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Zelinová V, Demecsová L, Liptáková Ľ, Valentovičová K, Tamás L. Extracellular nitric oxide sustains root surface redox activity and growth under sudden flooding-induced hypoxic conditions in barley root tips. PLANTA 2023; 259:3. [PMID: 37989783 PMCID: PMC10663193 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04279-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Nitric oxide sustains root tip surface redox activity and restricts lipid peroxidation-triggered cell death in the root tips. In order to gain more insight into the involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in plant response to sudden flooding-induced hypoxic stress, we studied the effect of two NO donors, sodium nitroprusside and S-nitroso-L-glutathione, on short-term partial submergence-induced root growth inhibition, alteration in root surface redox activity, lipid peroxidation and cell death in two barley cultivars (cv.) at their early seedling stage. The short-term hypoxic stress induces root growth arrest in cv. Karmel, accompanied by increased lipid peroxidation and cell death. By contrast, in cv. Slaven, short-term hypoxic conditions cause only reduced root growth rate, associated with elevated extracellular NO level in the root tips. The root tip surface redox activity decreases with the increasing timespan of hypoxic conditions in both cultivars; however, this decrease in redox activity started earlier and was greater in the cv. Karmel in comparison with cv. Slaven. Application of NO donors during hypoxic stress sustains the root redox activity and eliminates the hypoxia-induced lipid peroxidation, accompanied by a partial restoration of root growth after short-term hypoxic stress. These results suggest that extracellular NO plays a key role in maintaining the root tip surface redox activity and in the restriction of lipid peroxidation and cell death under short-term hypoxic stress in the root tips of barley seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Zelinová
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84523, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Loriana Demecsová
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84523, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ľubica Liptáková
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84523, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Katarína Valentovičová
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84523, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ladislav Tamás
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84523, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Valentovičová K, Demecsová L, Liptáková Ľ, Zelinová V, Tamás L. Inhibition of peroxidases and oxidoreductases is crucial for avoiding false-positive reactions in the localization of reactive oxygen species in intact barley root tips. PLANTA 2022; 255:69. [PMID: 35174422 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03850-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
NBT and HE may be efficiently used for the detection of superoxide, while DCDHF-DA and DHR123 for the detection of peroxynitrite in intact barley root tips, only if PRXs and oxidoreductases are inhibited to avoid false-positive reactions. Strong peroxidase (PRX) and oxidoreductase activities were observed in the barley root tips that were markedly inhibited by NaN3. Rapid and strong nitro-blue tetrazolium chloride (NBT) reduction is associated mainly with the vital functions of root cells but not with superoxide formation. In turn, the inhibition of root surface redox activity by NaN3 strongly reduced the formation of formazan, but its slight accumulation, observed in the root elongation zone, was a result of NADPH oxidase-mediated apoplastic superoxide formation. A longer staining time period with NBT was required for the detection of antimycin A-mediated superoxide formation inside the cells. This antimycin A-induced superoxide was clearly detectable by hydroethidine (HE) after the inhibition of PRXs by NaN3, and it was restricted into the root transition zone. TEMPOL, a superoxide scavenger, strongly inhibited both NBT reduction and HE oxidation in the presence of NaN3. Similarly, the DCDHF-DA and DHR123 oxidation was markedly reduced after the inhibition of apoplastic PRXs by NaN3 and was detectable mainly in the root transition zone. This fluorescence signal was not influenced by the application of pyruvate but was strongly reduced by urea, a peroxynitrite scavenger. The presented results suggest that if the root PRXs and oxidoreductases are inhibited, both NBT and HE detect mainly superoxide, whereas both DCDHF-DA and DHR123 may be efficiently used for the detection of peroxynitrite in intact barley root tips. The inhibition of PRXs and oxidoreductases is crucial for avoiding false-positive reactions in the localization of reactive oxygen species in the intact barley root tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Valentovičová
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84523, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Loriana Demecsová
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84523, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ľubica Liptáková
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84523, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Veronika Zelinová
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84523, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ladislav Tamás
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84523, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Huang J, Hou L, Bian X, Chang K. Analysis of intracellular reactive oxygen species by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with laser-induced-fluorescence detector. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2019.1625369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Huang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Water Pollution and Soil Damage Remediation, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation and Treatment, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lijun Hou
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaozheng Bian
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kai Chang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, China
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4
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Tian XY, Ma S, Tse G, Wong WT, Huang Y. Uncoupling Protein 2 in Cardiovascular Health and Disease. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1060. [PMID: 30116205 PMCID: PMC6082951 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) belongs to the family of mitochondrial anion carrier proteins. It uncouples oxygen consumption from ATP synthesis. UCP2 is ubiquitously expressed in most cell types to reduce oxidative stress. It is tightly regulated at the transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels. UCP2 in the cardiovascular system is being increasingly recognized as an important molecule to defend against various stress signals such as oxidative stress in the pathology of vascular dysfunction, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and cardiac injuries. UCP2 protects against cellular dysfunction through reducing mitochondrial oxidative stress and modulation of mitochondrial function. In view of the different functions of UCP2 in various cell types that contribute to whole body homeostasis, cell type-specific modification of UCP2 expression may offer a better approach to help understanding how UCP2 governs mitochondrial function, reactive oxygen species production and transmembrane proton leak and how dysfunction of UCP2 participates in the development of cardiovascular diseases. This review article provided an update on the physiological regulation of UCP2 in the cardiovascular system, and also discussed the involvement of UCP2 deficiency and associated oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of several common cardiovascular diseases. Drugs targeting UCP2 expression and activity might serve another effective strategy to ameliorate cardiovascular dysfunction. However, more detailed mechanistic study will be needed to dissect the role of UCP2, the regulation of UCP2 expression, and the cellular responses to the changes of UCP2 expression in normal and stressed situations at different stages of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yu Tian
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Vascular Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuangtao Ma
- Division of Nanomedicine and Molecular Intervention, Department of Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Gary Tse
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing Tak Wong
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Vascular Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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5
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Szuba A, Kasprowicz-Maluśki A, Wojtaszek P. Nitration of plant apoplastic proteins from cell suspension cultures. J Proteomics 2015; 120:158-68. [PMID: 25805245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide causes numerous protein modifications including nitration of tyrosine residues. This modification, though one of the greatest biological importance, is poorly recognized in plants and is usually associated with stress conditions. In this study we analyzed nitrotyrosines from suspension cultures of Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum, treated with NO modulators and exposed to osmotic stress, as well as of BY2 cells long-term adapted to osmotic stress conditions. Using confocal microscopy, we showed that the cell wall area is one of the compartments most enriched in nitrotyrosines within a plant cell. Subsequently, we analyzed nitration of ionically-bound cell-wall proteins and identified selected proteins with MALDI-TOF spectrometry. Proteomic analysis indicated that there was no significant increase in the amount of nitrated proteins under the influence of NO modulators, among them 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1), considered a donor of nitrating agent, peroxynitrite. Moreover, osmotic stress conditions did not increase the level of nitration in cell wall proteins isolated from suspension cells, and in cultures long-term adapted to stress conditions; that level was even reduced in comparison with control samples. Among identified nitrotyrosine-containing proteins dominated the ones associated with carbon circulation as well as the numerous proteins responding to stress conditions, mainly peroxidases. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE High concentrations of nitric oxide found in the cell wall and the ability to produce large amounts of ROS make the apoplast a site highly enriched in nitrotyrosines, as presented in this paper. Analysis of ionically bound fraction of the cell wall proteins indicating generally unchanged amounts of nitrotyrosines under influence of NO modulators and osmotic stress, is noticeably different from literature data concerning, however, the total plant proteins analysis. This observation is supplemented by further nitroproteome analysis, for cells long-term adapted to stressful conditions, and results showing that such conditions did not always cause an increase in nitrotyrosine content. These findings may be interpreted as characteristic features of apoplastic protein nitration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Szuba
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland; Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik Poland.
| | - Anna Kasprowicz-Maluśki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-613 Poznań, Poland
| | - Przemysław Wojtaszek
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-613 Poznań, Poland
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6
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Lyublinskaya OG, Zenin VV, Shatrova AN, Aksenov ND, Zemelko VI, Domnina AP, Litanyuk AP, Burova EB, Gubarev SS, Negulyaev YA, Nikolsky NN. Intracellular oxidation of hydroethidine: compartmentalization and cytotoxicity of oxidation products. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 75:60-8. [PMID: 25035077 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hydroethidine (HE) is a blue fluorescent dye that is intracellularly converted into red-emitting products on two-electron oxidation. One of these products, namely 2-hydroxyethidium, is formed as the result of HE superoxide anion-specific oxidation, and so HE is widely used for the detection of superoxide in cells and tissues. In our experiments we exploited three cell lines of different origin: K562 (human leukemia cells), A431 (human epidermoid carcinoma cells), and SCE2304 (human mesenchymal stem cells derived from endometrium). Using fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry analysis, we showed that HE intracellular oxidation products accumulate mostly in the cell mitochondria. This accumulation provokes gradual depolarization of mitochondrial membrane, affects oxygen consumption rate in HE-treated cells, and causes cellular apoptosis in the case of high HE concentrations and/or long cell incubations with HE, as well as a high rate of HE oxidation in cells exposed to some stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- O G Lyublinskaya
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky pr. 4, St. Petersburg 94064, Russia.
| | - V V Zenin
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky pr. 4, St. Petersburg 94064, Russia.
| | - A N Shatrova
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky pr. 4, St. Petersburg 94064, Russia.
| | - N D Aksenov
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky pr. 4, St. Petersburg 94064, Russia.
| | - V I Zemelko
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky pr. 4, St. Petersburg 94064, Russia.
| | - A P Domnina
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky pr. 4, St. Petersburg 94064, Russia.
| | - A P Litanyuk
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky pr. 4, St. Petersburg 94064, Russia.
| | - E B Burova
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky pr. 4, St. Petersburg 94064, Russia.
| | - S S Gubarev
- Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, Institute of Physics, Nanotechnology and Telecommunications, St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University, Polytechnicheskaya st. 29, St. Petersburg 195251, Russia.
| | - Y A Negulyaev
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky pr. 4, St. Petersburg 94064, Russia; Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, Institute of Physics, Nanotechnology and Telecommunications, St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University, Polytechnicheskaya st. 29, St. Petersburg 195251, Russia.
| | - N N Nikolsky
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky pr. 4, St. Petersburg 94064, Russia; Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, Institute of Physics, Nanotechnology and Telecommunications, St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University, Polytechnicheskaya st. 29, St. Petersburg 195251, Russia.
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7
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Donoghue MA, Xu X, Bernlohr DA, Arriaga EA. Capillary electrophoretic analysis of hydroxyl radicals produced by respiring mitochondria. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:6053-60. [PMID: 23665638 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7022-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Revised: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the use of a capillary electrophoretic method with laser-induced fluorescence detection to evaluate hydroxyl radicals produced by respiring mitochondria. The probe, hydroxyphenylfluorescein (HPF), is separated from the product, fluorescein, in under 5 min with zeptomole and attomole limits of detection for fluorescein and HPF, respectively. Purification of the probe with a C-18 SPE column is necessary to reduce the fluorescein impurity in the probe stock solution from 0.4% to less than 0.001%. HPF was responsive to hydroxyl radicals produced by isolated mitochondria from L6 cells, and this signal was blunted when DMSO was added to scavenge hydroxyl radicals and when carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone was added to depolarize the mitochondria. The method was used to compare hydroxyl radical levels in mitochondria isolated from brown adipose tissue of lean and obese mice. Mitochondria from obese mice produced significantly more hydroxyl radicals than those from lean mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Donoghue
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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8
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Satori CP, Henderson MM, Krautkramer EA, Kostal V, Distefano MM, Arriaga EA. Bioanalysis of eukaryotic organelles. Chem Rev 2013; 113:2733-811. [PMID: 23570618 PMCID: PMC3676536 DOI: 10.1021/cr300354g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chad P. Satori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
| | - Michelle M. Henderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
| | - Elyse A. Krautkramer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
| | - Vratislav Kostal
- Tescan, Libusina trida 21, Brno, 623 00, Czech Republic
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry ASCR, Veveri 97, Brno, 602 00, Czech Republic
| | - Mark M. Distefano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
| | - Edgar A. Arriaga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
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9
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Farcy E, Burgeot T, Haberkorn H, Auffret M, Lagadic L, Allenou JP, Budzinski H, Mazzella N, Pete R, Heydorff M, Menard D, Mondeguer F, Caquet T. An integrated environmental approach to investigate biomarker fluctuations in the blue mussel Mytilus edulis L. in the Vilaine estuary, France. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:630-650. [PMID: 23247516 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1316-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Estuarine areas represent complex and highly changing environments at the interface between freshwater and marine aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, the aquatic organisms living in estuaries have to face highly variable environmental conditions. The aim of this work was to study the influence of environmental changes from either natural or anthropogenic origins on the physiological responses of Mytilus edulis. Mussels were collected in the Vilaine estuary during early summer because this season represents a critical period of active reproduction in mussels and of increased anthropogenic inputs from agricultural and boating activities into the estuary. The physiological status of the mussel M. edulis was evaluated through measurements of a suite of biomarkers related to: oxidative stress (catalase, malondialdehyde), detoxication (benzopyrene hydroxylase, carboxylesterase), neurotoxicity (acetylcholinesterase), reproductive cycle (vitelline, condition index, maturation stages), immunotoxicity (hemocyte concentration, granulocyte percentage, phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species production, oxidative burst), and general physiological stress (lysosomal stability). A selection of relevant organic contaminant (pesticides, (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorobiphenyls) was measured as well as environmental parameters (water temperature, salinity, total suspended solids, turbidity, chlorophyll a, pheopigments) and mussel phycotoxin contamination. Two locations differently exposed to the plume of the Vilaine River were compared. Both temporal and inter-site variations of these biomarkers were studied. Our results show that reproduction cycle and environmental parameters such as temperature, organic ontaminants, and algal blooms could strongly influence the biomarker responses. These observations highlight the necessity to conduct integrated environmental approaches in order to better understand the causes of biomarker variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Farcy
- Laboratoire d'Écotoxicologie, Ifremer, Nantes, France
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10
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Esrefoglu M. Experimental and clinical evidence of antioxidant therapy in acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:5533-41. [PMID: 23112545 PMCID: PMC3482639 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i39.5533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis (AP). Antioxidants, alone or in combination with conventional therapy, should improve oxidative-stress-induced organ damage and therefore accelerate the rate of recovery. In recent years, substantial amounts of data about the efficiency of antioxidants against oxidative damage have been obtained from experiments with rodents. Some of these antioxidants have been found beneficial in the treatment of AP in humans; however, at present there is insufficient clinical data to support the benefits of antioxidants, alone or in combination with conventional therapy, in the management of AP in humans. Conflicting results obtained from experimental animals and humans may represent distinct pathophysiological mechanisms mediating tissue injury in different species. Further detailed studies should be done to clarify the exact mechanisms of tissue injury in human AP. Herein I tried to review the existing experimental and clinical studies on AP in order to determine the efficiency of antioxidants. The use of antioxidant enriched nutrition is a potential direction of clinical research in AP given the lack of clues about the efficiency and safety of antioxidant usage in patients with AP.
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11
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Zhang S, Zhu S, Yang L, Zheng Y, Gao M, Wang S, Zeng JZ, Yan X. High-Throughput Multiparameter Analysis of Individual Mitochondria. Anal Chem 2012; 84:6421-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac301464x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyue Zhang
- The Key Laboratory
of Analytical Science, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of
Fujian Province, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaobin Zhu
- The Key Laboratory
of Analytical Science, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of
Fujian Province, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingling Yang
- The Key Laboratory
of Analytical Science, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of
Fujian Province, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Zheng
- The Key Laboratory
of Analytical Science, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of
Fujian Province, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Gao
- The Key Laboratory
of Analytical Science, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of
Fujian Province, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuo Wang
- The Key Laboratory
of Analytical Science, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of
Fujian Province, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin-zhang Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences and Institute for Biomedical Research, Xiamen University, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Yan
- The Key Laboratory
of Analytical Science, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of
Fujian Province, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of China
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12
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Satori CP, Kostal V, Arriaga EA. Individual organelle pH determinations of magnetically enriched endocytic organelles via laser-induced fluorescence detection. Anal Chem 2011; 83:7331-9. [PMID: 21863795 PMCID: PMC3184341 DOI: 10.1021/ac201196n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of biotransformations that occur in lysosomes and other endocytic organelles is critical to studies on intracellular degradation, nutrient recycling, and lysosomal storage disorders. Such analyses require bioactive organelle preparations that are devoid of other contaminating organelles. Commonly used differential centrifugation techniques produce impure fractions and may not be compatible with microscale separation platforms. Density gradient centrifugation procedures reduce the level of impurities but may compromise bioactivity. Here we report on simple magnetic setup and a procedure that produce highly enriched bioactive organelles based on their magnetic capture as they traveled through open tubes. Following capture, in-line laser-induced fluorecence detection (LIF) determined for the first time the pH of each magnetically retained individual endocytic organelle. Unlike bulk measurements, this method was suitable to describe the distributions of pH values in endocytic organelles from L6 rat myoblasts treated with dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (for magnetic retention) and fluorescein/TMRM-conjugated dextran (for pH measurements by LIF). Their individual pH values ranged from 4 to 6, which is typical of bioactive endocytic organelles. These analytical procedures are of high relevance to evaluate lysosomal-related degradation pathways in aging, storage disorders, and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad P. Satori
- University of Minnesota; Department of Chemistry, 207 Pleasant St. SE; Minneapolis MN 55455-0431
| | | | - Edgar A. Arriaga
- University of Minnesota; Department of Chemistry, 207 Pleasant St. SE; Minneapolis MN 55455-0431
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13
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Evans AM, Hardie DG, Peers C, Mahmoud A. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction: mechanisms of oxygen-sensing. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2011; 24:13-20. [PMID: 21157304 PMCID: PMC3154643 DOI: 10.1097/aco.0b013e3283421201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) is driven by the intrinsic response to hypoxia of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle and endothelial cells. These are representatives of a group of specialized O2-sensing cells, defined by their acute sensitivity to relatively small changes in pO2, which have evolved to modulate respiratory and circulatory function in order to maintain O2 supply within physiological limits. The aim of this article is to discuss recent investigations into the mechanism(s) of hypoxia-response coupling and, in light of these, provide a critical assessment of current working hypotheses. RECENT FINDINGS Upon exposure to hypoxia state-of-the-art technologies have now confirmed that mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is inhibited in all O2-sensing cells, including pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells. Thereafter, evidence has been presented to indicate a role as principal effector for the 'gasotransmitters' carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulphide, reactive oxygen species or, in marked contrast, reduced cellular redox couples. Considering recent evidence in favour and against these proposals we suggest that an alternative mechanism may be key, namely the activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase consequent to inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. SUMMARY HPV supports ventilation-perfusion matching in the lung by diverting blood flow away from oxygen-deprived areas towards regions rich in O2. However, in diseases such as emphysema and cystic fibrosis, widespread HPV leads to hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and ultimately right heart failure. Determining the precise mechanism(s) that underpins hypoxia-response coupling will therefore advance understanding of the fundamental processes contributing to related pathophysiology and provide for improved therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mark Evans
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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14
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Wu KLH, Hsu C, Chan JYH. Nitric oxide and superoxide anion differentially activate poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 and Bax to induce nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor and mitochondrial release of cytochrome c after spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2010; 26:965-77. [PMID: 19473058 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2008.0692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We reported previously that complete spinal cord transection (SCT) results in depression of mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme activity that triggers apoptosis via sequential activations of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF)- and caspase-dependent cascades in the injured spinal cord. This study tested the hypothesis that nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide anion (O(2)(.-)) serve as the interposing signals between SCT and impaired mitochondrial respiratory functions. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats manifested a significant increase in NO or O(2)(.-) level in the injured spinal cord during the first 3 days after SCT. The augmented O(2)(.-) production, along with concomitant reduction in mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme activity or ATP level, nuclear translocation of AIF, cytosolic release of cytochrome c, and DNA fragmentation were reversed by osmotic minipump infusion of a NO trapping agent, carboxy-PTIO, or a superoxide dismutase mimetic, tempol, into the epicenter of the transected spinal cord. Intriguingly, carboxy-PTIO significantly suppressed upregulation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) in the nucleus, attenuated nuclear translocation of AIF, inhibited mitochondrial translocation of Bax and antagonized mitochondrial release of cytochrome c; whereas tempol only inhibited the later two cellular events after SCT. We conclude that overproduction of NO and O(2)(.-) in the injured spinal cord promulgates mitochondrial dysfunction and triggers AIF- and caspase-dependent apoptotic signaling cascades via differential upregulation of nuclear PARP-1 and mitochondrial translocation of Bax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay L H Wu
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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15
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Curtis JM, Grimsrud PA, Wright WS, Xu X, Foncea RE, Graham DW, Brestoff JR, Wiczer BM, Ilkayeva O, Cianflone K, Muoio DE, Arriaga EA, Bernlohr DA. Downregulation of adipose glutathione S-transferase A4 leads to increased protein carbonylation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Diabetes 2010; 59:1132-42. [PMID: 20150287 PMCID: PMC2857893 DOI: 10.2337/db09-1105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Peripheral insulin resistance is linked to an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading in part to the production of reactive lipid aldehydes that modify the side chains of protein amino acids in a reaction termed protein carbonylation. The primary enzymatic method for lipid aldehyde detoxification is via glutathione S-transferase A4 (GSTA4) dependent glutathionylation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the expression of GSTA4 and the role(s) of protein carbonylation in adipocyte function. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS GSTA4-silenced 3T3-L1 adipocytes and GSTA4-null mice were evaluated for metabolic processes, mitochondrial function, and reactive oxygen species production. GSTA4 expression in human obesity was evaluated using microarray analysis. RESULTS GSTA4 expression is selectively downregulated in adipose tissue of obese insulin-resistant C57BL/6J mice and in human obesity-linked insulin resistance. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes decreased GSTA4 expression, and silencing GSTA4 mRNA in cultured adipocytes resulted in increased protein carbonylation, increased mitochondrial ROS, dysfunctional state 3 respiration, and altered glucose transport and lipolysis. Mitochondrial function in adipocytes of lean or obese GSTA4-null mice was significantly compromised compared with wild-type controls and was accompanied by an increase in superoxide anion. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that downregulation of GSTA4 in adipose tissue leads to increased protein carbonylation, ROS production, and mitochondrial dysfunction and may contribute to the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Curtis
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Paul A. Grimsrud
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Wendy S. Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Rocio E. Foncea
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - David W. Graham
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jonathan R. Brestoff
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Brian M. Wiczer
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Olga Ilkayeva
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Deborah E. Muoio
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Edgar A. Arriaga
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - David A. Bernlohr
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Corresponding author: David A. Bernlohr,
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Zielonka J, Kalyanaraman B. Hydroethidine- and MitoSOX-derived red fluorescence is not a reliable indicator of intracellular superoxide formation: another inconvenient truth. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 48:983-1001. [PMID: 20116425 PMCID: PMC3587154 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hydroethidine (HE; or dihydroethidium) is the most popular fluorogenic probe used for detecting intracellular superoxide radical anion. The reaction between superoxide and HE generates a highly specific red fluorescent product, 2-hydroxyethidium (2-OH-E(+)). In biological systems, another red fluorescent product, ethidium, is also formed, usually at a much higher concentration than 2-OH-E(+). In this article, we review the methods to selectively detect the superoxide-specific product (2-OH-E(+)) and the factors affecting its levels in cellular and biological systems. The most important conclusion of this review is that it is nearly impossible to assess the intracellular levels of the superoxide-specific product, 2-OH-E(+), using confocal microscopy or other fluorescence-based microscopic assays and that it is essential to measure by HPLC the intracellular HE and other oxidation products of HE, in addition to 2-OH-E(+), to fully understand the origin of red fluorescence. The chemical reactivity of mitochondria-targeted hydroethidine (Mito-HE, MitoSOX red) with superoxide is similar to the reactivity of HE with superoxide, and therefore, all of the limitations attributed to the HE assay are applicable to Mito-HE (or MitoSOX) as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Zielonka
- Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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17
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Xu X, Arriaga EA. Qualitative determination of superoxide release at both sides of the mitochondrial inner membrane by capillary electrophoretic analysis of the oxidation products of triphenylphosphonium hydroethidine. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 46:905-13. [PMID: 19168125 PMCID: PMC2656425 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Superoxide is released asymmetrically to both sides of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Because this membrane is impermeable to superoxide, two separate pools are formed at either side of the membrane, each with its own characteristics and potential biological effects. Here, we report an attomole-sensitive fast capillary electrophoretic method that can analyze superoxide in a single pool, either the matrix pool or that outside the mitochondria. The method uses triphenylphosphonium hydroethidine, which reacts with the superoxide in both pools. Centrifugation is used to separate the mitochondria (i.e., matrix contents) from the supernatant (i.e., products released outside the mitochondria). Each fraction is then analyzed by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection that separates and detects hydroxytriphenylphosphonium ethidium (OH-TPP-E+), the fluorescent superoxide-specific product. The separation takes <3 min and the detection level is down to 3 amol OH-TPP-E+. The method has proved to be effective at detecting superoxide release qualitatively in the mitochondria of 143B cells, mouse liver, and rat skeletal muscle, in both the presence and the absence of inhibitors. In addition, this study confirmed that complex I releases superoxide only toward the matrix, whereas complex III releases superoxide toward both sides of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Furthermore, treatment with menadione induces superoxide release toward both sides of the mitochondrial inner membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edgar A. Arriaga
- Corresponding author: Edgar A. Arriaga, Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, Tel: 612-624-8024; Fax: 612-626-7541; E-Mail:
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Kwon YN, Shin SM, Cho IJ, Kim SG. Oxidized metabolites of oltipraz exert cytoprotective effects against arachidonic acid through AMP-activated protein kinase-dependent cellular antioxidant effect and mitochondrial protection. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:1187-97. [PMID: 19299524 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.025908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oltipraz protects cells from chemical-induced carcinogenesis partly because of phase 2 enzyme induction. Certain oltipraz metabolites also induce phase 2 enzymes. This study investigated the cytoprotective effects of the oxidized metabolites of oltipraz against arachidonic acid (AA), a proinflammatory fatty acid that causes cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial impairment, and the mechanistic basis of their action in HepG2 cells. Treatment with 4-methyl-5-(pyrazin-2-yl)-3H-1,2-dithiol-3-one (M1) or 7-methyl-6,8-bis(methylthio)H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]-pyrazine (M2), but not 7-methyl-8-(methylsulfinyl)-6-(methylthio)H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine (M3) or 7-methyl-6,8-bis(methylsulfinyl)H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine (M4), enabled cells to protect against AA-induced apoptosis. M1 and M2 treatment protected cells from ROS produced by AA and inhibited AA-induced glutathione depletion. Moreover, both M1 and M2 effectively inhibited mitochondrial dysfunction induced by AA, although M2 alone slightly elicited it at a relatively high concentration. M1 and M2 activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), but M3 and M4 failed to do so. AMPK activation by M1 and M2 contributed to cell survival against AA through a decrease in cellular ROS production and prevention of mitochondrial dysfunction, as shown by the reversal of the metabolites' restoration of mitochondrial membrane potential by compound C treatment or overexpression of a dominant-negative mutant AMPK. Consistently, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-d-ribofuranoside, an AMPK activator, also had a cytoprotective and antioxidant effect against AA. Our results demonstrate that, of the major metabolites of oltipraz, M1 and M2 are capable of protecting cells from AA-induced ROS production and mitochondrial dysfunction, which may be associated with AMPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Nam Kwon
- Innovative Drug Research Center for Metabolic and Inflammatory Disease, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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19
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Superoxide radical detection in cells, tissues, organisms (animals, plants, insects, microorganisms) and soils. Nat Protoc 2008; 3:1679-92. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2008.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Kostal V, Arriaga EA. Recent advances in the analysis of biological particles by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:2578-86. [PMID: 18576409 PMCID: PMC3037010 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This review covers research papers published in the years 2005-2007 that describe the application of capillary electrophoresis to the analysis of biological particles such as whole cells, subcellular organelles, viruses and microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vratislav Kostal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Detection of 2-hydroxyethidium in cellular systems: a unique marker product of superoxide and hydroethidine. Nat Protoc 2007; 3:8-21. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2007.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Velayutham M, Muthukumaran RB, Sostaric JZ, McCraken J, Fishbein JC, Zweier JL. Interactions of the major metabolite of the cancer chemopreventive drug oltipraz with cytochrome c: a novel pathway for cancer chemoprevention. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 43:1076-85. [PMID: 17761303 PMCID: PMC4073605 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Revised: 05/08/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The major metabolite of the cancer chemopreventive agent oltipraz, a pyrrolopyrazine thione (PPD), has been shown to be a phase 2 enzyme inducer, an activity thought to be key to the cancer chemopreventive action of the parent compound. In cells, mitochondria are the major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytochrome c (cyt c) is known to participate in mitochondrial electron transport and confer antioxidant and peroxidase activities. To understand possible mechanisms by which PPD acts as a phase 2 enzyme inducer, a study of its interaction with cyt c was undertaken. UV-visible spectroscopic results demonstrate that PPD is capable of reducing oxidized cyt c. The reduced cyt c is stable for a long period of time in the absence of an oxidizing agent. In the presence of ferricyanide, the reduced cyt c is rapidly oxidized back to its oxidized form. Further, UV-visible spectroscopic studies show that during the reduction process the coordination environment and redox state of iron in cyt c are changed. Low-temperature EPR studies show that during the reduction process, the heme iron changes from a low-spin state of s = 1/2 to a low-spin state of s = 0. Room-temperature EPR studies demonstrate that PPD inhibits the peroxidase activity of cyt c. EPR spin trapping experiments using DMPO show that PPD inhibits the superoxide radical scavenging activity of oxidized cyt c. From these results, we propose that PPD interacts with cyt c, binding to and then reducing the heme, and this may enhance ROS levels in mitochondria. This in turn could contribute to the mechanism by which the parent compound, oltipraz, might trigger the cancer chemopreventive increase in transcription of phase 2 enzymes. The modifications of cyt c function by the oltipraz metabolite may have implications for the regulation of apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugesan Velayutham
- Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, the Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, and the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210
- Address correspondence to: Jay L. Zweier, MD, Director, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, 473 W. 12 Ave, Room 110G, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, Phone: 614–247–7857, Fax: 614–247–7845, E-mail: and Murugesan Velayutham, Ph.D, TMRF, Room 130, 420, W. 12 Avenue, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH - 43210, Phone: 614–292–9082, Fax: 614–292–8454, E-mail:
| | | | - Joe Z. Sostaric
- Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, the Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, and the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - John McCraken
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - James C. Fishbein
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250
| | - Jay L. Zweier
- Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, the Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, and the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210
- Address correspondence to: Jay L. Zweier, MD, Director, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, 473 W. 12 Ave, Room 110G, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, Phone: 614–247–7857, Fax: 614–247–7845, E-mail: and Murugesan Velayutham, Ph.D, TMRF, Room 130, 420, W. 12 Avenue, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH - 43210, Phone: 614–292–9082, Fax: 614–292–8454, E-mail:
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Meany DL, Thompson L, Arriaga EA. Simultaneously Monitoring the Superoxide in the Mitochondrial Matrix and Extramitochondrial Space by Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography with Laser-Induced Fluorescence. Anal Chem 2007; 79:4588-94. [PMID: 17492834 DOI: 10.1021/ac062252+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Respiring mitochondria produce superoxide and release it into both sides of the mitochondrial inner membrane: the mitochondrial matrix and the extramitochondrial space. These two pools of superoxide are expected to have very distinctive effects on cellular function. Currently, separate measurements are required to measure superoxide in both pools, which complicates the comparison of superoxide's effects and roles in physiology and pathology. In this study, we describe a highly sensitive strategy to monitor simultaneously these two pools of superoxide in respiring isolated rat skeletal muscle mitochondria using hydroethidine. The oxidation of hydroethidine by superoxide forms the membrane-impermeable 2-hydroxyethidium in these two superoxide pools that can be separated by differential centrifugation. Two technical limitations in using 2-hydroxyethidium as a superoxide reporter are (i) the uncontrolled fluorescence enhancement due to intercalation of 2-hydroxyethidium with variable amounts of mitochondrial DNA and (ii) the spectral interference of ethidium fluorescence. These complications were eliminated by digestion of mitochondrial DNA with DNase and by separation of ethidium and 2-hydroxyethidium using cationic micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with laser-induced fluorescence, respectively. Using this method, which has subattomole limits of detection, we compared the levels of 2-hydroxyethidium in normally respiring and antimycin A-treated mitochondria and demonstrated that the strategy can be extended to observe how menadione induces superoxide generation in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni L Meany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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