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Li X, Zhang J, Liu G, Wu G, Wang R, Zhang J. High altitude hypoxia and oxidative stress: The new hope brought by free radical scavengers. Life Sci 2024; 336:122319. [PMID: 38035993 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Various strategies can be employed to prevent and manage altitude illnesses, including habituation, oxygenation, nutritional support, and medication. Nevertheless, the utilization of drugs for the prevention and treatment of hypoxia is accompanied by certain adverse effects. Consequently, the quest for medications that exhibit minimal side effects while demonstrating high efficacy remains a prominent area of research. In this context, it is noteworthy that free radical scavengers exhibit remarkable anti-hypoxia activity. These scavengers effectively eliminate excessive free radicals and mitigate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby safeguarding the body against oxidative damage induced by plateau hypoxia. In this review, we aim to elucidate the pathogenesis of plateau diseases that are triggered by hypoxia-induced oxidative stress at high altitudes. Additionally, we present a range of free radical scavengers as potential therapeutic and preventive approaches to mitigate the occurrence of common diseases associated with hypoxia at high altitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Li
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Juanhong Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Guoan Liu
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Guofan Wu
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Rong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory for Prevention and Remediation of Plateau Environmental Damage, 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of CPLA, Lanzhou 730050, China.
| | - Junmin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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2
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Chen H, Chen C, Qin Y, Wang L, Zheng J, Gao F. Protective effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate counteracting the chronic hypobaric hypoxia-induced myocardial injury in plain-grown rats at high altitude. Cell Stress Chaperones 2023; 28:921-933. [PMID: 37875765 PMCID: PMC10746658 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-023-01386-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to hypobaric hypoxia (HH) environment causes stress to the body, especially the oxygen-consuming organs. Chronic HH conditions have adverse effects on the myocardium. Thus, we conducted this experiment and aim to evaluate such adverse effects and explore the therapeutic role of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in rats' heart under chronic HH conditions. For that purpose, we transported rats from plain to a real HH environment at high altitude for establishing the HH model. At high altitude, animals were treated with EGCG while the salidroside was used as the positive control. General physiological data were collected, and routine blood test results were analyzed. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) was examined to assess the structural and functional changes of the heart. Serum levels of cardiac enzymes and pro-inflammatory cytokines were examined. Oxidative markers in the left ventricle (LV) were detected. Additionally, ultrastructural and histopathological changes and apoptosis of the LV were assessed. Furthermore, the antioxidant stress-relevant proteins nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were detected. The experiment revealed that EGCG treatment decreased HH-induced elevation of cardiac enzymes and relieved mitochondrial damage of the LV. Notably, EGCG treatment significantly alleviated oxidative stress in the LV and inflammatory response in the blood. Western blot confirmed that EGCG significantly upregulated Nrf2 and HO-1. Therefore, EGCG may be considered a promising natural compound for treating the HH-induced myocardial injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Chen
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuhui Qin
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Fabao Gao
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Doherty CJ, Chang JC, Thompson BP, Swenson ER, Foster GE, Dominelli PB. The Impact of Acetazolamide and Methazolamide on Exercise Performance in Normoxia and Hypoxia. High Alt Med Biol 2023; 24:7-18. [PMID: 36802203 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2022.0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Doherty, Connor J., Jou-Chung Chang, Benjamin P. Thompson, Erik R. Swenson, Glen E. Foster, and Paolo B. Dominelli. The impact of acetazolamide and methazolamide on exercise performance in normoxia and hypoxia. High Alt Med Biol. 24:7-18, 2023.-Carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors are commonly prescribed for acute mountain sickness (AMS). In this review, we sought to examine how two CA inhibitors, acetazolamide (AZ) and methazolamide (MZ), affect exercise performance in normoxia and hypoxia. First, we briefly describe the role of CA inhibition in facilitating the increase in ventilation and arterial oxygenation in preventing and treating AMS. Next, we detail how AZ affects exercise performance in normoxia and hypoxia and this is followed by a discussion on MZ. We emphasize that the overarching focus of the review is how the two drugs potentially affect exercise performance, rather than their ability to prevent/treat AMS per se, their interrelationship will be discussed. Overall, we suggest that AZ hinders exercise performance in normoxia, but may be beneficial in hypoxia. Based upon head-to-head studies of AZ and MZ in humans on diaphragmatic and locomotor strength in normoxia, MZ may be a better CA inhibitor when exercise performance is crucial at high altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor J Doherty
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jou-Chung Chang
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benjamin P Thompson
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erik R Swenson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Washington, USA
- Medical Service, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Glen E Foster
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Paolo B Dominelli
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Eleutheroside B ameliorated high altitude pulmonary edema by attenuating ferroptosis and necroptosis through Nrf2-antioxidant response signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113982. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Barthels D, Prateeksha P, Nozohouri S, Villalba H, Zhang Y, Sharma S, Anderson S, Howlader MSI, Nambiar A, Abbruscato TJ, Das H. Dental Pulp-Derived Stem Cells Preserve Astrocyte Health During Induced Gliosis by Modulating Mitochondrial Activity and Functions. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022:10.1007/s10571-022-01291-8. [PMID: 36201091 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes have been implicated in the onset and complication of various central nervous system (CNS) injuries and disorders. Uncontrolled astrogliosis (gliosis), while a necessary process for recovery after CNS trauma, also causes impairments in CNS performance and functions. The ability to preserve astrocyte health and better regulate the gliosis process could play a major role in controlling damage in the aftermath of acute insults and during chronic dysfunction. Here in, we demonstrate the ability of dental pulp-derived stem cells (DPSCs) in protecting the health of astrocytes during induced gliosis. First of all, we have characterized the expression of genes in primary astrocytes that are relevant to the pathological conditions of CNS by inducing gliosis. Subsequently, we found that astrocytes co-cultured with DPSCs reduced ROS production, NRF2 and GCLM expressions, mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial functions compared to the astrocytes that were not co-cultured with DPSCs in gliosis condition. In addition, hyperactive autophagy was also decreased in astrocytes that were co-cultured with DPSCs compared to the astrocytes that were not co-cultured with DPSCs during gliosis. This reversal and mitigation of gliosis in astrocytes were partly due to induction of neurogenesis in DPSCs through enhanced expressions of the neuronal genes like GFAP, NeuN, and Synapsin in DPSCs and by secretion of higher amounts of neurotropic factors, such as BDNF, GDNF, and TIMP-2. Protein-Protein docking analysis suggested that BDNF and GDNF can bind with CSPG4 and block the downstream signaling. Together these findings demonstrate novel functions of DPSCs to preserve astrocyte health during gliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Barthels
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, ARB Suite 2116, 1406 South Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Prateeksha Prateeksha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, ARB Suite 2116, 1406 South Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Saeideh Nozohouri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, ARB Suite 2116, 1406 South Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Heidi Villalba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, ARB Suite 2116, 1406 South Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, ARB Suite 2116, 1406 South Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Sejal Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, ARB Suite 2116, 1406 South Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Sarah Anderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, ARB Suite 2116, 1406 South Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Md Sariful Islam Howlader
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, ARB Suite 2116, 1406 South Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Adarsh Nambiar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, ARB Suite 2116, 1406 South Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, ARB Suite 2116, 1406 South Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Hiranmoy Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, ARB Suite 2116, 1406 South Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA.
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Deng T, Xu X, Fu J, Xu Y, Qu W, Pi J, Wang H. Application of ARE-reporter systems in drug discovery and safety assessment. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 454:116243. [PMID: 36115658 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The human body is continuously exposed to xenobiotics and internal or external oxidants. The health risk assessment of exogenous chemicals remains a complex and challenging issue. Alternative toxicological test methods have become an essential strategy for health risk assessment. As a core regulator of constitutive and inducible expression of antioxidant response element (ARE)-dependent genes, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) plays a critical role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis. Consistent with the properties of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response, Nrf2-ARE activity is a direct indicator of oxidative stress and thus has been used to identify and characterize oxidative stressors and redox modulators. To screen and distinguish chemicals or environmental insults that affect the cellular antioxidant activity and/or induce oxidative stress, various in vitro cell models expressing distinct ARE reporters with high-throughput and high-content properties have been developed. These ARE-reporter systems are currently widely applied in drug discovery and safety assessment. In the present review, we provide an overview of the basic structures and applications of various ARE-reporter systems employed for discovering Nrf2-ARE modulators and characterizing oxidative stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Deng
- Laboratory of Chronic Disease and Environmental Genomics, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Xiaoge Xu
- Laboratory of Chronic Disease and Environmental Genomics, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Jingqi Fu
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Laboratory of Chronic Disease and Environmental Genomics, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Weidong Qu
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jingbo Pi
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Huihui Wang
- Laboratory of Chronic Disease and Environmental Genomics, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
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A novel nitronyl nitroxide radical HPN-C6 attenuates brain damage in an acute hypobaric hypoxia mouse model through inhibition of the oxidative stress. Neurosci Lett 2022; 782:136650. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Manohar K, Gupta RK, Gupta P, Saha D, Gare S, Sarkar R, Misra A, Giri L. FDA approved L-type channel blocker Nifedipine reduces cell death in hypoxic A549 cells through modulation of mitochondrial calcium and superoxide generation. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 177:189-200. [PMID: 34666149 PMCID: PMC8520174 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.08.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
As hypoxia is a major driver for the pathophysiology of COVID-19, it is crucial to characterize the hypoxic response at the cellular and molecular levels. In order to augment drug repurposing with the identification of appropriate molecular targets, investigations on therapeutics preventing hypoxic cell damage is required. In this work, we propose a hypoxia model based on alveolar lung epithelial cells line using chemical inducer, CoCl2 that can be used for testing calcium channel blockers (CCBs). Since recent studies suggested that CCBs may reduce the infectivity of SARS-Cov-2, we specifically select FDA approved calcium channel blocker, nifedipine for the study. First, we examined hypoxia-induced cell morphology and found a significant increase in cytosolic calcium levels, mitochondrial calcium overload as well as ROS production in hypoxic A549 cells. Secondly, we demonstrate the protective behaviour of nifedipine for cells that are already subjected to hypoxia through measurement of cell viability as well as 4D imaging of cellular morphology and nuclear condensation. Thirdly, we show that the protective effect of nifedipine is achieved through the reduction of cytosolic calcium, mitochondrial calcium, and ROS generation. Overall, we outline a framework for quantitative analysis of mitochondrial calcium and ROS using 3D imaging in laser scanning confocal microscopy and the open-source image analysis platform ImageJ. The proposed pipeline was used to visualize mitochondrial calcium and ROS level in individual cells that provide an understanding of molecular targets. Our findings suggest that the therapeutic value of nifedipine may potentially be evaluated in the context of COVID-19 therapeutic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuruba Manohar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, 502285, India
| | - Rishikesh Kumar Gupta
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, 02 109, Poland; Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, 02-091, Poland
| | - Parth Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, 502285, India
| | - Debasmita Saha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, 502285, India
| | - Suman Gare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, 502285, India
| | - Rahuldeb Sarkar
- Departments of Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Gillingham, Kent, UK; Faculty of Life Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ashish Misra
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, 502285, India
| | - Lopamudra Giri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, 502285, India.
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Hu Y, Sun J, Wang T, Wang H, Zhao C, Wang W, Yan K, Yan X, Sun H. Compound Danshen Dripping Pill inhibits high altitude-induced hypoxic damage by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2021; 59:1585-1593. [PMID: 34808069 PMCID: PMC8635678 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.1998139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Previous studies indicate that compound Danshen Dripping Pill (CDDP) improves the adaptation to high-altitude exposure. However, its mechanism of action is not clear. OBJECTIVE To explore the protective effect of CDDP on hypobaric hypoxia (HH) and its possible mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS A meta-analysis of 1051 human volunteers was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of CDDP at high altitudes. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into 5 groups (n = 6): control at normal pressure, model, CDDP-170 mg/kg, CDDP-340 mg/kg and acetazolamide groups. HH was simulated at an altitude of 5500 m for 24 h. Animal blood was collected for arterial blood-gas analysis and cytokines detection and their organs were harvested for pathological examination. Expression levels of AQP1, NF-κB and Nrf2 were determined by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS The meta-analysis data indicated that the ratio between the combined RR of the total effective rate and the 95% CI was 0.23 (0.06, 0.91), the SMD and 95% CI of SO2 was 0.37 (0.12, 0.62). Pre-treatment of CDDP protected rats from HH-induced pulmonary edoema and heart injury, left-shifted oxygen-dissociation curve and decreased P50 (30.25 ± 3.72 vs. 37.23 ± 4.30). Mechanistically, CDDP alleviated HH-reinforced ROS by improving SOD and GPX1 while inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines and NF-κB expression. CDDP also decreased HH-evoked D-dimer, erythrocyte aggregation and blood hemorheology, promoting AQP1 and Nrf2 expression. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Pre-treatment with CDDP could prevent HH-induced tissue damage, oxidative stress and inflammatory response. Suppressed NF-κB and up-regulated Nrf2 might play significant roles in the mechanism of CDDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhui Hu
- GeneNet Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Jia Sun
- GeneNet Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Tongxing Wang
- GeneNet Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Hairong Wang
- GeneNet Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Chunlai Zhao
- GeneNet Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Wenjia Wang
- GeneNet Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Kaijing Yan
- GeneNet Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd, Tianjin, P.R. China
- The State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Tasly Academy, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd, Tianjin, China
- Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd, Tianjin, China
| | - Xijun Yan
- GeneNet Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd, Tianjin, P.R. China
- The State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Tasly Academy, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd, Tianjin, China
- Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd, Tianjin, China
| | - He Sun
- GeneNet Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd, Tianjin, P.R. China
- The State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Tasly Academy, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd, Tianjin, China
- Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd, Tianjin, China
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He L, Guo C, Peng C, Li Y. Advances of natural activators for Nrf2 signaling pathway on cholestatic liver injury protection: a review. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 910:174447. [PMID: 34461126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cholestasis is a common manifestation of obstruction of bile flow in various liver diseases. If the bile acid accumulation is not treated in time, it will further lead to hepatocyte damage, liver fibrosis and ultimately to cirrhosis, which seriously affects human life. The pathogenesis of cholestatic liver injury is very complicated, mainly including oxidative stress and inflammation. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an important transcription factor responsible for upregulating expression of various genes with cytoprotective functions. Nrf2 activation has been proved to inhibit oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction, modulate bile acid homeostasis, and alleviate fibrosis during cholestasis. Therefore, Nrf2 emerges as a potential therapeutic target for cholestatic liver injury. In recent years, natural products with various biological activities including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor and anti-fibrotic effects have received growing attention for being hepatoprotective agents. Natural products like asiatic acid, diosmin, rutin, and so forth have shown significant potential in activating Nrf2 pathway which can lead to attenuate cholestatic liver injury. Therefore, this paper emphasizes the effect of Nrf2 signaling pathway on alleviating cholestasis, and summarizes recent evidence about natural Nrf2 activators with hepatoprotective effect in various models of cholestatic liver injury, thus providing theoretical reference for the development of anti-cholestatic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfeng He
- National Key Laboratory of Southwest Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Chaocheng Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Southwest Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Southwest Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yunxia Li
- National Key Laboratory of Southwest Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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11
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Bulli I, Dettori I, Coppi E, Cherchi F, Venturini M, Di Cesare Mannelli L, Ghelardini C, Nocentini A, Supuran CT, Pugliese AM, Pedata F. Role of Carbonic Anhydrase in Cerebral Ischemia and Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors as Putative Protective Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5029. [PMID: 34068564 PMCID: PMC8126098 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22095029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. The only pharmacological treatment available to date for cerebral ischemia is tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and the search for successful therapeutic strategies still remains a major challenge. The loss of cerebral blood flow leads to reduced oxygen and glucose supply and a subsequent switch to the glycolytic pathway, which leads to tissue acidification. Carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) is the enzyme responsible for converting carbon dioxide into a protons and bicarbonate, thus contributing to pH regulation and metabolism, with many CA isoforms present in the brain. Recently, numerous studies have shed light on several classes of carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (CAI) as possible new pharmacological agents for the management of brain ischemia. In the present review we summarized pharmacological, preclinical and clinical findings regarding the role of CAIs in strokes and we discuss their potential protective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Bulli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psycology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (I.B.); (I.D.); (E.C.); (F.C.); (M.V.); (L.D.C.M.); (C.G.); (A.M.P.)
| | - Ilaria Dettori
- Department of Neuroscience, Psycology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (I.B.); (I.D.); (E.C.); (F.C.); (M.V.); (L.D.C.M.); (C.G.); (A.M.P.)
| | - Elisabetta Coppi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psycology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (I.B.); (I.D.); (E.C.); (F.C.); (M.V.); (L.D.C.M.); (C.G.); (A.M.P.)
| | - Federica Cherchi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psycology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (I.B.); (I.D.); (E.C.); (F.C.); (M.V.); (L.D.C.M.); (C.G.); (A.M.P.)
| | - Martina Venturini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psycology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (I.B.); (I.D.); (E.C.); (F.C.); (M.V.); (L.D.C.M.); (C.G.); (A.M.P.)
| | - Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psycology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (I.B.); (I.D.); (E.C.); (F.C.); (M.V.); (L.D.C.M.); (C.G.); (A.M.P.)
| | - Carla Ghelardini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psycology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (I.B.); (I.D.); (E.C.); (F.C.); (M.V.); (L.D.C.M.); (C.G.); (A.M.P.)
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psycology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy;
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Department of Neuroscience, Psycology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy;
| | - Anna Maria Pugliese
- Department of Neuroscience, Psycology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (I.B.); (I.D.); (E.C.); (F.C.); (M.V.); (L.D.C.M.); (C.G.); (A.M.P.)
| | - Felicita Pedata
- Department of Neuroscience, Psycology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (I.B.); (I.D.); (E.C.); (F.C.); (M.V.); (L.D.C.M.); (C.G.); (A.M.P.)
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12
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Stenvinkel P, Meyer CJ, Block GA, Chertow GM, Shiels PG. Understanding the role of the cytoprotective transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-lessons from evolution, the animal kingdom and rare progeroid syndromes. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2021; 35:2036-2045. [PMID: 31302696 PMCID: PMC7716811 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfz120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoprotective transcriptor factor nuclear factor erythroid 2– related factor 2 (NRF2) is part of a complex regulatory network that responds to environmental cues. To better understand its role in a cluster of inflammatory and pro-oxidative burden of lifestyle diseases that accumulate with age, lessons can be learned from evolution, the animal kingdom and progeroid syndromes. When levels of oxygen increased in the atmosphere, mammals required ways to protect themselves from the metabolic toxicity that arose from the production of reactive oxygen species. The evolutionary origin of the NRF2–Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) signalling pathway from primitive origins has been a prerequisite for a successful life on earth, with checkpoints in antioxidant gene expression, inflammation, detoxification and protein homoeostasis. Examples from the animal kingdom suggest that superior antioxidant defense mechanisms with enhanced NRF2 expression have been developed during evolution to protect animals during extreme environmental conditions, such as deep sea diving, hibernation and habitual hypoxia. The NRF2–KEAP1 signalling pathway is repressed in progeroid (accelerated ageing) syndromes and a cluster of burden of lifestyle disorders that accumulate with age. Compelling links exist between tissue hypoxia, senescence and a repressed NRF2 system. Effects of interventions that activate NRF2, including nutrients, and more potent (semi)synthetic NRF2 agonists on clinical outcomes are of major interest. Given the broad-ranging actions of NRF2, we need to better understand the mechanisms of activation, biological function and regulation of NRF2 and its inhibitor, KEAP1, in different clinical conditions to ensure that modulation of this thiol-based system will not result in major adverse effects. Lessons from evolution, the animal kingdom and conditions of accelerated ageing clarify a major role of a controlled NRF2–KEAP1 system in healthy ageing and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Stenvinkel
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Glenn M Chertow
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Paul G Shiels
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Translational Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
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13
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Kooman JP, Stenvinkel P, Shiels PG, Feelisch M, Canaud B, Kotanko P. The oxygen cascade in patients treated with hemodialysis and native high-altitude dwellers: lessons from extreme physiology to benefit patients with end-stage renal disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 320:F249-F261. [PMID: 33356957 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00540.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients treated with hemodialysis (HD) repeatedly undergo intradialytic low arterial oxygen saturation and low central venous oxygen saturation, reflecting an imbalance between upper body systemic oxygen supply and demand, which are associated with increased mortality. Abnormalities along the entire oxygen cascade, with impaired diffusive and convective oxygen transport, contribute to the reduced tissue oxygen supply. HD treatment impairs pulmonary gas exchange and reduces ventilatory drive, whereas ultrafiltration can reduce tissue perfusion due to a decline in cardiac output. In addition to these factors, capillary rarefaction and reduced mitochondrial efficacy can further affect the balance between cellular oxygen supply and demand. Whereas it has been convincingly demonstrated that a reduced perfusion of heart and brain during HD contributes to organ damage, the significance of systemic hypoxia remains uncertain, although it may contribute to oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and accelerated senescence. These abnormalities along the oxygen cascade of patients treated with HD appear to be diametrically opposite to the situation in Tibetan highlanders and Sherpa, whose physiology adapted to the inescapable hypobaric hypoxia of their living environment over many generations. Their adaptation includes pulmonary, vascular, and metabolic alterations with enhanced capillary density, nitric oxide production, and mitochondrial efficacy without oxidative stress. Improving the tissue oxygen supply in patients treated with HD depends primarily on preventing hemodynamic instability by increasing dialysis time/frequency or prescribing cool dialysis. Whether dietary or pharmacological interventions, such as the administration of L-arginine, fermented food, nitrate, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 agonists, or prolyl hydroxylase 2 inhibitors, improve clinical outcome in patients treated with HD warrants future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen P Kooman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science Technology and Intervention, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paul G Shiels
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Feelisch
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences and Integrative Physiology and Critical Illness Group, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Bernard Canaud
- Montpellier University, School of Medicine, Montpellier, France & Global Medical Office, Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Peter Kotanko
- Renal Research Institute, New York, New York.,Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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14
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Ghattamaneni NKR, Brown L. Functional foods from the tropics to relieve chronic normobaric hypoxia. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2020; 286:103599. [PMID: 33333240 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2020.103599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Functional foods with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties are regarded as a complementary therapy to improve chronic diseases such as obesity and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Obesity is a chronic low-grade inflammatory state leading to organ damage with increased risk of common diseases including cardiovascular and metabolic disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, osteoarthritis and some cancers. IBD is a chronic intestinal inflammation categorised as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis depending on the location of inflammation. These inflammatory states are characterised by normobaric hypoxia in adipose and intestinal tissues, respectively. Tropical foods especially from Australia and South America are discussed in this review to show their potential in attenuation of these chronic diseases. The phytochemicals from these foods have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities to reduce chronic normobaric hypoxia in the tissues. These health benefits of the tropical foods are relevant not only for health economy but also in providing a global solution by improving the sustainability of their cultivation and assisting the local economies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naga K R Ghattamaneni
- Functional Foods Research Group, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, 4305, Australia; School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, 4305, Australia
| | - Lindsay Brown
- Functional Foods Research Group, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, 4305, Australia; School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, 4305, Australia.
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15
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Azouz AA, Abdel-Nassir Abdel-Razek E, Abo-Youssef AM. Amlodipine alleviates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats through gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) enzyme inhibition, associated with regulation of Nrf2/HO-1, MAPK/NF-κB, and Bax/Bcl-2 signaling. Saudi Pharm J 2020; 28:1317-1325. [PMID: 33250641 PMCID: PMC7679434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The therapeutic utility of the effective chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin is hampered by its nephrotoxic effect. We aimed from the current study to examine the possible protective effects of amlodipine through gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) enzyme inhibition against cisplatin nephrotoxicity. METHODS Amlodipine (5 mg/kg, po) was administered to rats for 14 successive days. On the 10th day, nephrotoxicity was induced by a single dose of cisplatin (6.5 mg/kg, ip). On the last day, blood samples were collected for estimation of kidney function, while kidney samples were used for determination of GGT activity, oxidative stress, inflammatory, and apoptotic markers, along with histopathological evaluation. RESULTS Amlodipine alleviated renal injury that was manifested by significantly diminished serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels, compared to cisplatin group. Amlodipine inhibited GGT enzyme, which participates in the metabolism of extracellular glutathione (GSH) and platinum-GSH-conjugates to a reactive toxic thiol. Besides, amlodipine diminished mRNA expression of NADPH oxidase in the kidney, while enhanced the anti-oxidant defense by activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. Additionally, it showed marked anti-inflammatory response by reducing expressions of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), with subsequent down-regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Moreover, amlodipine reduced Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and elevated hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), thus favoring renal cell survival. CONCLUSIONS Effective GGT inhibition by amlodipine associated with enhancement of anti-oxidant defense and suppression of inflammatory signaling and apoptosis support our suggestion that amlodipine could replace toxic GGT inhibitors in protection against cisplatin nephrotoxicity.
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Key Words
- Amlodipine
- Anti-inflammatory response
- Anti-oxidant defense
- BUN, Blood urea nitrogen
- Bax, Bcl-2-associated X protein
- Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2
- CMC, Carboxymethyl cellulose
- Cisplatin nephrotoxicity
- GGT inhibition
- GGT, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
- GSH, Reduced glutathione
- H & E, Hematoxylin and eosin
- HGF, Hepatocyte growth factor
- HO-1, Heme oxygenase-1
- IL-6, Interleukin-6
- Keap1, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
- MAPK, Mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MDA, Malondialdehyde
- NADPH, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- NF-κB, Nuclear factor-kappa B
- NO, Nitric oxide
- NOx, Total nitrate/nitrite
- Nrf2, Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- Renal cell survival
- TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
- VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany A. Azouz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
| | | | - Amira M. Abo-Youssef
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
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16
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Sabzevary-Ghahfarokhi M, Soltani A, Luzza F, Larussa T, Rahimian G, Shirzad H, Bagheri N. The protective effects of resveratrol on ulcerative colitis via changing the profile of Nrf2 and IL-1β protein. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:6941-6947. [PMID: 32888128 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05753-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with increasing incidence and prevalence in developed countries. The presence of inflammatory cytokines is considered the main detrimental factor in severe types of IBD. The Nrf2 transcription factor plays an important role in reducing the expression of inflammatory agents such as interleukin (IL)-1β and increasing reparative factors such as IL-11. Resveratrol, a plant-derived phenolic compound, reduces the damage in chronic experimentally induced colitis. Twenty patients with UC and also 20 healthy controls were recruited in this study. The proteins expression of Nrf2 and IL-1β was assessed in colonic biopsies by Western blotting. Caco-2 cells were challenged with TNF-α (in vitro simulation of UC), in the presence or not of 190 nM (24 h) and 75 nM (48 h) Resveratrol. Then, Nrf2 and IL-1β in gene and protein expression were measured by real time-PCR and Western blotting in different treatments. Finally, IL-11 proteins expression was measured in culture supernatant by ELISA. A significant increase of IL-1β protein was detected in inflamed colonic tissues from UC patients compared with the control individuals. In Caco-2 cells challenged with TNF-α, protein expression of IL-1β and p-Nrf2 showed an increase, while gene expression of Nrf2 did not show a significant difference. After treatment with Resveratrol, both IL-1β mRNA and protein levels were reduced, while IL-11 protein levels showed any increase. The p-Nrf2 is a dominant form which is prevalent in inflamed tissues from UC patients. Resveratrol can reverse the inflammatory effects of TNF-α by reducing IL-1β and increasing IL-11 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Sabzevary-Ghahfarokhi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Amin Soltani
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Francesco Luzza
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Tiziana Larussa
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ghorbanali Rahimian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Hedayatollah Shirzad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Nader Bagheri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
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17
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Zhang W, Dong X, Dou S, Yang L. Neuroprotective role of Nrf2 on hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal mice. Synapse 2020; 74:e22174. [PMID: 32491225 DOI: 10.1002/syn.22174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress play a key role in mediating the pathophysiology of hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury. Nrf2 is a transcriptional factor that contributes to the innate defense of the body against oxidative stress and inflammation. The current study investigated the effect of Nrf2 in neonatal HI brain injury using Nrf2-/- mice. Nrf2-/- and wild-type Nrf2+/+ mice on a C57BL/6J background at postnatal day 9 underwent unilateral common carotid artery ligation, followed by hypoxia. Brain damage was determined by infarct size measurement. Apoptosis was evaluated by measuring the expression of Bax and Bcl-2. The levels of inflammatory cytokines and mediators involved in oxidative stress were measured. Nrf2 knockout exacerbated HI injury-induced brain infarct and cell apoptosis in the brain. Nrf2-/- mice showed increased inflammatory cytokines and MDA, and reduced activities of antioxidant enzymes including CAT, GSH-Px, and SOD. Nrf2-/- mice showed reduced HO-1 expression after HI injury compared with wild-type mice. This study supported a protective effect of Nrf2 in neonatal HI brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Brain Academy District, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, China
| | - Xiujuan Dong
- Department of Two Obstetrics, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, China
| | - Sumian Dou
- Department of Emergency, Brain Academy District, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, China
| | - Long Yang
- Department of Emergency, Brain Academy District, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, China
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18
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Methazolamide in high-altitude illnesses. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 148:105326. [PMID: 32251722 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
As a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor and a methylated lipophilic analogue of acetazolamide, Methazolamide has higher lipid solubility, less plasma protein binding and renal excretion, and fewer side effects, compared to acetazolamide. Methazolamide can increase systemic metabolic acidosis and sequentially improve ventilation and oxygenation level. The increased oxygenation level leads to reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, relived cerebral edema, mitigated hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, abrogated hypoxic fatigue, and decreased excessive erythrocytosis. In addition to the effect as a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, methazolamide directly activates the transcription factor anti-oxidative nuclear factor-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and inhibits interleukin-1β (IL-1β) release. These pharmacological functions of methazolamide are beneficial for the prevention and treatment of high-altitude illnesses. Besides, methazolamide causes less fatigue side effects than acetazolamide does. It is also worth noting that several studies suggested that a lower dose of methazolamide has similar prophylaxis and treatment efficacy in acute mountain sickness (AMS) to a higher dose of acetazolamide. Given methazolamide's advantages over acetazolamide, methazolamide may thus represent an alternative for acetazolamide when taken for high-altitude illnesses prophylaxis and treatment. However, more in-depth clinical trials are needed to fully evaluate this efficacy of methazolamide.
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Subudhi AW, Evero O, Reitinger J, Davis C, Gronewold J, Nichols AJ, Van‐Houten SJ, Roach RC. Combined methazolamide and theophylline improves oxygen saturation but not exercise performance or altitude illness in acute hypobaric hypoxia. Exp Physiol 2020; 106:117-125. [DOI: 10.1113/ep088461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W. Subudhi
- Altitude Research Center University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO USA
- Department of Human Physiology and Nutrition University of Colorado Colorado Springs Colorado Springs CO USA
| | - Oghenero Evero
- Altitude Research Center University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO USA
| | - Jeremy Reitinger
- Altitude Research Center University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO USA
| | - Christopher Davis
- Altitude Research Center University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO USA
| | - Jeffrey Gronewold
- Altitude Research Center University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO USA
| | - Andrew J. Nichols
- Altitude Research Center University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO USA
| | | | - Robert C. Roach
- Altitude Research Center University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO USA
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20
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to provide a theoretical basis for the early diagnosis and prediction of acute altitude sickness, to provide a better entry mode for healthy people from plain areas to plateau areas, and to preliminarily clarify the possible mechanism of this approach. METHODS We measured endothelin-1 (ET-1), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), nitric oxide (NO), and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) levels in each sample and determined flow-mediated dilation (FMD) values using a portable OMRON color Doppler with a 7.0- to 12.0-MHz linear array probe. We used the Lewis Lake score to diagnose acute mountain sickness (AMS) and to stratify the disease severity. RESULTS We found no cases of AMS at any of the studied elevation gradients. We found significant differences in FMD values between individuals when at 400 m above sea level and when at 2200, 3200, and 4200 m above sea level (P < .05) but found no significant differences among those at 2200, 3200, and 4200 m. Our variance analysis showed that serum ET-1, VEGF, ADMA, NO, and HIF-1 levels in individuals at ≥3000 m and those at subplateau and plain areas (<3000 m) significantly differed (P < .05). The level of these factors also significantly differed between individuals at elevation gradients of plateau areas (3260 m vs 4270 m) (P < .05). We found no significant differences in serum ET-1, VEGF, and ADMA levels between individuals at the plateau (2260 m) and plain (400 m) areas (P > .05). NO and HIF-1 levels were significantly different in serum samples from individuals between the plateau (2260 m) and plain (400 m) areas (P < .05). However, with increasing altitude, the NO level gradually increased, whereas ET-1, ADMA, VEGF, and HIF-1 levels showed a decreasing trend. With the increase of altitude, there is no correlation between the trend of FMD and hematologic-related factors such as VEGF, NO, and HIF-1. CONCLUSION A healthy young male population ascending to a high-altitude area experiences a low incidence of AMS. Entering an acute plateau exposure environment from different altitude gradients may weaken the effect of acute highland exposure on vascular endothelial dysfunction in healthy individuals. Changes in serum ET-1, VEGF, ADMA, NO, and HIF-1 levels in healthy young men may be related to the body's self-regulation and protect healthy individuals from AMS. A short stay in a subplateau region may initiate an oxygen-free preconditioning process in healthy individuals, thereby protecting them from AMS. Noninvasive brachial artery endothelial function test instead of the detection of invasive hematologic-related factors for early diagnosis and prediction of the occurrence and severity of acute high-altitude disease is still lack of sufficient theoretical basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Fan
- Graduate School of Qinghai University
| | - Cun Liu
- Qinghai Cardiovascular Hospital
| | - Ming Ren
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qing Hai University, Xi Ning, Qing Hai, China
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21
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Malacrida S, Giannella A, Ceolotto G, Reggiani C, Vezzoli A, Mrakic-Sposta S, Moretti S, Turner R, Falla M, Brugger H, Strapazzon G. Transcription Factors Regulation in Human Peripheral White Blood Cells during Hypobaric Hypoxia Exposure: an in-vivo experimental study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9901. [PMID: 31289332 PMCID: PMC6617471 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46391-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
High altitude is a natural laboratory, within which the clinical study of human physiological response to hypobaric hypoxia (HH) is possible. Failure in the response results in progressive hypoxemia, inflammation and increased tissue oxidative stress (OxS). Thus, investigating temporal changes in key transcription factors (TFs) HIF-1α, HIF-2α, NF-κB and NRF2 mRNA levels, relative to OxS and inflammatory markers, may reveal molecular targets which contrast deleterious effects of hypoxia. Biological samples and clinical data from 15 healthy participants were collected at baseline and after rapid, passive ascent to 3830 m (24 h and 72 h). Gene expression was assessed by qPCR and ROS generation was determined by EPR spectroscopy. Oxidative damage and cytokine levels were estimated by immuno or enzymatic methods. Hypoxia transiently enhanced HIF-1α mRNA levels over time reaching a peak after 24 h. Whereas, HIF-2α and NRF2 mRNA levels increased over time. In contrast, the NF-κB mRNA levels remained unchanged. Plasma levels of IL-1β and IL-6 also remained within normal ranges. ROS production rate and markers of OxS damage were significantly increased over time. The analysis of TF-gene expression suggests that HIF-1α is a lead TF during sub-acute HH exposure. The prolongation of the HH exposure led to a switch between HIF-1α and HIF-2α/NRF2, suggesting the activation of new pathways. These results provide new insights regarding the temporal regulation of TFs, inflammatory state, and ROS homeostasis involved in human hypoxic response, potentially also relevant to the mediation of diseases that induce a hypoxic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Malacrida
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Giannella
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, Campus Biomedico Pietro D'Abano, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulio Ceolotto
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, Campus Biomedico Pietro D'Abano, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Reggiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Vezzoli
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Council of Research, Segrate (Milan), Italy
| | - Simona Mrakic-Sposta
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Council of Research, Segrate (Milan), Italy
| | - Sarah Moretti
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Council of Research, Segrate (Milan), Italy
| | - Rachel Turner
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Marika Falla
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Hermann Brugger
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Giacomo Strapazzon
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
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22
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Liang F, Cao W, Huang Y, Fang Y, Cheng Y, Pan S, Xu X. Isoflavone biochanin A, a novel nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-antioxidant response element activator, protects against oxidative damage in HepG2 cells. Biofactors 2019; 45:563-574. [PMID: 31131946 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavones are one group of the major flavonoids and possess multiple biological activities due to their antioxidant properties. However, a clear antioxidant mechanism of dietary isoflavones is still remained to be answered. In this study, the effects of isoflavones on the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-antioxidant response element (ARE) signaling pathway and the underlying molecular mechanisms were investigated. Results showed that isoflavones are potential Nrf2-ARE activators while their activities were structure dependent. Biochanin A (BCA), an O-methylated isoflavone with low direct antioxidant activity, can effectively protect HepG2 cells against tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-induced oxidative damage via activation of the Nrf2 signaling, and thereby the induction of downstream cytoprotective enzymes including NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase-1, heme oxygenasae-1, and glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit. A molecular docking study revealed that BCA could directly bind into the pocket of Kelch-like erythroid cell-derived protein with CNC homology (ECH)-associated protein 1 (Keap1), a cytoplasmic suppressor of Nrf2, to facilitate Nrf2 activation. The upstream mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways were also involved in the activation of Nrf2 signaling. These findings indicate that the protective actions of dietary isoflavones against oxidative damage may be at least partly due to their ability to enhance the intracellular antioxidant response system by modulating the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqiang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyi Pan
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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Jing L, Shao J, Sun W, Lan T, Jia Z, Ma H, Wang H. Protective effects of two novel nitronyl nitroxide radicals on heart failure induced by hypobaric hypoxia. Life Sci 2019; 248:116481. [PMID: 31102744 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Hypobaric hypoxia (HH), linked to oxidative stress, impairs cardiac function. We synthesized a novel nitronyl nitroxide radical, an HPN derivative (HEPN) and investigated the protective effects of HEPN and HPN against HH-induced heart injury in mice and the underlying mechanisms of action. MAIN METHODS Mice were administered with HPN (200 mg/kg) or HEPN (200 mg/kg) 30 min before exposed to HH. The cardiac function was measured. Serum AST, CK, LDH and cTnI were estimated. Heart tissue oxidase activity, SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, ROS and MDA were estimated. ATP content, Na+/K+-ATPase and Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase activity was measured. The expression of HIF-1, VEGF, Nrf2, HO-1, Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3 was estimated. KEY FINDINGS Results showed that pretreatment with HEPN or HPN led to a dramatic decrease in the activity of biochemical markers AST, CK, LDH and cTnI in murine serum. They increased the activity of SOD, CAT and GSH-Px and reduced the level of ROS and MDA in the hearts of mice. HEPN and HPN could increase the expression of Nrf2 and OH-1. They could maintain the ATPase activity. The Bax and Caspase-3 expression as well as the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 were significantly downregulated and the Bcl-2 expression was upregulated by HPN or HEPN compared to the HH group. They may attenuate the HH-induced oxidant stress via free radical scavenging activity. SIGNIFICANCE The present study showed that the nitronyl nitroxide radical HEPN and HPN may be potential therapeutic agents for treatment of HH-induced cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Jing
- Department of Pharmacy, the 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support force of PLA, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, PR China
| | - Jin Shao
- Department of Pharmacy, the 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support force of PLA, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, PR China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, the 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support force of PLA, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, PR China
| | - Ting Lan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, XiAn, Shaanxi 710032, PR China
| | - Zhengping Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, the 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support force of PLA, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, PR China
| | - Huiping Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, the 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support force of PLA, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, PR China.
| | - Haibo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, XiAn, Shaanxi 710032, PR China.
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24
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Reisman SA, Gahir SS, Lee CYI, Proksch JW, Sakamoto M, Ward KW. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the novel Nrf2 activator omaveloxolone in primates. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:1259-1270. [PMID: 31118567 PMCID: PMC6475100 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s193889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Omaveloxolone is a synthetic oleanane triterpenoid that pharmacologically activates Nrf2, a master transcription factor that regulates genes with antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and mitochondrial bioenergetic properties, and is being evaluated in patients with Friedreich’s ataxia. Methods The present study evaluated the pharmacokinetics (PK) and tissue distribution of omaveloxolone in monkeys after single and multiple oral doses, and then compared these data to initial results in Friedreich’s ataxia patients. Pharmacodynamic (PD) evaluations in monkeys consisted of Nrf2 target gene mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), liver, lung, and brain. A PK/PD model was generated with the monkey data, and used to further evaluate the Friedreich’s ataxia patient PK profile. Results Oral administration of omaveloxolone to monkeys was associated with dose-linear plasma PK and readily measureable and dose-proportional concentrations in liver, lung, and brain. Dose-dependent induction of Nrf2 target genes in PBMCs and tissues was also observed. Clinically, oral administration of omaveloxolone to Friedreich’s ataxia patients at incremental doses from 2.5 to 300 mg produced dose-proportional systemic exposures. Clinical doses of at least 80 mg were associated with meaningful improvements in neurological function in patients and generated plasma omaveloxolone concentrations consistent with those significantly inducing Nrf2 target genes in monkeys, as shown with the monkey PK/PD model. Conclusion Overall, the monkey data demonstrate a well-characterized and dose-proportional PK and tissue distribution profile after oral administration of omaveloxolone, which was associated with Nrf2 activation. Further, systemic exposures to omaveloxolone that produce Nrf2 activation in monkeys were readily achievable in Friedreich’s ataxia patients after oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Keith W Ward
- Reata Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Irving, TX 75063, USA,
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25
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Joyce K, Lucas S, Imray C, Balanos G, Wright AD. Advances in the available non-biological pharmacotherapy prevention and treatment of acute mountain sickness and high altitude cerebral and pulmonary oedema. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2018; 19:1891-1902. [DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2018.1528228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K.E. Joyce
- School of Sport, Exercise, & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - S.J.E. Lucas
- School of Sport, Exercise, & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - C.H.E. Imray
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospitals of Coventry and Warwickshire; Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK
| | - G.M Balanos
- School of Sport, Exercise, & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - A. D. Wright
- Department of Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
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26
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Xu G, Gao YQ, Gao YX, Wu G, Zhang JY, Gao WX. An improved formula for standard hypoxia tolerance time (STT) to evaluate hypoxic tolerance in mice. Mil Med Res 2018; 5:33. [PMID: 30268159 PMCID: PMC6164180 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-018-0180-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia is a primary cause of mountain sickness and a common pathological condition in patients with heart failure, shock, stroke, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Thus far, little advancement in countering hypoxic damage has been achieved, and one of the main reasons is the absence of an ideal algorithm or calculation method to normalize hypoxia tolerance scores when evaluating an animal model. In this study, we improved a traditional calculation formula for assessment of hypoxia tolerance. METHODS We used a sealed bottle model in which the oxygen is gradually consumed by a mouse inside. To evaluate the hypoxia tolerance of mice, the survival time (ST) of the mouse is recorded and was used to calculate standard hypoxia tolerance time (STT) and adjusted standard hypoxia tolerance time (ASTT). Mice administered with methazolamide and saline were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. RESULTS Since mice were grouped according to either body weight (BW) or bottle volume, we found a strongly negative correlation between STT and BW instead of between STT and bottle volume, suggesting that different BWs could cause false positive or negative errors in the STT results. Furthermore, both false positive and negative errors could be rectified when ASTT was used as the evaluation index. Screening for anti-hypoxic medicines by using mice as the experimental subjects would provide more credible results with the improved ASTT method than with the STT method. CONCLUSION ASTT could be a better index than STT for the evaluation of hypoxia tolerance abilities as it could eliminate the impact of animal BW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xu
- Institute of Medicine and Hygienic Equipment for High Altitude Region, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, People's Liberation Army, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yu-Qi Gao
- Institute of Medicine and Hygienic Equipment for High Altitude Region, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, People's Liberation Army, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yi-Xing Gao
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, People's Liberation Army, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Institute of Medicine and Hygienic Equipment for High Altitude Region, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, People's Liberation Army, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jian-Yang Zhang
- Institute of Medicine and Hygienic Equipment for High Altitude Region, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, People's Liberation Army, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Wen-Xiang Gao
- Institute of Medicine and Hygienic Equipment for High Altitude Region, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China. .,Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, People's Liberation Army, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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27
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Boulet LM, Teppema LJ, Hackett HK, Dominelli PB, Cheyne WS, Dominelli GS, Irwin DC, Buehler PW, Baek JH, Swenson ER, Foster GE. Attenuation of human hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction by acetazolamide and methazolamide. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:1795-1803. [PMID: 30236048 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00509.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used for preventing altitude illness attenuates hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) while improving oxygenation. Methazolamide, an analog of acetazolamide, is more lipophilic, has a longer half-life, and activates a major antioxidant transcription factor. However, its influence on the hypoxic pulmonary response in humans is unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine if a clinically relevant dosing of methazolamide improves oxygenation, attenuates HPV and augments plasma antioxidant capacity in men exposed to hypoxia when compared to an established dosing of acetazolamide known to suppress HPV. METHODS In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial, eleven participants were randomized to treatments with methazolamide (100mg b.i.d.) and acetazolamide (250mg t.i.d.) for two days prior to 60 minutes of hypoxia (FIO2≈0.12). MEASUREMENTS Pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP), alveolar ventilation (V̇A), blood gases and markers of redox status were measured. Pulmonary vascular sensitivity to hypoxia was determined by indexing PASP to alveolar PO2. RESULTS Acetazolamide caused greater metabolic acidosis compared with methazolamide, but the augmented V̇A and improved oxygenation with hypoxia were similar. The rise in PASP with hypoxia was lower with methazolamide (9.0 ± 0.9 mmHg) and acetazolamide (8.0 ± 0.7 mmHg) compared with placebo (14.1 ± 1.3 mmHg; P < 0.05). The pulmonary vascular sensitivity to hypoxia (ΔPASP/ΔPAO2) was reduced equally by both drugs. Only acetazolamide improved the non-enzymatic plasma antioxidant capacity. CONCLUSIONS Although acetazolamide only had plasma antioxidant properties, methazolamide led to similar improvements in oxygenation and reduction in HPV at a dose causing less metabolic acidosis than acetazolamide in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luc J Teppema
- Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Netherlands
| | - Heather K Hackett
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia
| | | | | | | | - David C Irwin
- Division of Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research, University of Colorado Denver Health Sciences Center, United States
| | | | | | | | - Glen Edward Foster
- School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Canada
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28
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Milkovic L, Vukovic T, Zarkovic N, Tatzber F, Bisenieks E, Kalme Z, Bruvere I, Ogle Z, Poikans J, Velena A, Duburs G. Antioxidative 1,4-Dihydropyridine Derivatives Modulate Oxidative Stress and Growth of Human Osteoblast-Like Cells In Vitro. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7090123. [PMID: 30235855 PMCID: PMC6162383 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7090123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated in pathophysiology of different human stress- and age-associated disorders, including osteoporosis for which antioxidants could be considered as therapeutic remedies as was suggested recently. The 1,4-dihydropyridine (DHP) derivatives are known for their pleiotropic activity, with some also acting as antioxidants. To find compounds with potential antioxidative activity, a group of 27 structurally diverse DHPs, as well as one pyridine compound, were studied. A group of 11 DHPs with 10-fold higher antioxidative potential than of uric acid, were further tested in cell model of human osteoblast-like cells. Short-term combined effects of DHPs and 50 µM H2O2 (1-h each), revealed better antioxidative potential of DHPs if administered before a stressor. Indirect 24-h effect of DHPs was evaluated in cells further exposed to mild oxidative stress conditions induced either by H2O2 or tert-butyl hydroperoxide (both 50 µM). Cell growth (viability and proliferation), generation of ROS and intracellular glutathione concentration were evaluated. The promotion of cell growth was highly dependent on the concentrations of DHPs used, type of stressor applied and treatment set-up. Thiocarbatone III-1, E2-134-1 III-4, Carbatone II-1, AV-153 IV-1, and Diethone I could be considered as therapeutic agents for osteoporosis although further research is needed to elucidate their bioactivity mechanisms, in particular in respect to signaling pathways involving 4-hydroxynoneal and related second messengers of free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Milkovic
- Laboratory for Oxidative Stress, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Tea Vukovic
- Laboratory for Oxidative Stress, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Neven Zarkovic
- Laboratory for Oxidative Stress, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Franz Tatzber
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Immunology, Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria.
| | - Egils Bisenieks
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, 21 Aizkraukles Str., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Zenta Kalme
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, 21 Aizkraukles Str., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Imanta Bruvere
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, 21 Aizkraukles Str., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Zaiga Ogle
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, 21 Aizkraukles Str., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Janis Poikans
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, 21 Aizkraukles Str., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Astrida Velena
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, 21 Aizkraukles Str., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Gunars Duburs
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, 21 Aizkraukles Str., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia.
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29
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Qiu J, Fang Q, Xu T, Wu C, Xu L, Wang L, Yang X, Yu S, Zhang Q, Ding F, Sun H. Mechanistic Role of Reactive Oxygen Species and Therapeutic Potential of Antioxidants in Denervation- or Fasting-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy. Front Physiol 2018; 9:215. [PMID: 29593571 PMCID: PMC5861206 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy occurs under various conditions, such as disuse, denervation, fasting, aging, and various diseases. Although the underlying molecular mechanisms are still not fully understood, skeletal muscle atrophy is closely associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction. In this study, we aimed to investigate the involvement of ROS in skeletal muscle atrophy from the perspective of gene regulation, and further examine therapeutic effects of antioxidants on skeletal muscle atrophy. Microarray data showed that the gene expression of many positive regulators for ROS production were up-regulated and the gene expression of many negative regulators for ROS production were down-regulated in mouse soleus muscle atrophied by denervation (sciatic nerve injury). The ROS level was significantly increased in denervated mouse soleus muscle or fasted C2C12 myotubes that had suffered from fasting (nutrient deprivation). These two muscle samples were then treated with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC, a clinically used antioxidant) or pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ, a naturally occurring antioxidant), respectively. As compared to non-treatment, both NAC and PQQ treatment (1) reversed the increase in the ROS level in two muscle samples; (2) attenuated the reduction in the cross-sectional area (CSA) of denervated mouse muscle or in the diameter of fasted C2C12 myotube; (3) increased the myosin heavy chain (MHC) level and decreased the muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx) and muscle-specific RING finger-1 (MuRF-1) levels in two muscle samples. Collectively, these results suggested that an increased ROS level was, at least partly, responsible for denervation- or fasting-induced skeletal muscle atrophy, and antioxidants might resist the atrophic effect via ROS-related mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Qiu
- Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qingqing Fang
- Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Tongtong Xu
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Changyue Wu
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Lai Xu
- Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Lingbin Wang
- Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Shu Yu
- Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Fei Ding
- Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hualin Sun
- Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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30
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Gong G, Yin L, Yuan L, Sui D, Sun Y, Fu H, Chen L, Wang X. Ganglioside GM1 protects against high altitude cerebral edema in rats by suppressing the oxidative stress and inflammatory response via the PI3K/AKT-Nrf2 pathway. Mol Immunol 2018; 95:91-98. [PMID: 29428576 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
High altitude cerebral edema (HACE) is a severe type of acute mountain sickness (AMS) that occurs in response to a high altitude hypobaric hypoxic (HH) environment. GM1 monosialoganglioside can alleviate brain injury under adverse conditions including amyloid-β-peptide, ischemia and trauma. However, its role in HACE-induced brain damage remains poorly elucidated. In this study, GM1 supplementation dose-dependently attenuated increase in rat brain water content (BWC) induced by hypobaric chamber (7600 m) exposurefor 24 h. Compared with the HH-treated group, rats injected with GM1 exhibited less brain vascular leakage, lower aquaporin-4 and higher occludin expression, but they also showed increase in Na+/K+-ATPase pump activities. Importantly, HH-incurred consciousness impairment and coordination loss also were ameliorated following GM1 administration. Furthermore, the increased oxidative stress and decrease in anti-oxidant stress system under the HH condition were also reversely abrogated by GM1 treatment via suppressing accumulation of ROS, MDA and elevating the levels of SOD and GSH. Simultaneously, GM1 administration also counteracted the enhanced inflammation in HH-exposed rats by muting pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels in serum and brain tissues. Subsequently, GM1 potentiated the activation of the PI3K/AKT-Nrf2 pathway. Cessation of this pathway by LY294002 reversed GM1-mediated inhibitory effects on oxidative stress and inflammation, and ultimately abrogated the protective role of GM1 in abating brain edema, cognitive and motor dysfunction. Overall, GM1 may afford a protective intervention in HACE by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammatory response via activating the PI3K/AKT-Nrf2 pathway, implying a promising agent for the treatment of HACE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gu Gong
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region of PLA, Chengdu, 610083, PR China
| | - Liang Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region of PLA, Chengdu, 610083, PR China
| | - Libang Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region of PLA, Chengdu, 610083, PR China
| | - Daming Sui
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region of PLA, Chengdu, 610083, PR China
| | - Yangyang Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region of PLA, Chengdu, 610083, PR China
| | - Haiyu Fu
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region of PLA, Chengdu, 610083, PR China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region of PLA, Chengdu, 610083, PR China
| | - Xiaowu Wang
- Center of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command of PLA, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, PR China.
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31
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Tang XG, Wen J, Zhang XS, Jiang DC. Association between decreased osteopontin and acute mountain sickness upon rapid ascent to 3500 m among young Chinese men. J Travel Med 2018; 25:5079665. [PMID: 30165389 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/tay075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia causes oxidative stress and a decrease in osteopontin (OPN) in rats; however, little is known about the change in OPN in lowlander humans during hypobaric hypoxia. We explore the role of the predicted decrease in plasma OPN levels in humans upon high-altitude exposure and its relationship with acute mountain sickness (AMS), as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA). METHODS Before and during acute altitude exposure, 261 men's plasma OPN, SOD, MDA, heart rate and pulse oximeter saturation (SpO2) were measured. AMS as assessed using the Lake Louise score (LLS) was defined as headache with a total LLS ≥3. Subjects were divided into AMS-0 (non-AMS subjects), mild AMS (headache with total LLS = 3 or 4) and severe AMS groups (headache with total LLS ≥5). RESULTS At 600 m, no difference in plasma OPN, SOD and MDA was observed between groups. At 3500 m, plasma OPN in severe AMS group was significantly decreased as compared with 600 m. Plasma SOD showed a tendency to decrease during altitude exposure. The opposite trend was observed for plasma MDA. Correlation analysis showed that total LLS was significantly correlated with OPN (ρ = -0.247, P < 0.001) and SOD (ρ = -0.224, P < 0.001). OPN showed significant correlation with SOD (r = 0.235, P < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that higher plasma OPN was a protective factor for AMS [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 0.924, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.884-0.966, P < 0.01]. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that decreased plasma OPN is correlated with AMS, and oxidative stress may be implicated in this phenomenon. Decreased plasma SOD is also correlated with AMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Gang Tang
- Department of Cardiology, No. 37 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Ya'an, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wen
- Department of Pediatrics, People's Hospital of Hechuan district, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Sen Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, No. 37 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Ya'an, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Chun Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, No. 37 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Ya'an, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
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32
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Sharma S, Gralla J, Ordonez JG, Hurtado ME, Swenson ER, Schoene RB, Kelly JP, Callacondo D, Rivard C, Roncal-Jimenez C, Sirota J, Fuquay R, Jackson BP, Swenson KE, Johnson RJ, Hurtado A, Escudero E. Acetazolamide and N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of chronic mountain sickness (Monge's disease). Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2017; 246:1-8. [PMID: 28720395 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Patients suffering from chronic mountain sickness (CMS) have excessive erythrocytosis. Low -level cobalt toxicity as a likely contributor has been demonstrated in some subjects. We performed a randomized, placebo controlled clinical trial in Cerro de Pasco, Peru (4380m), where 84 participants with a hematocrit (HCT) ≥65% and CMS score>6, were assigned to four treatment groups of placebo, acetazolamide (ACZ, which stimulates respiration), N-acetylcysteine (NAC, an antioxidant that chelates cobalt) and combination of ACZ and NAC for 6 weeks. The primary outcome was change in hematocrit and secondary outcomes were changes in PaO2, PaCO2, CMS score, and serum and urine cobalt concentrations. The mean (±SD) hematocrit, CMS score and serum cobalt concentrations were 69±4%, 9.8±2.4 and 0.24±0.15μg/l, respectively for the 66 participants. The ACZ arm had a relative reduction in HCT of 6.6% vs. 2.7% (p=0.048) and the CMS score fell by 34.9% vs. 14.8% (p=0.014) compared to placebo, while the reduction in PaCO2 was 10.5% vs. an increase of 0.6% (p=0.003), with a relative increase in PaO2 of 13.6% vs. 3.0%. NAC reduced CMS score compared to placebo (relative reduction of 34.0% vs. 14.8%, p=0.017), while changes in other parameters failed to reach statistical significance. The combination of ACZ and NAC was no better than ACZ alone. No changes in serum and urine cobalt concentrations were seen within any treatment arms. ACZ reduced polycythemia and CMS score, while NAC improved CMS score without significantly lowering hematocrit. Only a small proportion of subjects had cobalt toxicity, which may relate to the closing of contaminated water sources and several other environmental protection measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra Sharma
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Jane Gralla
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Joyce Gonzalez Ordonez
- Division of Nephrology, Hospital Arzobispo Loayza, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru
| | - Maria-Elena Hurtado
- Division of Nephrology, Hospital Arzobispo Loayza, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru
| | - Erik R Swenson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Christopher Rivard
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Carlos Roncal-Jimenez
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Brian P Jackson
- Trace Element Analysis Core, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Kai E Swenson
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Richard J Johnson
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA.
| | - Abdias Hurtado
- Division of Nephrology, Hospital Arzobispo Loayza, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru
| | - Elizabeth Escudero
- Division of Nephrology, Hospital Arzobispo Loayza, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru
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Casillan AJ, Chao J, Wood JG, Gonzalez NC. Acclimatization of the systemic microcirculation to alveolar hypoxia is mediated by an iNOS-dependent increase in nitric oxide availability. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:974-982. [PMID: 28302706 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00322.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rats breathing 10% O2 show a rapid and widespread systemic microvascular inflammation that results from nitric oxide (NO) depletion secondary to increased reactive O2 species (ROS) generation. The inflammation eventually resolves, and the microcirculation becomes resistant to more severe hypoxia. These experiments were directed to determine the mechanisms underlying this microvascular acclimatization process. Intravital microscopy of the mesentery showed that after 3 wk of hypoxia (barometric pressure ~380 Torr; partial pressure of inspired O2 ~68-70 Torr), rats showed no evidence of inflammation; however, treatment with the inducible NO synthase (iNOS) inhibitor L-N6-(1-iminoethyl) lysine dihydrochloride led to ROS generation, leukocyte-endothelial adherence and emigration, and increased vascular permeability. Mast cells harvested from normoxic rats underwent degranulation when exposed in vitro to monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), the proximate mediator of mast cell degranulation in acute hypoxia. Mast cell degranulation by MCP-1 was prevented by the NO donor spermine-NONOate. MCP-1 did not induce degranulation of mast cells harvested from 6-day hypoxic rats; however, pretreatment with either the general NOS inhibitor L-NG-monomethyl arginine citrate or the selective iNOS inhibitor N-[3-(aminomethyl) benzyl] acetamidine restored the effect of MCP-1. iNOS was demonstrated in mast cells and alveolar macrophages of acclimatized rats. Nitrate + nitrite plasma levels decreased significantly in acute hypoxia and were restored after 6 days of acclimatization. The results support the hypothesis that the microvascular acclimatization to hypoxia results from the restoration of the ROS/NO balance mediated by iNOS expression at key sites in the inflammatory cascade.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The study shows that the systemic inflammation of acute hypoxia resolves via an inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase-induced restoration of the reactive O2 species/NO balance in the systemic microcirculation. It is proposed that the acute systemic inflammation may represent the first step of the microvascular acclimatization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred J Casillan
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and
| | - Jie Chao
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and
| | - John G Wood
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and.,Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Norberto C Gonzalez
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and
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Tim-3 inhibits macrophage control of Listeria monocytogenes by inhibiting Nrf2. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42095. [PMID: 28205579 PMCID: PMC5311873 DOI: 10.1038/srep42095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (Tim-3) is an immune checkpoint inhibitor and its dysregulation has been related to T cell tolerance and many immune disorders, such as tumors and infection tolerance. However, the physiopathology roles of Tim-3 in innate immunity remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that Tim-3 inhibits macrophage phagocytosis of L. monocytogenes by inhibiting the nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway and increases bacterial burden. Tim-3 signaling promotes Nrf2 degradation by increasing its ubiquitination and, as a result, decreasing its nuclear translocation. CD36 and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), two downstream molecules in the Tim-3-Nrf2 signaling axis, are involved in the Tim-3- mediated immune evasion of L. monocytogenes both in vitro and in vivo. We here identified new mechanisms by which Tim-3 induces infection tolerance. By modulating the Tim-3 pathway, we demonstrate the feasibility of manipulating macrophage function as a potent tool for treating infectious diseases, such as Listeria infection.
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Abusarah J, Benabdoune H, Shi Q, Lussier B, Martel-Pelletier J, Malo M, Fernandes JC, de Souza FP, Fahmi H, Benderdour M. Elucidating the Role of Protandim and 6-Gingerol in Protection Against Osteoarthritis. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:1003-1013. [PMID: 27463229 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Protandim and 6-gingerol, two potent nutraceuticals, have been shown to decrease free radicals production through enhancing endogenous antioxidant enzymes. In this study, we evaluated the effects of these products on the expression of different factors involved in osteoarthritis (OA) process. Human OA chondrocytes were treated with 1 ng/ml IL-1β in the presence or absence of protandim (0-10 μg/ml) or 6-gingerol (0-10 μM). OA was induced surgically in mice by destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM). The animals were treated weekly with an intraarticular injection of 10 μl of vehicle or protandim (10 μg/ml) for 8 weeks. Sham-operated mice served as controls. In vitro, we demonstrated that protandim and 6-gingerol preserve cell viability and mitochondrial metabolism and prevented 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE)-induced cell mortality. They activated Nrf2 transcription factor, abolished IL-1β-induced NO, PGE2 , MMP-13, and HNE production as well as IL-β-induced GSTA4-4 down-regulation. Nrf2 overexpression reduced IL-1β-induced HNE and MMP-13 as well as IL-1β-induced GSTA4-4 down-regulation. Nrf2 knockdown following siRNA transfection abolished protandim protection against oxidative stress and catabolism. The activation of MAPK and NF-κB by IL-1β was not affected by 6-gingerol. In vivo, we observed that Nrf2 and GSTA4-4 expression was significantly lower in OA cartilage from humans and mice compared to normal controls. Interestingly, protandim administration reduced OA score in DMM mice. Altogether, our data indicate that protandim and 6-gingerol are essential in preserving cartilage and abolishing a number of factors known to be involved in OA pathogenesis. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1003-1013, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamilah Abusarah
- Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal and Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal, 5400 Gouin Blvd. West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4J 1C5
| | - Houda Benabdoune
- Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal and Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal, 5400 Gouin Blvd. West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4J 1C5
| | - Qin Shi
- Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal and Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal, 5400 Gouin Blvd. West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4J 1C5
| | - Bertrand Lussier
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit and Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM)-Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2L 4M1
| | - Johanne Martel-Pelletier
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit and Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM)-Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2L 4M1
| | - Michel Malo
- Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal and Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal, 5400 Gouin Blvd. West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4J 1C5
| | - Julio C Fernandes
- Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal and Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal, 5400 Gouin Blvd. West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4J 1C5
| | - Fátima Pereira de Souza
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", (UNESP), Departamento de Física, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Centro Multiusuário de Inovação Biomolecular (CMIB), 15054-000, São José Do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Hassan Fahmi
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit and Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM)-Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2L 4M1
| | - Mohamed Benderdour
- Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal and Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal, 5400 Gouin Blvd. West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4J 1C5
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Liu X, Wang T, Liu X, Cai L, Qi J, Zhang P, Li Y. Biochanin A protects lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury in mice by activating the Nrf2 pathway and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 38:324-31. [PMID: 27344638 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Biochanin A, an isoflavone existed in red clover and peanuts, has been reported to possess a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. However, the protective effects and mechanism of biochanin A on liver injury have not been reported. In this study, acute liver injury was induced by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and d-galactosamine (D-GalN). Biochanin A was administrated 1h prior to LPS/D-GalN challenge. Serum ALT, AST, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels, hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA), GPx, SOD, and Catalase contents, tissue histology, IL-1β, TNF-α, NLRP3, and Nrf2 expression were detected. The results showed that serum ALT, AST, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels and hepatic MDA content increased after LPS/GalN treatment. These changes were attenuated by biochanin A. Meanwhile, biochanin A dose-dependently up-regulated the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1. Biochanin A also inhibited hepatic IL-1β and TNF-α expression in a dose-dependent manner. Biochanin A did not inhibit LPS/D-GalN-induced hepatic NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 expression. However, the interaction of NLRP3 with ASC and caspase-1 were inhibited by biochanin A. In addition, LPS/D-GalN-induced up-regulation of thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) and interaction between TXNIP and NLRP3 were also inhibited by biochanin A. In conclusion, biochanin A protected against LPS/GalN-induced liver injury by activating the Nrf2 pathway and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingkai Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Tuo Wang
- Department of Hospital Administration of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xueshibojie Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Lu Cai
- Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, The Department of Pediatrics of the University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Jun Qi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Swenson ER. Pharmacology of acute mountain sickness: old drugs and newer thinking. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 120:204-15. [PMID: 26294748 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00443.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacotherapy in acute mountain sickness (AMS) for the past half century has largely rested on the use of carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors, such as acetazolamide, and corticosteroids, such as dexamethasone. The benefits of CA inhibitors are thought to arise from their known ventilatory stimulation and resultant greater arterial oxygenation from inhibition of renal CA and generation of a mild metabolic acidosis. The benefits of corticosteroids include their broad-based anti-inflammatory and anti-edemagenic effects. What has emerged from more recent work is the strong likelihood that drugs in both classes act on other pathways and signaling beyond their classical actions to prevent and treat AMS. For the CA inhibitors, these include reduction in aquaporin-mediated transmembrane water transport, anti-oxidant actions, vasodilation, and anti-inflammatory effects. In the case of corticosteroids, these include protection against increases in vascular endothelial and blood-brain barrier permeability, suppression of inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species production, and sympatholysis. The loci of action of both classes of drug include the brain, but may also involve the lung as revealed by benefits that arise with selective administration to the lungs by inhalation. Greater understanding of their pluripotent actions and sites of action in AMS may help guide development of better drugs with more selective action and fewer side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik R Swenson
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
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Reisman SA, Goldsberry AR, Lee CYI, O'Grady ML, Proksch JW, Ward KW, Meyer CJ. Topical application of RTA 408 lotion activates Nrf2 in human skin and is well-tolerated by healthy human volunteers. BMC DERMATOLOGY 2015; 15:10. [PMID: 26170027 PMCID: PMC4501113 DOI: 10.1186/s12895-015-0029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topical application of the synthetic triterpenoid RTA 408 to rodents elicits a potent dermal cytoprotective phenotype through activation of the transcription factor Nrf2. Therefore, studies were conducted to investigate if such cytoprotective properties translate to human dermal cells, and a topical lotion formulation was developed and evaluated clinically. METHODS In vitro, RTA 408 (3-1000 nM) was incubated with primary human keratinocytes for 16 h. Ex vivo, RTA 408 (0.03, 0.3, or 3 %) was applied to healthy human skin explants twice daily for 3 days. A Phase 1 healthy volunteer clinical study with RTA 408 Lotion (NCT02029716) consisted of 3 sequential parts. In Part A, RTA 408 Lotion (0.5 %, 1 %, and 3 %) and lotion vehicle were applied to individual 4-cm(2) sites twice daily for 14 days. In Parts B and C, separate groups of subjects had 3 % RTA 408 Lotion applied twice daily to a 100-cm(2) site for 14 days or a 500-cm(2) site for 28 days. RESULTS RTA 408 was well-tolerated in both in vitro and ex vivo settings up to the highest concentrations tested. Further, RTA 408 significantly and dose-dependently induced a variety of Nrf2 target genes. Clinically, RTA 408 Lotion was also well-tolerated up to the highest concentration, largest surface area, and longest duration tested. Moreover, significant increases in expression of the prototypical Nrf2 target gene NQO1 were observed in skin biopsies, suggesting robust activation of the pharmacological target. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these data suggest RTA 408 Lotion is well-tolerated, activates Nrf2 in human skin, and appears suitable for continued clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Reisman
- Reata Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2801 Gateway Dr. Ste 150, Irving, TX, 75063, USA.
| | - Angela R Goldsberry
- Reata Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2801 Gateway Dr. Ste 150, Irving, TX, 75063, USA.
| | - Chun-Yue I Lee
- Reata Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2801 Gateway Dr. Ste 150, Irving, TX, 75063, USA.
| | - Megan L O'Grady
- Reata Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2801 Gateway Dr. Ste 150, Irving, TX, 75063, USA.
| | - Joel W Proksch
- Reata Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2801 Gateway Dr. Ste 150, Irving, TX, 75063, USA.
| | - Keith W Ward
- Reata Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2801 Gateway Dr. Ste 150, Irving, TX, 75063, USA.
| | - Colin J Meyer
- Reata Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2801 Gateway Dr. Ste 150, Irving, TX, 75063, USA.
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Swenson ER. New insights into carbonic anhydrase inhibition, vasodilation, and treatment of hypertensive-related diseases. Curr Hypertens Rep 2015; 16:467. [PMID: 25079851 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-014-0467-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) and its inhibitors are relevant to many physiological processes and diseases. The enzyme is differentially expressed throughout the body, in concentration and subcellular location, and as 13 catalytically active isoforms. Blood vessels contain small amounts of CA, but the enzyme's role in vascular physiology and blood pressure regulation is uncertain. However, considerable recent evidence points to vasodilation by CA inhibitors. CA inhibition in vascular smooth muscle, endothelium, heart, blood cells, and nervous system could all contribute. It is equally plausible that other targets besides CA for all known CA inhibitors may account for their vascular effects. I will review this knowledge and important remaining gaps relating to treatment of hypertensive-related diseases with potent sulfonamide inhibitors, such as acetazolamide; but also the possibility that CA inhibition by thiazides and loop diuretics, although generally weaker, may have antihypertensive effects beyond their inhibition of renal sodium transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik R Swenson
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, USA,
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Hromatka BS, Tung JY, Kiefer AK, Do CB, Hinds DA, Eriksson N. Genetic variants associated with motion sickness point to roles for inner ear development, neurological processes and glucose homeostasis. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:2700-8. [PMID: 25628336 PMCID: PMC4383869 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Roughly one in three individuals is highly susceptible to motion sickness and yet the underlying causes of this condition are not well understood. Despite high heritability, no associated genetic factors have been discovered. Here, we conducted the first genome-wide association study on motion sickness in 80 494 individuals from the 23andMe database who were surveyed about car sickness. Thirty-five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were associated with motion sickness at a genome-wide-significant level (P < 5 × 10(-8)). Many of these SNPs are near genes involved in balance, and eye, ear and cranial development (e.g. PVRL3, TSHZ1, MUTED, HOXB3, HOXD3). Other SNPs may affect motion sickness through nearby genes with roles in the nervous system, glucose homeostasis or hypoxia. We show that several of these SNPs display sex-specific effects, with up to three times stronger effects in women. We searched for comorbid phenotypes with motion sickness, confirming associations with known comorbidities including migraines, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), vertigo and morning sickness and observing new associations with altitude sickness and many gastrointestinal conditions. We also show that two of these related phenotypes (PONV and migraines) share underlying genetic factors with motion sickness. These results point to the importance of the nervous system in motion sickness and suggest a role for glucose levels in motion-induced nausea and vomiting, a finding that may provide insight into other nausea-related phenotypes like PONV. They also highlight personal characteristics (e.g. being a poor sleeper) that correlate with motion sickness, findings that could help identify risk factors or treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joyce Y Tung
- Product Science, 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Amy K Kiefer
- Product Science, 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Chuong B Do
- Product Science, 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - David A Hinds
- Product Science, 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA
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Lu H, Wang R, Xiong J, Xie H, Kayser B, Jia Z. In search for better pharmacological prophylaxis for acute mountain sickness: looking in other directions. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 214:51-62. [PMID: 25778288 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of research, the exact pathogenic mechanisms underlying acute mountain sickness (AMS) are still poorly understood. This fact frustrates the search for novel pharmacological prophylaxis for AMS. The prevailing view is that AMS results from an insufficient physiological response to hypoxia and that prophylaxis should aim at stimulating the response. Starting off from the opposite hypothesis that AMS may be caused by an initial excessive response to hypoxia, we suggest that directly or indirectly blunting-specific parts of the response might provide promising research alternatives. This reasoning is based on the observations that (i) humans, once acclimatized, can climb Mt Everest experiencing arterial partial oxygen pressures (PaO2) as low as 25 mmHg without AMS symptoms; (ii) paradoxically, AMS usually develops at much higher PaO2 levels; and (iii) several biomarkers, suggesting initial activation of specific pathways at such PaO2, are correlated with AMS. Apart from looking for substances that stimulate certain hypoxia triggered effects, such as the ventilatory response to hypoxia, we suggest to also investigate pharmacological means aiming at blunting certain other specific hypoxia-activated pathways, or stimulating their agonists, in the quest for better pharmacological prophylaxis for AMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Lu
- Key Laboratory of the Plateau of Environmental Damage Control; Lanzhou General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Command; Lanzhou China
| | - R. Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Plateau of Environmental Damage Control; Lanzhou General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Command; Lanzhou China
| | - J. Xiong
- Key Laboratory of the Plateau of Environmental Damage Control; Lanzhou General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Command; Lanzhou China
| | - H. Xie
- Key Laboratory of the Plateau of Environmental Damage Control; Lanzhou General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Command; Lanzhou China
| | - B. Kayser
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Department of Physiology; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Z.P. Jia
- Key Laboratory of the Plateau of Environmental Damage Control; Lanzhou General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Command; Lanzhou China
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Staitieh BS, Fan X, Neveu W, Guidot DM. Nrf2 regulates PU.1 expression and activity in the alveolar macrophage. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 308:L1086-93. [PMID: 25840997 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00355.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophage (AM) immune function depends on the activation of the transcription factor PU.1 by granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. We have determined that chronic alcohol ingestion dampens PU.1 signaling via an unknown zinc-dependent mechanism; specifically, although PU.1 is not known to be a zinc-dependent transcription factor, zinc treatment reversed alcohol-mediated dampening of PU.1 signaling. Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), a zinc-dependent basic leucine zipper protein essential for antioxidant defenses, is also impaired by chronic alcohol ingestion and enhanced by zinc treatment. We hypothesized that the response of PU.1 to zinc treatment may result from the action of Nrf2 on PU.1. We first performed Nrf2/PU.1 protein coimmunoprecipitation on a rat AM cell line (NR8383) and found no evidence of protein-protein interactions. We then found evidence of increased Nrf2 binding to the PU.1 promoter region by chromatin immunoprecipitation. We next activated Nrf2 using either sulforaphane or an overexpression vector and inhibited Nrf2 with silencing RNA to determine whether Nrf2 could actively regulate PU.1. Nrf2 activation increased protein expression of both factors as well as gene expression of their respective downstream effectors, NAD(P)H dehydrogenase[quinone] 1 (NQO1) and cluster of differentiation antigen-14 (CD14). In contrast, Nrf2 silencing decreased the expression of both proteins, as well as gene expression of their effectors. Activating and inhibiting Nrf2 in primary rat AMs resulted in similar effects. Taken together, these findings suggest that Nrf2 regulates the expression and activity of PU.1 and that antioxidant response and immune activation are coordinately regulated within the AM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashar S Staitieh
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Xian Fan
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; and Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Wendy Neveu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - David M Guidot
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; and Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The increasing prevalence of diabetes, with no cure on the horizon, continues to provide biopharmaceutical companies with an incentive to develop novel therapies and improve existing compounds. AREAS COVERED The following paper provides a summary of the experimental drug projects targeted for diabetes and associated complications that were discontinued in 2013. The discontinued projects, highlighted in this article, were identified via biopharmaceutical company pipelines, annual reports, and press releases. The authors also used other sources including: Google, ClinicalTrials.gov, and PubMed. Compounds were in various stages of development at termination and many of them had been associated with favorable effects in earlier studies. EXPERT OPINION There were two main reasons for the termination of anti-diabetic compounds that dominated 2013: concerns about safety and efficacy. Attempts to discover a novel mechanism that is both safe and effective in human disease present many challenges, not least is the cost for developing new treatments.
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Abstract
Oxidative stress has many implications in the pathogenesis of lung diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species and antioxidants, how they relate to normal physiological function and the pathophysiology of different lung diseases, and therapeutic strategies. The production of ROS/RNS from endogenous and exogenous sources is first discussed, followed by antioxidant systems that restore oxidative balance and cellular homeostasis. The contribution of oxidant/antioxidant imbalance in lung disease pathogenesis is also discussed. An overview of therapeutic strategies is provided, such as augmenting NO bioactivity, blocking the production of ROS/RNS and replacement of deficient antioxidants. The limitations of current strategies and failures of clinical trials are then addressed, followed by discussion of novel experimental approaches for the development of improved antioxidant therapies.
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Mangat GS, Jaggi AS, Singh N. Ameliorative Effect of a Selective Endothelin ETA Receptor Antagonist in Rat Model of L-Methionine-induced Vascular Dementia. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 18:201-9. [PMID: 24976759 PMCID: PMC4071172 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2014.18.3.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the efficacy of selective ETA receptor antagonist, ambrisentan on hyperhomocysteinemia-induced experimental vascular dementia. L-methionine was administered for 8 weeks to induce hyperhomocysteinemia and associated vascular dementia in male rats. Ambrisentan was administered to L-methionine-treated effect rats for 4 weeks (starting from 5th to 8th week of L-methionine treatment). On 52nd day onward, the animals were exposed to the Morris water maze (MWM) for testing their learning and memory abilities. Vascular endothelial function, serum nitrite/nitrate levels, brain thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS), brain reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, and brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were also measured. L-methionine-treated animals showed significant learning and memory impairment, endothelial dysfunction, decrease in/serum nitrite/nitrate and brain GSH levels along with an increase in brain TBARS levels and AChE activity. Ambrisentan significantly improved hyperhomocysteinemia-induced impairment of learning, memory, endothelial dysfunction, and changes in various biochemical parameters. These effects were comparable to that of donepezil serving as positive control. It is concluded that ambrisentan, a selective ETA receptor antagonist may be considered as a potential pharmacological agent for the management of hyperhomocysteinemia-induced vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautamjeet S Mangat
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Punjabi University, Patiala (Punjab) 147002, India
| | - Amteshwar S Jaggi
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Punjabi University, Patiala (Punjab) 147002, India
| | - Nirmal Singh
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Punjabi University, Patiala (Punjab) 147002, India
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Song J, Kang SM, Lee WT, Park KA, Lee KM, Lee JE. Glutathione protects brain endothelial cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress by increasing nrf2 expression. Exp Neurobiol 2014; 23:93-103. [PMID: 24737944 PMCID: PMC3984961 DOI: 10.5607/en.2014.23.1.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) protects cells against oxidative stress by playing an antioxidant role. Protecting brain endothelial cells under oxidative stress is key to treating cerebrovascular diseases and neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease. In present study, we investigated the protective effect of GSH on brain endothelial cells against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). We showed that GSH attenuates H2O2-induced production of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and 8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), an oxidized form of deoxiguanosine. GSH also prevents H2O2-induced reduction of tight junction proteins. Finally, GSH increases the level of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and activates Nrf2-mediated signaling pathways. Thus, GSH is a promising target to protect brain endothelial cells in conditions of brain injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-572, Korea
| | - So Mang Kang
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-572, Korea. ; BK21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-572, Korea
| | - Won Taek Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-572, Korea
| | - Kyung Ah Park
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-572, Korea
| | - Kyoung Min Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Jong Eun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-572, Korea. ; BK21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-572, Korea
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors have an impressive safety record despite the multiple functions that CA isozymes serve because they are not fully inhibited with most dosing. While reducing the targeted CA-dependent process sufficiently for disease control, residual activity and uncatalyzed rates in combination with compensations are adequate to avoid lethal consequences. Some drugs have in vitro selectivity differences against the 13 active isozymes, but none are convincingly selective in vivo or clinically. Efforts to synthesize selective inhibitors should result in safer drugs with fewer side effects. AREAS COVERED This review will focus on approved drugs with CA-inhibiting activity, whether used directly for this purpose or others. Side effects are discussed in relation to various organ systems and the disease being treated. Causes of side effects are considered, and strategies for symptom reduction are given. EXPERT OPINION Common side effects of paresthesias, dyspepsia, lassitude and fatigue in 30 - 40% of patients are generally tolerable or abate, but if not can be partially relieved by bicarbonate supplementation. The most important safety concerns are severe acidosis, respiratory failure and encephalopathy in patients with renal, pulmonary and hepatic disease where caution is critical, as is also the case in persons with sulfa drug allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik R Swenson
- University of Washington - Medical Service, VA Puget Sound Health Care System , 1660 S Columbian Way, S-111-PLUM, Seattle, WA 98108 , USA
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Gao B, Doan A, Hybertson BM. The clinical potential of influencing Nrf2 signaling in degenerative and immunological disorders. Clin Pharmacol 2014; 6:19-34. [PMID: 24520207 PMCID: PMC3917919 DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s35078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2; encoded in humans by the NFE2L2 gene) is a transcription factor that regulates the gene expression of a wide variety of cytoprotective phase II detoxification and antioxidant enzymes through a promoter sequence known as the antioxidant-responsive element (ARE). The ARE is a promoter element found in many cytoprotective genes; therefore, Nrf2 plays a pivotal role in the ARE-driven cellular defense system against environmental stresses. Agents that target the ARE/Nrf2 pathway have been tested in a wide variety of disorders, with at least one new Nrf2-activating drug now approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Examination of in vitro and in vivo experimental results, and taking into account recent human clinical trial results, has led to an opinion that Nrf2-activating strategies – which can include drugs, foods, dietary supplements, and exercise – are likely best targeted at disease prevention, disease recurrence prevention, or slowing of disease progression in early stage illnesses; they may also be useful as an interventional strategy. However, this rubric may be viewed even more conservatively in the pathophysiology of cancer. The activation of the Nrf2 pathway has been widely accepted as offering chemoprevention benefit, but it may be unhelpful or even harmful in the setting of established cancers. For example, Nrf2 activation might interfere with chemotherapies or radiotherapies or otherwise give tumor cells additional growth and survival advantages, unless they already possess mutations that fully activate their Nrf2 pathway constitutively. With all this in mind, the ARE/Nrf2 pathway remains of great interest as a possible target for the pharmacological control of degenerative and immunological diseases, both by activation and by inhibition, and its regulation remains a promising biological target for the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bifeng Gao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - An Doan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Brooks M Hybertson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors, particularly acetazolamide, have been used at high altitude for decades to prevent or reduce acute mountain sickness (AMS), a syndrome of symptomatic intolerance to altitude characterized by headache, nausea, fatigue, anorexia and poor sleep. Principally CA inhibitors act to further augment ventilation over and above that stimulated by the hypoxia of high altitude by virtue of renal and endothelial cell CA inhibition which oppose the hypocapnic alkalosis resulting from the hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR), which acts to limit the full expression of the HVR. The result is even greater arterial oxygenation than that driven by hypoxia alone and greater altitude tolerance. The severity of several additional diseases of high attitude may also be reduced by acetazolamide, including high altitude cerebral edema (HACE), high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) and chronic mountain sickness (CMS), both by its CA-inhibiting action as described above, but also by more recently discovered non-CA inhibiting actions, that seem almost unique to this prototypical CA inhibitor and are of most relevance to HAPE. This chapter will relate the history of CA inhibitor use at high altitude, discuss what tissues and organs containing carbonic anhydrase play a role in adaptation and maladaptation to high altitude, explore the role of the enzyme and its inhibition at those sites for the prevention and/or treatment of the four major forms of illness at high altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik R Swenson
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,
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Zhai X, Chen X, Shi J, Shi D, Ye Z, Liu W, Li M, Wang Q, Kang Z, Bi H, Sun X. Lactulose ameliorates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats by inducing hydrogen by activating Nrf2 expression. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:731-741. [PMID: 23954468 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Molecular hydrogen has been proven effective in ameliorating cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury by selectively neutralizing reactive oxygen species. Lactulose can produce a considerable amount of hydrogen through fermentation by the bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. To determine the neuroprotective effects of lactulose against cerebral I/R injury in rats and explore the probable mechanisms, we carried out this study. The stroke model was produced in Sprague-Dawley rats through middle cerebral artery occlusion. Intragastric administration of lactulose substantially increased breath hydrogen concentration. Behavioral and histopathological verifications matched biochemical findings. Behaviorally, rats in the lactulose administration group won higher neurological scores and showed shorter escape latency time in the Morris test. Morphologically, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride showed smaller infarction volume; Nissl staining manifested relatively clear and intact neurons and TUNEL staining showed fewer apoptotic neurons. Biochemically, lactulose decreased brain malondialdehyde content, caspase-3 activity, and 3-nitrotyrosine and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine concentration and increased superoxide dismutase activity. The effects of lactulose were superior to those of edaravone. Lactulose orally administered activated the expression of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in the brain as verified by RT-PCR and Western blot. The antibiotics suppressed the neuroprotective effects of lactulose by reducing hydrogen production. Our study for the first time demonstrates a novel therapeutic effect of lactulose on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury and the probable underlying mechanisms. Lactulose intragastrically administered possessed neuroprotective effects on cerebral I/R injury in rats, which could be attributed to hydrogen production by the fermentation of lactulose through intestinal bacteria and Nrf2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhai
- Graduate Management Unit, Changhai Hospital affiliated with the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China; Graduate Management Unit, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Graduate Management Unit, Changhai Hospital affiliated with the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China; Graduate Management Unit, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiazi Shi
- Graduate Management Unit, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Duo Shi
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhouheng Ye
- Department of Diving Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwu Liu
- Department of Diving Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital affiliated with the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Qijin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Changhai Hospital affiliated with the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhimin Kang
- Department of Diving Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongda Bi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Changhai Hospital affiliated with the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuejun Sun
- Department of Diving Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.
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