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Zisimopoulos DN, Kalaitzopoulou E, Skipitari M, Papadea P, Panagopoulos NT, Salahas G, Georgiou CD. Detection of superoxide radical in all biological systems by Thin Layer Chromatography. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 716:109110. [PMID: 34958749 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.109110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The study presents a new method that detects O2•-, via quantification of 2-hydroxyethidium (2-ΟΗ-Ε+) as low as ∼30 fmoles by High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). The method isolates 2-ΟΗ-Ε+ after its extraction by the anionic detergent SDS (at 18-fold higher than its CMC) together with certain organic/inorganic reagents, and its HPTLC-separation from di-ethidium (di-Ε+) and ethidium (Ε+). Quantification of 2-OH-E+ is based on its ex/em maxima at 290/540 nm, and of di-E+ and E+ at 295/545 nm. The major innovations of the present method are the development of protocols for (i) efficient extraction (by SDS) and (ii) sensitive quantification (by HPTLC) for 2-OH-E+ (as well as di-E+ and E+) from most biological systems (animals, plants, cells, subcellular compartments, fluids). The method extracts 2-ΟΗ-Ε+ (by neutralizing the strong binding between its quaternary N+ and negatively charged sites on phospholipids, DNA etc) together with free HE, while protects both from biological oxidases, and also extracts/quantifies total proteins (hydrophilic and hydrophobic) for expressing O2•- levels per protein quantity. The method also uses SDS (at 80-fold lower than its CMC) to extract/remove/wash 2-ΟΗ-Ε+ from cell/organelle exterior membrane sites, for more accurate internal content quantification. The new method is applied on indicative biological systems: (1) artificially stressed (mouse organs and liver mitochondria and nuclei, ±exposed to paraquat, a known O2•- generator), and (2) physiologically stressed (cauliflower plant, exposed to light/dark).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios N Zisimopoulos
- Section of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
| | - Electra Kalaitzopoulou
- Section of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
| | - Marianna Skipitari
- Section of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
| | - Polyxeni Papadea
- Section of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
| | | | | | - Christos D Georgiou
- Section of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
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2
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Ye X, Wei X, Liao J, Chen P, Li X, Chen Y, Yang Y, Zhao Q, Sun H, Pan L, Chen G, He X, Lyu J, Fang H. 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase-Like Protein Promotes Pancreatic Cancer Cell Progression and Is Associated With Glutamine-Mediated Redox Balance. Front Oncol 2021; 10:617190. [PMID: 33537239 PMCID: PMC7848781 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.617190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells develop a series of metabolic reprogramming mechanisms to meet the metabolic needs for tumor progression. As metabolic hubs in cells, mitochondria play a significant role in this process, including energy production, biosynthesis, and redox hemostasis. In this study, we show that 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase-like protein (HPDL), a previously uncharacterized protein, is positively associated with the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and disease prognosis. We found that overexpression of HPDL in PDAC cells promotes tumorigenesis in vitro, whereas knockdown of HPDL inhibits cell proliferation and colony formation. Mechanistically, we found that HPDL is a mitochondrial intermembrane space localized protein that positively regulates mitochondrial bioenergetic processes and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation in a glutamine dependent manner. Our results further reveal that HPDL protects cells from oxidative stress by reprogramming the metabolic profile of PDAC cells toward glutamine metabolism. In short, we conclude that HPDL promotes PDAC likely through its effects on glutamine metabolism and redox balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglai Ye
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiujuan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jing Liao
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Peipei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xueyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yulong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qiongya Zhao
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Sun
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liming Pan
- Department of Pathology, The People's Hospital of Yuhuan, The Yuhuan Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, China
| | - Guorong Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xujun He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianxin Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,College of Laboratory Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hezhi Fang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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3
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Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species in Cardiac Differentiation, Reprogramming, and Regenerative Therapies. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:2102841. [PMID: 32908625 PMCID: PMC7475763 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2102841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in mechanisms of heart development and regenerative therapies such as the use of pluripotent stem cells. The roles of ROS mediating cell fate are dependent on the intensity of stimuli, cellular context, and metabolic status. ROS mainly act through several targets (such as kinases and transcription factors) and have diverse roles in different stages of cardiac differentiation, proliferation, and maturation. Therefore, further detailed investigation and characterization of redox signaling will help the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of ROS during different cellular processes and enable the design of targeted strategies to foster cardiac regeneration and functional recovery. In this review, we focus on the roles of ROS in cardiac differentiation as well as transdifferentiation (direct reprogramming). The potential mechanisms are discussed in regard to ROS generation pathways and regulation of downstream targets. Further methodological optimization is required for translational research in order to robustly enhance the generation efficiency of cardiac myocytes through metabolic modulations. Additionally, we highlight the deleterious effect of the host's ROS on graft (donor) cells in a paracrine manner during stem cell-based implantation. This knowledge is important for the development of antioxidant strategies to enhance cell survival and engraftment of tissue engineering-based technologies. Thus, proper timing and level of ROS generation after a myocardial injury need to be tailored to ensure the maximal efficacy of regenerative therapies and avoid undesired damage.
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Wu M, Chen W, Zhang S, Huang S, Zhang A, Zhang Y, Jia Z. Rotenone protects against β-cell apoptosis and attenuates type 1 diabetes mellitus. Apoptosis 2020; 24:879-891. [PMID: 31485878 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-019-01566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is caused by pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and apoptosis, with consequent severe insulin deficiency. Thus, β-cell protection may be a primary target in the treatment of T1DM. Evidence has demonstrated that defective mitochondrial function plays an important role in pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and apoptosis; however, the fundamental effect of mitochondrial complex I action on β-cells and T1DM remains unclear. In the current study, the pancreas protective effect of complex I inhibitor rotenone (ROT) and its potential mechanism were assessed in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced mouse model of T1DM and in cultured mouse pancreatic β-cell line, Min6. ROT treatment exerted a hypoglycemic effect, restored the insulin level, and decreased inflammation and cell apoptosis in the pancreas. In vitro experiments also showed that ROT decreased STZ- and inflammatory cytokines-induced β-cell apoptosis. These protective effects were accompanied by attenuation of reactive oxygen species, increased mitochondrial membrane potential, and upregulation of transcriptional coactivator PPARα coactivator 1α (PGC-1α)-controlled mitochondrial biogenesis. These findings suggest that mitochondrial complex I inhibition may represent a promising strategy for β-cell protection in T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqiu Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210008, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Hanzhong Road #140, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gulou District, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing, 210008, China.,State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Fuxing Road #28, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Weiyi Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210008, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Hanzhong Road #140, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gulou District, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210008, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Hanzhong Road #140, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gulou District, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Songming Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210008, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Hanzhong Road #140, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gulou District, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210008, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Hanzhong Road #140, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gulou District, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210008, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Hanzhong Road #140, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210029, China. .,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gulou District, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Zhanjun Jia
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210008, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Hanzhong Road #140, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210029, China. .,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gulou District, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing, 210008, China.
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5
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Oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines and body composition of master athletes: The interplay. Exp Gerontol 2020; 130:110806. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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6
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Huang J, Hou L, Bian X, Chang K. Analysis of intracellular reactive oxygen species by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with laser-induced-fluorescence detector. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2019.1625369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Huang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Water Pollution and Soil Damage Remediation, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation and Treatment, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lijun Hou
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaozheng Bian
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kai Chang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, China
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7
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Gupta KJ, Kumari A, Florez-Sarasa I, Fernie AR, Igamberdiev AU. Interaction of nitric oxide with the components of the plant mitochondrial electron transport chain. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:3413-3424. [PMID: 29590433 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are not only major sites for energy production but also participate in several alternative functions, among these generation of nitric oxide (NO), and its different impacts on this organelle, is receiving increasing attention. The inner mitochondrial membrane contains the chain of protein complexes, and electron transfer via oxidation of various organic acids and reducing equivalents leads to generation of a proton gradient that results in energy production. Recent evidence suggests that these complexes are sources and targets for NO. Complex I and rotenone-insensitive NAD(P)H dehydrogenases regulate hypoxic NO production, while complex I also participates in the formation of a supercomplex with complex III under hypoxia. Complex II is a target for NO which, by inhibiting Fe-S centres, regulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Complex III is one of the major sites for NO production, and the produced NO participates in the phytoglobin-NO cycle that leads to the maintenance of the redox level and limited energy production under hypoxia. Expression of the alternative oxidase (AOX) is induced by NO under various stress conditions, and evidence exists that AOX can regulate mitochondrial NO production. Complex IV is another major site for NO production, which can also be linked to ATP generation via the phytoglobin-NO cycle. Inhibition of complex IV by NO can prevent oxygen depletion at the frontier of anoxia. The NO production and action on various complexes play a major role in NO signalling and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aprajita Kumari
- National Institute for Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Igor Florez-Sarasa
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Abir U Igamberdiev
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B, Canada
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8
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Le Moal E, Pialoux V, Juban G, Groussard C, Zouhal H, Chazaud B, Mounier R. Redox Control of Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:276-310. [PMID: 28027662 PMCID: PMC5685069 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle shows high plasticity in response to external demand. Moreover, adult skeletal muscle is capable of complete regeneration after injury, due to the properties of muscle stem cells (MuSCs), the satellite cells, which follow a tightly regulated myogenic program to generate both new myofibers and new MuSCs for further needs. Although reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) have long been associated with skeletal muscle physiology, their implication in the cell and molecular processes at work during muscle regeneration is more recent. This review focuses on redox regulation during skeletal muscle regeneration. An overview of the basics of ROS/RNS and antioxidant chemistry and biology occurring in skeletal muscle is first provided. Then, the comprehensive knowledge on redox regulation of MuSCs and their surrounding cell partners (macrophages, endothelial cells) during skeletal muscle regeneration is presented in normal muscle and in specific physiological (exercise-induced muscle damage, aging) and pathological (muscular dystrophies) contexts. Recent advances in the comprehension of these processes has led to the development of therapeutic assays using antioxidant supplementation, which result in inconsistent efficiency, underlying the need for new tools that are aimed at precisely deciphering and targeting ROS networks. This review should provide an overall insight of the redox regulation of skeletal muscle regeneration while highlighting the limits of the use of nonspecific antioxidants to improve muscle function. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 276-310.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmeran Le Moal
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1217, CNRS UMR 5310, Villeurbanne, France
- Movement, Sport and Health Sciences Laboratory, M2S, EA1274, University of Rennes 2, Bruz, France
| | - Vincent Pialoux
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA7424, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Gaëtan Juban
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1217, CNRS UMR 5310, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Carole Groussard
- Movement, Sport and Health Sciences Laboratory, M2S, EA1274, University of Rennes 2, Bruz, France
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Movement, Sport and Health Sciences Laboratory, M2S, EA1274, University of Rennes 2, Bruz, France
| | - Bénédicte Chazaud
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1217, CNRS UMR 5310, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Rémi Mounier
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1217, CNRS UMR 5310, Villeurbanne, France
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9
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Barranco-Ruiz Y, Martínez-Amat A, Casals C, Aragón-Vela J, Rosillo S, Gomes SN, Rivas-García A, Guisado R, Huertas JR. A lifelong competitive training practice attenuates age-related lipid peroxidation. J Physiol Biochem 2016; 73:37-48. [PMID: 27761888 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-016-0522-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The effect of exercise-induced oxidative stress on health and aging is not clearly explained. This study examined the effects of habitual sport practice, age, and submaximal exercise on the blood markers of oxidative stress, muscle damage, and antioxidant response. Seventy-two healthy men were grouped by their habitual sport practice: inactive (<1.5 h/week), recreational (3-8 h/week), and trained athletes (>8 h/week), and further divided by age: young (18-25 years), adult (40-55 years), and senior (>55 years). Blood samples were collected at rest and after submaximal effort. Hydroperoxides and superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase activities were measured by spectrophotometry. Nuclear DNA damage was analyzed by comet assay. The alpha-actin release was analyzed by Western blot. Alpha-tocopherol, retinol, and coenzyme-Q10 were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. Data was analyzed through a factorial ANOVA and the Bonferroni post hoc test. Lipid peroxidation increased significantly with age and submaximal effort (p < 0.05). However, the trained athlete group presented lower lipid peroxidation compared with the recreational group (MD = 2.079, SED = 0.58, p = 0.002) and inactive group (MD = 1.979, SED = 0.61, p = 0.005). Trained athletes showed significant higher alpha-actin levels (p < 0.001) than the other groups. Recreational group showed lower nuclear DNA damage than trained athletes (MD = 3.681, SED = 1.28, p = 0.015). Nevertheless, the inactive group presented significantly higher superoxide dismutase and catalase (p < 0.05) than the other groups. Data suggested that habitual competitive training practice could prevent age-related increases of plasma lipid peroxidation, which, according with our results, cannot be entirely attributed to blood antioxidant defense systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaira Barranco-Ruiz
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, AV. del Conocimiento, 18100, Granada, Spain.,Department of Physical Culture, Faculty of Health Sciences, National University of Chimborazo, North Campus "Ms. Edison Riera" AV. Antonio José de Sucre. Km.1 1/2 way to Guano, 060150, Riobamba, Ecuador
| | - Antonio Martínez-Amat
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Campus "Las Lagunillas", 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - Cristina Casals
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, AV. del Conocimiento, 18100, Granada, Spain
| | - Jerónimo Aragón-Vela
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, AV. del Conocimiento, 18100, Granada, Spain
| | - Silvia Rosillo
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, AV. del Conocimiento, 18100, Granada, Spain
| | - Silvana N Gomes
- Department of Physical Education, University Center of João Pessoa-UNIPE, BR-230, KM 22, Água Fria, João Pessoa, PB, 58053-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Rivas-García
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, AV. del Conocimiento, 18100, Granada, Spain
| | - Rafael Guisado
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, AV. De la Ilustración, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús R Huertas
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, AV. del Conocimiento, 18100, Granada, Spain.
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10
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Abeti R, Parkinson MH, Hargreaves IP, Angelova PR, Sandi C, Pook MA, Giunti P, Abramov AY. 'Mitochondrial energy imbalance and lipid peroxidation cause cell death in Friedreich's ataxia'. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2237. [PMID: 27228352 PMCID: PMC4917650 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is an inherited neurodegenerative disease. The mutation consists of a GAA repeat expansion within the FXN gene, which downregulates frataxin, leading to abnormal mitochondrial iron accumulation, which may in turn cause changes in mitochondrial function. Although, many studies of FRDA patients and mouse models have been conducted in the past two decades, the role of frataxin in mitochondrial pathophysiology remains elusive. Are the mitochondrial abnormalities only a side effect of the increased accumulation of reactive iron, generating oxidative stress? Or does the progressive lack of iron-sulphur clusters (ISCs), induced by reduced frataxin, cause an inhibition of the electron transport chain complexes (CI, II and III) leading to reactive oxygen species escaping from oxidative phosphorylation reactions? To answer these crucial questions, we have characterised the mitochondrial pathophysiology of a group of disease-relevant and readily accessible neurons, cerebellar granule cells, from a validated FRDA mouse model. By using live cell imaging and biochemical techniques we were able to demonstrate that mitochondria are deregulated in neurons from the YG8R FRDA mouse model, causing a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (▵Ψm) due to an inhibition of Complex I, which is partially compensated by an overactivation of Complex II. This complex activity imbalance leads to ROS generation in both mitochondrial matrix and cytosol, which results in glutathione depletion and increased lipid peroxidation. Preventing this increase in lipid peroxidation, in neurons, protects against in cell death. This work describes the pathophysiological properties of the mitochondria in neurons from a FRDA mouse model and shows that lipid peroxidation could be an important target for novel therapeutic strategies in FRDA, which still lacks a cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Abeti
- Ataxia Centre, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - M H Parkinson
- Ataxia Centre, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | | | - P R Angelova
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - C Sandi
- Ataxia Research Group, Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health & Life Sciences, and Synthetic Biology Theme, Institute of Environment, Health & Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - M A Pook
- Ataxia Research Group, Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health & Life Sciences, and Synthetic Biology Theme, Institute of Environment, Health & Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - P Giunti
- Ataxia Centre, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - A Y Abramov
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
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11
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Pickles S, Semmler S, Broom HR, Destroismaisons L, Legroux L, Arbour N, Meiering E, Cashman NR, Vande Velde C. ALS-linked misfolded SOD1 species have divergent impacts on mitochondria. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:43. [PMID: 27121871 PMCID: PMC4847257 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0313-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 20 % of familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is caused by mutations in superoxide dismutase (SOD1), which leads to misfolding of the SOD1 protein, resulting in a toxic gain of function. Several conformation-restricted antibodies have been generated that specifically recognize misfolded SOD1 protein, and have been used as therapeutics in pre-clinical models. Misfolded SOD1 selectively associates with spinal cord mitochondria in SOD1 rodent models. Using the SOD1(G93A) rat model, we find that SOD1 conformational specific antibodies AMF7-63 and DSE2-3H1 labeled a fibrillar network concentrated in the anterior horn; while A5C3, B8H10, C4F6 and D3H5 labeled motor neurons as well as puncta in the neuropil. There is a time-dependent accumulation of misfolded SOD1 at the surface of spinal cord mitochondria with AMF7-63-labeled mitochondria having increased volume in contrast to a mitochondrial subset labeled with B8H10. In spinal cord homogenates and isolated mitochondria, AMF7-63, DSE2-3H1 and B8H10 detect misfolded SOD1 aggregates. SOD1 that lacks its metal cofactors has an increased affinity for naïve mitochondria and misfolded SOD1 antibodies B8H10 and DSE2-3H1 readily detect demetalated mutant and wild-type SOD1. Together, these data suggest that multiple non-native species of misfolded SOD1 may exist, some of which are associated with mitochondrial damage. Conformational antibodies are invaluable tools to identify and characterize the variation in misfolded SOD1 species with regards to biochemical characteristics and toxicity. This information is highly relevant to the further development of these reagents as therapeutics.
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12
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Buresh R, Berg K. A tutorial on oxidative stress and redox signaling with application to exercise and sedentariness. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2015; 1:3. [PMID: 27747840 PMCID: PMC4532704 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-014-0003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been shown to play a role in the etiology of several chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and cancer. Free radicals and, most prominently, the superoxide radical, result from oxidative metabolism and several enzyme-catalyzed reactions, and endogenous cellular antioxidants dismutate many reactive oxygen species (ROS). Under certain conditions, ROS production can outpace dismutation (e.g., long-term sedentariness and positive energy balance) and the result is oxidative stress, with proteins, lipids, and DNA the most common targets of radicals. However, the molecules that contribute to oxidative stress also appear to participate in vital cell signaling activity that supports health and stimulates favorable adaptations to exercise training, such that inhibiting ROS formation prevents common adaptations to training. Furthermore, researchers have recently suggested that some proteins are not as readily formed when the redox state of the cell is insufficiently oxidative. Exercise training appears to optimize the redox environment by dramatically enhancing the capacity of the cell to neutralize ROS while regularly creating oxidative environments in which membrane and secretory proteins can be synthesized. The role that exercise plays in enhancing management of ROS likely explains many of the associated health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Buresh
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, 520 Parliament Garden Way NW, Kennesaw, GA, 30144, USA.
| | - Kris Berg
- School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
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13
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Pickles S, Arbour N, Vande Velde C. Immunodetection of outer membrane proteins by flow cytometry of isolated mitochondria. J Vis Exp 2014:51887. [PMID: 25285411 DOI: 10.3791/51887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods to detect and monitor mitochondrial outer membrane protein components in animal tissues are vital to study mitochondrial physiology and pathophysiology. This protocol describes a technique where mitochondria isolated from rodent tissue are immunolabeled and analyzed by flow cytometry. Mitochondria are isolated from rodent spinal cords and subjected to a rapid enrichment step so as to remove myelin, a major contaminant of mitochondrial fractions prepared from nervous tissue. Isolated mitochondria are then labeled with an antibody of choice and a fluorescently conjugated secondary antibody. Analysis by flow cytometry verifies the relative purity of mitochondrial preparations by staining with a mitochondrial specific dye, followed by detection and quantification of immunolabeled protein. This technique is rapid, quantifiable and high-throughput, allowing for the analysis of hundreds of thousands of mitochondria per sample. It is applicable to assess novel proteins at the mitochondrial surface under normal physiological conditions as well as the proteins that may become mislocalized to this organelle during pathology. Importantly, this method can be coupled to fluorescent indicator dyes to report on certain activities of mitochondrial subpopulations and is feasible for mitochondria from the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) as well as liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Pickles
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal, CRCHUM
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14
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Kwak HB, Lee Y, Kim JH, Van Remmen H, Richardson AG, Lawler JM. MnSOD overexpression reduces fibrosis and pro-apoptotic signaling in the aging mouse heart. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2014; 70:533-44. [PMID: 25016531 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glu090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Contractility of the heart is impaired with advancing age via mechanical remodeling, as myocytes are lost through apoptosis and collagenous fibers accumulate. Exercise training confers protection against fibrosis and apoptosis in the aging heart, but the mechanisms remain poorly understood. We recently reported that exercise training elevates Mn isoform of superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in the aging heart, concomitant with reduction in oxidative stress and fibrosis. Here, we tested the hypothesis that overexpression of MnSOD would be causal in protection against fibrosis and apoptosis in the aging heart. Hearts were extracted from young (8 months) wild-type, young mice overexpressing the Sod2 (MnSOD) gene, old (28 months) wild-type, and old transgenic mice. Left ventricle MnSOD protein levels were elevated in young mice overexpressing the Sod2 (MnSOD) gene and old transgenic mice. MnSODTg mice exhibited lower oxidative stress (total hydroperoxides, 4-hydroxynonenal, and 8-isoprostane) in the old group. Age-related cardiac remodeling and fibrosis was mitigated in MnSOD Tg mice with reductions in extramyocyte space (-65%), collagen-I, and transforming growth factor-β. Pro-apoptotic markers Bax (-38%) and caspase-3 cleavage (-41%) were reduced and apoptosis (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling-positive nuclei, DNA laddering) was mitigated in MnSOD Tg hearts compared with old wild-type. We conclude that MnSOD elevation is indeed protective against oxidative stress, fibrosis, and apoptosis in the aging heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Bum Kwak
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Redox Biology and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station. Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Yang Lee
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Redox Biology and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station
| | - Jong-Hee Kim
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Redox Biology and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station. Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Texas
| | - Holly Van Remmen
- Free Radical Biology and Aging Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation
| | - Arlan G Richardson
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center
| | - John M Lawler
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Redox Biology and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station.
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15
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Ng LF, Gruber J, Cheah IK, Goo CK, Cheong WF, Shui G, Sit KP, Wenk MR, Halliwell B. The mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ extends lifespan and improves healthspan of a transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans model of Alzheimer disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 71:390-401. [PMID: 24637264 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
β-Amyloid (Aβ)-induced toxicity and oxidative stress have been postulated to play critical roles in the pathogenic mechanism of Alzheimer disease (AD). We investigated the in vivo ability of a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant, MitoQ, to protect against Aβ-induced toxicity and oxidative stress in a Caenorhabditis elegans model overexpressing human Aβ. Impairment of electron transport chain (ETC) enzymatic activity and mitochondrial dysfunction are early features of AD. We show that MitoQ extends lifespan, delays Aβ-induced paralysis, ameliorates depletion of the mitochondrial lipid cardiolipin, and protects complexes IV and I of the ETC. Despite its protective effects on lifespan, healthspan, and ETC function, we find that MitoQ does not reduce DCFDA fluorescence, protein carbonyl levels or modulate steadystate ATP levels or oxygen consumption rate. Moreover, MitoQ does not attenuate mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) oxidative damage. In agreement with its design, the protective effects of MitoQ appear to be targeted specifically to the mitochondrial membrane and our findings suggest that MitoQ may have therapeutic potential for Aβ- and oxidative stress-associated neurodegenerative disorders, particularly AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Fang Ng
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Jan Gruber
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; Yale-NUS College, 6 College Avenue East, Singapore 138614, Singapore.
| | - Irwin K Cheah
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Chong Kiat Goo
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Wei Fun Cheong
- Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Kim Ping Sit
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Markus R Wenk
- Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Barry Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
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16
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Baran I, Ionescu D, Filippi A, Mocanu MM, Iftime A, Babes R, Tofolean IT, Irimia R, Goicea A, Popescu V, Dimancea A, Neagu A, Ganea C. Novel insights into the antiproliferative effects and synergism of quercetin and menadione in human leukemia Jurkat T cells. Leuk Res 2014; 38:836-49. [PMID: 24862793 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The flavonoid quercetin and menadione (vitamin K3) are known as potent apoptogens in human leukemia Jurkat T cells. We explored some underlying mechanisms and the potential relevance of the combination quercetin-menadione for clinical applications. In acute treatments, quercetin manifested a strong antioxidant character, but induced a transient loss of Δψm, likely mediated by opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. After removal of quercetin, persistent mitochondrial hyperpolarization was generated via stimulation of respiratory Complex I. In contrast, menadione-induced Δψm dissipation was only partially and transiently reversed after menadione removal. Results indicate that Ca(2+) release is a necessary event in quercetin-induced cell death and that the survival response to quercetin is delineated within 1h from exposure. Depending on dose, the two agents exhibited either antagonistic or synergistic effects in reducing clonogenicity of Jurkat cells. 24-h combinatorial regimens at equimolar concentrations of 10-15 μM, which are compatible with a clinically achievable (and safe) scheme, reduced cell viability at efficient rates. Altogether, these findings support the idea that the combination quercetin-menadione could improve the outcome of conventional leukemia therapies, and warrant the utility of additional studies to investigate the therapeutic effects of this combination in different cellular or animal models for leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Baran
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Biophysics, 8 Eroii Sanitari, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Diana Ionescu
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Biophysics, 8 Eroii Sanitari, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandru Filippi
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Biophysics, 8 Eroii Sanitari, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maria Magdalena Mocanu
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Biophysics, 8 Eroii Sanitari, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adrian Iftime
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Biophysics, 8 Eroii Sanitari, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ramona Babes
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Biophysics, 8 Eroii Sanitari, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana Teodora Tofolean
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Biophysics, 8 Eroii Sanitari, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ruxandra Irimia
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Biophysics, 8 Eroii Sanitari, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandru Goicea
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Biophysics, 8 Eroii Sanitari, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Valentin Popescu
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Biophysics, 8 Eroii Sanitari, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandru Dimancea
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Biophysics, 8 Eroii Sanitari, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andrei Neagu
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Biophysics, 8 Eroii Sanitari, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Constanta Ganea
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Biophysics, 8 Eroii Sanitari, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
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17
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Godoy P, Hewitt NJ, Albrecht U, Andersen ME, Ansari N, Bhattacharya S, Bode JG, Bolleyn J, Borner C, Böttger J, Braeuning A, Budinsky RA, Burkhardt B, Cameron NR, Camussi G, Cho CS, Choi YJ, Craig Rowlands J, Dahmen U, Damm G, Dirsch O, Donato MT, Dong J, Dooley S, Drasdo D, Eakins R, Ferreira KS, Fonsato V, Fraczek J, Gebhardt R, Gibson A, Glanemann M, Goldring CEP, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Groothuis GMM, Gustavsson L, Guyot C, Hallifax D, Hammad S, Hayward A, Häussinger D, Hellerbrand C, Hewitt P, Hoehme S, Holzhütter HG, Houston JB, Hrach J, Ito K, Jaeschke H, Keitel V, Kelm JM, Kevin Park B, Kordes C, Kullak-Ublick GA, LeCluyse EL, Lu P, Luebke-Wheeler J, Lutz A, Maltman DJ, Matz-Soja M, McMullen P, Merfort I, Messner S, Meyer C, Mwinyi J, Naisbitt DJ, Nussler AK, Olinga P, Pampaloni F, Pi J, Pluta L, Przyborski SA, Ramachandran A, Rogiers V, Rowe C, Schelcher C, Schmich K, Schwarz M, Singh B, Stelzer EHK, Stieger B, Stöber R, Sugiyama Y, Tetta C, Thasler WE, Vanhaecke T, Vinken M, Weiss TS, Widera A, Woods CG, Xu JJ, Yarborough KM, Hengstler JG. Recent advances in 2D and 3D in vitro systems using primary hepatocytes, alternative hepatocyte sources and non-parenchymal liver cells and their use in investigating mechanisms of hepatotoxicity, cell signaling and ADME. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1315-530. [PMID: 23974980 PMCID: PMC3753504 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1062] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review encompasses the most important advances in liver functions and hepatotoxicity and analyzes which mechanisms can be studied in vitro. In a complex architecture of nested, zonated lobules, the liver consists of approximately 80 % hepatocytes and 20 % non-parenchymal cells, the latter being involved in a secondary phase that may dramatically aggravate the initial damage. Hepatotoxicity, as well as hepatic metabolism, is controlled by a set of nuclear receptors (including PXR, CAR, HNF-4α, FXR, LXR, SHP, VDR and PPAR) and signaling pathways. When isolating liver cells, some pathways are activated, e.g., the RAS/MEK/ERK pathway, whereas others are silenced (e.g. HNF-4α), resulting in up- and downregulation of hundreds of genes. An understanding of these changes is crucial for a correct interpretation of in vitro data. The possibilities and limitations of the most useful liver in vitro systems are summarized, including three-dimensional culture techniques, co-cultures with non-parenchymal cells, hepatospheres, precision cut liver slices and the isolated perfused liver. Also discussed is how closely hepatoma, stem cell and iPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like-cells resemble real hepatocytes. Finally, a summary is given of the state of the art of liver in vitro and mathematical modeling systems that are currently used in the pharmaceutical industry with an emphasis on drug metabolism, prediction of clearance, drug interaction, transporter studies and hepatotoxicity. One key message is that despite our enthusiasm for in vitro systems, we must never lose sight of the in vivo situation. Although hepatocytes have been isolated for decades, the hunt for relevant alternative systems has only just begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Godoy
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Ute Albrecht
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melvin E. Andersen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Nariman Ansari
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sudin Bhattacharya
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Johannes Georg Bode
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jennifer Bolleyn
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Böttger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert A. Budinsky
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Britta Burkhardt
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE UK
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - J. Craig Rowlands
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Dirsch
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - María Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jian Dong
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dirk Drasdo
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- INRIA (French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control), Domaine de Voluceau-Rocquencourt, B.P. 105, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex, France
- UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7598, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, 4, pl. Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Rowena Eakins
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Karine Sá Ferreira
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- GRK 1104 From Cells to Organs, Molecular Mechanisms of Organogenesis, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valentina Fonsato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Joanna Fraczek
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrew Gibson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthias Glanemann
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chris E. P. Goldring
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - María José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Geny M. M. Groothuis
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Gustavsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (Malmö), Center for Molecular Pathology, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christelle Guyot
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Hallifax
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Adam Hayward
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Hoehme
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hermann-Georg Holzhütter
- Institut für Biochemie Abteilung Mathematische Systembiochemie, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | | | - Kiyomi Ito
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585 Japan
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - B. Kevin Park
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Claus Kordes
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerd A. Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edward L. LeCluyse
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Peng Lu
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | - Anna Lutz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Maltman
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
| | - Madlen Matz-Soja
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick McMullen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Irmgard Merfort
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Meyer
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jessica Mwinyi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dean J. Naisbitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Olinga
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Pampaloni
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jingbo Pi
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Linda Pluta
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Stefan A. Przyborski
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cliff Rowe
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Celine Schelcher
- Department of Surgery, Liver Regeneration, Core Facility, Human in Vitro Models of the Liver, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schmich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bijay Singh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Ernst H. K. Stelzer
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Stöber
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Yokohama Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
| | - Ciro Tetta
- Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E. Thasler
- Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Hospital Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas S. Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics and Juvenile Medicine, University of Regensburg Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agata Widera
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Courtney G. Woods
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | | | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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18
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Pickles S, Destroismaisons L, Peyrard SL, Cadot S, Rouleau GA, Brown RH, Julien JP, Arbour N, Vande Velde C. Mitochondrial damage revealed by immunoselection for ALS-linked misfolded SOD1. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:3947-59. [PMID: 23736301 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) selectively associates with spinal cord mitochondria in rodent models of SOD1-mediated amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A portion of mutant SOD1 exists in a non-native/misfolded conformation that is selectively recognized by conformational antibodies. Misfolded SOD1 is common to all mutant SOD1 models, is uniquely found in areas affected by the disease and is considered to mediate toxicity. We report that misfolded SOD1 recognized by the antibody B8H10 is present in greater abundance in mitochondrial fractions of SOD1(G93A) rat spinal cords compared with oxidized SOD1, as recognized by the C4F6 antibody. Using a novel flow cytometric assay, we detect an age-dependent deposition of B8H10-reactive SOD1 on spinal cord mitochondria from both SOD1(G93A) rats and SOD1(G37R) mice. Mitochondrial damage, including increased mitochondrial volume, excess superoxide production and increased exposure of the toxic BH3 domain of Bcl-2, tracks positively with the presence of misfolded SOD1. Lastly, B8H10 reactive misfolded SOD1 is present in the lysates and mitochondrial fractions of lymphoblasts derived from ALS patients carrying SOD1 mutations, but not in controls. Together, these results highlight misfolded SOD1 as common to two ALS rodent animal models and familial ALS patient lymphoblasts with four different SOD1 mutations. Studies in the animal models point to a role for misfolded SOD1 in mitochondrial dysfunction in ALS pathogenesis.
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19
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Donoghue MA, Xu X, Bernlohr DA, Arriaga EA. Capillary electrophoretic analysis of hydroxyl radicals produced by respiring mitochondria. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:6053-60. [PMID: 23665638 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7022-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Revised: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the use of a capillary electrophoretic method with laser-induced fluorescence detection to evaluate hydroxyl radicals produced by respiring mitochondria. The probe, hydroxyphenylfluorescein (HPF), is separated from the product, fluorescein, in under 5 min with zeptomole and attomole limits of detection for fluorescein and HPF, respectively. Purification of the probe with a C-18 SPE column is necessary to reduce the fluorescein impurity in the probe stock solution from 0.4% to less than 0.001%. HPF was responsive to hydroxyl radicals produced by isolated mitochondria from L6 cells, and this signal was blunted when DMSO was added to scavenge hydroxyl radicals and when carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone was added to depolarize the mitochondria. The method was used to compare hydroxyl radical levels in mitochondria isolated from brown adipose tissue of lean and obese mice. Mitochondria from obese mice produced significantly more hydroxyl radicals than those from lean mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Donoghue
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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20
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Satori CP, Henderson MM, Krautkramer EA, Kostal V, Distefano MM, Arriaga EA. Bioanalysis of eukaryotic organelles. Chem Rev 2013; 113:2733-811. [PMID: 23570618 PMCID: PMC3676536 DOI: 10.1021/cr300354g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chad P. Satori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
| | - Michelle M. Henderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
| | - Elyse A. Krautkramer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
| | - Vratislav Kostal
- Tescan, Libusina trida 21, Brno, 623 00, Czech Republic
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry ASCR, Veveri 97, Brno, 602 00, Czech Republic
| | - Mark M. Distefano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
| | - Edgar A. Arriaga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
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21
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Abstract
A growing body of research is investigating the potential contribution of mitochondrial function to the etiology of type 2 diabetes. Numerous in vitro, in situ, and in vivo methodologies are available to examine various aspects of mitochondrial function, each requiring an understanding of their principles, advantages, and limitations. This review provides investigators with a critical overview of the strengths, limitations and critical experimental parameters to consider when selecting and conducting studies on mitochondrial function. In vitro (isolated mitochondria) and in situ (permeabilized cells/tissue) approaches provide direct access to the mitochondria, allowing for study of mitochondrial bioenergetics and redox function under defined substrate conditions. Several experimental parameters must be tightly controlled, including assay media, temperature, oxygen concentration, and in the case of permeabilized skeletal muscle, the contractile state of the fibers. Recently developed technology now offers the opportunity to measure oxygen consumption in intact cultured cells. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy provides the most direct way of assessing mitochondrial function in vivo with interpretations based on specific modeling approaches. The continuing rapid evolution of these technologies offers new and exciting opportunities for deciphering the potential role of mitochondrial function in the etiology and treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G R Perry
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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22
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Curtis JM, Hahn WS, Stone MD, Inda JJ, Droullard DJ, Kuzmicic JP, Donoghue MA, Long EK, Armien AG, Lavandero S, Arriaga E, Griffin TJ, Bernlohr DA. Protein carbonylation and adipocyte mitochondrial function. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:32967-80. [PMID: 22822087 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.400663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonylation is the covalent, non-reversible modification of the side chains of cysteine, histidine, and lysine residues by lipid peroxidation end products such as 4-hydroxy- and 4-oxononenal. In adipose tissue the effects of such modifications are associated with increased oxidative stress and metabolic dysregulation centered on mitochondrial energy metabolism. To address the role of protein carbonylation in the pathogenesis of mitochondrial dysfunction, quantitative proteomics was employed to identify specific targets of carbonylation in GSTA4-silenced or overexpressing 3T3-L1 adipocytes. GSTA4-silenced adipocytes displayed elevated carbonylation of several key mitochondrial proteins including the phosphate carrier protein, NADH dehydrogenase 1α subcomplexes 2 and 3, translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 50, and valyl-tRNA synthetase. Elevated protein carbonylation is accompanied by diminished complex I activity, impaired respiration, increased superoxide production, and a reduction in membrane potential without changes in mitochondrial number, area, or density. Silencing of the phosphate carrier or NADH dehydrogenase 1α subcomplexes 2 or 3 in 3T3-L1 cells results in decreased basal and maximal respiration. These results suggest that protein carbonylation plays a major instigating role in cytokine-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction and may be linked to the development of insulin resistance in the adipocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Curtis
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Minnesota 55455, USA
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23
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Detailed analysis of apoptosis and delayed luminescence of human leukemia Jurkat T cells after proton irradiation and treatments with oxidant agents and flavonoids. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:498914. [PMID: 22829956 PMCID: PMC3397210 DOI: 10.1155/2012/498914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Following previous work, we investigated in more detail the relationship between apoptosis and delayed luminescence (DL) in human leukemia Jurkat T cells under a wide variety of treatments. We used menadione and hydrogen peroxide to induce oxidative stress and two flavonoids, quercetin, and epigallocatechin gallate, applied alone or in combination with menadione or H2O2. 62 MeV proton beams were used to irradiate cells under a uniform dose of 2 or 10 Gy, respectively. We assessed apoptosis, cell cycle distributions, and DL. Menadione, H2O2 and quercetin were potent inducers of apoptosis and DL inhibitors. Quercetin decreased clonogenic survival and the NAD(P)H level in a dose-dependent manner. Proton irradiation with 2 Gy but not 10 Gy increased the apoptotic rate. However, both doses induced a substantial G2/M arrest. Quercetin reduced apoptosis and prolonged the G2/M arrest induced by radiation. DL spectroscopy indicated that proton irradiation disrupted the electron flow within Complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, thus explaining the massive necrosis induced by 10 Gy of protons and also suggested an equivalent action of menadione and quercetin at the level of the Fe/S center N2, which may be mediated by their binding to a common site within Complex I, probably the rotenone-binding site.
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24
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Oxidants, antioxidants, and the beneficial roles of exercise-induced production of reactive species. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:756132. [PMID: 22701757 PMCID: PMC3372226 DOI: 10.1155/2012/756132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review offers an overview of the influence of reactive species produced during exercise and their effect on exercise adaptation. Reactive species and free radicals are unstable molecules that oxidize other molecules in order to become stable. Although they play important roles in our body, they can also lead to oxidative stress impairing diverse cellular functions. During exercise, reactive species can be produced mainly, but not exclusively, by the following mechanisms: electron leak at the mitochondrial electron transport chain, ischemia/reperfusion and activation of endothelial xanthine oxidase, inflammatory response, and autooxidation of catecholamines. Chronic exercise also leads to the upregulation of the body's antioxidant defence mechanism, which helps minimize the oxidative stress that may occur after an acute bout of exercise. Recent studies show a beneficial role of the reactive species, produced during a bout of exercise, that lead to important training adaptations: angiogenesis, mitochondria biogenesis, and muscle hypertrophy. The adaptations occur depending on the mechanic, and consequently biochemical, stimulus within the muscle. This is a new area of study that promises important findings in the sphere of molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the relationship between oxidative stress and exercise.
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25
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Cochemé HM, Quin C, McQuaker SJ, Cabreiro F, Logan A, Prime TA, Abakumova I, Patel JV, Fearnley IM, James AM, Porteous CM, Smith RA, Saeed S, Carré JE, Singer M, Gems D, Hartley RC, Partridge L, Murphy MP. Measurement of H2O2 within living Drosophila during aging using a ratiometric mass spectrometry probe targeted to the mitochondrial matrix. Cell Metab 2011; 13:340-50. [PMID: 21356523 PMCID: PMC4413513 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) is central to mitochondrial oxidative damage and redox signaling, but its roles are poorly understood due to the difficulty of measuring mitochondrial H(2)O(2) in vivo. Here we report a ratiometric mass spectrometry probe approach to assess mitochondrial matrix H(2)O(2) levels in vivo. The probe, MitoB, comprises a triphenylphosphonium (TPP) cation driving its accumulation within mitochondria, conjugated to an arylboronic acid that reacts with H(2)O(2) to form a phenol, MitoP. Quantifying the MitoP/MitoB ratio by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry enabled measurement of a weighted average of mitochondrial H(2)O(2) that predominantly reports on thoracic muscle mitochondria within living flies. There was an increase in mitochondrial H(2)O(2) with age in flies, which was not coordinately altered by interventions that modulated life span. Our findings provide approaches to investigate mitochondrial ROS in vivo and suggest that while an increase in overall mitochondrial H(2)O(2) correlates with aging, it may not be causative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena M. Cochemé
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, Institute of Healthy Ageing, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Caroline Quin
- Centre for the Chemical Research of Ageing, WestCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Stephen J. McQuaker
- Centre for the Chemical Research of Ageing, WestCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Filipe Cabreiro
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, Institute of Healthy Ageing, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Angela Logan
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Tracy A. Prime
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Irina Abakumova
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Jigna V. Patel
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, Institute of Healthy Ageing, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ian M. Fearnley
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Andrew M. James
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Carolyn M. Porteous
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Robin A.J. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Saima Saeed
- Department of Medicine, Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jane E. Carré
- Department of Medicine, Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mervyn Singer
- Department of Medicine, Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - David Gems
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, Institute of Healthy Ageing, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Richard C. Hartley
- Centre for the Chemical Research of Ageing, WestCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Linda Partridge
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, Institute of Healthy Ageing, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Michael P. Murphy
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- Corresponding author
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26
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Xu X, Arriaga EA. Chemical cytometry quantitates superoxide levels in the mitochondrial matrix of single myoblasts. Anal Chem 2010; 82:6745-50. [PMID: 20704362 DOI: 10.1021/ac101509d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Triphenylphosphonium hydroethidine (TPP-HE) is a membrane-permeable probe that reacts with superoxide and forms hydroxytriphenylphosphonium ethidium (OH-TPP-E(+)), a fluorescent product that has been previously used in qualitative measurements of superoxide production. In order to develop quantitative methods to measure superoxide, it is necessary to take into consideration the principles that drive TPP-HE accumulation into various subcellular compartments. In the mitochondria matrix, TPP-HE accumulation depends on the mitochondrial membrane potential, which varies from cell to cell. Here we address this issue by including rhodamine 123 (R123) as an internal mitochondrial membrane potential calibrant in chemical cytometry experiments. After loading with TPP-HE and R123, a single cell is lysed within a separation capillary and its contents are separated and detected by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with laser-induced fluorescence detection (MEKC-LIF). Using theoretical arguments, we show that the ratio [OH-TPP-E(+)]/[R123] is adequate to obtain a relative quantitation of mitochondrial matrix superoxide levels for each analyzed cell. We applied this method to single skeletal muscle myoblasts and determined that the steady state superoxide levels in the mitochondrial matrix is approximately (0.29 +/- 0.10) x 10(-12) M. The development of this quantitative method is a critical step toward establishing the importance of reactive oxygen species in biological systems, including those relevant to aging and disease.
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27
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Xu X, Chen CNJ, Arriaga EA, Thompson LV. Asymmetric superoxide release inside and outside the mitochondria in skeletal muscle under conditions of aging and disuse. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 109:1133-9. [PMID: 20689097 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00174.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Superoxide released from mitochondria forms reactive oxygen species that can cause severe oxidative damage and have been associated with aging- and disuse-induced muscle dysfunction. Superoxide is released to both the exterior and the matrix of mitochondria, where oxidative damage is not necessarily the same. This complicates determining the role of mitochondrial superoxide in eliciting oxidative stress in skeletal muscle. A newly developed capillary electrophoretic method analyzes hydroxytriphenylphosphonium ethidium, a superoxide-specific product of triphenylphosphonium hydroethidine, released to outside the mitochondria (supernatant) and retained in the matrix (pellet). In this study, we investigated the mitochondrial superoxide production of soleus (type I) and semimembranosus (type II) muscles of Fischer 344 rats affected by aging (13 vs. 26 mo) and disuse (hindlimb unloading). In agreement with previous studies, overall superoxide production increased with aging and disuse. On the other hand, the new experimental method revealed that superoxide production outside the mitochondria of the soleus does not show a significant age-related increase. Another observation was that the superoxide production increase in the matrix occurs earlier (7 days of disuse) compared with the outside mitochondria (14 days of disuse) in both muscle types. These findings indicate that superoxide release is complex as it occurs asymmetrically at both sides of the mitochondrial inner membrane, and that such release has muscle type and temporal specificity. These findings are important to refine current concepts on oxidative stress associated with muscle aging and disuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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28
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Xu X, Thompson LV, Navratil M, Arriaga EA. Analysis of superoxide production in single skeletal muscle fibers. Anal Chem 2010; 82:4570-6. [PMID: 20446672 PMCID: PMC2885860 DOI: 10.1021/ac100577q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Due to their high energetic profile, skeletal muscle fibers are prone to damage by endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby causing alterations in muscle function. Unfortunately, the complexity of skeletal muscle makes it difficult to measure and understand ROS production by fibers since other components (e.g., extracellular collagen and vascular vessels) may also generate ROS. Single cell imaging techniques are promising approaches to monitor ROS production in single muscle fibers, but usually the detection schemes for ROS are not specific. Single cell analysis by capillary electrophoresis (aka chemical cytometry) has the potential to separate and detect specific ROS reporters, but the approach is only suitable for small spherical cells that fit within the capillary lumen. Here, we report a novel method for the analysis of superoxide in single fibers maintained in culture for up to 48 h. Cultured muscle fibers in individual nanoliter-volume wells were treated with triphenylphosphonium hydroethidine (TPP-HE), which forms the superoxide specific reporter hydroxytriphenylphosphonium ethidium (OH-TPP-E(+)). After lysis of each fiber in their corresponding nanowell, the contents of each well were processed and analyzed by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with laser-induced fluorescence detection (MEKC-LIF) making it possible to detect superoxide found in single fibers. Superoxide basal levels as well as changes due to fiber treatment with the scavenger, tiron, and the inducer, antimycin A, were easily monitored demonstrating the feasibility of the method. Future uses of the method include parallel single-fiber measurements aiming at comparing pharmacological treatments on the same set of fibers and investigating ROS production in response to muscle disease, disuse, exercise, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - LaDora V. Thompson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Marian Navratil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Edgar A. Arriaga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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29
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Curtis JM, Grimsrud PA, Wright WS, Xu X, Foncea RE, Graham DW, Brestoff JR, Wiczer BM, Ilkayeva O, Cianflone K, Muoio DE, Arriaga EA, Bernlohr DA. Downregulation of adipose glutathione S-transferase A4 leads to increased protein carbonylation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Diabetes 2010; 59:1132-42. [PMID: 20150287 PMCID: PMC2857893 DOI: 10.2337/db09-1105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Peripheral insulin resistance is linked to an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading in part to the production of reactive lipid aldehydes that modify the side chains of protein amino acids in a reaction termed protein carbonylation. The primary enzymatic method for lipid aldehyde detoxification is via glutathione S-transferase A4 (GSTA4) dependent glutathionylation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the expression of GSTA4 and the role(s) of protein carbonylation in adipocyte function. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS GSTA4-silenced 3T3-L1 adipocytes and GSTA4-null mice were evaluated for metabolic processes, mitochondrial function, and reactive oxygen species production. GSTA4 expression in human obesity was evaluated using microarray analysis. RESULTS GSTA4 expression is selectively downregulated in adipose tissue of obese insulin-resistant C57BL/6J mice and in human obesity-linked insulin resistance. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes decreased GSTA4 expression, and silencing GSTA4 mRNA in cultured adipocytes resulted in increased protein carbonylation, increased mitochondrial ROS, dysfunctional state 3 respiration, and altered glucose transport and lipolysis. Mitochondrial function in adipocytes of lean or obese GSTA4-null mice was significantly compromised compared with wild-type controls and was accompanied by an increase in superoxide anion. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that downregulation of GSTA4 in adipose tissue leads to increased protein carbonylation, ROS production, and mitochondrial dysfunction and may contribute to the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Curtis
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Paul A. Grimsrud
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Wendy S. Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Rocio E. Foncea
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - David W. Graham
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jonathan R. Brestoff
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Brian M. Wiczer
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Olga Ilkayeva
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Deborah E. Muoio
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Edgar A. Arriaga
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - David A. Bernlohr
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Corresponding author: David A. Bernlohr,
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30
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Zielonka J, Kalyanaraman B. Hydroethidine- and MitoSOX-derived red fluorescence is not a reliable indicator of intracellular superoxide formation: another inconvenient truth. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 48:983-1001. [PMID: 20116425 PMCID: PMC3587154 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hydroethidine (HE; or dihydroethidium) is the most popular fluorogenic probe used for detecting intracellular superoxide radical anion. The reaction between superoxide and HE generates a highly specific red fluorescent product, 2-hydroxyethidium (2-OH-E(+)). In biological systems, another red fluorescent product, ethidium, is also formed, usually at a much higher concentration than 2-OH-E(+). In this article, we review the methods to selectively detect the superoxide-specific product (2-OH-E(+)) and the factors affecting its levels in cellular and biological systems. The most important conclusion of this review is that it is nearly impossible to assess the intracellular levels of the superoxide-specific product, 2-OH-E(+), using confocal microscopy or other fluorescence-based microscopic assays and that it is essential to measure by HPLC the intracellular HE and other oxidation products of HE, in addition to 2-OH-E(+), to fully understand the origin of red fluorescence. The chemical reactivity of mitochondria-targeted hydroethidine (Mito-HE, MitoSOX red) with superoxide is similar to the reactivity of HE with superoxide, and therefore, all of the limitations attributed to the HE assay are applicable to Mito-HE (or MitoSOX) as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Zielonka
- Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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31
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Seidler EA, Lieven CJ, Thompson AF, Levin LA. Effectiveness of Novel Borane-Phosphine Complexes In Inhibiting Cell Death Depends on the Source of Superoxide Production Induced by Blockade of Mitochondrial Electron Transport. ACS Chem Neurosci 2010; 1:95-103. [PMID: 20532184 DOI: 10.1021/cn900024r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Central neurons undergo cell death after axotomy. One of the signaling pathways for this process is oxidative modification of one or more critical sulfhydryls in association with superoxide generation within mitochondria. Agents that reduce oxidized sulfhydryls are neuroprotective of axotomized retinal ganglion cells, and we hypothesized that this occurs via reversal of the effects of mitochondrial-produced superoxide. To study this, we measured the ability of the novel borane-phosphine complex drugs bis(3-propionic acid methyl ester)phenylphosphine borane complex (PB1) and (3-propionic acid methyl ester)diphenylphosphine borane complex (PB2) to inhibit the death of neuron-like RGC-5 cells induced by perturbation of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. We found that borane-phosphine complexes prevent neuronal cell death from superoxide produced by the redox-cycling agent menadione and the complex III inhibitor antimycin A, which produce superoxide towards the cytoplasm and matrix, but not the complex I inhibitor rotenone, which produces superoxide in the matrix alone. The ability of these disulfide reductants to prevent cell death may be predicted by the topology of superoxide production with respect to the mitochondrial matrix and extramitochondrial space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Seidler
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
| | - Christopher J. Lieven
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
| | - Alex F. Thompson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
| | - Leonard A. Levin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Montreal
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Henderson JR, Swalwell H, Boulton S, Manning P, McNeil CJ, Birch-Machin MA. Direct, real-time monitoring of superoxide generation in isolated mitochondria. Free Radic Res 2009; 43:796-802. [DOI: 10.1080/10715760903062895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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