in their hemoglobin levels and energy levels with a mean increase in hemoglobin level of 2.8 g/dL (p = 0.003). We found darbepoetin alfa and ferric gluconate complex to be effective in the treatment of anemia associated with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa and to have distinct advantages over previously described formulations, and we concluded that they should be considered in the supportive care of this disease. We recommend the development of a standardized protocol for the evaluation and management of recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa-associated anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Kuo
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medcine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Foglieni C, Fulgenzi A, Ticozzi P, Pellegatta F, Sciorati C, Belloni D, Ferrero E, Ferrero ME. Protective effect of EDTA preadministration on renal ischemia. BMC Nephrol 2006; 7:5. [PMID: 16536881 PMCID: PMC1501003 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-7-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 03/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chelation therapy with sodium edetate (EDTA) improved renal function and slowed the progression of renal insufficiency in patients subjected to lead intoxication. This study was performed to identify the underlying mechanism of the ability of EDTA treatment to protect kidneys from damage. METHODS The effects of EDTA administration were studied in a rat model of acute renal failure induced by 60 minutes ischemia followed or not by 60 minutes reperfusion. Renal ischemic damage was evaluated by histological studies and by functional studies, namely serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels. Treatment with EDTA was performed 30 minutes before the induction of ischemia. Polymorphonuclear cell (PMN) adhesion capability, plasmatic nitric oxide (NO) levels and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) renal expression were studied as well as the EDTA protection from the TNFalpha-induced vascular leakage in the kidneys. Data was compared by two-way analysis of variance followed by a post hoc test. RESULTS EDTA administration resulted in the preservation of both functional and histological parameters of rat kidneys. PMN obtained from peripheral blood of EDTA-treated ischemized rats, displayed a significant reduction in the expression of the adhesion molecule Mac-1 with respect to controls. NO was significantly increased by EDTA administration and eNOS expression was higher and more diffuse in kidneys of rats treated with EDTA than in the controls. Finally, EDTA administration was able to prevent in vivo the TNFalpha-induced vascular leakage in the kidneys. CONCLUSION This data provides evidence that EDTA treatment is able to protect rat kidneys from ischemic damage possibly through the stimulation of NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Foglieni
- Cardiovascular Department, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, via Olgettina, 60 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fulgenzi
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 31, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Ticozzi
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 31, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Pellegatta
- Istituto di Scienze Farmacologiche Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 22, Milan, Italy
| | - Clara Sciorati
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Belloni
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 31, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ferrero
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Ferrero
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 31, Milan, Italy
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