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Luo Z, Eichinger KM, Zhang A, Li S. Targeting cancer metabolic pathways for improving chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Cancer Lett 2023; 575:216396. [PMID: 37739209 PMCID: PMC10591810 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent discoveries in cancer metabolism have revealed promising metabolic targets to modulate cancer progression, drug response, and anti-cancer immunity. Combination therapy, consisting of metabolic inhibitors and chemotherapeutic or immunotherapeutic agents, offers new opportunities for improved cancer therapy. However, it also presents challenges due to the complexity of cancer metabolic pathways and the metabolic interactions between tumor cells and immune cells. Many studies have been published demonstrating potential synergy between novel inhibitors of metabolism and chemo/immunotherapy, yet our understanding of the underlying mechanisms remains limited. Here, we review the current strategies of altering the metabolic pathways of cancer to improve the anti-cancer effects of chemo/immunotherapy. We also note the need to differentiate the effect of metabolic inhibition on cancer cells and immune cells and highlight nanotechnology as an emerging solution. Improving our understanding of the complexity of the metabolic pathways in different cell populations and the anti-cancer effects of chemo/immunotherapy will aid in the discovery of novel strategies that effectively restrict cancer growth and augment the anti-cancer effects of chemo/immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangyi Luo
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Anju Zhang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Song Li
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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2
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Schuster C, Wolpert N, Moustaid-Moussa N, Gollahon LS. Combinatorial Effects of the Natural Products Arctigenin, Chlorogenic Acid, and Cinnamaldehyde Commit Oxidation Assassination on Breast Cancer Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:591. [PMID: 35326241 PMCID: PMC8945099 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Major obstacles in current breast cancer treatment efficacy include the ability of breast cancer cells to develop resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs and the off-target cytotoxicity of these drugs on normal cells, leading to debilitating side effects. One major difference between cancer and normal cells is their metabolism, as cancer cells acquire glycolytic and mitochondrial metabolism alterations throughout tumorigenesis. In this study, we sought to exploit this metabolic difference by investigating alternative breast cancer treatment options based on the application of phytochemicals. Herein, we investigated three phytochemicals, namely cinnamaldehyde (CA), chlorogenic acid (CGA), and arctigenin (Arc), regarding their anti-breast-cancer properties. These phytochemicals were administered alone or in combination to MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and HCC1419 breast cancer or normal MCF-10A and MCF-12F breast cells. Overall, our results indicated that the combination treatments showed stronger inhibitory effects on breast cancer cells versus single treatments. However, only treatments with CA (35 μM), CGA (250 μg/mL), and the combination of CA + CGA (35 μM + 250 μg/mL) showed no significant cytotoxic effects on normal mammary epithelial cells, suggesting that Arc was the driver of normal cell cytotoxicity in all other treatments. CA + CGA and, to a lesser extent, CGA alone effectively induced breast cancer cell death accompanied by decreases in mitochondrial membrane potential, increased mitochondrial superoxide, reduced mitochondrial and glycolytic ATP production, and led to significant changes in cellular and mitochondrial morphology. Altogether, the combination of CA + CGA was determined as the best anti-breast-cancer treatment strategy due to its strong anti-breast-cancer effects without strong adverse effects on normal mammary epithelial cells. This study provides evidence that targeting the mitochondria may be an effective anticancer treatment, and that using phytochemicals or combinations thereof offers new approaches in treating breast cancer that significantly reduce off-target effects on normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Schuster
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (C.S.); (N.W.)
| | - Nicholas Wolpert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (C.S.); (N.W.)
| | - Naima Moustaid-Moussa
- Nutritional Sciences Department, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
- Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Lauren S. Gollahon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (C.S.); (N.W.)
- Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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Simonsen D, Cady N, Zhang C, Shrode RL, McCormick ML, Spitz DR, Chimenti MS, Wang K, Mangalam A, Lehmler HJ. The Effects of Benoxacor on the Liver and Gut Microbiome of C57BL/6 Mice. Toxicol Sci 2022; 186:102-117. [PMID: 34850242 PMCID: PMC9019840 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxicity of many "inert" ingredients of pesticide formulations, such as safeners, is poorly characterized, despite evidence that humans may be exposed to these chemicals. Analysis of ToxCast data for dichloroacetamide safeners with the ToxPi tool identified benoxacor as the safener with the highest potential for toxicity, especially liver toxicity. Benoxacor was subsequently administered to mice via oral gavage for 3 days at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 5, and 50 mg/kg bodyweight (b.w.). Bodyweight-adjusted liver and testes weights were significantly increased in the 50 mg/kg b.w. group. There were no overt pathologies in either the liver or the intestine. 16S rRNA analysis of the cecal microbiome revealed no effects of benoxacor on α- or β-diversity; however, changes were observed in the abundance of certain bacteria. RNAseq analysis identified 163 hepatic genes affected by benoxacor exposure. Benoxacor exposure expressed a gene regulation profile similar to dichloroacetic acid and the fungicide sedaxane. Metabolomic analysis identified 9 serum and 15 liver metabolites that were affected by benoxacor exposure, changes that were not significant after correcting for multiple comparisons. The activity of antioxidant enzymes was not altered by benoxacor exposure. In vitro metabolism studies with liver microsomes and cytosol from male mice demonstrated that benoxacor is enantioselectively metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes, carboxylesterases, and glutathione S-transferases. These findings suggest that the minor toxic effects of benoxacor may be due to its rapid metabolism to toxic metabolites, such as dichloroacetic acid. This result challenges the assumption that inert ingredients of pesticide formulations are safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Simonsen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- IIHR Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Nicole Cady
- Department of Pathology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Chunyun Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Rachel L Shrode
- Department of Informatics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Michael L McCormick
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Douglas R Spitz
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Michael S Chimenti
- Iowa Institute of Human Genetics, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Ashutosh Mangalam
- Department of Pathology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- IIHR Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Dietrich P, Alli S, Mulligan MK, Cox R, Ashbrook DG, Williams RW, Dragatsis I. Identification of cyclin D1 as a major modulator of 3-nitropropionic acid-induced striatal neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 162:105581. [PMID: 34871739 PMCID: PMC8717869 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria dysfunction occurs in the aging brain as well as in several neurodegenerative disorders and predisposes neuronal cells to enhanced sensitivity to neurotoxins. 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) is a naturally occurring plant and fungal neurotoxin that causes neurodegeneration predominantly in the striatum by irreversibly inhibiting the tricarboxylic acid respiratory chain enzyme, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), the main constituent of the mitochondria respiratory chain complex II. Significantly, although 3-NP-induced inhibition of SDH occurs in all brain regions, neurodegeneration occurs primarily and almost exclusively in the striatum for reasons still not understood. In rodents, 3-NP-induced striatal neurodegeneration depends on the strain background suggesting that genetic differences among genotypes modulate toxicant variability and mechanisms that underlie 3-NP-induced neuronal cell death. Using the large BXD family of recombinant inbred (RI) strains we demonstrate that variants in Ccnd1 - the gene encoding cyclin D1 - of the DBA/2 J parent underlie the resistance to 3-NP-induced striatal neurodegeneration. In contrast, the Ccnd1 variant inherited from the widely used C57BL/6 J parental strain confers sensitivity. Given that cellular stress triggers induction of cyclin D1 expression followed by cell-cycle re-entry and consequent neuronal cell death, we sought to determine if the C57BL/6 J and DBA/2 J Ccnd1 variants are differentially modulated in response to 3-NP. We confirm that 3-NP induces cyclin D1 expression in striatal neuronal cells of C57BL/6 J, but this response is blunted in the DBA/2 J. We further show that striatal-specific alternative processing of a highly conserved 3'UTR negative regulatory region of Ccnd1 co-segregates with the C57BL/6 J parental Ccnd1 allele in BXD strains and that its differential processing accounts for sensitivity or resistance to 3-NP. Our results indicate that naturally occurring Ccnd1 variants may play a role in the variability observed in neurodegenerative disorders involving mitochondria complex II dysfunction and point to cyclin D1 as a possible therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Dietrich
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee, Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA,Corresponding authors: ,
| | - Shanta Alli
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee, Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Megan K. Mulligan
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee, Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Rachel Cox
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee, Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA,The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - David G. Ashbrook
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee, Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Robert W. Williams
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee, Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Ioannis Dragatsis
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee, Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA,Corresponding authors: ,
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Hadrava Vanova K, Yang C, Meuter L, Neuzil J, Pacak K. Reactive Oxygen Species: A Promising Therapeutic Target for SDHx-Mutated Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153769. [PMID: 34359671 PMCID: PMC8345159 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma are rare neuroendocrine tumors that arise from chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla or their neural crest progenitors located outside the adrenal gland, respectively. About 10–15% of patients develop metastatic disease for whom treatment options and availability are extremely limited. The risk of developing metastatic disease is increased for patients with mutations in succinate dehydrogenase subunit B, which leads to metabolic reprogramming and redox imbalance. From this perspective, we focus on redox imbalance caused by this mutation and explore potential opportunities to therapeutically target reactive oxygen species production in these rare tumors. Abstract Pheochromocytoma (PHEO) and paraganglioma (PGL) are rare neuroendocrine tumors derived from neural crest cells. Germline variants in approximately 20 PHEO/PGL susceptibility genes are found in about 40% of patients, half of which are found in the genes that encode succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). Patients with SDH subunit B (SDHB)-mutated PHEO/PGL exhibit a higher likelihood of developing metastatic disease, which can be partially explained by the metabolic cell reprogramming and redox imbalance caused by the mutation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive molecules involved in a multitude of important signaling pathways. A moderate level of ROS production can help regulate cellular physiology; however, an excessive level of oxidative stress can lead to tumorigenic processes including stimulation of growth factor-dependent pathways and the induction of genetic instability. Tumor cells effectively exploit antioxidant enzymes in order to protect themselves against harmful intracellular ROS accumulation, which highlights the essential balance between ROS production and scavenging. Exploiting ROS accumulation can be used as a possible therapeutic strategy in ROS-scavenging tumor cells. Here, we focus on the role of ROS production in PHEO and PGL, predominantly in SDHB-mutated cases. We discuss potential strategies and approaches to anticancer therapies by enhancing ROS production in these difficult-to-treat tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Hadrava Vanova
- Section of Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.H.V.); (L.M.)
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, 252 50 Prague West, Czech Republic; or
| | - Chunzhang Yang
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Leah Meuter
- Section of Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.H.V.); (L.M.)
| | - Jiri Neuzil
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, 252 50 Prague West, Czech Republic; or
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Karel Pacak
- Section of Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.H.V.); (L.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(301)-402-4594
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Li H, Zimmerman SE, Weyemi U. Genomic instability and metabolism in cancer. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 364:241-265. [PMID: 34507785 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Genomic instability and metabolic reprogramming are among the key hallmarks discriminating cancer cells from normal cells. The two phenomena contribute to the robust and evasive nature of cancer, particularly when cancer cells are exposed to chemotherapeutic agents. Genomic instability is defined as the increased frequency of mutations within the genome, while metabolic reprogramming is the alteration of metabolic pathways that cancer cells undergo to adapt to increased bioenergetic demand. An underlying source of these mutations is the aggregate product of damage to the DNA, and a defective repair pathway, both resulting in the expansion of genomic lesions prior to uncontrolled proliferation and survival of cancer cells. Exploitation of DNA damage and the subsequent DNA damage response (DDR) have aided in defining therapeutic approaches in cancer. Studies have demonstrated that targeting metabolic reprograming yields increased sensitivity to chemo- and radiotherapies. In the past decade, it has been shown that these two key features are interrelated. Metabolism impacts DNA damage and DDR via regulation of metabolite pools. Conversely, DDR affects the response of metabolic pathways to therapeutic agents. Because of the interplay between genomic instability and metabolic reprogramming, we have compiled findings which more selectively highlight the dialog between metabolism and DDR, with a particular focus on glucose metabolism and double-strand break (DSB) repair pathways. Decoding this dialog will provide significant clues for developing combination cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojian Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States; Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Susan E Zimmerman
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States; Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Urbain Weyemi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States; Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.
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Bandara AB, Drake JC, Brown DA. Complex II subunit SDHD is critical for cell growth and metabolism, which can be partially restored with a synthetic ubiquinone analog. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:35. [PMID: 34118887 PMCID: PMC8196461 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-021-00370-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Succinate dehydrogenase (Complex II) plays a dual role in respiration by catalyzing the oxidation of succinate to fumarate in the mitochondrial Krebs cycle and transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC). Mutations in Complex II are associated with a number of pathologies. SDHD, one of the four subunits of Complex II, serves by anchoring the complex to the inner-membrane and transferring electrons from the complex to ubiquinone. Thus, modeling SDHD dysfunction could be a valuable tool for understanding its importance in metabolism and developing novel therapeutics, however no suitable models exist. Results Via CRISPR/Cas9, we mutated SDHD in HEK293 cells and investigated the in vitro role of SDHD in metabolism. Compared to the parent HEK293, the knockout mutant HEK293ΔSDHD produced significantly less number of cells in culture. The mutant cells predictably had suppressed Complex II-mediated mitochondrial respiration, but also Complex I-mediated respiration. SDHD mutation also adversely affected glycolytic capacity and ATP synthesis. Mutant cells were more apoptotic and susceptible to necrosis. Treatment with the mitochondrial therapeutic idebenone partially improved oxygen consumption and growth of mutant cells. Conclusions Overall, our results suggest that SDHD is vital for growth and metabolism of mammalian cells, and that respiratory and growth defects can be partially restored with treatment of a ubiquinone analog. This is the first report to use CRISPR/Cas9 approach to construct a knockout SDHD cell line and evaluate the efficacy of an established mitochondrial therapeutic candidate to improve bioenergetic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloka B Bandara
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0913, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0342, USA.
| | - Joshua C Drake
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0913, USA
| | - David A Brown
- Mitochondrial Solutions, LLC, 800 Draper Road, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
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Hadrava Vanova K, Kraus M, Neuzil J, Rohlena J. Mitochondrial complex II and reactive oxygen species in disease and therapy. Redox Rep 2021; 25:26-32. [PMID: 32290794 PMCID: PMC7178880 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2020.1752002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence points to the respiratory Complex II (CII) as a source and modulator of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Both functional loss of CII as well as its pharmacological inhibition can lead to ROS generation in cells, with a relevant impact on the development of pathophysiological conditions, i.e. cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. While the basic framework of CII involvement in ROS production has been defined, the fine details still await clarification. It is important to resolve these aspects to fully understand the role of CII in pathology and to explore its therapeutic potential in cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michal Kraus
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague-West, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Neuzil
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague-West, Czech Republic.,School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Qld, Australia
| | - Jakub Rohlena
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague-West, Czech Republic
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Ma J, Liu Y, Guo Y, Ma Q, Ji C, Zhao L. Transcriptional Profiling of Aflatoxin B1-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Response in Macrophages. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:401. [PMID: 34199697 PMCID: PMC8228812 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a highly toxic mycotoxin that causes severe suppression of the immune system of humans and animals, as well as enhances reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, causing oxidative damage. However, the mechanisms underlying the ROS formation and immunotoxicity of AFB1 are poorly understood. This study used the mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cell line and whole-transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) technology to address this knowledge-gap. The results show that AFB1 induced the decrease of cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner. AFB1 also significantly increased intracellular productions of ROS and malondialdehyde and decreased glutathione levels. These changes correlated with increased mRNA expression of NOS2, TNF-α and CXCL2 and decreased expression of CD86. In total, 783 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified via RNA-Seq technology. KEGG analysis of the oxidative phosphorylation pathway revealed that mRNA levels of ND1, ND2, ND3, ND4, ND4L, ND5, ND6, Cyt b, COX2, ATPeF0A and ATPeF08 were higher in AFB1-treated cells than control cells, whereas 14 DEGs were downregulated in the AFB1 group. Furthermore, seven immune regulatory pathways mediated by oxidative stress were identified by KEGG analysis. Altogether, these data suggest that AFB1 induces oxidative stress in macrophages via affecting the respiratory chain, which leads to the activation of several signaling pathways related to the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lihong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (J.M.); (Y.L.); (Y.G.); (Q.M.); (C.J.)
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Di Gregorio E, Miolo G, Saorin A, Steffan A, Corona G. From Metabolism to Genetics and Vice Versa: The Rising Role of Oncometabolites in Cancer Development and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5574. [PMID: 34070384 PMCID: PMC8197491 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, the study of cancer metabolism has returned to the forefront of cancer research and challenged the role of genetics in the understanding of cancer development. One of the major impulses of this new trend came from the discovery of oncometabolites, metabolic intermediates whose abnormal cellular accumulation triggers oncogenic signalling and tumorigenesis. These findings have led to reconsideration and support for the long-forgotten hypothesis of Warburg of altered metabolism as oncogenic driver of cancer and started a novel paradigm whereby mitochondrial metabolites play a pivotal role in malignant transformation. In this review, we describe the evolution of the cancer metabolism research from a historical perspective up to the oncometabolites discovery that spawned the new vision of cancer as a metabolic disease. The oncometabolites' mechanisms of cellular transformation and their contribution to the development of new targeted cancer therapies together with their drawbacks are further reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Di Gregorio
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (E.D.G.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Gianmaria Miolo
- Medical Oncology and Cancer Prevention Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy;
| | - Asia Saorin
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (E.D.G.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Agostino Steffan
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (E.D.G.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Corona
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (E.D.G.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
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Swati, Chadha VD. Role of epigenetic mechanisms in propagating off-targeted effects following radiation based therapies - A review. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2021; 787:108370. [PMID: 34083045 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite being an important diagnostic and treatment modality, ionizing radiation (IR) is also known to cause genotoxicity and multiple side effects leading to secondary carcinogenesis. While modern cancer radiation therapy has improved patient recovery and enhanced survival rates, the risk of radiation-related adverse effects has become a growing challenge. It is now well-accepted that IR-induced side effects are not exclusively restricted to exposed cells but also spread to distant 'bystander' cells and even to the unexposed progeny of the irradiated cells. These 'off-targeted' effects involve a plethora of molecular events depending on the type of radiation and tumor tissue background. While the mechanisms by which off-targeted effects arise remain obscure, emerging evidence based on the non-mendelian inheritance of various manifestations of them as well as their persistence for longer periods supports a contribution of epigenetic factors. This review focuses on the major epigenetic phenomena including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and small RNA mediated silencing and their versatile role in the manifestation of IR induced off-targeted effects. As short- and long-range communication vehicles respectively, the role of gap junctions and exosomes in spreading these epigenetic-alteration driven off-targeted effects is also discussed. Furthermore, this review emphasizes the possible therapeutic potentials of these epigenetic mechanisms and how beneficial outcomes could potentially be achieved by targeting various signaling molecules involved in these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati
- Centre for Nuclear Medicine (U.I.E.A.S.T), South Campus, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Vijayta D Chadha
- Centre for Nuclear Medicine (U.I.E.A.S.T), South Campus, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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12
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Manhas N, Duong QV, Lee P, Richardson JD, Robertson JD, Moxley MA, Bazil JN. Computationally modeling mammalian succinate dehydrogenase kinetics identifies the origins and primary determinants of ROS production. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:15262-15279. [PMID: 32859750 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) is an inner mitochondrial membrane protein complex that links the Krebs cycle to the electron transport system. It can produce significant amounts of superoxide ([Formula: see text]) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2); however, the precise mechanisms are unknown. This fact hinders the development of next-generation antioxidant therapies targeting mitochondria. To help address this problem, we developed a computational model to analyze and identify the kinetic mechanism of [Formula: see text] and H2O2 production by SDH. Our model includes the major redox centers in the complex, namely FAD, three iron-sulfur clusters, and a transiently bound semiquinone. Oxidation state transitions involve a one- or two-electron redox reaction, each being thermodynamically constrained. Model parameters were simultaneously fit to many data sets using a variety of succinate oxidation and free radical production data. In the absence of respiratory chain inhibitors, model analysis revealed the 3Fe-4S iron-sulfur cluster as the primary [Formula: see text] source. However, when the quinone reductase site is inhibited or the quinone pool is highly reduced, [Formula: see text] is generated primarily by the FAD. In addition, H2O2 production is only significant when the enzyme is fully reduced, and fumarate is absent. Our simulations also reveal that the redox state of the quinone pool is the primary determinant of free radical production by SDH. In this study, we showed the importance of analyzing enzyme kinetics and associated side reactions in a consistent, quantitative, and biophysically detailed manner using a diverse set of experimental data to interpret and explain experimental observations from a unified perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Manhas
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Quynh V Duong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Pilhwa Lee
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Joshua D Richardson
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - John D Robertson
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael A Moxley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Kearney, Nebraska, USA
| | - Jason N Bazil
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
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13
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Helm JS, Rudel RA. Adverse outcome pathways for ionizing radiation and breast cancer involve direct and indirect DNA damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, genomic instability, and interaction with hormonal regulation of the breast. Arch Toxicol 2020. [PMID: 32399610 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02752-z)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge about established breast carcinogens can support improved and modernized toxicological testing methods by identifying key mechanistic events. Ionizing radiation (IR) increases the risk of breast cancer, especially for women and for exposure at younger ages, and evidence overall supports a linear dose-response relationship. We used the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework to outline and evaluate the evidence linking ionizing radiation with breast cancer from molecular initiating events to the adverse outcome through intermediate key events, creating a qualitative AOP. We identified key events based on review articles, searched PubMed for recent literature on key events and IR, and identified additional papers using references. We manually curated publications and evaluated data quality. Ionizing radiation directly and indirectly causes DNA damage and increases production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). RONS lead to DNA damage and epigenetic changes leading to mutations and genomic instability (GI). Proliferation amplifies the effects of DNA damage and mutations leading to the AO of breast cancer. Separately, RONS and DNA damage also increase inflammation. Inflammation contributes to direct and indirect effects (effects in cells not directly reached by IR) via positive feedback to RONS and DNA damage, and separately increases proliferation and breast cancer through pro-carcinogenic effects on cells and tissue. For example, gene expression changes alter inflammatory mediators, resulting in improved survival and growth of cancer cells and a more hospitable tissue environment. All of these events overlap at multiple points with events characteristic of "background" induction of breast carcinogenesis, including hormone-responsive proliferation, oxidative activity, and DNA damage. These overlaps make the breast particularly susceptible to ionizing radiation and reinforce that these biological activities are important characteristics of carcinogens. Agents that increase these biological processes should be considered potential breast carcinogens, and predictive methods are needed to identify chemicals that increase these processes. Techniques are available to measure RONS, DNA damage and mutation, cell proliferation, and some inflammatory proteins or processes. Improved assays are needed to measure GI and chronic inflammation, as well as the interaction with hormonally driven development and proliferation. Several methods measure diverse epigenetic changes, but it is not clear which changes are relevant to breast cancer. In addition, most toxicological assays are not conducted in mammary tissue, and so it is a priority to evaluate if results from other tissues are generalizable to breast, or to conduct assays in breast tissue. Developing and applying these assays to identify exposures of concern will facilitate efforts to reduce subsequent breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Helm
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Suite 302, Newton, MA, 02460, USA
| | - Ruthann A Rudel
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Suite 302, Newton, MA, 02460, USA.
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14
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Helm JS, Rudel RA. Adverse outcome pathways for ionizing radiation and breast cancer involve direct and indirect DNA damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, genomic instability, and interaction with hormonal regulation of the breast. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1511-1549. [PMID: 32399610 PMCID: PMC7261741 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02752-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge about established breast carcinogens can support improved and modernized toxicological testing methods by identifying key mechanistic events. Ionizing radiation (IR) increases the risk of breast cancer, especially for women and for exposure at younger ages, and evidence overall supports a linear dose-response relationship. We used the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework to outline and evaluate the evidence linking ionizing radiation with breast cancer from molecular initiating events to the adverse outcome through intermediate key events, creating a qualitative AOP. We identified key events based on review articles, searched PubMed for recent literature on key events and IR, and identified additional papers using references. We manually curated publications and evaluated data quality. Ionizing radiation directly and indirectly causes DNA damage and increases production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). RONS lead to DNA damage and epigenetic changes leading to mutations and genomic instability (GI). Proliferation amplifies the effects of DNA damage and mutations leading to the AO of breast cancer. Separately, RONS and DNA damage also increase inflammation. Inflammation contributes to direct and indirect effects (effects in cells not directly reached by IR) via positive feedback to RONS and DNA damage, and separately increases proliferation and breast cancer through pro-carcinogenic effects on cells and tissue. For example, gene expression changes alter inflammatory mediators, resulting in improved survival and growth of cancer cells and a more hospitable tissue environment. All of these events overlap at multiple points with events characteristic of "background" induction of breast carcinogenesis, including hormone-responsive proliferation, oxidative activity, and DNA damage. These overlaps make the breast particularly susceptible to ionizing radiation and reinforce that these biological activities are important characteristics of carcinogens. Agents that increase these biological processes should be considered potential breast carcinogens, and predictive methods are needed to identify chemicals that increase these processes. Techniques are available to measure RONS, DNA damage and mutation, cell proliferation, and some inflammatory proteins or processes. Improved assays are needed to measure GI and chronic inflammation, as well as the interaction with hormonally driven development and proliferation. Several methods measure diverse epigenetic changes, but it is not clear which changes are relevant to breast cancer. In addition, most toxicological assays are not conducted in mammary tissue, and so it is a priority to evaluate if results from other tissues are generalizable to breast, or to conduct assays in breast tissue. Developing and applying these assays to identify exposures of concern will facilitate efforts to reduce subsequent breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Helm
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Suite 302, Newton, MA, 02460, USA
| | - Ruthann A Rudel
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Suite 302, Newton, MA, 02460, USA.
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15
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Targeting NRF2-Governed Glutathione Synthesis for SDHB-Mutated Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020280. [PMID: 31979226 PMCID: PMC7072390 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Succinate dehydrogenase subunit B (SDHB) deficiency frequently occurs in cluster I pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PCPGs). SDHB-mutated PCPGs are characterized by alterations in the electron transport chain, metabolic reprogramming of the tricarboxylic cycle, and elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We discovered that SDHB-deficient PCPG cells exhibit increased oxidative stress burden, which leads to elevated demands for glutathione metabolism. Mechanistically, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2)-guided glutathione de novo synthesis plays a key role in supporting cellular survival and the proliferation of SDHB-knockdown (SDHBKD) cells. NRF2 blockade not only disrupted ROS homeostasis in SDHB-deficient cells but also caused severe cytotoxicity by the accumulation of DNA oxidative damage. Brusatol, a potent NRF2 inhibitor, showed a promising effect in suppressing SDHBKD metastatic lesions in vivo, with prolonged overall survival in mice bearing PCPG allografts. Our findings highlight a novel therapeutic strategy of targeting the NRF2-driven glutathione metabolic pathway against SDHB-mutated PCPG.
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16
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Eijkelenkamp K, Osinga TE, Links TP, van der Horst-Schrivers ANA. Clinical implications of the oncometabolite succinate in SDHx-mutation carriers. Clin Genet 2019; 97:39-53. [PMID: 30977114 PMCID: PMC6972524 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) mutations lead to the accumulation of succinate, which acts as an oncometabolite. Germline SDHx mutations predispose to paraganglioma (PGL) and pheochromocytoma (PCC), as well as to renal cell carcinoma and gastro‐intestinal stromal tumors. The SDHx genes were the first tumor suppressor genes discovered which encode for a mitochondrial enzyme, thereby supporting Otto Warburg's hypothesis in 1926 that a direct link existed between mitochondrial dysfunction and cancer. Accumulation of succinate is the hallmark of tumorigenesis in PGL and PCC. Succinate accumulation inhibits several α‐ketoglutarate dioxygenases, thereby inducing the pseudohypoxia pathway and causing epigenetic changes. Moreover, SDH loss as a consequence of SDHx mutations can lead to reprogramming of cell metabolism. Metabolomics can be used as a diagnostic tool, as succinate and other metabolites can be measured in tumor tissue, plasma and urine with different techniques. Furthermore, these pathophysiological characteristics provide insight into therapeutic targets for metastatic disease. This review provides an overview of the pathophysiology and clinical implications of oncometabolite succinate in SDHx mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Eijkelenkamp
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Thamara E Osinga
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Thera P Links
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anouk N A van der Horst-Schrivers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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17
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Kausar S, Wang F, Cui H. The Role of Mitochondria in Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Its Implications for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cells 2018; 7:cells7120274. [PMID: 30563029 PMCID: PMC6316843 DOI: 10.3390/cells7120274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic cellular organelles that consistently migrate, fuse, and divide to modulate their number, size, and shape. In addition, they produce ATP, reactive oxygen species, and also have a biological role in antioxidant activities and Ca2+ buffering. Mitochondria are thought to play a crucial biological role in most neurodegenerative disorders. Neurons, being high-energy-demanding cells, are closely related to the maintenance, dynamics, and functions of mitochondria. Thus, impairment of mitochondrial activities is associated with neurodegenerative diseases, pointing to the significance of mitochondrial functions in normal cell physiology. In recent years, considerable progress has been made in our knowledge of mitochondrial functions, which has raised interest in defining the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we summarize the existing knowledge of the mitochondrial function in reactive oxygen species generation and its involvement in the development of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Kausar
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China.
- Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China.
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China.
- Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China.
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China.
- Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China.
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China.
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18
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Baulch JE. Radiation-induced genomic instability, epigenetic mechanisms and the mitochondria: a dysfunctional ménage a trois? Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 95:516-525. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1549757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Janet E. Baulch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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19
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Ciccarone F, Vegliante R, Di Leo L, Ciriolo MR. The TCA cycle as a bridge between oncometabolism and DNA transactions in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2017. [PMID: 28645607 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells exploit metabolic rearrangements for sustaining their high proliferation rate and energy demand. The TCA cycle is a central metabolic hub necessary for ATP production and for providing precursors used in many biosynthetic pathways. Thus, dysregulation of the TCA cycle flux is frequently observed in cancer. The identification of mutations in several enzymes of the TCA cycle in human tumours demonstrated a direct connection between this metabolic pathway and cancer occurrence. Moreover, changes in the expression/activity of these enzymes were also shown to promote metabolic adaptation of cancer cells. In this review, the main genetic and non-genetic alterations of TCA cycle in cancer will be described. Particular attention will be given to extrametabolic roles of TCA cycle enzymes and metabolites underlying the regulation of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA transactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Ciccarone
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Rolando Vegliante
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Di Leo
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Ciriolo
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy; IRCCS San Raffaele 'La Pisana', Via di Val Cannuta, 00166, Rome, Italy.
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L. Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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21
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Yang Y, Karakhanova S, Hartwig W, D'Haese JG, Philippov PP, Werner J, Bazhin AV. Mitochondria and Mitochondrial ROS in Cancer: Novel Targets for Anticancer Therapy. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:2570-81. [PMID: 26895995 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are indispensable for energy metabolism, apoptosis regulation, and cell signaling. Mitochondria in malignant cells differ structurally and functionally from those in normal cells and participate actively in metabolic reprogramming. Mitochondria in cancer cells are characterized by reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction, which promotes cancer development by inducing genomic instability, modifying gene expression, and participating in signaling pathways. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA mutations caused by oxidative damage that impair the oxidative phosphorylation process will result in further mitochondrial ROS production, completing the "vicious cycle" between mitochondria, ROS, genomic instability, and cancer development. The multiple essential roles of mitochondria have been utilized for designing novel mitochondria-targeted anticancer agents. Selective drug delivery to mitochondria helps to increase specificity and reduce toxicity of these agents. In order to reduce mitochondrial ROS production, mitochondria-targeted antioxidants can specifically accumulate in mitochondria by affiliating to a lipophilic penetrating cation and prevent mitochondria from oxidative damage. In consistence with the oncogenic role of ROS, mitochondria-targeted antioxidants are found to be effective in cancer prevention and anticancer therapy. A better understanding of the role played by mitochondria in cancer development will help to reveal more therapeutic targets, and will help to increase the activity and selectivity of mitochondria-targeted anticancer drugs. In this review we summarized the impact of mitochondria on cancer and gave summary about the possibilities to target mitochondria for anticancer therapies. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 2570-2581, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Yang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Werner Hartwig
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan G D'Haese
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Pavel P Philippov
- Department of Cell Signalling, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jens Werner
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandr V Bazhin
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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22
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Hsu CC, Tseng LM, Lee HC. Role of mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer progression. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1281-95. [PMID: 27022139 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216641787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulated cellular energetics was one of the cancer hallmarks. Several underlying mechanisms of deregulated cellular energetics are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction caused by mitochondrial DNA mutations, mitochondrial enzyme defects, or altered oncogenes/tumor suppressors. In this review, we summarize the current understanding about the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer progression. Point mutations and copy number changes are the two most common mitochondrial DNA alterations in cancers, and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by chemical depletion of mitochondrial DNA or impairment of mitochondrial respiratory chain in cancer cells promotes cancer progression to a chemoresistance or invasive phenotype. Moreover, defects in mitochondrial enzymes, such as succinate dehydrogenase, fumarate hydratase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase, are associated with both familial and sporadic forms of cancer. Deregulated mitochondrial deacetylase sirtuin 3 might modulate cancer progression by regulating cellular metabolism and oxidative stress. These mitochondrial defects during oncogenesis and tumor progression activate cytosolic signaling pathways that ultimately alter nuclear gene expression, a process called retrograde signaling. Changes in the intracellular level of reactive oxygen species, Ca(2+), or oncometabolites are important in the mitochondrial retrograde signaling for neoplastic transformation and cancer progression. In addition, altered oncogenes/tumor suppressors including hypoxia-inducible factor 1 and tumor suppressor p53 regulate mitochondrial respiration and cellular metabolism by modulating the expression of their target genes. We thus suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a critical role in cancer progression and that targeting mitochondrial alterations and mitochondrial retrograde signaling might be a promising strategy for the development of selective anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chi Hsu
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Ming Tseng
- Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan Taipei-Veterans General Hospital Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chen Lee
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
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23
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Movafagh S, Crook S, Vo K. Regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1a by reactive oxygen species: new developments in an old debate. J Cell Biochem 2015; 116:696-703. [PMID: 25546605 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 (HIF-1) has been largely studied for its role in cell survival in hypoxic conditions. The regulation of HIF-1 is a complex process and involves a number of molecules and pathways. Among these mechanisms a direct regulatory role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on HIF-1 alpha subunit has received a great deal of attention and the existing body of literature includes many contradictory findings. Other intermediates such as nitric oxide (NO), specific microRNAs (miR), and transcriptional and post-translational modification have also been implicated as players in ROS mediated HIF-1a regulation. The focus of this review is to present the past conflicting evidence along with more recent findings in order to relate various aspects of this complex process. Aside from the direct role of ROS on HIF-1a regulation under hypoxia and normoxia, we analyzed the effect of different sources and concentrations of NO and the interplay between superoxide (SO) and NO in this process. We also present findings on transcriptional and translational regulation of HIF-1a via ROS and the interplay with microRNAs in this process. This review further provides insight on ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling as a common mechanism relating several pathways of ROS mediated HIF-1a regulation. Ultimately further research and discovery regarding HIF-1 regulation by oxidative stress is warranted for better understanding of disease development and potential therapeutics for pathologies such as cancer, inflammatory diseases, and ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Movafagh
- Department of Pharmacogenomics, Bernard J. Dunn School of Pharmacy, Shenandoah University, Ashburn, Virginia
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24
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Bonke E, Zwicker K, Dröse S. Manganese ions induce H2O2 generation at the ubiquinone binding site of mitochondrial complex II. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 580:75-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Hoekstra AS, Devilee P, Bayley JP. Models of parent-of-origin tumorigenesis in hereditary paraganglioma. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 43:117-124. [PMID: 26067997 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Paraganglioma and pheochromocytoma are neuroendocrine tumors that originate from either the sympathetic or the parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system. Although 14 different genes have been linked to paraganglioma/pheochromocytoma, a subgroup of these genes is associated with hereditary paraganglioma-pheochromocytoma, the genes related to mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) including SDHA, SDHB, SDHC, SDHD and the assembly factor SDHAF2. Unlike mutations in other SDH subunit genes, mutations in SDHD and SDHAF2 show a remarkable parent-of-origin dependent tumorigenesis in which tumor formation almost exclusively occurs following paternal transmission of the mutation. To date, three different models have sought to explain the striking inheritance pattern seen in SDHD and SDHAF2-linked families. Despite the fact that the models suffer to varying degrees from a lack of experimental verification, all three models have made some attempt to incorporate current data and understanding of this phenomenon. In this review, we discuss our present understanding of this phenomenon and describe the three models that seek to explain the inheritance pattern in SDHD and SDHAF2-linked families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attje S Hoekstra
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Devilee
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Pierre Bayley
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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26
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Chang YL, Hsieh MH, Chang WW, Wang HY, Lin MC, Wang CP, Lou PJ, Teng SC. Instability of succinate dehydrogenase in SDHD polymorphism connects reactive oxygen species production to nuclear and mitochondrial genomic mutations in yeast. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:587-602. [PMID: 25328978 PMCID: PMC4334101 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.5966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) is an essential complex of the electron transport chain and tricarboxylic acid cycle. Mutations in the human SDH subunit D frequently lead to paraganglioma (PGL), but the mechanistic consequences of the majority of SDHD polymorphisms have yet to be unraveled. In addition to the originally discovered yeast SDHD subunit Sdh4, a conserved homolog, Shh4, has recently been identified in budding yeast. To assess the pathogenic significance of SDHD mutations in PGL patients, we performed functional studies in yeast. RESULTS SDHD protein expression was reduced in SDHD-related carotid body tumor tissues. A BLAST search of SDHD to the yeast protein database revealed a novel protein, Shh4, that may have a function similar to human SDHD and yeast Sdh4. The missense SDHD mutations identified in PGL patients were created in Sdh4 and Shh4, and, surprisingly, a severe respiratory incompetence and reduced expression of the mutant protein was observed in the sdh4Δ strain expressing shh4. Although shh4Δ cells showed no respiratory-deficient phenotypes, deletion of SHH4 in sdh4Δ cells further abolished mitochondrial function. Remarkably, sdh4Δ shh4Δ strains exhibited increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, nuclear DNA instability, mtDNA mutability, and decreased chronological lifespan. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION SDHD mutations are associated with protein and nuclear and mitochondrial genomic instability and increase ROS production in our yeast model. These findings reinforce our understanding of the mechanisms underlying PGL tumorigenesis and point to the yeast Shh4 as a good model to investigate the possible pathogenic relevance of SDHD in PGL polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Lan Chang
- 1 Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan
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27
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Abstract
Mitochondria cooperate with their host cells by contributing to bioenergetics, metabolism, biosynthesis, and cell death or survival functions. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by mitochondria participate in stress signalling in normal cells but also contribute to the initiation of nuclear or mitochondrial DNA mutations that promote neoplastic transformation. In cancer cells, mitochondrial ROS amplify the tumorigenic phenotype and accelerate the accumulation of additional mutations that lead to metastatic behaviour. As mitochondria carry out important functions in normal cells, disabling their function is not a feasible therapy for cancer. However, ROS signalling contributes to proliferation and survival in many cancers, so the targeted disruption of mitochondria-to-cell redox communication represents a promising avenue for future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran S Sabharwal
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Paul T Schumacker
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Baulch JE, Aypar U, Waters KM, Yang AJ, Morgan WF. Genetic and epigenetic changes in chromosomally stable and unstable progeny of irradiated cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107722. [PMID: 25251398 PMCID: PMC4175465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation induced genomic instability is a well-studied phenomenon, the underlying mechanisms of which are poorly understood. Persistent oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, elevated cytokine levels and epigenetic changes are among the mechanisms invoked in the perpetuation of the phenotype. To determine whether epigenetic aberrations affect genomic instability we measured DNA methylation, mRNA and microRNA (miR) levels in well characterized chromosomally stable and unstable clonally expanded single cell survivors of irradiation. While no changes in DNA methylation were observed for the gene promoters evaluated, increased LINE-1 methylation was observed for two unstable clones (LS12 and CS9) and decreased Alu element methylation was observed for the other two unstable clones (115 and Fe5.0–8). These relationships also manifested for mRNA and miR expression. mRNA identified for the LS12 and CS9 clones were most similar to each other (261 mRNA), while the 115 and Fe5.0–8 clones were more similar to each other, and surprisingly also similar to the two stable clones, 114 and 118 (286 mRNA among these four clones). Pathway analysis showed enrichment for pathways involved in mitochondrial function and cellular redox, themes routinely invoked in genomic instability. The commonalities between the two subgroups of clones were also observed for miR. The number of miR for which anti-correlated mRNA were identified suggests that these miR exert functional effects in each clone. The results demonstrate significant genetic and epigenetic changes in unstable cells, but similar changes are almost as equally common in chromosomally stable cells. Possible conclusions might be that the chromosomally stable clones have some other form of instability, or that some of the observed changes represent a sort of radiation signature and that other changes are related to genomic instability. Irrespective, these findings again suggest that a spectrum of changes both drive genomic instability and permit unstable cells to persist and proliferate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet E. Baulch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Umut Aypar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Katrina M. Waters
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America
| | - Austin J. Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William F. Morgan
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America
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Salminen A, Kauppinen A, Hiltunen M, Kaarniranta K. Krebs cycle intermediates regulate DNA and histone methylation: epigenetic impact on the aging process. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 16:45-65. [PMID: 24910305 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Many aging theories have proposed that mitochondria and energy metabolism have a major role in the aging process. There are recent studies indicating that Krebs cycle intermediates can shape the epigenetic landscape of chromatin by regulating DNA and histone methylation. A growing evidence indicates that epigenetics plays an important role in the regulation of healthspan but also is involved in the aging process. 2-Oxoglutarate (α-ketoglutarate) is a key metabolite in the Krebs cycle but it is also an obligatory substrate for 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases (2-OGDO). The 2-OGDO enzyme family includes the major enzymes of DNA and histone demethylation, i.e. Ten-Eleven Translocation (TETs) and Jumonji C domain containing (JmjC) demethylases. In addition, 2-OGDO members can regulate collagen synthesis and hypoxic responses in a non-epigenetical manner. Interestingly, succinate and fumarate, also Krebs cycle intermediates, are potent inhibitors of 2-OGDO enzymes, i.e. the balance of Krebs cycle reactions can affect the level of DNA and histone methylation and thus control gene expression. We will review the epigenetic mechanisms through which Krebs cycle intermediates control the DNA and histone methylation. We propose that age-related disturbances in the Krebs cycle function induce stochastic epigenetic changes in chromatin structures which in turn promote the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 1777, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 1777, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 1777, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 1777, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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30
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Vicha A, Taieb D, Pacak K. Current views on cell metabolism in SDHx-related pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:R261-77. [PMID: 24500761 PMCID: PMC4016161 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Warburg's metabolic hypothesis is based on the assumption that a cancer cell's respiration must be under attack, leading to its damage, in order to obtain increased glycolysis. Although this may not apply to all cancers, there is some evidence proving that primarily abnormally functioning mitochondrial complexes are indeed related to cancer development. Thus, mutations in complex II (succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)) lead to the formation of pheochromocytoma (PHEO)/paraganglioma (PGL). Mutations in one of the SDH genes (SDHx mutations) lead to succinate accumulation associated with very low fumarate levels, increased glutaminolysis, the generation of reactive oxygen species, and pseudohypoxia. This results in significant changes in signaling pathways (many of them dependent on the stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor), including oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, specific expression profiles, as well as genomic instability and increased mutability resulting in tumor development. Although there is currently no very effective therapy for SDHx-related metastatic PHEOs/PGLs, targeting their fundamental metabolic abnormalities may provide a unique opportunity for the development of novel and more effective forms of therapy for these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ales Vicha
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2 Medical School, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Taieb
- Service Central de Biophysique et de Médecine Nucléaire, CERIMED Centre hospitalo-universitaire Timone, Marseille, France
- Département d’Oncologie Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Karel Pacak
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892 USA
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31
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Tseng BP, Giedzinski E, Izadi A, Suarez T, Lan ML, Tran KK, Acharya MM, Nelson GA, Raber J, Parihar VK, Limoli CL. Functional consequences of radiation-induced oxidative stress in cultured neural stem cells and the brain exposed to charged particle irradiation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1410-22. [PMID: 23802883 PMCID: PMC3936501 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.5134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Redox homeostasis is critical in regulating the fate and function of multipotent cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we investigated whether low dose charged particle irradiation could elicit oxidative stress in neural stem and precursor cells and whether radiation-induced changes in redox metabolism would coincide with cognitive impairment. RESULTS Low doses (<1 Gy) of charged particles caused an acute and persistent oxidative stress. Early after (<1 week) irradiation, increased levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species were generally dose responsive, but were less dependent on dose weeks to months thereafter. Exposure to ion fluences resulting in less than one ion traversal per cell was sufficient to elicit radiation-induced oxidative stress. Whole body irradiation triggered a compensatory response in the rodent brain that led to a significant increase in antioxidant capacity 2 weeks following exposure, before returning to background levels at week 4. Low dose irradiation was also found to significantly impair novel object recognition in mice 2 and 12 weeks following irradiation. INNOVATION Data provide evidence that acute exposure of neural stem cells and the CNS to very low doses and fluences of charged particles can elicit a persisting oxidative stress lasting weeks to months that is associated with impaired cognition. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to low doses of charged particles causes a persistent oxidative stress and cognitive impairment over protracted times. Data suggest that astronauts subjected to space radiation may develop a heightened risk for mission critical performance decrements in space, along with a risk of developing long-term neurocognitive sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand P Tseng
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
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32
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Li M, Gonon G, Buonanno M, Autsavapromporn N, de Toledo SM, Pain D, Azzam EI. Health risks of space exploration: targeted and nontargeted oxidative injury by high-charge and high-energy particles. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1501-23. [PMID: 24111926 PMCID: PMC3936510 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE During deep space travel, astronauts are often exposed to high atomic number (Z) and high-energy (E) (high charge and high energy [HZE]) particles. On interaction with cells, these particles cause severe oxidative injury and result in unique biological responses. When cell populations are exposed to low fluences of HZE particles, a significant fraction of the cells are not traversed by a primary radiation track, and yet, oxidative stress induced in the targeted cells may spread to nearby bystander cells. The long-term effects are more complex because the oxidative effects persist in progeny of the targeted and affected bystander cells, which promote genomic instability and may increase the risk of age-related cancer and degenerative diseases. RECENT ADVANCES Greater understanding of the spatial and temporal features of reactive oxygen species bursts along the tracks of HZE particles, and the availability of facilities that can simulate exposure to space radiations have supported the characterization of oxidative stress from targeted and nontargeted effects. CRITICAL ISSUES The significance of secondary radiations generated from the interaction of the primary HZE particles with biological material and the mitigating effects of antioxidants on various cellular injuries are central to understanding nontargeted effects and alleviating tissue injury. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the cellular responses to HZE particles, particularly under reduced gravity and situations of exposure to additional radiations, such as protons, should be useful in reducing the uncertainty associated with current models for predicting long-term health risks of space radiation. These studies are also relevant to hadron therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- 1 Department of Radiology, Cancer Center, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School , Newark, New Jersey
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33
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Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in determining the fate of normal stem cells. Low levels of ROS are required for stem cells to maintain quiescence and self-renewal. Increases in ROS production cause stem cell proliferation/differentiation, senescence, and apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, leading to their exhaustion. Therefore, the production of ROS in stem cells is tightly regulated to ensure that they have the ability to maintain tissue homeostasis and repair damaged tissues for the life span of an organism. In this chapter, we discuss how the production of ROS in normal stem cells is regulated by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors and how the fate of these cells is altered by the dysregulation of ROS production under various pathological conditions. In addition, the implications of the aberrant production of ROS by tumor stem cells for tumor progression and treatment are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daohong Zhou
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
| | - Lijian Shao
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Douglas R Spitz
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
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34
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Abstract
Malignant cells exhibit metabolic changes, when compared to their normal counterparts, owing to both genetic and epigenetic alterations. Although such a metabolic rewiring has recently been indicated as yet another general hallmark of cancer, accumulating evidence suggests that the metabolic alterations of each neoplasm represent a molecular signature that intimately accompanies and allows for different facets of malignant transformation. During the past decade, targeting cancer metabolism has emerged as a promising strategy for the development of selective antineoplastic agents. Here, we discuss the intimate relationship between metabolism and malignancy, focusing on strategies through which this central aspect of tumour biology might be turned into cancer's Achilles heel.
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35
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Jacobus JA, Duda CG, Coleman MC, Martin SM, Mapuskar K, Mao G, Smith BJ, Aykin-Burns N, Guida P, Gius D, Domann FE, Knudson CM, Spitz DR. Low-dose radiation-induced enhancement of thymic lymphomagenesis in Lck-Bax mice is dependent on LET and gender. Radiat Res 2013; 180:156-65. [PMID: 23819597 DOI: 10.1667/rr3293.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis that mitochondrial dysfunction and increased superoxide levels in thymocytes over expressing Bax (Lck-Bax1 and Lck-Bax38&1) contributes to lymphomagenesis after low-dose radiation was tested. Lck-Bax1 single-transgenic and Lck-Bax38&1 double-transgenic mice were exposed to single whole-body doses of 10 or 100 cGy of (137)Cs or iron ions (1,000 MeV/n, 150 keV/μm) or silicon ions (300 MeV/n, 67 keV/μm). A 10 cGy dose of (137)Cs significantly increased the incidence and onset of thymic lymphomas in female Lck-Bax1 mice. In Lck-Bax38&1 mice, a 100 cGy dose of high-LET iron ions caused a significant dose dependent acceleration of lymphomagenesis in both males and females that was not seen with silicon ions. To determine the contribution of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, Lck-Bax38&1 over expressing mice were crossed with knockouts of the mitochondrial protein deacetylase, Sirtuin 3 (Sirt3), which regulates superoxide metabolism. Sirt3(-/-)/Lck-Bax38&1 mice demonstrated significant increases in thymocyte superoxide levels and acceleration of lymphomagenesis (P < 0.001). These results show that lymphomagenesis in Bax over expressing animals is enhanced by radiation exposure in both an LET and gender dependent fashion. These findings support the hypothesis that mitochondrial dysfunction leads to increased superoxide levels and accelerates lymphomagenesis in Lck-Bax transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Jacobus
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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36
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Siebels I, Dröse S. Q-site inhibitor induced ROS production of mitochondrial complex II is attenuated by TCA cycle dicarboxylates. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2013; 1827:1156-64. [PMID: 23800966 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The impact of complex II (succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) on the mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been underestimated for a long time. However, recent studies with intact mitochondria revealed that complex II can be a significant source of ROS. Using submitochondrial particles from bovine heart mitochondria as a system that allows the precise setting of substrate concentrations we could show that mammalian complex II produces ROS at subsaturating succinate concentrations in the presence of Q-site inhibitors like atpenin A5 or when a further downstream block of the respiratory chain occurred. Upon inhibition of the ubiquinone reductase activity, complex II produced about 75% hydrogen peroxide and 25% superoxide. ROS generation was attenuated by all dicarboxylates that are known to bind competitively to the substrate binding site of complex II, suggesting that the oxygen radicals are mainly generated by the unoccupied flavin site. Importantly, the ROS production induced by the Q-site inhibitor atpenin A5 was largely unaffected by the redox state of the Q pool and the activity of other respiratory chain complexes. Hence, complex II has to be considered as an independent source of mitochondrial ROS in physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilka Siebels
- Clinic of Anesthesiology, Intensive-Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Goethe-University Hospital, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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37
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Dröse S. Differential effects of complex II on mitochondrial ROS production and their relation to cardioprotective pre- and postconditioning. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2013; 1827:578-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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38
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Mo WC, Zhang ZJ, Liu Y, Bartlett PF, He RQ. Magnetic shielding accelerates the proliferation of human neuroblastoma cell by promoting G1-phase progression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54775. [PMID: 23355897 PMCID: PMC3552807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Organisms have been exposed to the geomagnetic field (GMF) throughout evolutionary history. Exposure to the hypomagnetic field (HMF) by deep magnetic shielding has recently been suggested to have a negative effect on the structure and function of the central nervous system, particularly during early development. Although changes in cell growth and differentiation have been observed in the HMF, the effects of the HMF on cell cycle progression still remain unclear. Here we show that continuous HMF exposure significantly increases the proliferation of human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells. The acceleration of proliferation results from a forward shift of the cell cycle in G1-phase. The G2/M-phase progression is not affected in the HMF. Our data is the first to demonstrate that the HMF can stimulate the proliferation of SH-SY5Y cells by promoting cell cycle progression in the G1-phase. This provides a novel way to study the mechanism of cells in response to changes of environmental magnetic field including the GMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-chuan Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zi-jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (YL); (RH)
| | - Perry F. Bartlett
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rong-qiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (YL); (RH)
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Kluckova K, Bezawork-Geleta A, Rohlena J, Dong L, Neuzil J. Mitochondrial complex II, a novel target for anti-cancer agents. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2012; 1827:552-64. [PMID: 23142170 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 10/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
With the arrival of the third millennium, in spite of unprecedented progress in molecular medicine, cancer remains as untamed as ever. The complexity of tumours, dictating the potential response of cancer cells to anti-cancer agents, has been recently highlighted in a landmark paper by Weinberg and Hanahan on hallmarks of cancer [1]. Together with the recently published papers on the complexity of tumours in patients and even within the same tumour (see below), the cure for this pathology seems to be an elusive goal. Indisputably, the strategy ought to be changed, searching for targets that are generally invariant across the landscape of neoplastic diseases. One such target appears to be the mitochondrial complex II (CII) of the electron transfer chain, a recent focus of research. We document and highlight this particularly intriguing target in this review paper and give examples of drugs that use CII as their molecular target. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Respiratory complex II: Role in cellular physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Kluckova
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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40
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Fliedner SMJ, Kaludercic N, Jiang XS, Hansikova H, Hajkova Z, Sladkova J, Limpuangthip A, Backlund PS, Wesley R, Martiniova L, Jochmanova I, Lendvai NK, Breza J, Yergey AL, Paolocci N, Tischler AS, Zeman J, Porter FD, Lehnert H, Pacak K. Warburg effect's manifestation in aggressive pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas: insights from a mouse cell model applied to human tumor tissue. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40949. [PMID: 22859959 PMCID: PMC3409208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A glycolytic profile unifies a group of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PHEOs/PGLs) with distinct underlying gene defects, including von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) and succinate dehydrogenase B (SDHB) mutations. Nevertheless, their tumor aggressiveness is distinct: PHEOs/PGLs metastasize rarely in VHL-, but frequently in SDHB-patients. To date, the molecular mechanisms causing the more aggressive phenotype in SDHB-PHEOs/PGLs remain largely unknown. Recently, however, an excellent model to study aggressive PHEOs (mouse tumor tissue (MTT) cells) has been developed from mouse PHEO cells (MPC). We employed this model for a proteomics based approach to identify changes characteristic for tumor aggressiveness, which we then explored in a homogeneous set of human SDHB- and VHL-PHEOs/PGLs. The increase of glucose transporter 1 in VHL, and of hexokinase 2 in VHL and SDHB, confirmed their glycolytic profile. In agreement with the cell model and in support of decoupling of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), SDHB tumors showed increased lactate dehydrogenase levels. In SDHB-PGLs OXPHOS complex activity was increased at complex III and, as expected, decreased at complex II. Moreover, protein and mRNA expression of all tested OXPHOS-related genes were higher in SDHB- than in VHL-derived tumors. Although there was no direct evidence for increased reactive oxygen species production, elevated superoxide dismutase 2 expression may reflect elevated oxidative stress in SDHB-derived PHEOs/PGLs. For the first time, we show that despite dysfunction in complex II and evidence for a glycolytic phenotype, the Warburg effect does not seem to fully apply to SDHB-PHEOs/PGLs with respect to decreased OXPHOS. In addition, we present evidence for increased LDHA and SOD2 expression in SDHB-PHEOs/PGLs, proteins that have been proposed as promising therapeutic targets in other cancers. This study provides new insight into pathogenic mechanisms in aggressive human PHEOs/PGLs, which may lead to identifying new diagnostic and prognostic markers in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. J. Fliedner
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- 1 Department of Medicine, University Hospitals of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Nina Kaludercic
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Sheng Jiang
- Section on Molecular Dysmorphology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hana Hansikova
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Hajkova
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Sladkova
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Limpuangthip
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter S. Backlund
- Section on Mass Spectrometry and Metabolism, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert Wesley
- Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lucia Martiniova
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ivana Jochmanova
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine Medical Faculty, P.J.Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Nikoletta K. Lendvai
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jan Breza
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Alfred L. Yergey
- Section on Mass Spectrometry and Metabolism, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nazareno Paolocci
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Section of Pathology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Arthur S. Tischler
- Department of Pathology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jiri Zeman
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Forbes D. Porter
- Section on Molecular Dysmorphology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hendrik Lehnert
- 1 Department of Medicine, University Hospitals of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Karel Pacak
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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