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Puente-Marin S, Cazorla D, Chico V, Coll J, Ortega-Villaizan M. Innate immune response of rainbow trout erythrocytes to spinycterins expressing a downsized viral fragment of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus. AQUACULTURE (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 568:739303. [PMID: 38533126 PMCID: PMC10961846 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2023.739303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Recent studies have reported on the importance of RBCs in fish responses to viral infections and DNA vaccines. Surface-displaying recombinant bacterins (spinycterins) are a safe and adaptable prototype for viral vaccination of fish and represent an alternative method of aquaculture prophylaxis, since have been reported to enhance fish immune response. We evaluated the innate immune response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) red blood cells (RBCs), head kidney, and spleen to spinycterins expressing a fragment of the glycoprotein G of viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), one of the most devastating world-wide diseases in farmed salmonids. We first selected an immunorelevant downsized viral fragment of VHSV glycoprotein G (frg16252-450). Then, spinycterins expressing frg16252-450 fused to Nmistic anchor-motif (Nmistic+frg16252-450) were compared to spinycterins expressing frg16252-450 internally without the anchor motif. Nmistic+frg16252-450 spinycterins showed increased attachment to RBCs in vitro and modulated the expression of interferon- and antigen presentation-related genes in RBCs in vitro and in vivo, after intravenous injection. In contrast, the head kidney and spleen of fish injected with frg16252-450, but not Nmistic+frg16252-450, spinycterins demonstrated upregulation of interferon and antigen-presenting genes. Intravenous injection of Nmistic+frg16252-450 spinycterins resulted in a higher innate immune response in RBCs while frg16252-450 spinycterins increased the immune response in head kidney and spleen. Although more studies are required to evaluate the practicality of using spinycterins as fish viral vaccines, these results highlight the important contribution of RBCs to the fish innate immune response to antiviral prophylactics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Puente-Marin
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández (IBMC-UMH), Elche, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE-UMH), Elche, Spain
| | - D. Cazorla
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández (IBMC-UMH), Elche, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE-UMH), Elche, Spain
| | - V. Chico
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández (IBMC-UMH), Elche, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE-UMH), Elche, Spain
| | - J. Coll
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agrarias y Alimentarias, Dpto. Biotecnología. INIA, crt.Coruña km 7, 20040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Ortega-Villaizan
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández (IBMC-UMH), Elche, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE-UMH), Elche, Spain
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2
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Li A, Harris RJ, Fry BG, Barnes AC. A single-step, high throughput, and highly reproducible method for measuring IgM quantity and avidity directly from fish serum via biolayer interferometry (BLI). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:231-237. [PMID: 34626789 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of specific antibody responses is critical in determining activation of MHCII-dependent immune memory and is generally performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Antibody avidity for a particular antigen is also informative of the quality of the adaptive immune response following vaccination. Avidity can be determined by chaotropic elution ELISA, pre-absorption ELISA, or surface plasmon resonance (SPR), although multimeric antibodies such as IgM are problematic for SPR. ELISA-based assays are very time consuming, require secondary antibody reagents, and are poorly repeatable. Here we demonstrate that biolayer interferometry (BLI) using an Octet HTX instrument can robustly and reproducibly quantify and determine avidity of specific IgM for an antigen directly from fish serum in a single step. We collected sera from giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus) that had been vaccinated with the hapten 2,4-dinitrophenol conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (DNP-KLH) and from control fish injected with phosphate buffered saline. The specific IgM in the serum and its avidity for DNP were quantified via ELISA and BLI. BLI was precise and highly repeatable for determination of the quantity and avidity of antibody in the serum compared to ELISA. The wet-lab preparation and machine running time for BLI was 3-5 times faster than ELISA to generate the same amount of data. The ELISA inter-plate variation significantly affected reproducibility while BLI was consistent and repeatable between samples and plates. Indeed, the consistency of BLI data indicated that technical triplicates were redundant. Biological replication alone was sufficient to elucidate the effect of treatments. However, BLI required a lower serum dilution than ELISA for similar sensitivity, and thus more serum was required to produce high resolution data. BLI is an extremely high-throughput assay, providing teleost serum IgM quantification and avidity data as a single-step, agile alternative to ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Li
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Richard J Harris
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Bryan G Fry
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew C Barnes
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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3
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Wei C, Kakazu T, Chuah QY, Tanaka M, Kato G, Sano M. Reactivation of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) in asymptomatic surviving goldfish Carassius auratus (L.) under immunosuppression. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:302-309. [PMID: 32439507 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) is a highly contagious pathogen of goldfish (Carassius auratus) and Prussian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) causing herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis. Our previous study revealed that CyHV-2 can persistently infect the kidney and spleen of goldfish that recovered from a primary infection. In this study, we tried to identify the cells persistently infected with the virus in surviving fish and investigated virus reactivation in the survivors injected with immunosuppressants, namely dexamethasone (Dex) and cyclosporine A (CsA). Virus DNA was detected from the monocytes that were isolated from the trunk kidney of the asymptomatic survivors, suggesting that monocytes/macrophages are major cells that may be persistently infected with CyHV-2. A significant increase of virus DNA levels was detected in the group injected with Dex at 10 and 21 days post-injection (dpi). In the fish group injected with CsA, the virus DNA level was the same as that in the control group at 10 dpi but increased in some organs at 21 dpi. Compared with Dex-injected fish at 10 dpi, the group injected with both Dex and CsA showed a greater increase in virus DNA levels. The gene expression of phagocytosis-associated genes, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and p47phox, and anti-virus antibody levels increased in the CsA group due to virus reactivation in the infected cells but not in the Dex and Dex & CsA groups, indicating that Dex effectively suppressed monocyte/macrophage function and antibody production. In addition, recombinant interferon γ (IFNγ) supplementation in the kidney leukocyte culture that was isolated from survivors showed a reduction of virus DNA. CsA may inhibit T-helper 1 (Th1) cells and consequently IFNγ production, causing a synergetic effect with Dex on virus reactivation. The results suggest that the activity of monocytes/macrophages stimulated by IFNγ can relate to virus latency and reactivation in asymptomatic virus carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Wei
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Taichi Kakazu
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Qiu Yuan Chuah
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Mikio Tanaka
- Saitama Fisheries Research Institute, Saitama, 347-0011, Japan
| | - Goshi Kato
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Motohiko Sano
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan.
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4
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Faisal M, Standish IF, Vogelbein MA, Millard EV, Kaattari SL. Production of a monoclonal antibody against of muskellunge (Esox masquinongy) IgM heavy chain and its use in development of an indirect ELISA for titrating circulating antibodies against VHSV-IVB. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 88:464-471. [PMID: 30858097 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the development of a monoclonal antibody (designated 3B10) against the muskellunge (Esox masquinongy) IgM. The 3B10 monoclonal antibody (mAb) belongs to the IgG3 kappa isotype. Western blotting demonstrated that 3B10 mAb reacted primarily to muskellunge IgM heavy chain. 3B10 also reacted strongly with the IgM heavy chain of other esocids, including the northern pike (Esox lucius), tiger muskellunge (E. masquinongy x E. lucius), and, to a much lesser extent, the chain pickerel (E. niger). The 3B10 mAb did not bind to IgM from 10 other fish species resident in the Great Lakes basin. Using the 3B10 mAb, it was possible to determine the muskellunge Ig ability to bind to antigens. Using trinitrophenyl hapten conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (TNP-KLH) as the eliciting antigen, muskellunge Ig subclasses exhibited a range of affinities with log aK values 5.56-6.25 that is considered intermediate compared to other fish species. 3B10 mAb was used to develop and evaluate an indirect ELISA for the detection and quantitation of circulating antibodies against the viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus genotype IVb (VHSV-IVb). Using the newly optimized assay, anti-VHSV-IVb antibodies were detected in sera of VHSV-IVb vaccinated muskellunge as well as from those of wild muskellunge sampled from an endemic waterbody. In addition to its use in immunoassays, the developed 3B10 mAb will enable future investigation aiming at deciphering immune mechanism of this important fish species to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Faisal
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Michigan State University, 480 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Isaac F Standish
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Mary Ann Vogelbein
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
| | - Elena V Millard
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Stephen L Kaattari
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
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5
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Thwaite R, Ji J, Torrealba D, Coll J, Sabés M, Villaverde A, Roher N. Protein Nanoparticles Made of Recombinant Viral Antigens: A Promising Biomaterial for Oral Delivery of Fish Prophylactics. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1652. [PMID: 30072996 PMCID: PMC6060434 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the search for an eminently practical strategy to develop immunostimulants and vaccines for farmed fish, we have devised recombinant viral antigens presented as “nanopellets” (NPs). These are inclusion bodies of fish viral antigenic proteins produced in Escherichia coli. Soluble recombinant proteins are too labile to endure the in vivo environment and maintain full functionality, and therefore require encapsulation strategies. Yet when they are produced as nanostructures, they can withstand the wide range of gastrointestinal pH found in fish, high temperatures, and lyophilization. Moreover, these nanomaterials are biologically active, non-toxic to fish, cost-effective regarding production and suitable for oral administration. Here, we present three versions of NPs formed by antigenic proteins from relevant viruses affecting farmed fish: the viral nervous necrosis virus coat protein, infectious pancreatic necrosis virus viral protein 2, and a viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus G glycoprotein fragment. We demonstrate that the nanoparticles are taken up in vitro by zebrafish ZFL cells and in vivo by intubating zebrafish as a proof of concept for oral delivery. Encouragingly, analysis of gene expression suggests these NPs evoke an antiviral innate immune response in ZFL cells and in rainbow trout head kidney macrophages. They are therefore a promising platform for immunostimulants and may be candidates for vaccines should protection be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Thwaite
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jie Ji
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Débora Torrealba
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio Coll
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional Investigaciones y Tecnologías Agrarias y Alimentarias (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manel Sabés
- Biophysics Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and ALBA Synchrotron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Villaverde
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nerea Roher
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Coll JM. Herpesvirus Infection Induces both Specific and Heterologous Antiviral Antibodies in Carp. Front Immunol 2018; 9:39. [PMID: 29416541 PMCID: PMC5787538 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IgM antibody diversity induced by viral infection in teleost fish sera remains largely unexplored despite several studies performed on their transcript counterparts in lymphoid organs. Here, IgM binding to microarrays containing ~20,000 human proteins was used to study sera from carp (Cyprinus carpio) populations having high titers of viral neutralization in vitro after surviving an experimental infection with cyprinid herpes virus 3 (CyHV-3). The range of diversity of the induced antibodies was unexpectedly high, showing CyHV-3 infection-dependent, non-specific IgM-binding activity of a ~20-fold wider variety than that found in sera from healthy carp (natural antibodies) with no anti-CyHV-3 neutralization titers. An inverse correlation between the IgM-binding levels in healthy versus infection-survivor/healthy ratios suggests that an infection-dependent feed back-like mechanism may control such clonal expansion. Surprisingly, among the infection-expanded levels, not only specific anti-frgIICyHV-3 and anti-CyHV-3 IgM-binding antibodies but also antibodies recognizing recombinant fragment epitopes from heterologous fish rhabdoviruses were detected in infection-survivor carp sera. Some alternative explanations for these findings in lower vertebrates are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio M Coll
- Departamento Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional Investigaciones y Tecnologías Agrarias y Alimentarias (INIA), Madrid, Spain
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7
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Jaramillo D, Peeler EJ, Laurin E, Gardner IA, Whittington RJ. Serology in Finfish for Diagnosis, Surveillance, and Research: A Systematic Review. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2017; 29:1-14. [PMID: 28166451 DOI: 10.1080/08997659.2016.1244577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Historically, serological tests for finfish diseases have been underused when compared with their use in terrestrial animal health. For years the nonspecific immune response in fish was judged to make serology unreliable and inferior to the direct measurement of agent analytes. We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed publications that reported on the development, validation, or application of serological tests for finfish diseases. A total of 168 articles met the screening criteria; most of them were focused on salmonid pathogens (e.g., Aeromonas spp. and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus). Before the 1980s, most publications reported the use of agglutination tests, but our review indicates that enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has more recently become the dominant serological test. The main application of serological tests has been in the assessment of vaccine efficacy, with few applications for surveillance or demonstration of freedom from disease, despite the advantages of serological tests over direct detection at the population level. Nonlethal sampling, low cost, and postinfection persistence of antibodies make serological assays the test of choice in surveillance, especially of valuable broodstock. However, their adoption has been constrained by poor characterization and validation. The number of publications in our review reporting diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of serological tests in finfish was small (n = 7). Foreseeing a wider use of serological tests in the future for diagnostic end purposes, we offer recommendations for mitigating deficiencies in the development and evaluation of serological tests, including optimization, control of nonspecific reactions, informed cutoff points, diagnostic accuracy, and serological baseline studies. Achieving these goals will facilitate greater international recognition of serological testing in programs supporting aquatic animal health. Received March 21, 2016; accepted September 24, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Jaramillo
- a Atlantic Veterinary College , University of Prince Edward Island , 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown , Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3 , Canada
- b Faculty of Veterinary Science , The University of Sydney , 425 Werombi Road, Camden , New South Wales 2570 , Australia
| | - Edmund J Peeler
- c Centre for Environment , Fisheries and Aquaculture Science , Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB , UK
| | - Emilie Laurin
- a Atlantic Veterinary College , University of Prince Edward Island , 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown , Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3 , Canada
| | - Ian A Gardner
- a Atlantic Veterinary College , University of Prince Edward Island , 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown , Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3 , Canada
| | - Richard J Whittington
- b Faculty of Veterinary Science , The University of Sydney , 425 Werombi Road, Camden , New South Wales 2570 , Australia
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8
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Torrent F, Villena A, Lee PA, Fuchs W, Bergmann SM, Coll JM. The amino-terminal domain of ORF149 of koi herpesvirus is preferentially targeted by IgM from carp populations surviving infection. Arch Virol 2016; 161:2653-65. [PMID: 27383208 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2934-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recombinantly expressed fragments of the protein encoded by ORF149 (pORF149), a structural protein from the common- and koi-carp-infecting cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (CyHV-3) that was previously shown to be antigenic, were used to obtain evidence that its amino-terminal part contains immunodominant epitopes in fish populations that survived the infection. To obtain such evidence, nonspecific binding of carp serum tetrameric IgM had to be overcome by a novel ELISA protocol (rec2-ELISA). Rec2-ELISA involved pre-adsorption of carp sera with a heterologous recombinant fragment before incubation with pORF149 fragments and detection with anti-carp IgM monoclonal antibodies. Only in this way was it possible to distinguish between sera from uninfected and survivor carp populations. Although IgM from survivors recognised pORF149 fragments to a lesser degree than whole virus, specificity was confirmed by correlation of rec2- and CyHV-3-ELISAs, inhibition of rec2-ELISA by an excess of frgIIORF149, ELISA using IgM-capture, Western blotting, and reduction of reactivity in CyHV-3-ELISA by pre-adsorption of sera with frgIIORF149. The similarity of IgM-binding profiles between frgIORF149 (amino acid residues 42-629) and frgIIORF149 (42-159) and their reactivities with previously described anti-CyHV-3 monoclonal antibodies confirmed that most pORF149 epitopes were localised in its amino-terminal part.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Torrent
- Escuela Superior de Ingenieros de Montes, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Piscifactoría, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Villena
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, Leon, Spain
| | - P A Lee
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
- GeneReach Biotechnology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - W Fuchs
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - S M Bergmann
- Institute of Infectology, German Reference Laboratory for KHVD, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - J M Coll
- Departamento Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional Investigaciones y Tecnologías Agrarias y Alimentarias, INIA, Madrid, Spain.
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9
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Grice J, Reid A, Peterson A, Blackburn K, Tubbs L, Lord S, Huber P, Horricks R, Dixon B, Bols NC, Lumsden JS. Walleye Sander vitreus (Mitchill) are relatively resistant to experimental infection with VHSV IVb and extant walleye strains vary in susceptibility. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2015; 38:859-872. [PMID: 25219756 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Compared to fathead minnow, walleye demonstrate low susceptibility to experimental infection with VHSV IVb, regardless of route of exposure or water temperature at time of infection. In triplicate and duplicate groups, walleye were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected (102 -108 pfu/fish) or waterborne-exposed (w; 1.4 × 107 pfu mL-1 ) with VHSV IVb. High cumulative mortality (64-100%) and severe gross lesions associated with VHSV IVb infection were evident only in fish i.p. injected with 108 pfu at 12 °C. These fish had multifocal necrosis of several tissues including the gill and heart. There was no difference in mortality between walleye infected (w or i.p.) at 12 °C (spring stocking) compared with a declining temperature profile from 18 to 12 °C (fall stocking). There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in mortality between four extant walleye strains following i.p. infection, indicating that the choice of walleye strain for stocking might be an important consideration. Viral antigen was found in both i.p. and w-exposed walleye using immunohistochemistry, mostly within the gill and skin of w-exposed fish and most prominently in dermal fibrocytes. VHSV IVb was detected in multiple tissues from 6 to 21 days post-infection using reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Grice
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - A Reid
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - A Peterson
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - K Blackburn
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - L Tubbs
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - S Lord
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - P Huber
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - R Horricks
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - B Dixon
- Novartis Animal Health Inc., Victoria, PEI, Canada
| | - N C Bols
- Novartis Animal Health Inc., Victoria, PEI, Canada
| | - J S Lumsden
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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10
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Estepa A, Coll J. Innate Multigene Family Memories Are Implicated in the Viral-Survivor Zebrafish Phenotype. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135483. [PMID: 26270536 PMCID: PMC4535885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since adaptive features such as memory were discovered in mammalian innate immunity, interest in the immunological status of primitive vertebrates after infections has grown. In this context, we used zebrafish (Danio rerio), a primitive vertebrate species suited to molecular and genetic studies to explore transcriptional memories of the immune system in long-term survivors of viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus infections. Immune-gene targeted microarrays designed in-house, multipath genes, gene set enrichment, and leading-edge analysis, reveal unexpected consistent correlations between the viral-survivor phenotype and several innate multigene families. Thus, here we describe in survivors of infections the upregulation of the multigene family of proteasome subunit macropains, zebrafish-specific novel gene sets, mitogen activated protein kinases, and epidermal growth factor. We also describe the downregulation of the multigene families of c-reactive proteins, myxovirus-induced proteins and novel immunoglobulin-type receptors. The strength of those immunological memories was reflected by the exceptional similarity of the transcriptional profiles of survivors before and after re-infection compared with primary infected fish. On the other hand, the high levels of neutralizing antibodies in the blood plasma of survivors contrasted with the depletion of transcripts specific for most cell types present in lymphoid organs. Therefore, long-term survivors maintained unexpected molecular/cellular memories of previous viral encounters by modulating the expression levels of innate multigene families as well as having specific adaptive antibodies. The implications of the so-called "trained immunity" for future research in this field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Estepa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche (UMH), Alicante, Spain
| | - Julio Coll
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional Investigaciones Agrarias (INIA), Madrid, Spain
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11
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Millard EV, Brenden TO, LaPatra SE, Marcquenski S, Faisal M. Detection of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus-IVb antibodies in sera of muskellunge Esox masquinongy using competitive ELISA. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2014; 108:187-199. [PMID: 24695232 DOI: 10.3354/dao02712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) was developed for the detection of antibodies to viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus genotype IVb (VHSV-IVb) in fish sera. Assay conditions were standardized using known negative and positive muskellunge Esox masquinongy. A positive-negative threshold of 14.6% inhibition was established based on analysis of sera of 60 muskellunge with no previous exposure to VHSV-IVb. The cELISA was then used to investigate immune responses of wild muskellunge sampled from 5 water bodies in Michigan and Wisconsin, USA, between 2005 and 2012. Antibodies were detected in fish from Lake St. Clair, Michigan, and Lower Fox River/Green Bay, Wisconsin. Both water systems were considered enzootic for VHSV-IVb. Additionally, antibodies were detected in muskellunge from Thornapple Lake, a Michigan inland lake previously considered negative for VHSV-IVb based on virus isolation methods. Muskellunge populations from Lake Hudson, Michigan, and Butternut Lake, Wisconsin, lacked evidence of an immune response to VHSV-IVb. When results of the cELISA were compared to the 50% plaque neutralization test for several groups of fish, there was 78.4% agreement between the tests for antibody presence. The cELISA is a rapid and efficient test for the detection of binding antibodies to VHSV-IVb and will be a useful non-lethal tool for monitoring the spread of this serious pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Millard
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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Vaccine Adjuvants in Fish Vaccines Make a Difference: Comparing Three Adjuvants (Montanide ISA763A Oil, CpG/Poly I:C Combo and VHSV Glycoprotein) Alone or in Combination Formulated with an Inactivated Whole Salmonid Alphavirus Antigen. Vaccines (Basel) 2014; 2:228-51. [PMID: 26344619 PMCID: PMC4494258 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines2020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Most commercial vaccines offered to the aquaculture industry include inactivated antigens (Ag) formulated in oil adjuvants. Safety concerns are related to the use of oil adjuvants in multivalent vaccines for fish, since adverse side effects (e.g., adhesions) can appear. Therefore, there is a request for vaccine formulations for which protection will be maintained or improved, while the risk of side effects is reduced. Here, by using an inactivated salmonid alphavirus (SAV) as the test Ag, the combined use of two Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand adjuvants, CpG oligonucleotides (ODNs) and poly I:C, as well as a genetic adjuvant consisting of a DNA plasmid vector expressing the viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) glycoprotein (G) was explored. VHSV-G DNA vaccine was intramuscularly injected in combination with intraperitoneal injection of either SAV Ag alone or combined with the oil adjuvant, Montanide ISA763, or the CpG/polyI:C combo. Adjuvant formulations were evaluated for their ability to boost immune responses and induce protection against SAV in Atlantic salmon, following cohabitation challenge. It was observed that CpG/polyI:C-based formulations generated the highest neutralizing antibody titres (nAbs) before challenge, which endured post challenge. nAb responses for VHSV G-DNA- and oil-adjuvanted formulations were marginal compared to the CpG/poly I:C treatment. Interestingly, heat-inactivated sera showed reduced nAb titres compared to their non-heated counterparts, which suggests a role of complement-mediated neutralization against SAV. Consistently elevated levels of innate antiviral immune genes in the CpG/polyI:C injected groups suggested a role of IFN-mediated responses. Co-delivery of the VHSV-G DNA construct with either CpG/polyI:C or oil-adjuvanted SAV vaccine generated higher CD4 responses in head kidney at 48 h compared to injection of this vector or SAV Ag alone. The results demonstrate that a combination of pattern recognizing receptor (PRR) ligands, such as CpG/polyI:C, increases both adaptive and innate responses and represents a promising adjuvant strategy for enhancing the protection of future viral vaccines.
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13
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Development and evaluation of a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and virus neutralization assay to detect antibodies to viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:435-42. [PMID: 24429071 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00675-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is a target of surveillance by many state and federal agencies in the United States. Currently, the detection of VHSV relies on virus isolation, which is lethal to fish and indicates only the current infection status. A serological method is required to ascertain prior exposure. Here, we report two serologic tests for VHSV that are nonlethal, rapid, and species independent, a virus neutralization (VN) assay and a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results show that the VN assay had a specificity of 100% and sensitivity of 42.9%; the anti-nucleocapsid-blocking ELISA detected nonneutralizing VHSV antibodies at a specificity of 88.2% and a sensitivity of 96.4%. The VN assay and ELISA are valuable tools for assessing exposure to VHSV.
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14
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Chinchilla B, Gomez-Casado E, Encinas P, Falco A, Estepa A, Coll J. In VitroNeutralization of Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus by Plasma from Immunized Zebrafish. Zebrafish 2013; 10:43-51. [DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2012.0805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Chinchilla
- Dpto. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional Investigaciones Agrarias, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Paloma Encinas
- Dpto. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional Investigaciones Agrarias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Falco
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Julio Coll
- Dpto. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional Investigaciones Agrarias, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Schyth BD, Ariel E, Korsholm H, Olesen NJ. Diagnostic capacity for viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) infection in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is greatly increased by combining viral isolation with specific antibody detection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 32:593-597. [PMID: 22233687 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Detection of disease specific antibodies in farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) has been proposed as an alternative or supplement to the currently approved procedures for diagnosis and surveillance in this species. In samples from natural outbreaks of the disease viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) at two freshwater farms in southern Denmark serologic testing was used to broaden the diagnostic window from outbreak to diagnosis in the laboratory as compared to traditional procedures of isolation and identification of the virus. The serologic assay clearly increased the chance of detecting present or previous infections where the pathogen could not be isolated by standard methods (indicating older infections where the virus had been cleared). Our data allowed us to monitor the levels of neutralising antibodies in relation to the presence of the virus in fish experiencing two different types of outbreaks at two different farms. By sequence analysis of the viral glycoprotein from selected isolates we found no evidence for escape mutants having developed in the fish showing high titres of neutralising antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Schyth
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Hangøvej 2, 8200 Århus N., Denmark.
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Encinas P, Gomez-Sebastian S, Nunez MC, Gomez-Casado E, Escribano JM, Estepa A, Coll J. Antibody recognition of the glycoprotein g of viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) purified in large amounts from insect larvae. BMC Res Notes 2011; 4:210. [PMID: 21693048 PMCID: PMC3148207 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-4-210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are currently no purification methods capable of producing the large amounts of fish rhabdoviral glycoprotein G (gpG) required for diagnosis and immunisation purposes or for studying structure and molecular mechanisms of action of this molecule (ie. pH-dependent membrane fusion). As a result of the unavailability of large amounts of the gpG from viral haemorrhagic septicaemia rhabdovirus (VHSV), one of the most dangerous viruses affecting cultured salmonid species, research interests in this field are severely hampered. Previous purification methods to obtain recombinant gpG from VHSV in E. coli, yeast and baculovirus grown in insect cells have not produced soluble conformations or acceptable yields. The development of large-scale purification methods for gpGs will also further research into other fish rhabdoviruses, such as infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), spring carp viremia virus (SVCV), hirame rhabdovirus (HIRRV) and snakehead rhabdovirus (SHRV). FINDINGS Here we designed a method to produce milligram amounts of soluble VHSV gpG. Only the transmembrane and carboxy terminal-deleted (amino acid 21 to 465) gpG was efficiently expressed in insect larvae. Recognition of G21-465 by ß-mercaptoethanol-dependent neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (N-MAbs) and pH-dependent recognition by sera from VHSV-hyperimmunized or VHSV-infected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS Given that the purified G21-465 conserved some of its most important properties, this method might be suitable for the large-scale production of fish rhabdoviral gpGs for use in diagnosis, fusion and antigenicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Encinas
- INIA, SGIT - Dept Biotecnología Crt. Coruña Km 7 - 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Gomez-Sebastian
- Alternative Gene Expression S.L. (ALGENEX) Centro Empresarial Campus Montegancedo. P. Cientifico Tecnologico. UPM, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcon Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Carmen Nunez
- Alternative Gene Expression S.L. (ALGENEX) Centro Empresarial Campus Montegancedo. P. Cientifico Tecnologico. UPM, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcon Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jose M Escribano
- INIA, SGIT - Dept Biotecnología Crt. Coruña Km 7 - 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Amparo Estepa
- IBMC - Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche (Alicante), Spain
| | - Julio Coll
- INIA, SGIT - Dept Biotecnología Crt. Coruña Km 7 - 28040 Madrid, Spain
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