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Kang N, Ji Z, Li Y, Gao J, Wu X, Zhang X, Duan Q, Zhu C, Xu Y, Wen L, Shi X, Liu W. Metabolite-derived damage-associated molecular patterns in immunological diseases. FEBS J 2024; 291:2051-2067. [PMID: 37432883 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are typically derived from the endogenous elements of necrosis cells and can trigger inflammatory responses by activating DAMPs-sensing receptors on immune cells. Failure to clear DAMPs may lead to persistent inflammation, thereby contributing to the pathogenesis of immunological diseases. This review focuses on a newly recognized class of DAMPs derived from lipid, glucose, nucleotide, and amino acid metabolic pathways, which are then termed as metabolite-derived DAMPs. This review summarizes the reported molecular mechanisms of these metabolite-derived DAMPs in exacerbating inflammation responses, which may attribute to the pathology of certain types of immunological diseases. Additionally, this review also highlights both direct and indirect clinical interventions that have been explored to mitigate the pathological effects of these DAMPs. By summarizing our current understanding of metabolite-derived DAMPs, this review aims to inspire future thoughts and endeavors on targeted medicinal interventions and the development of therapies for immunological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenglin Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinfeng Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medical of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghui Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Can Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Luyao Wen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medical of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiaofei Shi
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medical of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Wanli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
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Kuppusamy M, Ta HQ, Davenport HN, Bazaz A, Kulshrestha A, Daneva Z, Chen YL, Carrott PW, Laubach VE, Sonkusare SK. Purinergic P2Y2 receptor-induced activation of endothelial TRPV4 channels mediates lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. Sci Signal 2023; 16:eadg1553. [PMID: 37874885 PMCID: PMC10683978 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.adg1553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Lung ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), characterized by inflammation, vascular permeability, and lung edema, is the major cause of primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation. Here, we investigated the cellular mechanisms underlying lung IR-induced activation of endothelial TRPV4 channels, which play a central role in lung edema and dysfunction after IR. In a left lung hilar-ligation model of IRI in mice, we found that lung IRI increased the efflux of ATP through pannexin 1 (Panx1) channels at the endothelial cell (EC) membrane. Elevated extracellular ATP activated Ca2+ influx through endothelial TRPV4 channels downstream of purinergic P2Y2 receptor (P2Y2R) signaling. P2Y2R-dependent activation of TRPV4 channels was also observed in human and mouse pulmonary microvascular endothelium in ex vivo and in vitro models of IR. Endothelium-specific deletion of P2Y2R, TRPV4, or Panx1 in mice substantially prevented lung IRI-induced activation of endothelial TRPV4 channels and lung edema, inflammation, and dysfunction. These results identify endothelial P2Y2R as a mediator of the pathological sequelae of IRI in the lung and show that disruption of the endothelial Panx1-P2Y2R-TRPV4 signaling pathway could be a promising therapeutic strategy for preventing lung IRI after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maniselvan Kuppusamy
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Huy Q. Ta
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Hannah N. Davenport
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Abhishek Bazaz
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Astha Kulshrestha
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Zdravka Daneva
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Yen-Lin Chen
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Philip W. Carrott
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Victor E. Laubach
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Swapnil K. Sonkusare
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
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3
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Nițulescu IM, Ciulei G, Cozma A, Procopciuc LM, Orășan OH. From Innate Immunity to Metabolic Disorder: A Review of the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Diabetes Mellitus. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6022. [PMID: 37762961 PMCID: PMC10531881 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12186022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the NLRP3 inflammasome is pivotal in the pathophysiology and progression of diabetes mellitus (DM), encompassing both type 1 (T1D), or type 2 (T2D). As part of the innate immune system, NLRP3 is also responsible for the chronic inflammation triggered by hyperglycemia. In both conditions, NLRP3 facilitates the release of interleukin-1β and interleukin-18. For T1D, NLRP3 perpetuates the autoimmune cascade, leading to the destruction of pancreatic islet cells. In T2D, its activation is associated with the presence of insulin resistance. NLRP3 activation is also instrumental for the presence of numerous complications associated with DM, microvascular and macrovascular. A considerable number of anti-diabetic drugs have demonstrated the ability to inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Maria Nițulescu
- Department 4 of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.M.N.); (A.C.); (O.H.O.)
| | - George Ciulei
- Department 4 of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.M.N.); (A.C.); (O.H.O.)
| | - Angela Cozma
- Department 4 of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.M.N.); (A.C.); (O.H.O.)
| | - Lucia Maria Procopciuc
- Department 2 of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Olga Hilda Orășan
- Department 4 of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.M.N.); (A.C.); (O.H.O.)
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Su L, Zhang J, Wang J, Wang X, Cao E, Yang C, Sun Q, Sivakumar R, Peng Z. Pannexin 1 targets mitophagy to mediate renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Commun Biol 2023; 6:889. [PMID: 37644178 PMCID: PMC10465551 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05226-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury contributes to the development of acute kidney injury (AKI). Kidney is the second organ rich in mitochondrial content next to the heart. Mitochondrial damage substantially contributes for AKI development. Mitophagy eliminates damaged mitochondria from the cells to maintain a healthy mitochondrial population, which plays an important role in AKI. Pannexin 1 (PANX1) channel transmembrane proteins are known to drive inflammation and release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during I/R injury. However, the specific role of PANX1 on mitophagy regulation in renal I/R injury remains elusive. In this study, we find that serum level of PANX1 is elevated in patients who developed AKI after cardiac surgery, and the level of PANX1 is positively correlated with serum creatinine and urea nitrogen levels. Using the mouse model of renal I/R injury in vivo and cell-based hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) model in vitro, we prove that genetic deletion of PANX1 mitigate the kidney tubular cell death, oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage after I/R injury through enhanced mitophagy. Mechanistically, PANX1 disrupts mitophagy by influencing ATP-P2Y-mTOR signal pathway. These observations provide evidence that PANX1 could be a potential biomarker for AKI and a therapeutic target to alleviate AKI caused by I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianjiu Su
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
- Clinical Research Center of Hubei Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan, China.
- Department of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Jiahao Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
- Clinical Research Center of Hubei Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaozhan Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
- Clinical Research Center of Hubei Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Edward Cao
- Department of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Qihao Sun
- Department of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ramadoss Sivakumar
- Department of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhiyong Peng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
- Clinical Research Center of Hubei Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan, China.
- Center of Critical Care Nephrology, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15206, USA.
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Kuppusamy M, Ta HQ, Davenport HN, Bazaz A, Kulshrestha A, Daneva Z, Chen YL, Carrott PW, Laubach VE, Sonkusare SK. Purinergic P2Y2 Receptor-Induced Activation of Endothelial TRPV4 Channels Mediates Lung Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.29.542520. [PMID: 37397979 PMCID: PMC10312453 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.29.542520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Lung ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), characterized by inflammation, vascular permeability, and lung edema, is the major cause of primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation. We recently reported that endothelial cell (EC) TRPV4 channels play a central role in lung edema and dysfunction after IR. However, the cellular mechanisms for lung IR-induced activation of endothelial TRPV4 channels are unknown. In a left-lung hilar ligation model of IRI in mice, we found that lung IR increases the efflux of extracellular ATP (eATP) through pannexin 1 (Panx1) channels at the EC membrane. Elevated eATP activated elementary Ca2+ influx signals through endothelial TRPV4 channels through purinergic P2Y2 receptor (P2Y2R) signaling. P2Y2R-dependent activation of TRPV4 channels was also observed in human and mouse pulmonary microvascular endothelium in ex vivo and in vitro surrogate models of lung IR. Endothelium-specific deletion of P2Y2R, TRPV4, and Panx1 in mice had substantial protective effects against lung IR-induced activation of endothelial TRPV4 channels, lung edema, inflammation, and dysfunction. These results identify endothelial P2Y2R as a novel mediator of lung edema, inflammation, and dysfunction after IR, and show that disruption of endothelial Panx1-P2Y2R-TRPV4 signaling pathway could represent a promising therapeutic strategy for preventing lung IRI after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maniselvan Kuppusamy
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Huy Q. Ta
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Hannah N. Davenport
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Abhishek Bazaz
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Astha Kulshrestha
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Zdravka Daneva
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Yen-Lin Chen
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Philip W. Carrott
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Victor E. Laubach
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Swapnil K. Sonkusare
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
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Purinergic receptors mediate endothelial dysfunction and participate in atherosclerosis. Purinergic Signal 2023; 19:265-272. [PMID: 34981330 PMCID: PMC9984579 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09839-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the main pathological basis of cardiovascular disease and involves damage to vascular endothelial cells (ECs) that results in endothelial dysfunction (ED). The vascular endothelium is the key to maintaining blood vessel health and homeostasis. ED is a complex pathological process involving inflammation, shear stress, vascular tone, adhesion of leukocytes to ECs, and platelet aggregation. The activation of P2X4, P2X7, and P2Y2 receptors regulates vascular tone in response to shear stress, while activation of the A2A, P2X4, P2X7, P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y6, and P2Y12 receptors promotes the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Finally, P2X1, P2Y1, and P2Y12 receptor activation regulates platelet activity. These purinergic receptors mediate ED and participate in atherosclerosis. In short, P2X4, P2X7, P2Y1, and P2Y12 receptors are potential therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis.
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Purinergic signaling during Marek's disease in chickens. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2044. [PMID: 36739336 PMCID: PMC9899245 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29210-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purinergic receptors (PRs) have been reported as potential therapeutic targets for many viral infections including herpesviruses, which urges the investigation into their role in Marek's disease (MD), a herpesvirus induced cancer in chickens that is an important pathogen for the poultry industry. MD is caused by MD virus (MDV) that has a similar viral life cycle as human varicella zoster virus in that it is shed from infected epithelial skin cells and enters the host through the respiratory route. In this report, PR responses during natural MDV infection and disease progression was examined in MD-resistant white Leghorns (WL) and MD-susceptible Pure Columbian (PC) chickens during natural infection. Whole lung lavage cells (WLLC) and liver tissue samples were collected from chickens infected but showing no clinical signs of MD (Infected) or presenting with clinical disease (Diseased). RNA was extracted followed by RT-qPCR analysis with gene specific primers against members of the P1, P2X, and P2Y PR families. Differential expression (p < 0.05) was observed in breed and disease conditions. Some PRs showed tissue specific expression (P1A1, P2X1, and P2X6 in WLLC) whereas others responded to MDV infection only in MD-susceptible (PC) chickens (P1A2A, P2X1, P2X5, P2X7). P2Y PRs had differential expression in both chicken lines in response to MDV infection and MD progression. This study is the first to our knowledge to examine PR responses during MDV infection and disease progression. These results suggest PR signaling may an important area of research for MDV replication and MD.
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Kiełbowski K, Bakinowska E, Pawlik A. The Potential Role of Connexins in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032600. [PMID: 36768920 PMCID: PMC9916887 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Connexins (Cx) are members of a protein family which enable extracellular and intercellular communication through hemichannels and gap junctions (GJ), respectively. Cx take part in transporting important cell-cell messengers such as 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), among others. Therefore, they play a significant role in regulating cell homeostasis, proliferation, and differentiation. Alterations in Cx distribution, degradation, and post-translational modifications have been correlated with cancers, as well as cardiovascular and neurological diseases. Depending on the isoform, Cx have been shown either to promote or suppress the development of atherosclerosis, a progressive inflammatory disease affecting large and medium-sized arteries. Cx might contribute to the progression of the disease by enhancing endothelial dysfunction, monocyte recruitment, vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) activation, or by inhibiting VSMC autophagy. Inhibition or modulation of the expression of specific isoforms could suppress atherosclerotic plaque formation and diminish pro-inflammatory conditions. A better understanding of the complexity of atherosclerosis pathophysiology linked with Cx could result in developing novel therapeutic strategies. This review aims to present the role of Cx in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and discusses whether they can become novel therapeutic targets.
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Zhu J, Chen H, Guo J, Zha C, Lu D. Sodium Tanshinone IIA Sulfonate Inhibits Vascular Endothelial Cell Pyroptosis via the AMPK Signaling Pathway in Atherosclerosis. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:6293-6306. [PMID: 36408328 PMCID: PMC9673812 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s386470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Atherosclerosis (AS) is the underlying cause of cardiovascular events. Endothelial cell mitochondrial damage and pyroptosis are important factors contributing to AS. Changes in internal mitochondrial conformation and increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) lead to the disruption of mitochondrial energy metabolism, activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis, which in turn affect atherogenesis by impairing endothelial function. AMPK is a core player in the regulation of cellular metabolism, not only by regulating mitochondrial homeostasis but also by regulating cellular inflammatory responses. Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate (STS), a water-soluble derivative of tanshinone IIA, has significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and roles in cardiovascular protection. Purpose In this study, we investigated whether STS plays a protective role in AS by regulating endothelial cell mitochondrial function and pyroptosis through an AMPK-dependent mitochondrial pathway. Methods and Results Male ApoE−/− mice and HUVECs were used for the experiments. We found that STS treatment largely abrogated the upregulation of key proteins in aortic vessel wall plaques and typical pyroptosis signaling in ApoE−/− mice fed a western diet, consequently enhancing pAMPK expression, plaque stabilization, and anti-inflammatory responses. Consistently, STS pretreatment inhibited cholesterol crystallization (CC) -induced cell pyroptosis and activated pAMPK expression. In vitro, using HUVECs, we further found that STS treatment ameliorated mitochondrial ROS caused by CC, as evidenced by the finding that STS inhibited mitochondrial damage caused by CC. The improvement of endothelial cell mitochondrial function by STS is blocked by dorsomorphin (AMPK inhibitor). Consistently, the blockade of endothelial cell pyroptosis by STS is disrupted by dorsomorphin. Conclusion Our results suggest that STS enhances maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis and inhibits mitochondrial ROS overproduction via AMPK, thereby improving endothelial cell pyroptosis during AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Zhu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhongshan Hospital of Zhejiang Province), Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianan Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen Zha
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhongshan Hospital of Zhejiang Province), Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dezhao Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Dezhao Lu, Email
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Miao G, Zhao X, Chan SL, Zhang L, Li Y, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Wang B. Vascular smooth muscle cell c-Fos is critical for foam cell formation and atherosclerosis. Metabolism 2022; 132:155213. [PMID: 35513168 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperlipidemia-induced vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC)-derived foam cell formation is considered a crucial event in the development of atherosclerosis. Since c-Fos emerges as a key modulator of lipid metabolism, we investigated whether c-Fos plays a role in hyperlipidemia-induced VSMC-derived foam cell formation and atherosclerosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS c-Fos expression was observed in VSMCs in atherosclerotic plaques from patients and western diet-fed atherosclerosis-prone LDLR-/- and ApoE-/- mice by immunofluorescence staining. To ascertain c-Fos's function in atherosclerosis development, VSMC-specific c-Fos deficient mice in ApoE-/- background were established. Western diet-fed c-FosVSMCKOApoE-/- mice exhibited a significant reduction of atherosclerotic lesion formation as measured by hematoxylin and eosin staining, accompanied by decreased lipid deposition within aortic roots as determined by Oil red O staining. Primary rat VSMCs were isolated to examine the role of c-Fos in lipid uptake and foam cell formation. oxLDL stimulation resulted in VSMC-derived foam cell formation and elevated intracellular mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS), c-Fos and LOX-1 levels, whereas specific inhibition of mtROS, c-Fos or LOX-1 lessened lipid accumulation in oxLDL-stimulated VSMCs. Mechanistically, oxLDL acts through mtROS to enhance transcription activity of c-Fos to facilitate the expression of LOX-1, exerting a feedforward mechanism with oxLDL to increase lipid uptake and propel VSMC-derived foam cell formation and atherogenesis. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates a fundamental role of mtROS/c-Fos/LOX-1 signaling pathway in promoting oxLDL uptake and VSMC-derived foam cell formation during atherosclerosis. c-Fos may represent a promising therapeutic target amenable to clinical translation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolin Miao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Siu-Lung Chan
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaohua Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuke Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Beibei Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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11
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Zeng Y, Cao J, Li CX, Wang CY, Wu RM, Xu XL. MDM2-Mediated Ubiquitination of RXRβ Contributes to Mitochondrial Damage and Related Inflammation in Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105766. [PMID: 35628577 PMCID: PMC9145909 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel function of retinoid X receptor beta (RXRβ) in endothelial cells has been reported by us during the formation of atherosclerosis. Here, we extended the study to explore the cellular mechanisms of RXRβ protein stability regulation. In this study, we discovered that murine double minute-2 (MDM2) acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase to target RXRβ for degradation. The result showed that MDM2 directly interacted with and regulated RXRβ protein stability. MDM2 promoted RXRβ poly-ubiquitination and degradation by proteasomes. Moreover, mutated MDM2 RING domain (C464A) or treatment with an MDM2 inhibitor targeting the RING domain of MDM2 lost the ability of MDM2 to regulate RXRβ protein expression and ubiquitination. Furthermore, treatment with MDM2 inhibitor alleviated oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced mitochondrial damage, activation of TLR9/NF-κB and NLRP3/caspase-1 pathway and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in endothelial cells. However, all these beneficial effects were reduced by the transfection of RXRβ siRNA. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of MDM2 attenuated the development of atherosclerosis and reversed mitochondrial damage and related inflammation in the atherosclerotic process in LDLr-/- mice, along with the increased RXRβ protein expression in the aorta. Therefore, our study uncovers a previously unknown ubiquitination pathway and suggests MDM2-mediated RXRβ ubiquitination as a new therapeutic target in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiao-Le Xu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-513-8505-1728
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12
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Yang J, Guo Q, Feng X, Liu Y, Zhou Y. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cardiovascular Diseases: Potential Targets for Treatment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:841523. [PMID: 35646910 PMCID: PMC9140220 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.841523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are serious public health issues and are responsible for nearly one-third of global deaths. Mitochondrial dysfunction is accountable for the development of most CVDs. Mitochondria produce adenosine triphosphate through oxidative phosphorylation and inevitably generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Excessive ROS causes mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. Mitochondria can protect against these damages via the regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis. In recent years, mitochondria-targeted therapy for CVDs has attracted increasing attention. Various studies have confirmed that clinical drugs (β-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor-II blockers) against CVDs have mitochondrial protective functions. An increasing number of cardiac mitochondrial targets have shown their cardioprotective effects in experimental and clinical studies. Here, we briefly introduce the mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction and summarize the progression of mitochondrial targets against CVDs, which may provide ideas for experimental studies and clinical trials.
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13
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Nyandwi JB, Ko YS, Jin H, Yun SP, Park SW, Kang KR, Kim HJ. Rosmarinic acid downregulates the oxLDL‑induced interaction between monocytes and endothelial cells, in addition to monocyte diapedesis, under high glucose conditions. Int J Mol Med 2022; 49:68. [PMID: 35315501 PMCID: PMC8989427 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2022.5125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction during diabetes has been previously reported to be at least in part attributed to increased oxidized low‑density lipoprotein (oxLDL) levels mediated by high glucose (HG) levels. Endothelial inflammation increases the adhesiveness of monocytes to the endothelium in addition to increasing vascular permeability, promoting diabetic atherogenesis. In a previous study, it was reported that oxLDL treatment induced nucleotide‑binding domain and leucine‑rich repeat containing family, pyrin domain‑containing 3 inflammasome activation in endothelial cells (ECs) under HG conditions, in a manner that could be effectively reversed by rosmarinic acid. However, it remains unclear whether oxLDL‑mediated inflammasome activation can regulate the interaction between monocytes and ECs. The effects of oxLDL‑mediated inflammasome activation on endothelial permeability under HG conditions, in addition to the effects of rosmarinic acid on these oxLDL‑mediated processes, also remain poorly understood. Therefore, the present study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms involved in oxLDL‑induced endothelial permeability and monocyte diapedesis under HG conditions, in addition to the potential effects of rosmarinic acid. ECs were treated with oxLDL under HG conditions in the presence or absence of ROS scavengers mitoTEMPO and NAC, p38 inhibitor SB203580, FOXO1 inhibitor AS1842856 or transfected with the TXNIP siRNA, before protein expression levels of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM‑1), vascular cell adhesion molecule‑1 (VCAM‑1), phosphorylated vascular endothelial‑cadherin (VE‑cadhedrin), VE‑cadherin and zonula occludens‑1 (ZO‑1) were measured by western blotting. In addition, adhesion assay and Transwell assays were performed. oxLDL was found to significantly increase the expression of ICAM‑1 and VCAM‑1 in ECs under HG conditions whilst also enhancing the adhesion of monocytes to ECs. This was found to be dependent on the reactive oxygen species (ROS)/p38 MAPK/forkhead box O1 (FOXO1)/thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) signaling pathway. In addition, oxLDL‑stimulated ECs under HG conditions exhibited increased phosphorylated VE‑cadherin protein levels and decreased ZO‑1 protein expression levels compared with those in untreated ECs, suggesting increased endothelial permeability. Furthermore, monocyte transmigration through the endothelial monolayer was significantly increased by oxLDL treatment under HG conditions. These oxLDL‑mediated effects under HG conditions were also demonstrated to be dependent on this ROS/p38 MAPK/FOXO1/TXNIP signaling pathway. Subsequently, rosmarinic acid treatment significantly reversed oxLDL‑induced overexpression of adhesion molecules and monocyte‑EC adhesion, oxLDL‑induced endothelial junction hyperpermeability and monocyte transmigration through the endothelial monolayer under HG conditions, in a dose‑dependent manner. These results suggest that rosmarinic acid can exert a protective effect against oxLDL‑mediated endothelial dysfunction under HG conditions by reducing the interaction between monocytes and ECs in addition to preventing monocyte diapedesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Baptiste Nyandwi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali 4285, Republic of Rwanda
| | - Young Shin Ko
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Hana Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Pil Yun
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Won Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee Ryeon Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52727, Republic of Korea
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14
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Mahmoudi A, Moadab F, Safdarian E, Navashenaq JG, Rezaee M, Gheibihayat SM. MicroRNAs and Efferocytosis: Implications for Diagnosis and Therapy. Mini Rev Med Chem 2022; 22:2641-2660. [PMID: 35362375 DOI: 10.2174/1389557522666220330150937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
About 10-100 billion cells are generated in the human body in a day, and accordingly, 10-100 billion cells predominantly die for maintaining homeostasis. Dead cells generated by apoptosis are also rapidly engulfed by macrophages (Mθs) to be degraded. In case of the inefficient engulfment of apoptotic cells (ACs) via Mθs, they experience secondary necrosis and thus release intracellular materials, which display damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and result in diseases. Over the last decades, researchers have also reflected on the significant contribution of microRNAs (miRNAs) to autoimmune diseases through the regulation of Mθs functions. Moreover, miRNAs have shown intricate involvement with completely adjusting basic Mθs functions, such as phagocytosis, inflammation, efferocytosis, tumor promotion, and tissue repair. In this review, the mechanism of efferocytosis containing "Find-Me", "Eat-Me", and "Digest-Me" signals is summarized and the biogenesis of miRNAs is briefly described. Finally, the role of miRNAs in efferocytosis is discussed. It is concluded that miRNAs represent promising treatments and diagnostic targets in impaired phagocytic clearance, which leads to different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mahmoudi
- Department of medical biotechnology and nanotechnology, faculty of medicine, Mashhad University of Medical science, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moadab
- Medical student, Student Research Committee, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Esmat Safdarian
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Rezaee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran;
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Gheibihayat
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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15
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Shihan M, Novoyatleva T, Lehmeyer T, Sydykov A, Schermuly RT. Role of the Purinergic P2Y2 Receptor in Pulmonary Hypertension. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111009. [PMID: 34769531 PMCID: PMC8582672 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), group 1 pulmonary hypertension (PH), is a fatal disease that is characterized by vasoconstriction, increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries, and right heart failure. PAH can be described by abnormal vascular remodeling, hyperproliferation in the vasculature, endothelial cell dysfunction, and vascular tone dysregulation. The disease pathomechanisms, however, are as yet not fully understood at the molecular level. Purinergic receptors P2Y within the G-protein-coupled receptor family play a major role in fluid shear stress transduction, proliferation, migration, and vascular tone regulation in systemic circulation, but less is known about their contribution in PAH. Hence, studies that focus on purinergic signaling are of great importance for the identification of new therapeutic targets in PAH. Interestingly, the role of P2Y2 receptors has not yet been sufficiently studied in PAH, whereas the relevance of other P2Ys as drug targets for PAH was shown using specific agonists or antagonists. In this review, we will shed light on P2Y receptors and focus more on the P2Y2 receptor as a potential novel player in PAH and as a new therapeutic target for disease management.
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16
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Ji N, Qi Z, Wang Y, Yang X, Yan Z, Li M, Ge Q, Zhang J. Pyroptosis: A New Regulating Mechanism in Cardiovascular Disease. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:2647-2666. [PMID: 34188515 PMCID: PMC8235951 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s308177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a kind of pro-inflammatory cell death. Compared with autophagy and apoptosis, pyroptosis has unique characteristics in morphology and mechanism. Specifically, pyroptosis is a kind of cell lysis mediated by the Gasdermin family, releases inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. There are three different forms of mechanism, which are caspase-1-mediated, caspase-4/5/11-mediated and caspase-3-mediated. A large number of studies have proved that pyroptosis is closely related to cardiovascular disease. This paper reviewed the recent progress in the related research on pyroptosis and myocardial infarction, ischemia-reperfusion, atherosclerosis, diabetic cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, heart failure hypertension and Kawasaki disease. Therefore, we believe that pyroptosis may be a new therapeutic target in the cardiovascular field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Ji
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongwen Qi
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueyao Wang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoya Yang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhipeng Yan
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Li
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, People's Republic of China
| | - Qihui Ge
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, People's Republic of China
| | - Junping Zhang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, People's Republic of China
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17
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Zeng Y, Yan Wang C, Xu J, Le Xu X. Overexpression of retinoid X receptor beta provides protection against oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced inflammation via regulating PGC1α-dependent mitochondrial homeostasis in endothelial cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 188:114559. [PMID: 33872571 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Retinoid X receptor beta (RXRβ) has been poorly studied in atherosclerosis. The aim of the present study is to explore the function of RXRβ in oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced inflammation in endothelial cells and the underlying mechanism. The protein expression of RXRβ in the aorta of atherosclerotic mice was detected. A lentivirus vector for RXRβ overexpression and RNA interference for RXRβ downregulation were constructed and transfected into human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). The results showed that RXRβ protein expression was downregulated in aorta of high fat diet (HFD)-fed LDLr-/- mice and ox-LDL-treated HAECs. The ox-LDL-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activations of TLR9/NF-κB and NLRP3/caspase-1 inflammasome pathway were significantly decreased by RXRβ overexpression but increased by RXRβ knockdown in HAECs. The ox‑LDL‑induced mitochondrial damage indicated as the increased generation of mitochondrial ROS, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and increased mitochondrial DNA release was abolished by RXRβ overexpression but aggravated by RXRβ knockdown. Treatment with mito-TEMPO significantly reduced the increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activations of TLR9/NF-κB and NLRP3/caspase-1 inflammasome induced by RXRβ knockdown in ox-LDL treated HAECs. Moreover, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator1α (PGC1α) protein expression was reduced in HFD-fed LDLr-/- mice. RXRβ could interact with PGC1α in HAECs. Ox-LDL-induced reduction of PGC1α was significantly inhibited by RXRβ overexpression and aggravated by RXRβ downregulation. Our further study showed that transfection of PGC1α siRNA abrogated the alleviative effects of RXRβ overexpression on mitochondrial damage and inflammation in ox-LDL treated cells. The present study indicates that RXRβ exerted protective effects against the ox-LDL-induced inflammation may through regulating PGC1α-dependent mitochondrial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology, Nantong University Pharmacy College, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Chun Yan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Nantong University Pharmacy College, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Nantong University Pharmacy College, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Xiao Le Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Nantong University Pharmacy College, Nantong 226001, China.
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18
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Haywood N, Ta HQ, Rotar E, Daneva Z, Sonkusare SK, Laubach VE. Role of the purinergic signaling network in lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2021; 26:250-257. [PMID: 33651003 PMCID: PMC9270688 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) is the leading cause of early mortality following lung transplantation and is typically caused by lung ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Current management of PGD is largely supportive and there are no approved therapies to prevent lung IRI after transplantation. The purinergic signaling network plays an important role in this sterile inflammatory process, and pharmacologic manipulation of said network is a promising therapeutic strategy. This review will summarize recent findings in this area. RECENT FINDINGS In the past 18 months, our understanding of lung IRI has improved, and it is becoming clear that the purinergic signaling network plays a vital role. Recent works have identified critical components of the purinergic signaling network (Pannexin-1 channels, ectonucleotidases, purinergic P1 and P2 receptors) involved in inflammation in a number of pathologic states including lung IRI. In addition, a functionally-related calcium channel, the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 4 (TRPV4) channel, has recently been linked to purinergic signaling and has also been shown to mediate lung IRI. SUMMARY Agents targeting components of the purinergic signaling network are promising potential therapeutics to limit inflammation associated with lung IRI and thus decrease the risk of developing PGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Haywood
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Huy Q. Ta
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Evan Rotar
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Zdravka Daneva
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Swapnil K. Sonkusare
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Victor E. Laubach
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
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19
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Ferrari D, la Sala A, Milani D, Celeghini C, Casciano F. Purinergic Signaling in Controlling Macrophage and T Cell Functions During Atherosclerosis Development. Front Immunol 2021; 11:617804. [PMID: 33664731 PMCID: PMC7921745 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.617804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a hardening and narrowing of arteries causing a reduction of blood flow. It is a leading cause of death in industrialized countries as it causes heart attacks, strokes, and peripheral vascular disease. Pathogenesis of the atherosclerotic lesion (atheroma) relies on the accumulation of cholesterol-containing low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and on changes of artery endothelium that becomes adhesive for monocytes and lymphocytes. Immunomediated inflammatory response stimulated by lipoprotein oxidation, cytokine secretion and release of pro-inflammatory mediators, worsens the pathological context by amplifying tissue damage to the arterial lining and increasing flow-limiting stenosis. Formation of thrombi upon rupture of the endothelium and the fibrous cup may also occur, triggering thrombosis often threatening the patient’s life. Purinergic signaling, i.e., cell responses induced by stimulation of P2 and P1 membrane receptors for the extracellular nucleotides (ATP, ADP, UTP, and UDP) and nucleosides (adenosine), has been implicated in modulating the immunological response in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In this review we will describe advancements in the understanding of purinergic modulation of the two main immune cells involved in atherogenesis, i.e., monocytes/macrophages and T lymphocytes, highlighting modulation of pro- and anti-atherosclerotic mediated responses of purinergic signaling in these cells and providing new insights to point out their potential clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferrari
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Section of Microbiology and Applied Pathology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Andrea la Sala
- Certification Unit, Health Directorate, Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Milani
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Claudio Celeghini
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabio Casciano
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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20
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Lu GF, Chen SC, Xia YP, Ye ZM, Cao F, Hu B. Synergistic inflammatory signaling by cGAS may be involved in the development of atherosclerosis. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:5650-5673. [PMID: 33589571 PMCID: PMC7950297 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Inappropriate activation or overactivation of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) by double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (dsDNA) initiates a regulatory signaling cascade triggering a variety of inflammatory responses, which are a great threat to human health. This study focused on identifying the role of cGAS in atherosclerosis and its potential mechanisms. The relationship between cGAS and atherosclerosis was identified in an ApoE -/- mouse model. Meanwhile, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of the underlying mechanisms of atherosclerosis in RAW264.7 macrophages treated with cGAS inhibition was conducted. Results showed that cGAS was positively correlated with atherosclerotic plaque area, and was mainly distributed in macrophages. RNA-seq analysis revealed that inflammatory response, immune response and cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction may play important roles in the development of atherosclerosis. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) results showed that the expression of the pro-inflammatory factors, signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat), interferon regulatory factor (Irf), toll-like receptors (Tlrs), and type I interferons (Ifns) were synergistically reduced when cGAS was inhibited. Furthermore, cGAS inhibition significantly inhibited RAW264.7 macrophage M1 polarization. These results demonstrate that cGAS may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis through synergistic inflammatory signaling of TLRs, STAT/IRF as well as IFNs, leading to macrophage M1 polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Feng Lu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Sheng-Cai Chen
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yuan-Peng Xia
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zi-Ming Ye
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Fei Cao
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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21
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He X, Fan X, Bai B, Lu N, Zhang S, Zhang L. Pyroptosis is a critical immune-inflammatory response involved in atherosclerosis. Pharmacol Res 2021; 165:105447. [PMID: 33516832 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a form of programmed cell death activated by various stimuli and is characterized by inflammasome assembly, membrane pore formation, and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-18). Atherosclerosis-related risk factors, including oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and cholesterol crystals, have been shown to promote pyroptosis through several mechanisms that involve ion flux, ROS, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, lysosomal rupture, Golgi function, autophagy, noncoding RNAs, post-translational modifications, and the expression of related molecules. Pyroptosis of endothelial cells, macrophages, and smooth muscle cells in the vascular wall can induce plaque instability and accelerate atherosclerosis progression. In this review, we focus on the pathogenesis, influence, and therapy of pyroptosis in atherosclerosis and provide novel ideas for suppressing pyroptosis and the progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao He
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Xuehui Fan
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Bing Bai
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Nanjuan Lu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Shuang Zhang
- General Surgery, Harbin Changzheng Hospital, 363 Xuan Hua Street, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Liming Zhang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China.
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22
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Mitochondrial DAMPs and altered mitochondrial dynamics in OxLDL burden in atherosclerosis. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:1915-1928. [PMID: 33492610 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04061-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis results in life-threatening cardiovascular pathologies, including ischemic heart disease, stroke, myocardial infarction, and peripheral arterial disease. The role of increased serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and resultant accumulation of oxidized-LDL (oxLDL) in atheroma formation is well established. Recent findings elucidate the significance of mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns (mtDAMPs) in triggering sterile inflammation in concert with oxLDL. The mtDAMPs including mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), cytochrome C, cardiolipin, heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), and N-formyl peptides, are expected to possess proatherogenic roles. However, limited data are available in the literature. The mtDAMPs initiate sterile inflammation in atherosclerotic lesions via numerous signaling pathways, most of which converge to the NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. Priming the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, mtDAMPs promote secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), implicated in atherosclerotic lesions through vascular smooth muscle and fibroblast proliferation, arterial wall thickening, and plaque formation. In this article we critically reviewed and discussed the central role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in mtDAMP-induced sterile inflammation in atherosclerosis with specific components including caspase-1, pregnane X receptor (PXR), adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK), protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), and downstream cytokines including IL-1β and IL-18 as potential mediators of atherosclerosis. Better understanding of the proinflammatory effects of mtDAMPs and its pathological association with oxLDL possess immense translational significance for novel therapeutic intervention.
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Strassheim D, Verin A, Batori R, Nijmeh H, Burns N, Kovacs-Kasa A, Umapathy NS, Kotamarthi J, Gokhale YS, Karoor V, Stenmark KR, Gerasimovskaya E. P2Y Purinergic Receptors, Endothelial Dysfunction, and Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186855. [PMID: 32962005 PMCID: PMC7555413 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic G-protein-coupled receptors are ancient and the most abundant group of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The wide distribution of purinergic receptors in the cardiovascular system, together with the expression of multiple receptor subtypes in endothelial cells (ECs) and other vascular cells demonstrates the physiological importance of the purinergic signaling system in the regulation of the cardiovascular system. This review discusses the contribution of purinergic P2Y receptors to endothelial dysfunction (ED) in numerous cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Endothelial dysfunction can be defined as a shift from a “calm” or non-activated state, characterized by low permeability, anti-thrombotic, and anti-inflammatory properties, to a “activated” state, characterized by vasoconstriction and increased permeability, pro-thrombotic, and pro-inflammatory properties. This state of ED is observed in many diseases, including atherosclerosis, diabetes, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, sepsis, and pulmonary hypertension. Herein, we review the recent advances in P2Y receptor physiology and emphasize some of their unique signaling features in pulmonary endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Strassheim
- The Department of Medicine Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (D.S.); (N.B.); (V.K.); (K.R.S.)
| | - Alexander Verin
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.V.); (R.B.); (A.K.-K.)
| | - Robert Batori
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.V.); (R.B.); (A.K.-K.)
| | - Hala Nijmeh
- The Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Nana Burns
- The Department of Medicine Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (D.S.); (N.B.); (V.K.); (K.R.S.)
| | - Anita Kovacs-Kasa
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.V.); (R.B.); (A.K.-K.)
| | | | - Janavi Kotamarthi
- The Department of BioMedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (J.K.); (Y.S.G.)
| | - Yash S. Gokhale
- The Department of BioMedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (J.K.); (Y.S.G.)
| | - Vijaya Karoor
- The Department of Medicine Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (D.S.); (N.B.); (V.K.); (K.R.S.)
| | - Kurt R. Stenmark
- The Department of Medicine Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (D.S.); (N.B.); (V.K.); (K.R.S.)
- The Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Evgenia Gerasimovskaya
- The Department of Medicine Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (D.S.); (N.B.); (V.K.); (K.R.S.)
- The Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-303-724-5614
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Menini S, Iacobini C, Vitale M, Pugliese G. The Inflammasome in Chronic Complications of Diabetes and Related Metabolic Disorders. Cells 2020; 9:E1812. [PMID: 32751658 PMCID: PMC7464565 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) ranks seventh as a cause of death worldwide. Chronic complications, including cardiovascular, renal, and eye disease, as well as DM-associated non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) account for most of the morbidity and premature mortality in DM. Despite continuous improvements in the management of late complications of DM, significant gaps remain. Therefore, searching for additional strategies to prevent these serious DM-related conditions is of the utmost importance. DM is characterized by a state of low-grade chronic inflammation, which is critical in the progression of complications. Recent clinical trials indicate that targeting the prototypic pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1 β) improves the outcomes of cardiovascular disease, which is the first cause of death in DM patients. Together with IL-18, IL-1β is processed and secreted by the inflammasomes, a class of multiprotein complexes that coordinate inflammatory responses. Several DM-related metabolic factors, including reactive oxygen species, glyco/lipoxidation end products, and cholesterol crystals, have been involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease, and diabetic retinopathy, and in the promoting effect of DM on the onset and progression of atherosclerosis and NAFLD. These metabolic factors are also well-established danger signals capable of regulating inflammasome activity. In addition to presenting the current state of knowledge, this review discusses how the mechanistic understanding of inflammasome regulation by metabolic danger signals may hopefully lead to novel therapeutic strategies targeting inflammation for a more effective treatment of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Pugliese
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, “La Sapienza” University, 00189 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (C.I.); (M.V.)
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Shemiakova T, Ivanova E, Grechko AV, Gerasimova EV, Sobenin IA, Orekhov AN. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and DNA Damage in the Context of Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E166. [PMID: 32570831 PMCID: PMC7344998 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8060166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disease of the cardiovascular system associated with aging, inflammation, and oxidative stress. An important role in the development of atherosclerosis play elevated plasma lipoproteins. A number of external factors (smoking, diabetes, infections) can also contribute to the development of the disease. For a long time, atherosclerosis remains asymptomatic, therefore, the search for early markers of the disease is critical for the timely management and better outcomes for patients. Mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage appear to connect different aspects of atherosclerosis pathogenesis. To date, multiple lines of research have demonstrated the strong association of mitochondrial dysfunction with the development of various human diseases. Therapies aimed at restoring the mitochondrial function are being actively developed, and are expected to broaden the therapeutic possibilities for several chronic human diseases. The development of such therapies depends on our understanding of the functional roles of different mtDNA variants associated with one or another disorder, and the molecular mechanisms linking mitochondrial dysfunction with a given pathological feature. These questions are, however, challenging and require future intensive research. This review summarizes the recent studies and describes the central processes of the development of atherosclerosis, and shows their relationship with mitochondrial dysfunction. One of the promising therapeutic approaches for future atherosclerosis treatments is the use of mitochondria-targeted antioxidants. Future studies should focus on characterizing the mechanisms of mitochondrial involvement in cardiovascular pathologies to better direct the search for novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisiia Shemiakova
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Ekaterina Ivanova
- Department of Basic Research, Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, 121609 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey V. Grechko
- Federal Scientific Clinical Center for Resuscitation and Rehabilitation, 109240 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Elena V. Gerasimova
- Laboratory of Systemic Rheumatic Disorders, V.A. Nasonova Institute of Rheumatology, 115522 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Igor A. Sobenin
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Infection Pathology and Molecular Microecology, Institute of Human Morphology, 117418 Moscow, Russia
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Zeng Y, Xu J, Hua YQ, Peng Y, Xu XL. MDM2 contributes to oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced inflammation through modulation of mitochondrial damage in endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis 2020; 305:1-9. [PMID: 32585463 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Murine double minute-2 (MDM2) has been poorly studied in cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the present study was to determine the biological role of MDM2 in inflammation activation and mitochondrial damage in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) stimulated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL). METHODS The expression of MDM2 in the aortas of atherosclerotic mice was determined. An adenoviral vector for MDM2 overexpression and siRNA for MDM2 downregulation were constructed and used to transfect HAECs. The functional changes in HAECs stimulated by ox-LDL were observed. RESULTS The protein expression of MDM2 was increased in atherosclerotic mice and ox-LDL-treated HAECs. In addition, ox-LDL-induced mRNA expression and secretion of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β were significantly decreased by MDM2 downregulation and increased by MDM2 overexpression, and activation of NF-κB and caspase-1 was involved in the activity of MDM2. The ox-LDL-induced mitochondrial damage, indicated as increase in mitochondrial ROS production, decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and elevation of mitochondrial DNA release, was significantly reversed by MDM2 downregulation and worsened by MDM2 overexpression. The ox-LDL-induced activation of TLR9/NF-κB and NLRP3/caspase-1 pathway was inhibited by MDM2 downregulation and worsened by MDM2 overexpression. The aggravation caused by MDM2 overexpression was abolished by mito-TEMPO. Treatment with mito-TEMPO significantly reduced the increase in mRNA expression and secretion of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β induced by MDM2 overexpression in ox-LDL treated HAECs. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that MDM2 contributes to ox-LDL-induced inflammation via regulating mitochondrial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology, Nantong University Pharmacy College, Nantong, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Nantong University Pharmacy College, Nantong, China
| | - Yi Qiao Hua
- Department of Pharmacology, Nantong University Pharmacy College, Nantong, China
| | - Yi Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Nantong University Pharmacy College, Nantong, China
| | - Xiao Le Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Nantong University Pharmacy College, Nantong, China.
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Ko YS, Jin H, Park SW, Kim HJ. Salvianolic acid B protects against oxLDL-induced endothelial dysfunction under high-glucose conditions by downregulating ROCK1-mediated mitophagy and apoptosis. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 174:113815. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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