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Besse A, Sedlarikova L, Buechler L, Kraus M, Yang CH, Strakova N, Soucek K, Navratil J, Svoboda M, Welm AL, Joerger M, Driessen C, Besse L. HIV-protease inhibitors potentiate the activity of carfilzomib in triple-negative breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2024:10.1038/s41416-024-02774-9. [PMID: 38969867 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-024-02774-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance to chemotherapy is a major problem in the treatment of patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Preclinical data suggest that TNBC is dependent on proteasomes; however, clinical observations indicate that the efficacy of proteasome inhibitors in TNBC may be limited, suggesting the need for combination therapies. METHODS We compared bortezomib and carfilzomib and their combinations with nelfinavir and lopinavir in TNBC cell lines and primary cells with regard to their cytotoxic activity, functional proteasome inhibition, and induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Furthermore, we evaluated the involvement of sXBP1, ABCB1, and ABCG2 in the cytotoxic activity of drug combinations. RESULTS Carfilzomib, via proteasome β5 + β2 inhibition, is more cytotoxic in TNBC than bortezomib, which inhibits β5 + β1 proteasome subunits. The cytotoxicity of carfilzomib was significantly potentiated by nelfinavir or lopinavir. Carfilzomib with lopinavir induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and pro-apoptotic UPR through the accumulation of excess proteasomal substrate protein in TNBC in vitro. Moreover, lopinavir increased the intracellular availability of carfilzomib by inhibiting carfilzomib export from cells that express high levels and activity of ABCB1, but not ABCG2. CONCLUSION Proteasome inhibition by carfilzomib combined with nelfinavir/lopinavir represents a potential treatment option for TNBC, warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Besse
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, 9000, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Sedlarikova
- Babak Myeloma Group, Department of Pathological Physiology, Masaryk University, Brno, 62500, Czech Republic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Lorina Buechler
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, 9000, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Kraus
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, 9000, Switzerland
| | - Chieh-Hsiang Yang
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Nicol Strakova
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 612 00, Czech Republic
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Soucek
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 612 00, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Navratil
- Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, 62500, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Svoboda
- Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, 62500, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Alana L Welm
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Markus Joerger
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, 9000, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Driessen
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, 9000, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, 9000, Switzerland
| | - Lenka Besse
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, 9000, Switzerland.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, 62500, Czech Republic.
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Jakobi T, Groß J, Cyganek L, Doroudgar S. Transcriptional Effects of Candidate COVID-19 Treatments on Cardiac Myocytes. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:844441. [PMID: 35686037 PMCID: PMC9170897 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.844441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease (COVID-19) has emerged as a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, placing unprecedented pressure on healthcare. Cardiomyopathy is described in patients with severe COVID-19 and increasing evidence suggests that cardiovascular involvement portends a high mortality. To facilitate fast development of antiviral interventions, drugs initially developed to treat other diseases are currently being repurposed as COVID-19 treatments. While it has been shown that SARS-CoV-2 invades cells through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor (ACE2), the effect of drugs currently repurposed to treat COVID-19 on the heart requires further investigation.MethodsHuman induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiac myocytes (hiPSC-CMs) were treated with five repurposed drugs (remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, lopinavir/ritonavir/interferon beta (INF-β), hydroxychloroquine, and chloroquine) and compared with DMSO controls. Transcriptional profiling was performed to identify global changes in gene expression programs.ResultsRNA sequencing of hiPSC-CMs revealed significant changes in gene programs related to calcium handling and the endoplasmic reticulum stress response, most prominently for lopinavir/ritonavir and lopinavir/ritonavir/interferon-beta. The results of the differential gene expression analysis are available for interactive access at https://covid19drugs.jakobilab.org.ConclusionTranscriptional profiling in hiPSC-CMs treated with COVID-19 drugs identified unfavorable changes with lopinavir/ritonavir and lopinavir/ritonavir/INF-β in key cardiac gene programs that may negatively affect heart function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Jakobi
- Department of Internal Medicine and the Translational Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Arizona – College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
- *Correspondence: Tobias Jakobi,
| | - Julia Groß
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lukas Cyganek
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Shirin Doroudgar
- Department of Internal Medicine and the Translational Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Arizona – College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
- Shirin Doroudgar,
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Monnin A, Vizeneux A, Nagot N, Eymard-Duvernay S, Meda N, Singata-Madliki M, Ndeezi G, Tumwine JK, Kankasa C, Goga A, Tylleskär T, Van de Perre P, Molès JP. Longitudinal Follow-Up of Blood Telomere Length in HIV-Exposed Uninfected Children Having Received One Year of Lopinavir/Ritonavir or Lamivudine as Prophylaxis. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:796. [PMID: 34572228 PMCID: PMC8468502 DOI: 10.3390/children8090796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Telomere shortening can be enhanced upon human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and by antiretroviral (ARV) exposures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute and long-term effect on telomere shortening of two ARV prophylaxes, lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) and lamivudine (3TC), administered to children who are HIV-exposed uninfected (CHEU) to prevent HIV acquisition through breastfeeding during the first year of life, and to investigate the relationship between telomere shortening and health outcomes at six years of age. We included 198 CHEU and measured telomere length at seven days of life, at week-50 and at six years (year-6) using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. At week-50, telomere shortening was observed among 44.3% of CHEU, irrespective of the prophylactic treatment. Furthermore, this telomere shortening was neither associated with poor growth indicators nor neuropsychological outcomes at year-6, except for motor abilities (MABC test n = 127, β = -3.61, 95%CI: -7.08, -0.14; p = 0.04). Safety data on telomere shortening for infant HIV prophylaxis are scarce. Its association with reduced motor abilities deserves further attention among CHEU but also HIV-infected children receiving ARV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Monnin
- Pathogenèse et Contrôle des Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1058, Université Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, University of Antilles, 34093 Montpellier, France; (A.M.); (A.V.); (N.N.); (S.E.-D.); (P.V.d.P.)
| | - Amélie Vizeneux
- Pathogenèse et Contrôle des Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1058, Université Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, University of Antilles, 34093 Montpellier, France; (A.M.); (A.V.); (N.N.); (S.E.-D.); (P.V.d.P.)
| | - Nicolas Nagot
- Pathogenèse et Contrôle des Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1058, Université Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, University of Antilles, 34093 Montpellier, France; (A.M.); (A.V.); (N.N.); (S.E.-D.); (P.V.d.P.)
| | - Sabrina Eymard-Duvernay
- Pathogenèse et Contrôle des Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1058, Université Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, University of Antilles, 34093 Montpellier, France; (A.M.); (A.V.); (N.N.); (S.E.-D.); (P.V.d.P.)
| | - Nicolas Meda
- Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso 01 P.O. Box 390, Burkina Faso;
| | - Mandisa Singata-Madliki
- Effective Care Research Unit, Cecilia Makiwane Hospital, University of Fort Hare, East London 5207, South Africa;
| | - Grace Ndeezi
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 317, Uganda; (G.N.); (J.K.T.)
| | - James Kashugyera Tumwine
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 317, Uganda; (G.N.); (J.K.T.)
- School of Medicine, Kabale University, Kabale P.O. Box 317, Uganda
| | - Chipepo Kankasa
- Department of Paediatric and Child Health, University Teaching Hospital, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka P.O. Box 50110, Zambia;
| | - Ameena Goga
- HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Private Bag x385, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
| | - Thorkild Tylleskär
- Centre for International Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Philippe Van de Perre
- Pathogenèse et Contrôle des Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1058, Université Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, University of Antilles, 34093 Montpellier, France; (A.M.); (A.V.); (N.N.); (S.E.-D.); (P.V.d.P.)
| | - Jean-Pierre Molès
- Pathogenèse et Contrôle des Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1058, Université Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, University of Antilles, 34093 Montpellier, France; (A.M.); (A.V.); (N.N.); (S.E.-D.); (P.V.d.P.)
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Gruevska A, Moragrega ÁB, Cossarizza A, Esplugues JV, Blas-García A, Apostolova N. Apoptosis of Hepatocytes: Relevance for HIV-Infected Patients under Treatment. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020410. [PMID: 33669403 PMCID: PMC7920460 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to medical advances over the past few decades, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, once a devastatingly mortal pandemic, has become a manageable chronic condition. However, available antiretroviral treatments (cART) cannot fully restore immune health and, consequently, a number of inflammation-associated and/or immunodeficiency complications have manifested themselves in treated HIV-infected patients. Among these chronic, non-AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)-related conditions, liver disease is one of the deadliest, proving to be fatal for 15–17% of these individuals. Aside from the presence of liver-related comorbidities, including metabolic disturbances and co-infections, HIV itself and the adverse effects of cART are the main factors that contribute to hepatic cell injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. Among the molecular mechanisms that are activated in the liver during HIV infection, apoptotic cell death of hepatocytes stands out as a key pathogenic player. In this review, we will discuss the evidence and potential mechanisms involved in the apoptosis of hepatocytes induced by HIV, HIV-encoded proteins, or cART. Some antiretroviral drugs, especially the older generation, can induce apoptosis of hepatic cells, which occurs through a variety of mechanisms, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR), all of which ultimately lead to caspase activation and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Gruevska
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.G.); (Á.B.M.); (N.A.)
- FISABIO—Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Ángela B. Moragrega
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.G.); (Á.B.M.); (N.A.)
- FISABIO—Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy;
- National Institute for Cardiovascular Research, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Juan V. Esplugues
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.G.); (Á.B.M.); (N.A.)
- FISABIO—Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain;
- National Network of Biomedical Research on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-96-396-4167; Fax: +34-96-398-3879
| | - Ana Blas-García
- FISABIO—Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain;
- National Network of Biomedical Research on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Nadezda Apostolova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.G.); (Á.B.M.); (N.A.)
- FISABIO—Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain;
- National Network of Biomedical Research on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Fraichard C, Bonnet-Serrano F, Laguillier-Morizot C, Hebert-Schuster M, Lai-Kuen R, Sibiude J, Fournier T, Cohen M, Guibourdenche J. Protease Inhibitor Anti-HIV, Lopinavir, Impairs Placental Endocrine Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E683. [PMID: 33445576 PMCID: PMC7827556 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease Inhibitors (PI e.g., ritonavir (RTV) and lopinavir (LPV)) used to treat pregnant mothers infected by HIV induce prematurity and endocrine dysfunctions. The maintenance of pregnancy relies on placental hormone production (human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG) and progesterone (P4)). Those functions are ensured by the villous trophoblast and are mainly regulated by the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) pathway and mitochondria. We investigated, in vitro, if PI impair hCG and P4 production and the potential intracellular mechanisms involved. Term villous cytotrophoblast (VCT) were cultured with or without RTV or LPV from 6 to 48 h. VCT differentiation into syncytiotrophoblast (ST) was followed measuring hCG and P4 secretion. We evaluated the expression of P4 synthesis partners (Metastatic Lymph Node 64 (MLN64), cholesterol side-chain cleavage (P450SCC), Hydroxy-delta-5-Steroid Dehydrogenase and 3 Beta-and steroid delta-isomerase 1 (HSD3B1)), of mitochondrial pro-fusion factors (Mitofusin 2 (Mfn2), Optic Atrophy 1 (OPA1)) and of UPR factors (Glucose-Regulated Protein 78 (GRP78), Activating Transcription Factor 4 (ATF4), Activating Transcription Factor 6 (ATF6), spliced X-box Binding Protein 1 (sXBP1)). RTV had no significant effect on hCG and P4 secretion, whereas lopinavir significantly decreased both secretions. LPV also decreased P450SCC and HSD3B1 expression, whereas it increased Mfn2, GRP78 and sXBP1 expression in ST. RTV has no effect on the endocrine placenta. LPV impairs both villous trophoblast differentiation and P4 production. It is likely to act via mitochondrial fusion and UPR pathway activation. These trophoblastic alterations may end in decreased P4 levels in maternal circulation, inducing prematurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Fraichard
- INSERM UMR-S 1139, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France; (C.F.); (C.L.-M.); (T.F.)
| | | | - Christelle Laguillier-Morizot
- INSERM UMR-S 1139, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France; (C.F.); (C.L.-M.); (T.F.)
- Service d’Hormonologie, CHU Cochin, HUPC, AP-HP, 75014 Paris, France;
| | - Marylise Hebert-Schuster
- Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Genève, 1206 Genève, Suisse; (M.H.-S.); (M.C.)
| | - René Lai-Kuen
- INSERM UMS 025—CNRS UMS 3612, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France;
| | - Jeanne Sibiude
- Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, CHU Louis Mourier, HUPN, AP-HP, 92700 Colombes, France;
| | - Thierry Fournier
- INSERM UMR-S 1139, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France; (C.F.); (C.L.-M.); (T.F.)
| | - Marie Cohen
- Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Genève, 1206 Genève, Suisse; (M.H.-S.); (M.C.)
| | - Jean Guibourdenche
- INSERM UMR-S 1139, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France; (C.F.); (C.L.-M.); (T.F.)
- Service d’Hormonologie, CHU Cochin, HUPC, AP-HP, 75014 Paris, France;
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Yao Y, Lawrence DA. Susceptibility to COVID-19 in populations with health disparities: Posited involvement of mitochondrial disorder, socioeconomic stress, and pollutants. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22626. [PMID: 32905655 PMCID: PMC9340490 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a novel betacoronavirus that has caused the global health crisis known as COVID-19. The implications of mitochondrial dysfunction with COVID-19 are discussed as well as deregulated mitochondria and inter-organelle functions as a posited comorbidity enhancing detrimental outcomes. Many environmental chemicals (ECs) and endocrine-disrupting chemicals can do damage to mitochondria and cause mitochondrial dysfunction. During infection, SARS-CoV-2 via its binding target ACE2 and TMPRSS2 can disrupt mitochondrial function. Viral genomic RNA and structural proteins may also affect the normal function of the mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi apparatus. Drugs considered for treatment of COVID-19 should consider effects on organelles including mitochondria functions. Mitochondrial self-balance and clearance via mitophagy are important in SARS-CoV-2 infection, which indicate monitoring and protection of mitochondria against SARS-CoV-2 are important. Mitochondrial metabolomic analysis may provide new indicators of COVID-19 prognosis. A better understanding of the role of mitochondria during SARS-CoV-2 infection may help to improve intervention therapies and better protect mitochondrial disease patients from pathogens as well as people living with poor nutrition and elevated levels of socioeconomic stress and ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyi Yao
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Center for Medical Science, Albany, New York
| | - David A Lawrence
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Center for Medical Science, Albany, New York
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, New York
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7
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Monnin A, Nagot N, Periès M, Vallo R, Meda N, Singata-Madliki M, Tumwine JK, Kankasa C, Ngandu N, Goga A, Reynier P, Tylleskär T, Van de Perre P, Molès JP. Mitochondrial DNA Parameters in Blood of Infants Receiving Lopinavir/Ritonavir or Lamivudine Prophylaxis to Prevent Breastfeeding Transmission of HIV-1. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2972. [PMID: 32937988 PMCID: PMC7564660 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9092972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Children who are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-exposed but uninfected (CHEU) accumulate maternal HIV and antiretroviral exposures through pregnancy, postnatal prophylaxis, and breastfeeding. Here, we compared the dynamics of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) parameters in African breastfed CHEU receiving lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) or lamivudine (3TC) pre-exposure prophylaxis during the first year of life. The number of mtDNA copies per cell (MCN) and the proportion of deleted mtDNA (MDD) were assessed at day 7 and at week 50 post-delivery (PrEP group). mtDNA depletion was defined as a 50% or more decrease from the initial value, and mtDNA deletions was the detection of mtDNA molecules with large DNA fragment loss. We also performed a sub-analysis with CHEU who did not receive a prophylactic treatment in South Africa (control group). From day seven to week 50, MCN decreased with a median of 41.7% (interquartile range, IQR: 12.1; 64.4) in the PrEP group. The proportion of children with mtDNA depletion was not significantly different between the two prophylactic regimens. Poisson regressions showed that LPV/r and 3TC were associated with mtDNA depletion (reference: control group; LPV/r: PR = 1.75 (CI95%: 1.15-2.68), p < 0.01; 3TC: PR = 1.54 (CI95%: 1.00-2.37), p = 0.05). Moreover, the proportion of children with MDD was unexpectedly high before randomisation in both groups. Long-term health impacts of these mitochondrial DNA parameters should be investigated further for both CHEU and HIV-infected children receiving LPV/r- or 3TC- based regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Monnin
- Pathogenèse et Contrôle des Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1058, Université Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, 34934 Montpellier, France; (M.P.); (R.V.); (J.-P.M.)
| | - Nicolas Nagot
- Pathogenèse et Contrôle des Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1058, Université Montpellier, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 34934 Montpellier, France; (N.N.); (P.V.d.P.)
| | - Marianne Periès
- Pathogenèse et Contrôle des Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1058, Université Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, 34934 Montpellier, France; (M.P.); (R.V.); (J.-P.M.)
| | - Roselyne Vallo
- Pathogenèse et Contrôle des Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1058, Université Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, 34934 Montpellier, France; (M.P.); (R.V.); (J.-P.M.)
| | - Nicolas Meda
- Centre MURAZ, Bobo-Dioulasso 01 B.P. 390, Burkina Faso;
| | - Mandisa Singata-Madliki
- Effective Care Research Unit, Cecilia Makiwane Hospital, University of Fort Hare, East London 5201, South Africa;
| | - James K. Tumwine
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala 7062, Uganda;
| | - Chipepo Kankasa
- Department of Paediatric and Child Health, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka PO Box 50110, Zambia;
| | - Nobubelo Ngandu
- Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7501, South Africa; (N.N.); (A.G.)
| | - Ameena Goga
- Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7501, South Africa; (N.N.); (A.G.)
| | - Pascal Reynier
- Département de Biochimie et Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 49933 Angers, France;
| | - Thorkild Tylleskär
- Centre for International Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Philippe Van de Perre
- Pathogenèse et Contrôle des Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1058, Université Montpellier, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 34934 Montpellier, France; (N.N.); (P.V.d.P.)
| | - Jean-Pierre Molès
- Pathogenèse et Contrôle des Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1058, Université Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, 34934 Montpellier, France; (M.P.); (R.V.); (J.-P.M.)
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8
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Marima R, Hull R, Dlamini Z, Penny C. Efavirenz and Lopinavir/Ritonavir Alter Cell Cycle Regulation in Lung Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1693. [PMID: 32984047 PMCID: PMC7484481 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly active anti-retroviral treatment (HAART) is currently the most effective treatment for HIV/AIDS. Additionally, HIV positive patients receiving HAART have a better health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Cancers previously associated with HIV/AIDS also known as the AIDS defining cancers (ADCs), such as Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma have been on the decline since the introduction of HAART. However, non-AIDS defining cancers (NADCs), in particular, lung cancers have been documented to be on the rise. The association between the use of HAART components and lung carcinogenesis is poorly understood. This study aimed at elucidating the effects of two HAART components [efavirenz (EFV), and lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r)] on lung cancer. This was achieved through the use of in vitro cell biological approaches to assess cell health, including cell viability, Real Time Cell Analysis (RTCA) growth monitoring, evaluation of the cell cycle, and progression to apoptosis, following on drug treatments. At plasma level concentrations, both EFV and LPV/r induced S-phase arrest, while at lower concentrations both drugs promoted the progression of cells into G2/M phase following cell cycle FACS analysis. At higher concentrations although cell viability assays reflected anti-proliferative effects of the drugs, this was not statistically significant. RTCA showed a significant decline in cell viability in response to the highest dose of LPV/r. Dual staining by Annexin V-FITC and PI confirmed significant pro-apoptotic effects were promoted by LPV/r. Both EFV and LPV/r exert double-edged oncogenic effects on MRC-5 and A549 lung cells, acting to either promote cell proliferation or to enhance apoptosis. This is affected by EFV and LPV/r altering cell cycle progression, with a significant S-phase arrest, this being an indication of cellular stress, cytotoxicity, and DNA damage within the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahaba Marima
- SA-MRC/UP Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers Extramural Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pan African Cancer Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, South Africa
| | - Rodney Hull
- SA-MRC/UP Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers Extramural Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pan African Cancer Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Zodwa Dlamini
- SA-MRC/UP Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers Extramural Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pan African Cancer Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, South Africa
| | - Clement Penny
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, South Africa
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9
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Nadaroglu H. Antiviral drugs and plasma therapy used for Covid-19 treatment: a nationwide Turkish algorithm. Drug Metab Rev 2020; 52:531-539. [PMID: 32758037 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2020.1803907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The Coronavirus outbreak described as COVID-19 is an insidious and enormous biohazard which began to be noticed in November 2019. When the virus was determined to cause serious upper respiratory tract infections resulting in death, pandemics were declared in the world. As of today, the number of cases exceeded 221 thousand people in Turkey, the number of patients who died had reached 5526. In more than 200 countries around the world, 15.1 million people fight the disease, while the number of people recovered is over 9.134 million, and the number of deaths has exceeded 620 thousand. The top 5 countries in the world are USA, Brazil, Russia, India and Spain. The countries with the highest number of cases after America (approximately 4 million 28 thousand) are Brazil (approximately 2 million 166 thousand), India (about 1 million 195 thousand), Russia (approximately 789 thousand), South Africa (approximately 382 thousand). In addition, the number of deaths and cases caused by Covid 19 continues to increase day by day. In this review, it was aimed to discuss that Covidien-19 against antiviral drugs used in the struggle across the globe and plasma treatment options about the current state of knowledge and Turkey algorithm by comparing the therapeutic treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayrunnisa Nadaroglu
- Department of Food Technology, Ataturk University, Vocational College of Technical Sciences, Erzurum, Turkey.,Department of Nano-Science and Nano-Engineering, Ataturk University, Institute of Science, Erzurum, Turkey
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10
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Sangenito LS, Menna-Barreto RFS, d'Avila-Levy CM, Branquinha MH, Santos ALS. Repositioning of HIV Aspartyl Peptidase Inhibitors for Combating the Neglected Human Pathogen Trypanosoma cruzi. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:6590-6613. [PMID: 31187704 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190610152934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by the flagellate parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is a wellknown neglected tropical disease. This parasitic illness affects 6-7 million people and can lead to severe myocarditis and/or complications of the digestive tract. The changes in its epidemiology facilitate co-infection with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), making even more difficult the diagnosis and prognosis. The parasitic infection is reactivated in T. cruzi/HIV co-infection, with the appearance of unusual manifestations in the chronic phase and the exacerbation of classical clinical signs. The therapeutic arsenal to treat Chagas disease, in all its clinical forms, is restricted basically to two drugs, benznidazole and nifurtimox. Both drugs are extremely toxic and the therapeutic efficacy is still unclear, making the clinical treatment a huge issue to be solved. Therefore, it seems obvious the necessity of new tangible approaches to combat this illness. In this sense, the repositioning of approved drugs appears as an interesting and viable strategy. The discovery of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Aspartyl Peptidase Inhibitors (HIV-PIs) represented a milestone in the treatment of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and, concomitantly, a marked reduction in both the incidence and prevalence of important bacterial, fungal and parasitic co-infections was clearly observed. Taking all these findings into consideration, the present review summarizes the promising and beneficial data concerning the effects of HIV-PIs on all the evolutionary forms of T. cruzi and in important steps of the parasite's life cycle, which highlight their possible application as alternative drugs to treat Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro S Sangenito
- Laboratorio de Estudos Avancados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rubem F S Menna-Barreto
- Laboratorio de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cláudia M d'Avila-Levy
- Laboratorio de Estudos Integrados em Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marta H Branquinha
- Laboratorio de Estudos Avancados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André L S Santos
- Laboratorio de Estudos Avancados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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11
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Gratton R, Tricarico PM, Guimaraes RL, Celsi F, Crovella S. Lopinavir/Ritonavir Treatment Induces Oxidative Stress and Caspaseindependent Apoptosis in Human Glioblastoma U-87 MG Cell Line. Curr HIV Res 2018; 16:106-112. [DOI: 10.2174/1570162x16666180528100922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background:Lopinavir and Ritonavir (LPV/r) treatment is widely used to prevent HIV mother-to-child transmission. Nevertheless, studies related to the impact of these compounds on patients, in particular in the foetus and newborns, are strictly required due to the controversial findings reported in the literature concerning possible neurologic side effects following the administration of these drugs.Objectives:In our study, we evaluated the impact of LPV/r treatment on the human glioblastoma U- 87 MG cell line.Methods:In order to evaluate the influence of Lopinavir and Ritonavir in terms of oxidative stress (ROS production), mitochondrial morphology and apoptotic cell death, the latter either in the presence or in the absence of caspase-3 and -9 inhibitors, we treated U-87 MG with increasing doses (0.1-1-10-25-50 µM) of Lopinavir and Ritonavir for 24h, either in single formulation or in combination. ROS production was measured by flow cytometry using H2DCFDA dye, mitochondrial morphology was evaluated using MitoRed dye and apoptotic cell death was monitored by flow cytometry using Annexin V-FITC and Propidium Iodide.Results:We observed that co-treatment with Lopinavir and Ritonavir (25 and 50 µM) promoted a significant increase in ROS production, caused mitochondrial network damage and induced apoptosis in a caspase-independent manner.Conclusion:Based on our findings, concordant with others reported in the literature, we hypothesize that LPV/r treatment could not be entirely free from side effects, being aware of the need of validation in in vivo models, necessary to confirm our results.
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12
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Kudo E, Taura M, Suico MA, Goto H, Kai H, Okada S. Transcriptional regulation of HIV-1 host factor COMMD1 by the Sp family. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:2366-2374. [PMID: 29336469 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper metabolism Murr1 domain containing 1 (COMMD1) has multiple functions in the regulation of protein stability at the plasma membrane and in the cytoplasm. However, the regulation of COMMD1 transcriptional has remained to be elucidated. In the present study, the 5'‑flanking region (‑1,192/+83 bp) of the human COMMD1 gene was cloned. It was observed that the COMMD1 promoter region contains GC‑rich region that has 7 putative Sp1‑binding sites via in silico analysis. The proximal promoter region at ‑289/+83 bp was required for COMMD1 basal promoter activity by deletion constructs of COMMD1 promoter. Moreover, Sp1 inhibitor, mithramycin A, suppressed basal COMMD1 promoter activity. The Sp1‑binding site (‑11/‑1 bp) in the proximal promoter region was a critical site for COMMD1 gene regulation by Sp1 and Sp3. Sp1 upregulated COMMD1 promoter activity, whereas Sp3 suppressed it. Endogenous Sp1 and Sp3 bound to the proximal promoter region of COMMD1. Taken together, Sp1 constitutively regulates the basal expression of the COMMD1 gene in human epithelial cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Kudo
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860‑0811, Japan
| | - Manabu Taura
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860‑0811, Japan
| | - Mary Ann Suico
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862‑0973, Japan
| | - Hiroki Goto
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860‑0811, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862‑0973, Japan
| | - Seiji Okada
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860‑0811, Japan
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13
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Abt D, Besse A, Sedlarikova L, Kraus M, Bader J, Silzle T, Vodinska M, Slaby O, Schmid HP, Engeler DS, Driessen C, Besse L. Improving the efficacy of proteasome inhibitors in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma by combination with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-protease inhibitors lopinavir or nelfinavir. BJU Int 2017; 121:600-609. [PMID: 29161753 DOI: 10.1111/bju.14083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the potential of second-generation proteasome inhibition by carfilzomib and its combination with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors (HIV-PIs) lopinavir and nelfinavir in vitro for improved treatment of clear cell renal cell cancer (ccRCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and unfolded protein response (UPR) activation of proteasome inhibitors, HIV-PIs, and their combination were assessed in three cell lines and primary cells derived from three ccRCC tumours by MTS assay, flow cytometry, quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and western blot, respectively. Proteasome activity was determined by activity based probes. Flow cytometry was used to assess apoptosis by annexin V/propidium iodide assay and ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 (ABCB1) activity by MitoTracker™ Green FM efflux assay (Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, USA). RESULTS Lopinavir and nelfinavir significantly increased the cytotoxic effect of carfilzomib in all cell lines and primary cells. ABCB1 efflux pump inhibition, induction of ROS production, and UPR pre-activation by lopinavir were identified as underlying mechanisms of this strong synergistic effect. Combined treatment led to unresolved protein stress, increased activation of pro-apoptotic UPR pathway, and a significant increase in apoptosis. CONCLUSION The combination of the proteasome inhibitor carfilzomib and the HIV-PIs lopinavir and nelfinavir has a strong synergistic cytotoxic activity against ccRCCin vitro at therapeutically relevant drug concentrations. This effect is most likely explained by synergistic UPR triggering and ABCB1-modulation caused by HIV-PIs. Our findings suggest that combined treatment of second-generation proteasome inhibitors and HIV-PIs should be investigated in patients with metastatic RCC within a clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Abt
- Department of Urology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Andrej Besse
- Experimental Oncology and Hematology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Lenka Sedlarikova
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Babak Myeloma Group, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marianne Kraus
- Experimental Oncology and Hematology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Juergen Bader
- Experimental Oncology and Hematology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Silzle
- Experimental Oncology and Hematology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Martina Vodinska
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Slaby
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hans-Peter Schmid
- Department of Urology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | | | - Christoph Driessen
- Experimental Oncology and Hematology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Lenka Besse
- Experimental Oncology and Hematology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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14
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Alongi F, Giaj-Levra N, Sciascia S, Fozza A, Fersino S, Fiorentino A, Mazzola R, Ricchetti F, Buglione M, Buonfrate D, Roccatello D, Ricardi U, Bisoffi Z. Radiotherapy in patients with HIV: current issues and review of the literature. Lancet Oncol 2017; 18:e379-e393. [PMID: 28677574 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30440-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy has radically improved the life expectancy of patients with HIV, HIV positivity is still considered a major barrier to oncological treatment for patients with cancer because of their worse prognosis and increased susceptibility to toxic effects compared with patients who are immunocompetent. The use of radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or molecular targeted therapy is the standard of care for several cancers. These new drugs and substantial improvements in radiotherapy techniques, including intensity-modulated radiotherapy, image-guided radiotherapy, and stereotactic ablative radiotherapy, are optimising the feasibility of such anticancer treatments and are providing new opportunities for patients with cancer and HIV. In this Review, we discuss the role of radiotherapy, with or without chemotherapy or new drugs, in the treatment of cancer in patients with HIV, with a focus on the efficacy and tolerability of this approach on the basis of available evidence. Moreover, we analyse and discuss the biological basis of interactions between HIV and radiotherapy, evidence from preclinical studies, and immunomodulation by radiotherapy in the HIV setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Alongi
- Radiation Oncology, Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Cancer Care Center, Negrar-Verona, Italy; University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Niccolò Giaj-Levra
- Radiation Oncology, Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Cancer Care Center, Negrar-Verona, Italy; Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy.
| | - Savino Sciascia
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Centre of Research of Immunopathology and Rare Diseases-Coordinating Centre of Piemonte and Valle d'Aosta Network for Rare Disease, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fozza
- Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, Ospedale dell'Angelo, Mestre-Venezia, Italy
| | - Sergio Fersino
- Radiation Oncology, Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Cancer Care Center, Negrar-Verona, Italy
| | - Alba Fiorentino
- Radiation Oncology, Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Cancer Care Center, Negrar-Verona, Italy
| | - Rosario Mazzola
- Radiation Oncology, Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Cancer Care Center, Negrar-Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Ricchetti
- Radiation Oncology, Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Cancer Care Center, Negrar-Verona, Italy
| | - Michela Buglione
- Radiation Oncology, University and Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Dora Buonfrate
- Centre for Tropical Diseases, Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar-Verona, Italy
| | - Dario Roccatello
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Centre of Research of Immunopathology and Rare Diseases-Coordinating Centre of Piemonte and Valle d'Aosta Network for Rare Disease, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Zeno Bisoffi
- Centre for Tropical Diseases, Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar-Verona, Italy
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15
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Stauch KL, Emanuel K, Lamberty BG, Morsey B, Fox HS. Central nervous system-penetrating antiretrovirals impair energetic reserve in striatal nerve terminals. J Neurovirol 2017; 23:795-807. [PMID: 28895059 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-017-0573-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs with central nervous system (CNS) penetration effectiveness (CPE) may be useful in the treatment of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) as well as targeting a CNS reservoir in strategies to achieve a functional cure for HIV. However, increased cognitive deficits are linked to at least one of these drugs (efavirenz). As mitochondrial dysfunction has been found with a number of ARVs, and as such can affect neuronal function, the objective of this study was to assess the effects of ARV with high CPE for toxicological profiles on presynaptic nerve terminal energy metabolism. This subcellular region is especially vulnerable in that a constant supply of ATP is required for the proper maintenance of neurotransmitter release and uptake supporting proper neuronal function. We evaluated the effects of acute treatment with ten different high CPE ARVs from five different drug classes on rat cortical and striatal nerve terminal bioenergetic function. While cortical nerve terminal bioenergetics were not altered, striatal nerve terminals exposed to efavirenz, nevirapine, abacavir, emtricitabine, zidovudine, darunavir, lopinavir, raltegravir, or maraviroc (but not indinavir) exhibit reduced mitochondrial spare respiratory capacity (SRC). Further examination of efavirenz and maraviroc revealed a concentration-dependent impairment of striatal nerve terminal maximal mitochondrial respiration and SRC as well as a reduction of intraterminal ATP levels. Depletion of ATP at the synapse may underlie its dysfunction and contribute to neuronal dysfunction in treated HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Stauch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Katy Emanuel
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Benjamin G Lamberty
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Brenda Morsey
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Howard S Fox
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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16
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Zhu X, Dong J, Xia Z, Zhang A, Chao J, Yao H. Repeated restraint stress increases seizure susceptibility by activation of hippocampal endoplasmic reticulum stress. Neurochem Int 2017; 110:25-37. [PMID: 28887093 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that stress triggers a variety of pathophysiological responses. Recent studies show that stress produces enduring effects on structure and function of hippocampus, which is one of the most important structures involved in epilepsy. In the present study, we determined the effect of repeated restraint stress exposure on the susceptibility of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures and the possible mechanisms involved using a rodent model. Our results show that mice subjected to repeated restraint stress exhibited shorter latency to PTZ-induced tonic-clonic seizures and higher seizure severity, suggesting chronic restraint stress increases seizure susceptibility. Following repeated restraint stress, we observed an increased level of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress as well as oxidative stress in the hippocampus. Moreover, our results show that chronic restraint stress exposure causes neuron loss in the hippocampus. Inhibition of ER stress with chemical chaperone, tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), however, protects against chronic restraint stress-induced neuron loss, suggesting repeated restraint stress-induced neuronal degeneration is dependent on ER stress activation. On the other hand, inhibition of ER stress with TUDCA suppresses restraint stress-induced seizure susceptibility. Taken together, these results indicate that repeated restraint stress increases seizure susceptibility by activation of hippocampal ER stress and ER stress mediated oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. Thus, attenuating ER stress may serve as a potential therapeutic strategy targeted to block stress-induced seizure activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjian Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jingde Dong
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengrong Xia
- Analysis and Test Center of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aifeng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Chao
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Honghong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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17
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Liptrott NJ, Giardiello M, McDonald TO, Rannard SP, Owen A. Lack of interaction of lopinavir solid drug nanoparticles with cells of the immune system. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 12:2043-2054. [PMID: 28805110 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM We previously demonstrated that solid drug nanoparticles (SDNs) lopinavir (LPV) dispersed into aqueous media display favorable pharmacokinetics. METHODS The impact of LPV SDNs on the function and phenotype of primary human T cells and macrophages (primary sites of HIV replication) was investigated. RESULTS LPV significantly increased IL-1β (ninefold higher than untreated cells; p = 0.045) and TNF-α (sixfold higher than untreated cells; p = 0.018) secretion from monocyte-derived macrophages, whereas LPV SDNs did not elicit these responses at comparable drug concentrations. LPV SDNs were demonstrated to be immunologically inert to human T cells and monocyte-derived macrophages. CONCLUSION The LPV SDN was demonstrated to exhibit comparable, or favorable behavior compared with an LPV aqueous solution in the employed biocompatibility assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neill J Liptrott
- Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, the University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,European Nanomedicine Characterisation Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, the University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marco Giardiello
- Department of Chemistry, the University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Tom O McDonald
- Department of Chemistry, the University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Steven P Rannard
- European Nanomedicine Characterisation Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, the University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Chemistry, the University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew Owen
- Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, the University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,European Nanomedicine Characterisation Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, the University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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18
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Bandiera E, Todeschini P, Romani C, Zanotti L, Erba E, Colmegna B, Bignotti E, Santin AD, Sartori E, Odicino FE, Pecorelli S, Tassi RA, Ravaggi A. The HIV-protease inhibitor saquinavir reduces proliferation, invasion and clonogenicity in cervical cancer cell lines. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:2493-2500. [PMID: 27698818 PMCID: PMC5038480 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Innovative therapies in cervical cancer (CC) remain a priority. Recent data indicate that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-protease inhibitors used in highly active antiretroviral therapy can exert direct antitumor activities also in HIV-free preclinical and clinical models. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antineoplastic effects of various HIV-protease inhibitors (indinavir, ritonavir and saquinavir) on primary and established CC cell lines. Two CC cell lines established in our laboratory and four commercially available CC cell lines were treated with indinavir, ritonavir and saquinavir at different concentrations and for different times. Proliferation, clonogenicity and radiosensitivity were evaluated by crystal violet staining. Proteasomal activities were assessed using a cell-based assay and immunoblotting. Cell cycle was analyzed by propidium iodide staining and flow cytometric analysis. Invasion was tested with Matrigel chambers. A t-test for paired samples was used for statistical analysis. In all cell lines, saquinavir was more effective than ritonavir in reducing cell proliferation and inhibiting proteasomal activities (P≤0.05). Conversely, indinavir exerted a negligible effect. The saquinavir concentrations required to modulate the proteasome activities were higher than those observed to be effective in inhibiting cell proliferation. In HeLa cells, saquinavir was strongly effective in inhibiting cell invasion and clonogenicity (P≤0.05) at concentrations much lower than those required to perturb proteasomal activities. Saquinavir did not contribute to increase the sensitivity of HeLa cells to X-rays. In conclusion, the present results demonstrate that saquinavir is able to significantly reduce cell proliferation, cell invasion and clonogenicity in a proteasome-independent manner in in vitro models of CC, and suggest that saquinavir could be a promising CC therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Bandiera
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Angelo Nocivelli' Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, I-25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Paola Todeschini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Angelo Nocivelli' Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, I-25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Romani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Angelo Nocivelli' Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, I-25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Zanotti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Angelo Nocivelli' Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, I-25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Eugenio Erba
- Department of Oncology, Flow Cytometry Unit, IRCCS - 'Mario Negri' Institute for Pharmacological Research, I-20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Benedetta Colmegna
- Department of Oncology, Flow Cytometry Unit, IRCCS - 'Mario Negri' Institute for Pharmacological Research, I-20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Eliana Bignotti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Angelo Nocivelli' Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, I-25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Davide Santin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Enrico Sartori
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Angelo Nocivelli' Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, I-25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Franco Edoardo Odicino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Angelo Nocivelli' Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, I-25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Sergio Pecorelli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Angelo Nocivelli' Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, I-25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Renata Alessandra Tassi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Angelo Nocivelli' Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, I-25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonella Ravaggi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Angelo Nocivelli' Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, I-25123 Brescia, Italy
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19
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Ast T, Michaelis S, Schuldiner M. The Protease Ste24 Clears Clogged Translocons. Cell 2016; 164:103-114. [PMID: 26771486 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the first step in the biogenesis of thousands of eukaryotic endomembrane proteins. Although functional ER translocation has been avidly studied, little is known about the quality control mechanisms that resolve faulty translocational states. One such faulty state is translocon clogging, in which the substrate fails to properly translocate and obstructs the translocon pore. To shed light on the machinery required to resolve clogging, we carried out a systematic screen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that highlighted a role for the ER metalloprotease Ste24. We could demonstrate that Ste24 approaches the translocon upon clogging, and it interacts with and generates cleavage fragments of the clogged protein. Importantly, these functions are conserved in the human homolog, ZMPSTE24, although disease-associated mutant forms of ZMPSTE24 fail to clear the translocon. These results shed light on a new and critical task of Ste24, which safeguards the essential process of translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tslil Ast
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Susan Michaelis
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Maya Schuldiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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20
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Foufelle F, Fromenty B. Role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in drug-induced toxicity. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2016; 4:e00211. [PMID: 26977301 PMCID: PMC4777263 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug‐induced toxicity is a key issue for public health because some side effects can be severe and life‐threatening. These adverse effects can also be a major concern for the pharmaceutical companies since significant toxicity can lead to the interruption of clinical trials, or the withdrawal of the incriminated drugs from the market. Recent studies suggested that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress could be an important event involved in drug liability, in addition to other key mechanisms such as mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Indeed, drug‐induced ER stress could lead to several deleterious effects within cells and tissues including accumulation of lipids, cell death, cytolysis, and inflammation. After recalling important information regarding drug‐induced adverse reactions and ER stress in diverse pathophysiological situations, this review summarizes the main data pertaining to drug‐induced ER stress and its potential involvement in different adverse effects. Drugs presented in this review are for instance acetaminophen (APAP), arsenic trioxide and other anticancer drugs, diclofenac, and different antiretroviral compounds. We also included data on tunicamycin (an antibiotic not used in human medicine because of its toxicity) and thapsigargin (a toxic compound of the Mediterranean plant Thapsia garganica) since both molecules are commonly used as prototypical toxins to induce ER stress in cellular and animal models.
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21
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Vaeteewoottacharn K, Kariya R, Dana P, Fujikawa S, Matsuda K, Ohkuma K, Kudo E, Kraiklang R, Wongkham C, Wongkham S, Okada S. Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase potentiates bevacizumab treatment in cholangiocarcinoma. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:9023-35. [PMID: 26762407 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4785-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a unique liver cancer subtype with an increasing incidence globally. The lack of specific symptoms and definite diagnostic markers results in a delayed diagnosis and disease progression. Systemic chemotherapy is commonly selected for advanced CCA even though its advantages remain unknown. Targeted therapy, especially anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy, is promising for CCA; however, improvements in the therapeutic regimen are necessary to overcome subsequent resistance. We demonstrated VEGF expression was higher in CCA cell lines than in other liver cancer cells. Secreted VEGFs played roles in the induction of peri- and intra-tumoral vascularization. VEGF neutralization by bevacizumab effectively reduced tumor growth, mainly through the suppression of angiogenesis; however, increases in the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) and HIF1α-responsive genes (such as VEGF, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, carbonic anhydrase (CA) IX and CAXII) indicated the potential for subsequent therapeutic resistance. Supplementation with a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, acetazolamide, enhanced the anti-CCA effects of bevacizumab. Anti-angiogenesis and anti-proliferation were observed with the combination treatment. These results suggested a novel treatment strategy to overcome anti-angiogenesis resistance and the importance of "induced essentiality" in the treatment of CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kulthida Vaeteewoottacharn
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Ryusho Kariya
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Paweena Dana
- Department of Biochemistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sawako Fujikawa
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Kouki Matsuda
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Koichi Ohkuma
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Eriko Kudo
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Ratthaphol Kraiklang
- Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Heath, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chaisiri Wongkham
- Department of Biochemistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sopit Wongkham
- Department of Biochemistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Seiji Okada
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.
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22
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Liu R, Zhang L, Yang J, Zhang X, Mikkelsen R, Song S, Zhou H. HIV Protease Inhibitors Sensitize Human Head and Neck Squamous Carcinoma Cells to Radiation by Activating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125928. [PMID: 25933118 PMCID: PMC4416809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most malignant cancer worldwide. Despite significant advances in the delivery of treatment and surgical reconstruction, there is no significant improvement of mortality rates for this disease in the past decades. Radiotherapy is the core component of the clinical combinational therapies for HNSCC. However, the tumor cells have a tendency to develop radiation resistance, which is a major barrier to effective treatment. HIV protease inhibitors (HIV PIs) have been reported with radiosensitizing activities in HNSCC cells, but the underlying cellular/molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Our previous study has shown that HIV PIs induce cell apoptosis via activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The aim of this study was to examine the role of ER stress in HIV PI-induced radiosensitivity in human HNSCC. Methodology and Principal Findings HNSCC cell lines, SQ20B and FaDu, and the most commonly used HIV PIs, lopinavir and ritonavir (L/R), were used in this study. Clonogenic assay was used to assess the radiosensitivity. Cell viability, apoptosis and cell cycle were analyzed using Cellometer Vision CBA. The mRNA and protein levels of ER stress-related genes (eIF2α, CHOP, ATF-4, and XBP-1), as well as cell cycle related protein, cyclin D1, were detected by real time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. The results demonstrated that L/R dose-dependently sensitized HNSCC cells to irradiation and inhibited cell growth. L/R-induced activation of ER stress was correlated to down-regulation of cyclin D1 expression and cell cycle arrest under G0/G1 phase. Conclusion and Significance HIV PIs sensitize HNSCC cells to radiotherapy by activation of ER stress and induction of cell cycle arrest. Our results provided evidence that HIV PIs can be potentially used in combination with radiation in the treatment of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runping Liu
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, United States of America
| | - Luyong Zhang
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, United States of America
| | - Xiaoxuan Zhang
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, United States of America
| | - Ross Mikkelsen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, United States of America
| | - Shiyu Song
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, United States of America
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, United States of America; McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA, 23298, United States of America
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23
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Brüning A, Jückstock J. Misfolded proteins: from little villains to little helpers in the fight against cancer. Front Oncol 2015; 5:47. [PMID: 25759792 PMCID: PMC4338749 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of cytostatic drugs targeting the high proliferation rates of cancer cells is currently the most commonly used treatment option in cancer chemotherapy. However, severe side effects and resistance mechanisms may occur as a result of such treatment, possibly limiting the therapeutic efficacy of these agents. In recent years, several therapeutic strategies have been developed that aim at targeting not the genomic integrity and replication machinery of cancer cells but instead their protein homeostasis. During malignant transformation, the cancer cell proteome develops vast aberrations in the expression of mutated proteins, oncoproteins, drug- and apoptosis-resistance proteins, etc. A complex network of protein quality-control mechanisms, including chaperoning by heat shock proteins (HSPs), not only is essential for maintaining the extravagant proteomic lifestyle of cancer cells but also represents an ideal cancer-specific target to be tackled. Furthermore, the high rate of protein synthesis and turnover in certain types of cancer cells can be specifically directed by interfering with the proteasomal and autophagosomal protein recycling and degradation machinery, as evidenced by the clinical application of proteasome inhibitors. Since proteins with loss of their native conformation are prone to unspecific aggregations and have proved to be detrimental to normal cellular function, specific induction of misfolded proteins by HSP inhibitors, proteasome inhibitors, hyperthermia, or inducers of endoplasmic reticulum stress represents a new method of cancer cell killing exploitable for therapeutic purposes. This review describes drugs - approved, repurposed, or under investigation - that can be used to accumulate misfolded proteins in cancer cells, and particularly focuses on the molecular aspects that lead to the cytotoxicity of misfolded proteins in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansgar Brüning
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Ludwig-Maximilians-University , Munich , Germany
| | - Julia Jückstock
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Ludwig-Maximilians-University , Munich , Germany
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24
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The transcription factor NF-κB is important for HIV-1 transcription initiation in primary HIV-1 infection and reactivation in latently HIV-1-infected cells. However, comparative analysis of the regulation and function of NF-κB in latently HIV-1-infected cells has not been done. Here we show that the expression of IκB-α, an endogenous inhibitor of NF-κB, is enhanced by latent HIV-1 infection via induction of the host-derived factor COMMD1/Murr1 in myeloid cells but not in lymphoid cells by using four sets of latently HIV-1-infected cells and the respective parental cells. IκB-α protein was stabilized by COMMD1, which attenuated NF-κB signaling during Toll-like receptor ligand and tumor necrosis factor alpha treatment and enhanced HIV-1 latency in latently HIV-1-infected cells. Activation of the phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-JAK pathway is involved in COMMD1 induction in latently HIV-1-infected cells. Our findings indicate that COMMD1 induction is the NF-κB inhibition mechanism in latently HIV-1-infected cells that contributes to innate immune deficiency and reinforces HIV-1 latency. Thus, COMMD1 might be a double-edged sword that is beneficial in primary infection but not beneficial in latent infection when HIV-1 eradication is considered. IMPORTANCE HIV-1 latency is a major barrier to viral eradication in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy. In this study, we found that COMMD1/Murr1, previously identified as an HIV-1 restriction factor, inhibits the proteasomal degradation of IκB-α by increasing the interaction with IκB-α in latently HIV-1-infected myeloid cells. IκB-α protein was stabilized by COMMD1, which attenuated NF-κB signaling during the innate immune response and enhanced HIV-1 latency in latently HIV-1-infected cells. Activation of the PI3K-JAK pathway is involved in COMMD1 induction in latently HIV-1-infected cells. Thus, the host-derived factor COMMD1 is beneficial in suppressing primary infection but enhances latent infection, indicating that it may be a double-edged sword in HIV-1 eradication.
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25
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Reyskens KMSE, Essop MF. HIV protease inhibitors and onset of cardiovascular diseases: a central role for oxidative stress and dysregulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1842:256-68. [PMID: 24275553 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The successful roll-out of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has extended life expectancy and enhanced the overall well-being of HIV-positive individuals. There are, however, increased concerns regarding HAART-mediated metabolic derangements and its potential risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the long-term. Here certain classes of antiretroviral drugs such as the HIV protease inhibitors (PIs) are strongly implicated in this process. This article largely focuses on the direct PI-linked development of cardio-metabolic complications, and reviews the inter-linked roles of oxidative stress and the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) as key mediators driving this process. It is proposed that PIs trigger reactive oxygen species (ROS) production that leads to serious downstream consequences such as cell death, impaired mitochondrial function, and UPS dysregulation. Moreover, we advocate that HIV PIs may also directly lower myocardial UPS function. The attenuation of cardiac UPS can initiate transcriptional changes that contribute to perturbed lipid metabolism, thereby fueling a pro-atherogenic milieu. It may also directly alter ionic channels and interfere with electrical signaling in the myocardium. Therefore HIV PI-induced ROS together with a dysfunctional UPS elicit detrimental effects on the cardiovascular system that will eventually result in the onset of heart diseases. Thus while HIV PIs substantially improve life expectancy and quality of life in HIV-positive patients, its longer-term side-effects on the cardiovascular system should lead to a) greater clinical awareness regarding its benefit-harm paradigm, and b) the development and evaluation of novel co-treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M S E Reyskens
- Cardio-Metabolic Research Group (CMRG), Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - M Faadiel Essop
- Cardio-Metabolic Research Group (CMRG), Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa.
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