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Kumar R, Rao GN. GRP78 via releasing β-catenin from adherens junctions facilitates its interaction with STAT3 in mediating retinal neovascularization. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2024:S0002-9440(24)00324-9. [PMID: 39222910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Retinopathy due neovascularization is one of the major causes of vision loss. To understand the mechanisms underlying retinal neovascularization, using oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model, we performed 2D gel-MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis of normoxic and 24-h post OIR mice pups' retinas. 2D gel analysis revealed that GRP78 is one of the several molecules induced by OIR in the retinal ECs. VEGFA also induced GRP78 expression independent of ER stress response in HRMVECs and depletion of its levels reduced VEGFA-induced EC angiogenic responses. Consistent with these observations, EC-specific deletion of GRP78 inhibited OIR-induced retinal neovascularization. In exploring the mechanisms, we found that GRP78 binds with VE-cadherin and releases adherens junction's but not Wnt-mediated β-catenin and that β-catenin, in turn, via interacting with STAT3 triggers cyclin D1 expression. Furthermore, depletion of β-catenin or cyclin D1 levels negated VEGFA-induced EC angiogenic responses and OIR-induced retinal neovascularization. EC-specific deletion of GRP78 also suppressed OIR-induced vascular leakage. In elucidating the upstream signaling, we found that ATF6 mediates GRP78 induction in the modulation of VEGFA-induced EC angiogenic responses and OIR-induced retinal neovascularization. Together, these observations reveal that GRP78 independent of its response to ER stress is involved in mediating EC angiogenic responses by VEGFA and retinal neovascularization by OIR. In view of these findings, it appears that GRP78 could be a desirable target for drug development against diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Gadiparthi N Rao
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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Thazhathveettil J, Kumawat AK, Demirel I, Sirsjö A, Paramel GV. Vascular smooth muscle cells in response to cholesterol crystals modulates inflammatory cytokines release and promotes neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Mol Med 2024; 30:42. [PMID: 38519881 PMCID: PMC10960408 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-024-00809-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The formation and accumulation of cholesterol crystals (CC) at the lesion site is a hallmark of atherosclerosis. Although studies have shown the importance of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in the disease atherosclerosis, little is known about the molecular mechanism behind the uptake of CC in VSMCs and their role in modulating immune response. METHODS Human aortic smooth muscle cells were cultured and treated with CC. CC uptake and CC mediated signaling pathway and protein induction were studied using flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, western blot and Olink proteomics. Conditioned medium from CC treated VSMCs was used to study neutrophil adhesion, ROS production and phagocytosis. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formations were visualized using confocal microscopy. RESULTS VSMCs and macrophages were found around CC clefts in human carotid plaques. CC uptake in VSMCs are largely through micropinocytosis and phagocytosis via PI3K-AkT dependent pathway. The uptake of CC in VSMCs induce the release inflammatory proteins, including IL-33, an alarming cytokine. Conditioned medium from CC treated VSMCs can induce neutrophil adhesion, neutrophil reactive oxygen species (ROS) and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation. IL-33 neutralization in conditioned medium from CC treated VSMCs inhibited neutrophil ROS production and NETs formation. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that VSMCs due to its vicinity to CC clefts in human atherosclerotic lesion can modulate local immune response and we further reveal that the interaction between CC and VSMCs impart an inflammatory milieu in the atherosclerotic microenvironment by promoting IL-33 dependent neutrophil influx and NETs formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jishamol Thazhathveettil
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 70182, Örebro, Sweden
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, 70182, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ashok Kumar Kumawat
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 70182, Örebro, Sweden
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, 70182, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Isak Demirel
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, 70182, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Allan Sirsjö
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 70182, Örebro, Sweden
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, 70182, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Geena Varghese Paramel
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 70182, Örebro, Sweden.
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, 70182, Örebro, Sweden.
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Kumar R, Rottner K, Rao GN. Requirement of Site-Specific Tyrosine Phosphorylation of Cortactin in Retinal Neovascularization and Vascular Leakage. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:366-390. [PMID: 38126170 PMCID: PMC10872470 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.320279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal neovascularization is a major cause of vision impairment. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the mechanisms by which hypoxia triggers the development of abnormal and leaky blood vessels. METHODS A variety of cellular and molecular approaches as well as tissue-specific knockout mice were used to investigate the role of Cttn (cortactin) in retinal neovascularization and vascular leakage. RESULTS We found that VEGFA (vascular endothelial growth factor A) stimulates Cttn phosphorylation at Y421, Y453, and Y470 residues in human retinal microvascular endothelial cells. In addition, we observed that while blockade of Cttn phosphorylation at Y470 inhibited VEGFA-induced human retinal microvascular endothelial cell angiogenic events, suppression of Y421 phosphorylation protected endothelial barrier integrity from disruption by VEGFA. In line with these observations, while blockade of Cttn phosphorylation at Y470 negated oxygen-induced retinopathy-induced retinal neovascularization, interference with Y421 phosphorylation prevented VEGFA/oxygen-induced retinopathy-induced vascular leakage. Mechanistically, while phosphorylation at Y470 was required for its interaction with Arp2/3 and CDC6 facilitating actin polymerization and DNA synthesis, respectively, Cttn phosphorylation at Y421 leads to its dissociation from VE-cadherin, resulting in adherens junction disruption. Furthermore, whereas Cttn phosphorylation at Y470 residue was dependent on Lyn, its phosphorylation at Y421 residue required Syk activation. Accordingly, lentivirus-mediated expression of shRNA targeting Lyn or Syk levels inhibited oxygen-induced retinopathy-induced retinal neovascularization and vascular leakage, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The above observations show for the first time that phosphorylation of Cttn is involved in a site-specific manner in the regulation of retinal neovascularization and vascular leakage. In view of these findings, Cttn could be a novel target for the development of therapeutics against vascular diseases such as retinal neovascularization and vascular leakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gadiparthi N. Rao
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Vasques‐Nóvoa F, Angélico‐Gonçalves A, Alvarenga JM, Nobrega J, Cerqueira RJ, Mancio J, Leite‐Moreira AF, Roncon‐Albuquerque R. Myocardial oedema: pathophysiological basis and implications for the failing heart. ESC Heart Fail 2022; 9:958-976. [PMID: 35150087 PMCID: PMC8934951 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.13775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial fluid homeostasis relies on a complex interplay between microvascular filtration, interstitial hydration, cardiomyocyte water uptake and lymphatic removal. Dysregulation of one or more of these mechanisms may result in myocardial oedema. Interstitial and intracellular fluid accumulation disrupts myocardial architecture, intercellular communication, and metabolic pathways, decreasing contractility and increasing myocardial stiffness. The widespread use of cardiac magnetic resonance enabled the identification of myocardial oedema as a clinically relevant imaging finding with prognostic implications in several types of heart failure. Furthermore, growing experimental evidence has contributed to a better understanding of the physical and molecular interactions in the microvascular barrier, myocardial interstitium and lymphatics and how they might be disrupted in heart failure. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the factors controlling myocardial water balance in the healthy and failing heart and pinpoint the new potential therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Vasques‐Nóvoa
- Cardiovascular R&D Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of PortoAl. Prof. Hernâni MonteiroPorto4200‐319Portugal
| | - António Angélico‐Gonçalves
- Cardiovascular R&D Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of PortoAl. Prof. Hernâni MonteiroPorto4200‐319Portugal
| | - José M.G. Alvarenga
- Cardiovascular R&D Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of PortoAl. Prof. Hernâni MonteiroPorto4200‐319Portugal
| | - João Nobrega
- Cardiovascular R&D Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of PortoAl. Prof. Hernâni MonteiroPorto4200‐319Portugal
| | - Rui J. Cerqueira
- Cardiovascular R&D Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of PortoAl. Prof. Hernâni MonteiroPorto4200‐319Portugal
| | - Jennifer Mancio
- Cardiovascular R&D Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of PortoAl. Prof. Hernâni MonteiroPorto4200‐319Portugal
| | - Adelino F. Leite‐Moreira
- Cardiovascular R&D Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of PortoAl. Prof. Hernâni MonteiroPorto4200‐319Portugal
| | - Roberto Roncon‐Albuquerque
- Cardiovascular R&D Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of PortoAl. Prof. Hernâni MonteiroPorto4200‐319Portugal
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Mendes Furtado M, Lima Rocha JÉ, da Silva Mendes AV, Mello Neto RS, Brito AKDS, Sena de Almeida JOC, Rodrigues Queiroz EI, de Sousa França JV, Cunha Sales ALDC, Gomes Vasconcelos A, Felix Cabral W, de Oliveira Lopes L, Souza do Carmo I, Souza Kückelhaus SA, de Souza de Almeida Leite JR, Nunes AMV, Rizzo MDS, Citó AMDGL, Fortes Lustosa AKM, Lucarini M, Durazzo A, Martins MDCDCE, Arcanjo DDR. Effects of ω-3 PUFA-Rich Oil Supplementation on Cardiovascular Morphology and Aortic Vascular Reactivity of Adult Male Rats Submitted to an Hypercholesterolemic Diet. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020202. [PMID: 35205069 PMCID: PMC8869584 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Currently, processed and ultraprocessed foods represent a significant component of the diet of modern societies, increasing the risk of developing obesity, diabetes and atherosclerosis. Therefore, replacing saturated fats with mono- and polyunsaturated fats, such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs), has been considered as a dietary strategy to reduce clinical events related to atherosclerosis. In the present study, the effects of 56-day ω-3 PUFA-rich oil supplementation on liver function, lipid profile, and oxidative stress in hypercholesterolemic rats were investigated, as well as its impact on cardiovascular health. Interestingly, we observed a positive effect in reducing hepatic markers, preserving cardiovascular morphology, and increasing vasodilator responsiveness. These findings contribute to the generation of consistent recommendations for the therapeutic use of ω-3 PUFAs in the treatment of atherosclerosis, leading to a consequent reduction in related morbidity and mortality. Abstract Atherosclerosis is a cardiovascular disease associated with abnormalities of vascular functions. The consumption of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids can be considered a strategy to reduce clinical events related to atherosclerosis. In the present study, we investigated the effects of supplementation with 310 mg of ω-3 PUFAs (2:1 eicosapentaenoic/docosahexaenoic acids) for 56 days on rats with hypercholesterolemia induced by a diet containing cholesterol (0.1%), cholic acid (0.5%), and egg yolk. Serum biochemical parameters were determined by the enzymatic colorimetric method. Assessment of vascular effects was performed by analysis of histological sections of the heart and aortic arch stained with hematoxylin and eosin and vascular reactivity of the aorta artery. We observed that treatment with ω-3 PUFAs did not promote alterations in lipid profile. On the other hand, we documented a favorable reduction in liver biomarkers, as well as contributions to the preservation of heart and aortic arch morphologies. Interestingly, the vascular reactivity of rat thoracic aortic preparations was improved after treatment with ω-3 PUFAs, with a decrease in hyperreactivity to phenylephrine and increased vasorelaxation promoted by acetylcholine. Our findings suggest that the supplementation of hypercholesterolemic rats with ω-3 PUFAs promoted improvement in liver and vascular endothelial function as well as preserving heart and aortic tissue, reinforcing the early health benefits of ω-3 PUFAs in the development of atherosclerotic plaque and further related events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariely Mendes Furtado
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil
| | - Joana Érica Lima Rocha
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil
| | | | - Renato Sampaio Mello Neto
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Ana Lina de Carvalho Cunha Sales
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil
- University Hospital, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil
| | - Andreanne Gomes Vasconcelos
- Research Center in Morphology and Applied Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Wanessa Felix Cabral
- Research Center in Morphology and Applied Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Luana de Oliveira Lopes
- Research Center in Morphology and Applied Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Selma Aparecida Souza Kückelhaus
- Research Center in Morphology and Applied Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana Maria Viana Nunes
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Massimo Lucarini
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Durazzo
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy
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Baumer Y, McCurdy SG, Boisvert WA. Formation and Cellular Impact of Cholesterol Crystals in Health and Disease. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2100638. [PMID: 34590446 PMCID: PMC11055929 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202100638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol crystals (CCs) were first discovered in atherosclerotic plaque tissue in the early 1900 and have since been observed and implicated in many diseases and conditions, including myocardial infarction, abdominal aortic aneurism, kidney disease, ocular diseases, and even central nervous system anomalies. Despite the widespread involvement of CCs in many pathologies, the mechanisms involved in their formation and their role in various diseases are still not fully understood. Current knowledge concerning the formation of CCs, as well as the molecular pathways activated upon cellular exposure to CCs, will be explored in this review. As CC formation is tightly associated with lipid metabolism, the role of cellular lipid homeostasis in the formation of CCs is highlighted, including the role of lysosomes. In addition, cellular pathways and processes known to be affected by CCs are described. In particular, CC-induced activation of the inflammasome and production of reactive oxygen species, along with the role of CCs in complement-mediated inflammation is discussed. Moreover, the clinical manifestation of embolized CCs is described with a focus on renal and skin diseases associated with CC embolism. Lastly, potential therapeutic measures that target either the formation of CCs or their impact on different cell types and tissues are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Baumer
- Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Building 10, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Sara G. McCurdy
- Dept. of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Street, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - William A. Boisvert
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
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Kotlyarov S. Diversity of Lipid Function in Atherogenesis: A Focus on Endothelial Mechanobiology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11545. [PMID: 34768974 PMCID: PMC8584259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one of the most important problems in modern medicine. Its high prevalence and social significance determine the need for a better understanding of the mechanisms of the disease's development and progression. Lipid metabolism and its disorders are one of the key links in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Lipids are involved in many processes, including those related to the mechanoreception of endothelial cells. The multifaceted role of lipids in endothelial mechanobiology and mechanisms of atherogenesis are discussed in this review. Endothelium is involved in ensuring adequate vascular hemodynamics, and changes in blood flow characteristics are detected by endothelial cells and affect their structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Kotlyarov
- Department of Nursing, Ryazan State Medical University, 390026 Ryazan, Russia
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Baumer Y, Dey AK, Gutierrez-Huerta CA, Khalil NO, Sekine Y, Sanda GE, Zhuang J, Saxena A, Stempinski E, Elnabawi YA, Dagur PK, Ng Q, Teague HL, Keel A, Rodante JA, Boisvert WA, Tsoi LC, Gudjonsson JE, Bleck CKE, Chen MY, Bluemke DA, Gelfand JM, Schwartz DM, Kruth HS, Powell-Wiley TM, Playford MP, Mehta NN. Hyperlipidaemia and IFNgamma/TNFalpha Synergism are associated with cholesterol crystal formation in Endothelial cells partly through modulation of Lysosomal pH and Cholesterol homeostasis. EBioMedicine 2020; 59:102876. [PMID: 32646751 PMCID: PMC7502673 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Patients with chronic inflammation diseases have high levels of inflammation and early fatal myocardial infarction due to early, unstable coronary plaques. Cholesterol crystals (CC) play a key role in atherogenesis. However, the underlying mechanisms of endothelial cell (EC)-derived CC formation are not well understood in chronic inflammation. METHODS We utilized a combination of a mouse psoriasis model (K14-Rac1V12 mouse model) and human psoriasis patients to study the effect of inflammatory cytokines on CC formation in ECs. Lysosomal pH, alterations in lipid load and inflammatory proteins were evaluated as potential mechanisms linking inflammatory cytokines to CC formation. Coronary CT angiography was performed (n = 224) to characterize potential IFNγ and TNFα synergism on vascular diseases in vivo. FINDINGS We detected CC presence in the aorta of K14-Rac1V12 mice on chow diet. IFNγ and TNFα were found to synergistically increase LDL-induced CC formation by almost 2-fold. There was an increase in lysosomal pH accompanied by a 28% loss in pH-dependent lysosomal signal and altered vATPaseV1E1 expression patterns. In parallel, we found that LDL+IFNγ/TNFα treatments increased free cholesterol content within EC and led to a decrease in SOAT-1 expression, an enzyme critically involved cholesterol homeostasis. Finally, the product of IFNγ and TNFα positively associated with early non-calcified coronary burden in patients with psoriasis (n = 224; β = 0.28, p < 0.001). INTERPRETATION Our results provide evidence that IFNγ and TNFα accelerate CC formation in endothelial cells in part by altering lysosomal pH and free cholesterol load. These changes promote early atherogenesis and contribute to understanding the burden of CVD in psoriasis. FUNDING Funding was provided by the Intramural Research Program at NIH (NNM) and the National Psoriasis Foundation (NNM and YB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Baumer
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amit K Dey
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cristhian A Gutierrez-Huerta
- Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Noor O Khalil
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yusuke Sekine
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gregory E Sanda
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jie Zhuang
- Cardiovascular and Cancer Genetics Laboratory, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ankit Saxena
- Flow Cytometry Core, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Erin Stempinski
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Youssef A Elnabawi
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pradeep K Dagur
- Flow Cytometry Core, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Qimin Ng
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Heather L Teague
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew Keel
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Justin A Rodante
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - William A Boisvert
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Lam C Tsoi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, 1301 E. Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Johann E Gudjonsson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, 1301 E. Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Christopher K E Bleck
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marcus Y Chen
- Section of Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David A Bluemke
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Joel M Gelfand
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniella M Schwartz
- Genetics and Pathogenesis of Allergy Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Howard S Kruth
- Section of Experimental Atherosclerosis, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tiffany M Powell-Wiley
- Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Martin P Playford
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nehal N Mehta
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Shi C, Kim T, Steiger S, Mulay SR, Klinkhammer BM, Bäuerle T, Melica ME, Romagnani P, Möckel D, Baues M, Yang L, Brouns SLN, Heemskerk JWM, Braun A, Lammers T, Boor P, Anders HJ. Crystal Clots as Therapeutic Target in Cholesterol Crystal Embolism. Circ Res 2020; 126:e37-e52. [PMID: 32089086 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.315625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cholesterol crystal embolism can be a life-threatening complication of advanced atherosclerosis. Pathophysiology and molecular targets for treatment are largely unknown. OBJECTIVE We aimed to develop a new animal model of cholesterol crystal embolism to dissect the molecular mechanisms of cholesterol crystal (CC)-driven arterial occlusion, tissue infarction, and organ failure. METHODS AND RESULTS C57BL/6J mice were injected with CC into the left kidney artery. Primary end point was glomerular filtration rate (GFR). CC caused crystal clots occluding intrarenal arteries and a dose-dependent drop in GFR, followed by GFR recovery within 4 weeks, that is, acute kidney disease. In contrast, the extent of kidney infarction was more variable. Blocking necroptosis using mixed lineage kinase domain-like deficient mice or necrostatin-1s treatment protected from kidney infarction but not from GFR loss because arterial obstructions persisted, identifying crystal clots as a primary target to prevent organ failure. CC involved platelets, neutrophils, fibrin, and extracellular DNA. Neutrophil depletion or inhibition of the release of neutrophil extracellular traps had little effects, but platelet P2Y12 receptor antagonism with clopidogrel, fibrinolysis with urokinase, or DNA digestion with recombinant DNase I all prevented arterial occlusions, GFR loss, and kidney infarction. The window-of-opportunity was <3 hours after CC injection. However, combining Nec-1s (necrostatin-1s) prophylaxis given 1 hour before and DNase I 3 hours after CC injection completely prevented kidney failure and infarcts. In vitro, CC did not directly induce plasmatic coagulation but induced neutrophil extracellular trap formation and DNA release mainly from kidney endothelial cells, neutrophils, and few from platelets. CC induced ATP release from aggregating platelets, which increased fibrin formation in a DNase-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS CC embolism causes arterial obstructions and organ failure via the formation of crystal clots with fibrin, platelets, and extracellular DNA as critical components. Therefore, our model enables to unravel the pathogenesis of the CC embolism syndrome as a basis for both prophylaxis and targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongxu Shi
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, LMU München, Germany (C.S., T.K., S.S., S.R.M., L.Y., H.-J.A.)
| | - Tehyung Kim
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, LMU München, Germany (C.S., T.K., S.S., S.R.M., L.Y., H.-J.A.)
| | - Stefanie Steiger
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, LMU München, Germany (C.S., T.K., S.S., S.R.M., L.Y., H.-J.A.)
| | - Shrikant R Mulay
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, LMU München, Germany (C.S., T.K., S.S., S.R.M., L.Y., H.-J.A.)
| | - Barbara M Klinkhammer
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Pathology (B.M.K, P.B.), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany
| | - Tobias Bäuerle
- Preclinical Imaging Platform Erlangen, Institute of Radiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany (T.B.)
| | - Maria Elena Melica
- Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (M.E.M., P.R.), University of Florence, Italy.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio" (M.E.M., P.R.), University of Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Romagnani
- Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (M.E.M., P.R.), University of Florence, Italy.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio" (M.E.M., P.R.), University of Florence, Italy.,Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy (P.R.)
| | - Diana Möckel
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging (D.M., M.B., T.L.), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany
| | - Maike Baues
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging (D.M., M.B., T.L.), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany
| | - Luying Yang
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, LMU München, Germany (C.S., T.K., S.S., S.R.M., L.Y., H.-J.A.)
| | - Sanne L N Brouns
- Department of Biochemistry, CARIM, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (S.L.N.B., J.W.M.H.)
| | - Johan W M Heemskerk
- Department of Biochemistry, CARIM, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (S.L.N.B., J.W.M.H.)
| | - Attila Braun
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, German Center for Lung Research, Germany (A.B.)
| | - Twan Lammers
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging (D.M., M.B., T.L.), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany
| | - Peter Boor
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Pathology (B.M.K, P.B.), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, LMU München, Germany (C.S., T.K., S.S., S.R.M., L.Y., H.-J.A.)
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10
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Baumer Y, McCurdy S, Jin X, Weatherby TM, Dey AK, Mehta NN, Yap JK, Kruth HS, Boisvert WA. Ultramorphological analysis of plaque advancement and cholesterol crystal formation in Ldlr knockout mouse atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2019; 287:100-111. [PMID: 31247346 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGOUND AND AIMS The low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (Ldlr-/-) mouse has been utilized by cardiovascular researchers for more than two decades to study atherosclerosis. However, there has not yet been a systematic effort to document the ultrastructural changes that accompany the progression of atherosclerotic plaque in this model. METHODS Employing several different staining and microscopic techniques, including immunohistochemistry, as well as electron and polarized microscopy, we analyzed atherosclerotic lesion development in Ldlr-/- mice fed an atherogenic diet over time. RESULTS Lipid-like deposits occurred in the subendothelial space after only one week of atherogenic diet. At two weeks, cholesterol crystals (CC) formed and increased thereafter. Lipid, CC, vascular smooth muscles cells, and collagen progressively increased over time, while after 4 weeks, relative macrophage content decreased. Accelerated accumulation of plate- and needle-shaped CC accompanied plaque core necrosis. Lastly, CC were surrounded by cholesterol microdomains, which co-localized with CC through all stages of atherosclerosis, indicating that the cholesterol microdomains may be a source of CC. CONCLUSIONS Here, we have documented, for the first time in a comprehensive way, atherosclerotic plaque morphology and composition from early to advanced stages in the Ldlr-/- mouse, one of the most commonly used animal models utilized in atherosclerosis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Baumer
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Sara McCurdy
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Xueting Jin
- Section of Experimental Atherosclerosis, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Tina M Weatherby
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, Biological Electron Microscope Facility, University of Hawaii, 2538 The Mall, Snyder Hall, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Amit K Dey
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nehal N Mehta
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jonathan K Yap
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Howard S Kruth
- Section of Experimental Atherosclerosis, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - William A Boisvert
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA; Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.
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11
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Pichavaram P, Mani AM, Singh NK, Rao GN. Cholesterol crystals promote endothelial cell and monocyte interactions via H 2O 2-mediated PP2A inhibition, NFκB activation and ICAM1 and VCAM1 expression. Redox Biol 2019; 24:101180. [PMID: 31022672 PMCID: PMC6477634 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we show that cholesterol crystals induce NFκB activation, and ICAM1 and VCAM1 expression via xanthine oxidase-mediated H2O2 production and PP2A inhibition in influencing endothelial cell and monocyte interactions and all these adverse effects of cholesterol crystals could be attenuated by proresolving lipid mediator RvD1. In addition, feeding mice with cholesterol rich diet (CRD) increased xanthine oxidase expression, its activity and H2O2 production leading to PP2A inhibition, NFκB activation, and ICAM1 and VCAM1 expression and RvD1 attenuated all these effects of CRD substantially. Furthermore, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from wild type mice when injected into mice that were fed with CRD or RvD1 + CRD showed increased leukocyte trafficking to arteries of CRD-fed mice as compared to RvD1 + CRD mice. These findings suggest that cholesterol crystals via promoting oxidant stress and inhibiting Ser/Thr phosphatases such as PP2A stimulate NFκB activation and ICAM1 and VCAM1 expression, and thereby enhance EC-monocyte interactions. In addition, proresolving lipid mediators such as RvD1 appear to exert their anti-inflammatory effects via countering the adverse effects of cholesterol crystals or CRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prahalathan Pichavaram
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Arul M Mani
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Nikhlesh K Singh
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Gadiparthi N Rao
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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