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Impellitteri F, Riolo K, Multisanti CR, Zicarelli G, Piccione G, Faggio C, Giannetto A. Evaluating quaternium-15 effects on Mytilus galloprovincialis: New insights on physiological and cellular responses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170568. [PMID: 38309339 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Among personal care products, quaternium-15 is prominently featured as a preservative in items such as shampoos, soaps, shaving products, and cosmetics. The widespread use of these products in people's daily routines contributes to quaternium-15 release into aquatic ecosystems. In this context, the primary aim of the study was to assess the physiological and cellular responses of the digestive gland and gills in Mytilus galloprovincialis to quaternium-15 exposure. Cell viability and the ability of digestive gland cells to regulate their volume were evaluated. Additionally, the expression of the genes involved in oxidative stress response was assessed to further substantiate the compound's harmful effects. Results indicated a significant decrease in both the viability of digestive gland cells and their RVD (regulatory volume decrease) capacity when exposed to a hypotonic solution. Furthermore, impairment of digestive gland cell function was corroborated by the modulation of oxidative stress-related gene expression, including SOD, Cat, as well as Hsp70 and CYP4Y1. Similar gene expression alterations were observed in the gills, reflecting impaired functionality in this vital organ as well. In summary, the outcomes of the study provide conclusive evidence of the toxicity of quaternium-15. This underscores the urgent need to further investigate the toxicological effects of this contaminant on aquatic ecosystems and emphasises the necessity of limiting the use of products containing quaternium-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Impellitteri
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Giovanni Palatucci snc, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Kristian Riolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Giorgia Zicarelli
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Piccione
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Giovanni Palatucci snc, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Eco-sustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy.
| | - Alessia Giannetto
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Li Y, Chen Z, Zhang P, Gao F, Wang J, Lin L, Zhang H. Characterization of a Novel Superoxide Dismutase from a Deep-sea Sea Cucumber ( Psychoropotes verruciaudatus). Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1227. [PMID: 37371957 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, deep-sea enzymes are a research hotspot. In this study, a novel copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) was successfully cloned and characterized from a new species of sea cucumber Psychropotes verruciaudatus (PVCuZnSOD). The relative molecular weight of the PVCuZnSOD monomer is 15 kDa. The optimum temperature of PVCuZnSOD is 20 °C, and it maintains high activity in the range of 0-60 °C. It also has high thermal stability when incubated at 37 °C. PVCuZnSOD has a maximum activity of more than 50% in the pH range of 4-11 and a high activity at pH 11. In addition, PVCuZnSOD has strong tolerance to Ni2+, Mg2+, Ba2+, and Ca2+, and it can withstand chemical reagents, such as Tween20, TritonX-100, ethanol, glycerol, isopropanol, DMSO, urea, and GuHCl. PVCuZnSOD also shows great stability to gastrointestinal fluid compared with bovine SOD. These characteristics show that PVCuZnSOD has great application potential in medicine, food, and other products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510222, China
| | - Zongfu Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510222, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510222, China
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Li Lin
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510222, China
| | - Haibin Zhang
- Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
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3
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Yousuf S, Li A, Feng H, Lui T, Huang W, Zhang X, Xie L, Miao X. Genome-Wide Expression Profiling and Networking Reveals an Imperative Role of IMF-Associated Novel CircRNAs as ceRNA in Pigs. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172638. [PMID: 36078046 PMCID: PMC9454643 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intramuscular fat (IMF) deposition is a biological process that has a strong impact on the nutritional and sensorial properties of meat, with relevant consequences on human health. Pork loins determine the effects of marbling on the sensory attributes and meat quality properties, which differ among various pig breeds. This study explores the crosstalk of non-coding RNAs with mRNAs and analyzes the potential pathogenic role of IMF-associated competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) in IMF tissues, which offer a framework for the functional validation of key/potential genes. A high-throughput whole-genome transcriptome analysis of IMF tissues from longissimus dorsi muscles of Large White (D_JN) and Laiwu (L_JN) pigs resulted in the identification of 283 differentially expressed circRNAs (DECs), including two key circRNAs (circRNA-23437, circRNA-08840) with potential binding sites for multiple miRNAs regulating the whole network. The potential ceRNA mechanism identified the DEC target miRNAs-mRNAs involved in lipid metabolism, fat deposition, meat quality, and metabolic syndrome via the circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network, concluding that ssc-mir-370 is the most important target miRNA shared by both key circRNAs. TGM2, SLC5A6, ECI1, FASN, PER1, SLC25A34, SOD1, and COL5A3 were identified as hub genes through an intensive protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis of target genes acquired from the ceRNA regulatory network. Functional enrichments, pathway examinations, and qRT-PCR analyses infer their implications in fat/cholesterol metabolism, insulin secretion, and fatty acid biosynthesis. Here, circRNAs and miRNA sequencing accompanied by computational techniques were performed to analyze their expressions in IMF tissues from the longissimus dorsi muscles of two pig breeds. Their target gene evolutionary trajectories, expression profiling, functional enrichments, subcellular localizations, and structural advances with high-throughput protein modeling, following genomic organizations, will provide new insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of adipocyte differentiation and IMF deposition and a much-needed qualitative framework for future research to improve meat quality and its role as a biomarker to treat lipid metabolic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiangyang Miao
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +86-10-62895663; Fax: +86-10-62895663
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Omeka WKM, Liyanage DS, Jeong T, Lee S, Lee J. Molecular characterization, immune responses, and functional activities of manganese superoxide dismutase in disk abalone (Haliotis discus discus). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:104299. [PMID: 34662686 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are metalloenzymes that convert superoxide radicals to H2O2 and O2. Although SODs have been extensively studied in mammals and other species, comparative studies in invertebrates, such as abalones, are lacking. Here, we aimed to characterize manganese superoxide dismutase in disk abalone (Haliotis discus discus) (AbMnSOD) by assessing its transcriptional levels at different embryonic developmental stages. Additionally, the temporal expression of AbMnSOD in different abalone tissues in response to bacterial, viral, and pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) stimuli was investigated. SOD activity was measured at various recombinant protein concentrations via the xanthine oxidase/WST-1 system. Cell viability upon exposure to H2O2, wound healing ability, and subcellular localization were determined in AbMnSOD-transfected cells. AbMnSOD was 681 bp long and contained the SOD-A domain. AbMnSOD expression was higher at the trochophore stage than at the other stages. When challenged with immune stimulants, AbMnSOD showed the highest expression at 6 h post-injection (p.i.) for all stimulants except lipopolysaccharides. In the gills, the highest AbMnSOD expression was observed at 6 h p.i., except for the Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge. Recombinant AbMnSOD showed concentration-dependent xanthine oxidase activity. Furthermore, AbMnSOD-transfected cells survived H2O2-induced apoptosis and exhibited significant wound gap closure. As expected, AbMnSOD was localized in the mitochondria of the cells. Our findings suggest that AbMnSOD is an essential antioxidant enzyme that participates in regulating developmental processes and defense mechanisms against oxidative stress in hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- W K M Omeka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - D S Liyanage
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehyug Jeong
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukkyoung Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63333, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63333, Republic of Korea.
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Choi J, Lee S, Ohkawa K, Hwang DS. Counterplotting the Mechanosensing-Based Fouling Mechanism of Mussels against Fouling. ACS NANO 2021; 15:18566-18579. [PMID: 34766757 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Marine organisms react to various factors when building colonies for survival; however, severe accumulation of diverse organisms on artificial structures located close to water causes large industrial losses. Herein, we identify a concept in the development of antifouling surfaces based on understanding the surface stiffness recognition procedure of mussel adhesion at the genetic level. It was found that on a soft surface the combination of decreased adhesive plaque size, adhesion force, and plaque protein downregulation synergistically weakens mussel wet adhesion and sometimes prevents mussels from anchoring, mainly due to transcriptional changes within the mechanosensing pathway and the adhesive proteins in secretory glands. In addition, the use of soft substrates or antagonists of surface mechanosensing behavior suppresses mussel fouling significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Choi
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sejin Lee
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang, 791-708, Republic of Korea
| | - Kousaku Ohkawa
- Institute for Fiber Engineering, Shinshu University (IFES), Tokida 3-15-1, Ueda, 386-8567, Nagano, Japan
| | - Dong Soo Hwang
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
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6
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Ruan L, Lin W, Shi H, Wang C, Chen D, Zou C, Ren J, Li X. Characterization of a novel extracellular Cu Zn superoxide dismutase from Rimicaris exoculata living around deep-sea hydrothermal vent. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:2346-2356. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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7
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Molecular characterization, purification, and antioxidant activity of recombinant superoxide dismutase from the Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:115. [PMID: 32661581 PMCID: PMC7359182 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02892-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an acidic metalloenzyme that scavenges free radicals produced by endogenous and exogenous substances. In the present study, the tissue distribution of the superoxide dismutase HdhCu/Zn-SOD was investigated in Haliotis discus hannai Ino. The expression profile after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge was determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). To study the antioxidant activity of a recombinant HdhCu/Zn-SOD protein, the HdhCu/Zn-SOD gene was cloned into the pPIC9K vector and transformed into the Pichia pastoris GS115 strain by electroporation. After induction by methanol, the recombinant product was purified using immobilized metal affinity chromatography and confirmed using mass spectrometry. The optimal expression conditions were determined to be incubation with 0.5% methanol at pH 6.0, resulting in a stable expressed product with the molecular weight of approximately 17 kDa and 21 kDa. The enzymatic activity of HdhCu/Zn-SOD consistently increased with increasing Cu2+ concentrations and showed good thermal stability. Recombinant HdhCu/Zn-SOD showed a strong ability to scavenge superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals and protected L929 cells against the toxicity caused by H2O2 through its in vitro antioxidant activity. The heterologous expression of HdhCu/Zn-SOD in P. pastoris and the antioxidant activity of this enzyme are reported for the first time.
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8
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Wang B, Liu G, Wang C, Ruan Z, Wang Q, Wang B, Qiu L, Zou S, Zhang X, Zhang L. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase from jellyfish Cyanea capillata. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 144:1-8. [PMID: 31836391 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We identified and characterized a novel superoxide dismutase (SOD), designated as CcSOD1, from the cDNA library from the tentacle tissue of the jellyfish Cyanea capillata. The full-length cDNA sequence of CcSOD1 consists of 745 nucleotides with an open reading frame encoding a mature protein of 154 amino acids, sharing a predicted structure similar to the typical Cu/Zn-SODs. The CcSOD1 coding sequence was cloned into the expression vector pET-24a and successfully expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3) pLysS. The recombinant protein rCcSOD1 was purified by HisTrap High Performance chelating column chromatography and analyzed for its biological function. Our results showed that the purified rCcSOD1 could inhibit superoxide anion and keep active in a pH interval of 4.5-9 and a temperature interval of 10-70°C. Even when heated at 70°C for 60 min, rCcSOD1 retained 100% activity, indicating a relatively high thermostability. These results suggest that CcSOD1 protein may play an important role in protecting jellyfish from oxidative damage and can serve as a new resource for antioxidant products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Marine Biomedicine and Polar Medicine, Naval Characteristic Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Xiangyin Road No.800, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guoyan Liu
- Department of Marine Biomedicine and Polar Medicine, Naval Characteristic Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Xiangyin Road No.800, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Marine Biomedicine and Polar Medicine, Naval Characteristic Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Xiangyin Road No.800, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zengliang Ruan
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan Road 2 No.74, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Department of Marine Biomedicine and Polar Medicine, Naval Characteristic Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Xiangyin Road No.800, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Beilei Wang
- Department of Marine Biomedicine and Polar Medicine, Naval Characteristic Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Xiangyin Road No.800, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Leilei Qiu
- Department of Marine Biomedicine and Polar Medicine, Naval Characteristic Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Xiangyin Road No.800, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shuaijun Zou
- Department of Marine Biomedicine and Polar Medicine, Naval Characteristic Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Xiangyin Road No.800, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiping Zhang
- Department of Traumatic Orthopaedics, the Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital, Xiangya Medical College CSU, South Changjiang Road No.116, Changsha 412007, China.
| | - Liming Zhang
- Department of Marine Biomedicine and Polar Medicine, Naval Characteristic Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Xiangyin Road No.800, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Yang W, Liu W, Wen C, Hu B, Jian S, Gang Y. A superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) with identification and functional characterization from the freshwater mussel Cristaria plicata. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 91:180-187. [PMID: 31078645 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is a sort of important metalloenzyme that can catalyze ROS in the organisms. In this study, MnSOD cDNA of C. plicata, designated as CpMnSOD (accession no. MK465057), was cloned from hemocytes. The full-length cDNA of MnSOD was 1096 bp with a 672 bp open reading frame encoding 223 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence contained a mitochondrial-targeting sequence (MTS) of 18 amino acids in the N-terminus, and four conserved amino acids for manganese binding (H49, H97, D182, H186). CpMnSOD showed a high level (65-73%) of sequence similarity to MnSODs from other species. The results of Real-time quantitative PCR revealed that CpMnSOD mRNA constitutively expressed in tissues. The highest expression level was in hepatopancreas, followed by muscle, mantle and gill, and the lowest expression level was in hemocytes. After microcystin challenge, the expression levels of CpMnSOD mRNA were up-regulated in hemocytes and hepatopancreas. The cDNA of CpMnSOD was cloned into the plasmid pColdI-ZZ, and the recombinant protein was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The enzyme stability assay showed that the purified CpMnSOD protein maintained more than 80% enzyme activity at temperature up to 70 °C, at pH 2.0-10.0, and resistant to 8 mol/L urea or 8% SDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Yang
- College of Life Science, Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Wenxiu Liu
- College of Life Science, Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Chungen Wen
- College of Life Science, Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
| | - Baoqing Hu
- College of Life Science, Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
| | - Shaoqing Jian
- College of Life Science, Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Yang Gang
- College of Life Science, Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
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Perera NCN, Godahewa GI, Nam BH, Park JY, Lee J. Two metalloenzymes from rockfish (Sebastes schligellii): Deciphering their potential involvement in redox homeostasis against oxidative stress. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 80:31-45. [PMID: 29859306 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Disturbance in the balance between pro-oxidants and anti-oxidants result oxidative stress in aerobic organisms. However, oxidative stress can be inhibited by enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense mechanisms. Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are well-known scavengers of superoxide radicals, and they protect cells by detoxifying hazardous reactive oxygen species. Here, we have identified and characterized two different SODs, CuZnSOD and MnSOD, from black rockfish (RfCuZnSOD and RfMnSOD, respectively). In silico analysis revealed the well-conserved molecular structures comprising all essential properties of CuZnSOD and MnSOD. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that both RfCuZnSOD and RfMnSOD cladded with their fish counterparts. The recombinant RfSOD proteins demonstrated their potential superoxide scavenging abilities through a xanthine oxidase assay. The optimum temperature and pH conditions for both rRfSODs were 25 °C and pH 8, respectively. Moreover, the potential peroxidation function of rRfCuZnSOD was observed in the presence of HCO3-. The highest peroxidation activity was observed at 100 μg/mL of rRfCuZnSOD using the MTT cell viability assay and flow cytometry. The analogous tissue-specific expression profile indicated ubiquitous expression of both RfCuZnSOD and RfMnSOD in selected tissues of healthy juvenile rockfish. An immune challenge experiment illustrated the altered expression profiles of both RfCuZnSOD and RfMnSOD against lipopolysaccharide, Streptococcus iniae, and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C). Collectively, these results strengthen the general understanding of the structural and functional characteristics of SODs within the host defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C N Perera
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - G I Godahewa
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Hye Nam
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 408-1 Sirang-ri, Gijang-up, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Youn Park
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 408-1 Sirang-ri, Gijang-up, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea.
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Franco-Martínez L, Martínez-Subiela S, Escribano D, Schlosser S, Nöbauer K, Razzazi-Fazeli E, Romero D, Cerón JJ, Tvarijonaviciute A. Alterations in haemolymph proteome of Mytilus galloprovincialis mussel after an induced injury. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 75:41-47. [PMID: 29407612 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A proteomic and biochemical approach was performed to assess the effects of an induced muscle injury on the haemolymph of bivalve molluscs. For this purpose, Mytilus galloprovincialis were exposed to puncture of adductor muscle for three consecutive days, and their haemolymph proteome was then compared to healthy animals using 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) to identify proteins that differed significantly in abundance. Those proteins were then subjected to tandem mass spectrometry and 6 proteins, namely myosin, tropomyosin, CuZn superoxide dismutase (SOD), triosephosphate isomerase, EP protein and small heat shock protein were identified. SOD and tropomyosin changes were verified by spectrophotometric measurements and western blotting, respectively. As some of the proteins identified are related to muscular damage and oxidative stress, other biomarkers associated with these processes that can be evaluated by automatic biochemical assays were measured including troponin, creatine kinase (CK), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) for muscle damage, and SOD, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and esterase activity (EA) for oxidative stress. Significantly higher concentrations of troponin, CK, AST, and TEAC were observed in mussels after puncture, being also possible biomarkers of non-specific induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Franco-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - Damian Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain; Department of Animal and Food Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Sarah Schlosser
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Nöbauer
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ebrahim Razzazi-Fazeli
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Diego Romero
- Area of Toxicology, Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Joaquin Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain.
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Li J, Schiavo S, Xiangli D, Rametta G, Miglietta ML, Oliviero M, Changwen W, Manzo S. Early ecotoxic effects of ZnO nanoparticle chronic exposure in Mytilus galloprovincialis revealed by transcription of apoptosis and antioxidant-related genes. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 27:369-384. [PMID: 29441433 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-018-1901-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, China became one of the largest nanomaterial markets in the world. The wide use of ZnO nanoparticles in a number of products implies an increasing release in marine environment and consequently the evaluation of the potential effects upon marine organisms largely cultured in China for commercial purposes, such as invertebrate bivalves is a current need. To this aim, survival, bioaccumulation, and transcription pattern of key genes, p53, PDRP, SOD, CAT, and GST, involved in DNA damage/repair and antioxidation, in Mytilus galloprovincialis digestive gland, exposed to ZnO NPs (<100 nm) and ZnO bulk (150-200 nm) for 4 weeks, were evaluated. ZnSO4 was also assessed to appraise the role of zinc ions. Starting from 72 h, increasing mortality values along the exposure time were observed for all ZnO compounds. The highest difference was evident after 28 d when NPs resulted three times more toxic than bulk, (LC50) = 0.78 mg Zn/L (confidence limits: 0.64, 1.00) and 2.62 mg Zn/L (confidence limits: 1.00, 4.00), respectively. For ZnSO4 the (LC50) was always the lowest reaching the minimum value at 28 d 0.25 mg Zn/L (confidence limits: 0.10-0.40). Digestive gland showed higher uptake rate of ionic Zn respect to ZnO NPs and bulk during the first three days of exposure. In particular at the end of the exposure time (28 d) at 1 mg Zn/L the rank of Zn uptake rate was Zinc ion > ZnO NPs > ZnO bulk. The relative expression of investigated genes evidenced that distinct actions of apoptosis and antioxidation occurred in M. galloprovincialis exposed to ZnO NPs with a peculiar pattern dependent on exposure time and concentration. Application of the qRT-PCR technique revealed evidence of sensitivity to the nanomaterial since the first time of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiji Li
- Università degli studi di Napoli "Federico II", Parco Gussone 1, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy
- Enea CR Portici, P. le E. Fermi, 1, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy
- National Engineering Research Center of Maricultural Facilities of China, Zhejiang Ocean University, Haida South Road 1, 316004, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Simona Schiavo
- Università degli studi di Napoli "Federico II", Parco Gussone 1, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy
- National Engineering Research Center of Maricultural Facilities of China, Zhejiang Ocean University, Haida South Road 1, 316004, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dong Xiangli
- National Engineering Research Center of Maricultural Facilities of China, Zhejiang Ocean University, Haida South Road 1, 316004, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | | | | | - Maria Oliviero
- Enea CR Portici, P. le E. Fermi, 1, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Wu Changwen
- National Engineering Research Center of Maricultural Facilities of China, Zhejiang Ocean University, Haida South Road 1, 316004, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sonia Manzo
- Enea CR Portici, P. le E. Fermi, 1, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy.
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13
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Wang M, Wang B, Jiang K, Liu M, Shi X, Wang L. A mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase involved in innate immunity is essential for the survival of Chlamys farreri. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 72:282-290. [PMID: 29127027 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) ubiquitously found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes functions as the first and essential enzyme in the antioxidant system. In the present study, a manganese SOD (designated as CfmtMnSOD) was cloned from Zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri. The complete cDNA sequence of CfmtMnSOD contained a 681 bp open reading frame (ORF), encoding a peptide of 226 amino acids. A SOD_Fe_N domain and a SOD_Fe_C domain were found in the deduced amino acid sequence of CfmtMnSOD. The mRNA transcripts of CfmtMnSOD were constitutively expressed in all the tested tissues, including gill, gonad, hepatopancreas, hemocytes, mantle and muscle, with the highest expression level in hemocytes. After the stimulation of Vibrio splendidus, Staphylococcus aureus and Yarrowia lipolytica, the mRNA transcripts of CfmtMnSOD in hemocytes all significantly increased. The purified rCfmtMnSOD protein exhibited Mn2+ dependent specific and low stable enzymatic activities. After Vibrio challenge, the cumulative mortality of CfmtMnSOD-suppressed scallops was significantly higher than those of control groups and the semi-lethal time for CfmtMnSOD-suppressed scallops was rather shorter than those of control groups either. Moreover, the final mortality rate of CfmtMnSOD-suppressed group was significant higher than those of control groups, even without Vibrio challenge. All these results indicated that CfmtMnSOD was efficient antioxidant enzyme involved in the innate immunity, and also essential for the survival of C. farreri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Baojie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Keyong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaowei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Lunan Chinese Herbal Medicine, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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14
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Giannetto A, Maisano M, Cappello T, Oliva S, Parrino V, Natalotto A, De Marco G, Fasulo S. Effects of Oxygen Availability on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in the Mediterranean Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 19:614-626. [PMID: 29151140 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-017-9780-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In aquatic environments, hypoxia and oxygen-deficient areas are increasing worldwide. Transitions in oxygen levels can influence the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), eventually leading to oxidative stress. The transcriptional response of oxidative stress biomarkers was evaluated by qPCR in gill tissue from Mytilus galloprovincialis experimentally subjected to 48-h air exposure followed by 48-h re-oxygenation, as compared to normoxic control mussels. Superoxide dismutases (CuZnsod and Mnsod), catalase (cat), and glutathione S-transferase (gst) were over-expressed early after 8-h air exposure and returned to normoxic levels during re-oxygenation. Moreover, the mRNAs and protein expression patterns of heat shock proteins (HSP70 and HSP90) and metallothioneins (MT-10 and MT-20) were modulated by oxygen availability with increased levels during re-oxygenation suggesting the participation of these cytoprotective mechanisms in the physiological oxidative stress response when oxygen concentration was restored. Overall, the observed modulation of the oxidative stress-related and general stress genes indicates that M. galloprovincialis responds to changes in oxygen availability enhancing the antioxidant potential under low oxygen conditions for dealing with the oxidative burst during future re-oxygenation. The present investigation brings further insights in understanding how intertidal molluscs cope with short-term oxygen variations and gives useful biomarkers for environmental monitoring of hypoxic areas that are predicted to occur in the next future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Giannetto
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres n. 31, 98166, Messina, Italy.
| | - Maria Maisano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres n. 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cappello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres n. 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Sabrina Oliva
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres n. 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Parrino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres n. 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Natalotto
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres n. 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Marco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres n. 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Fasulo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres n. 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
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15
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Perera NCN, Godahewa GI, Lee S, Kim MJ, Hwang JY, Kwon MG, Hwang SD, Lee J. Manganese-superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), a role player in seahorse (Hippocampus abdominalis) antioxidant defense system and adaptive immune system. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 68:435-442. [PMID: 28743628 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is a metaloenzyme that catalyzes dismutation of the hazardous superoxide radicals into less hazardous H2O2 and H2O. Here, we identified a homolog of MnSOD from big belly seahorse (Hippocampus abdominalis; HaMnSOD) and characterized its structural and functional features. HaMnSOD transcript possessed an open reading frame (ORF) of 672 bp which codes for a peptide of 223 amino acids. Pairwise alignment showed that HaMnSOD shared highest identity with rock bream MnSOD. Results of the phylogenetic analysis of HaMnSOD revealed a close proximity with rock bream MnSOD which was consistent with the result of homology alignment. The intense expression of HaMnSOD was observed in the ovary, followed by the heart and the brain. Further, immune related responses of HaMnSOD towards pathogenic stimulation were observed through bacterial and viral challenges. Highest HaMnSOD expression in response to stimulants Edwardsiella tarda, Streptococcus iniae, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) was observed in the late stage in the blood tissue. Xanthine/xanthine oxidase assay (XOD assay) indicated the ROS-scavenging ability of purified recombinant HaMnSOD (rHaMnSOD). The optimum conditions for the SOD activity of rHaMnSOD were pH 9 and the 25 °C. Collectively, the results obtained through the expressional analysis profiles and the functional assays provide insights into potential immune related and antioxidant roles of HaMnSOD in the big belly seahorse.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C N Perera
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - G I Godahewa
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongdo Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Jin Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Youn Hwang
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun Gyeong Kwon
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Don Hwang
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Wu Y, Zhou Y, Qiu Y, Chen D, Zhu Z, Zhao J, Bergman Ǻ. Occurrence and risk assessment of trace metals and metalloids in sediments and benthic invertebrates from Dianshan Lake, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:14847-14856. [PMID: 28477252 PMCID: PMC6677693 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9069-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study measured concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Sb, and Pb in surface sediments and two benthic invertebrate species (Anodonta woodiana and Bellamya aeruginosa) collected from Dianshan Lake, located in the Yangtze River Delta. The Dianshan Lake acts as one of the most important drinking water sources to Shanghai, the biggest city in China. Concentrations of trace metals and metalloids ranged from 0.04 mg/kg for Cd to 288.0 mg/kg for Zn. Substantial bioaccumulation in invertebrates was observed for Zn and Cu based on the biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) measurements. The results revealed that concentrations of metals and metalloids in sediments from Dianshan Lake were at the lower end of the range of levels found in other regions of China. The assessment of three significantly inter-related evaluation indices, including the geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), potential ecological risk factor (Eri), and mean probable effect concentration quotients (Qm-PEC), suggested that sediment-associated trace elements exhibited no considerable ecological risks in the studied watershed. However, the target hazard quotient and hazard index analysis suggested that selected elements (particularly As) accumulation in edible tissues of benthic invertebrates could pose potential health risks to local populations, especially fishermen. Given that wild aquatic organisms (e.g., fish and bivalves) constitute the diet of local populations as popular food/protein choices, further investigations are needed to better elucidate human health risks from metal and metalloid exposure via edible freshwater organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, -10691, Stockholm, SE, Sweden
| | - Yihui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yanling Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhiliang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jianfu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ǻke Bergman
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, -10691, Stockholm, SE, Sweden
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (Swetox), Forskargatan 20, -15257, Södertälje, SE, Sweden
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17
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Wang L, Wang X, Yin S. Effects of salinity change on two superoxide dismutases (SODs) in juvenile marbled eel Anguilla marmorata. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2149. [PMID: 27547518 PMCID: PMC4975029 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Salinity is one of the most important factors that affect the fish growth and survival. Superoxide dismutases (SODs), as the primary antioxidant enzymes, play a first role in the process of preventing oxidative stress caused by excessive superoxide anion (O\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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}{}${}_{2}^{-}$\end{document}2−) in living organisms. In the present study, we investigated the effects of salinity on the gene expressions as well as enzymatic activities of MnSOD and Cu/ZnSOD in gill, intestine, kidney, liver and muscle tissues of the marbled eel Anguilla marmorata. We found that the liver might possess stronger redox capacity compared with other tissues. Furthermore, the gene expressions and enzymatic activities of SODs in juvenile marbled eels could be effectively enhanced by low salinity but inhibited when the salinity was higher than the body tolerance. Our findings indicated that MnSOD and Cu/ZnSOD played vital roles in the adaptation of marbled eels to salinity variation, which contributed to the elucidation of physiological adaptation and regulatory mechanism of SODs in eels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaolu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaowu Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
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18
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Hernroth B, Baden S, Tassidis H, Hörnaeus K, Guillemant J, Bergström Lind S, Bergquist J. Impact of ocean acidification on antimicrobial activity in gills of the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 55:452-459. [PMID: 27288994 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Here, we aimed to investigate potential effects of ocean acidification on antimicrobial peptide (AMP) activity in the gills of Mytilus edulis, as gills are directly facing seawater and the changing pH (predicted to be reduced from ∼8.1 to ∼7.7 by 2100). The AMP activity of gill and haemocyte extracts was compared at pH 6.0, 7.7 and 8.1, with a radial diffusion assay against Escherichia coli. The activity of the gill extracts was not affected by pH, while it was significantly reduced with increasing pH in the haemocyte extracts. Gill extracts were also tested against different species of Vibrio (V. parahaemolyticus, V. tubiashii, V. splendidus, V. alginolyticus) at pH 7.7 and 8.1. The metabolic activity of the bacteria decreased by ∼65-90%, depending on species of bacteria, but was, as in the radial diffusion assay, not affected by pH. The results indicated that AMPs from gills are efficient in a broad pH-range. However, when mussels were pre-exposed for pH 7.7 for four month the gill extracts presented significantly lower inhibit of bacterial growth. A full in-depth proteome investigation of gill extracts, using LC-Orbitrap MS/MS technique, showed that among previously described AMPs from haemocytes of Mytilus, myticin A was found up-regulated in response to lipopolysaccharide, 3 h post injection. Sporadic occurrence of other immune related peptides/proteins also pointed to a rapid response (0.5-3 h p.i.). Altogether, our results indicate that the gills of blue mussels constitute an important first line defence adapted to act at the pH of seawater. The antimicrobial activity of the gills is however modulated when mussels are under the pressure of ocean acidification, which may give future advantages for invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hernroth
- The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Sven Lovén Center for Marine Science, Kristineberg 566, SE - 451 78 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden; Dept. of Natural Science, Kristianstad University, SE - 291 88 Kristianstad, Sweden.
| | - S Baden
- Dept. of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Kristineberg 566, SE - 451 78 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| | - H Tassidis
- Dept. of Natural Science, Kristianstad University, SE - 291 88 Kristianstad, Sweden
| | - K Hörnaeus
- Dept. of Chemistry - BMC, Analytical Chemistry and SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Box 599, SE - 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Guillemant
- Dept. of Chemistry - BMC, Analytical Chemistry and SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Box 599, SE - 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Bergström Lind
- Dept. of Chemistry - BMC, Analytical Chemistry and SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Box 599, SE - 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Bergquist
- Dept. of Chemistry - BMC, Analytical Chemistry and SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Box 599, SE - 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
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19
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Xia X, Huang C, Zhang D, Zhang Y, Xue S, Wang X, Zhang Q, Guo L. Molecular cloning, characterization, and the response of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and catalase to PBDE-47 and -209 from the freshwater bivalve Anodonta woodiana. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 51:200-210. [PMID: 26915310 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers-47 (PBDE-47) and -209 are significant components of total PBDEs in water and can catalyze the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the organisms. Anti-oxidant enzymes play an important role in scavenging the high level of ROS. In the current study, two full-length cDNAs of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (CuZnSODs) and catalase (CAT) were isolated from freshwater bivalve Anodonta woodiana by rapid amplification of cDNA ends approach and respectively named as AwSOD and AwCAT. The nucleotide sequence of AwSOD cDNA had an open reading frame (ORF) of 465 bp encoding a polypeptide of 155 amino acids in which signature 1 GKHGFHVHEFGDNT and signature 2 GNAGARSACGVI of SODs were observed. Deduced amino acid sequence of AwSOD showed a significant similarity with that of CuZnSODs. AwCAT had an ORF 1536 bp encoding a polypeptide of 512 amino acids which contains a conserved catalytic site motif, and a proximal heme-ligand signature motif of CATs. The time-course expressions of AwSOD and AwCAT in hepatopancreas were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Expressions of AwSOD and AwCAT showed a significant up-regulation in groups at a low concentration treatment of PBDE-47, a biphasic pattern in groups with a high concentration treatment. Administration of PBDE-209 could result in an up-regulation of AwSOD and AwCAT expressions with time- and dose-dependent matter. These results indicate that up-regulations of AwSOD and AwCAT expression of hepatopancreas of freshwater bivalve A. woodiana contribute to eliminate oxidative stress derived from PBDE-47 and -209 treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichao Xia
- Basal Medicine Institution of Nanyang Medical College, Nanyang 473041, Henan Province, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Centre for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Chuanfeng Huang
- Basal Medicine Institution of Nanyang Medical College, Nanyang 473041, Henan Province, China
| | - Dongxian Zhang
- Basal Medicine Institution of Nanyang Medical College, Nanyang 473041, Henan Province, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Henan Traditional Medicine University, Zhengzhou 45002, Henan Province, China
| | - Shipeng Xue
- Basal Medicine Institution of Nanyang Medical College, Nanyang 473041, Henan Province, China
| | - Xiying Wang
- Basal Medicine Institution of Nanyang Medical College, Nanyang 473041, Henan Province, China
| | - Qingyuan Zhang
- Basal Medicine Institution of Nanyang Medical College, Nanyang 473041, Henan Province, China
| | - Lianghong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Centre for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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20
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Yan JJ, Zhang L, Wang RQ, Xie B, Li X, Chen RL, Guo LX, Xie BG. The Sequence Characteristics and Expression Models Reveal Superoxide Dismutase Involved in Cold Response and Fruiting Body Development in Volvariella volvacea. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17010034. [PMID: 26784168 PMCID: PMC4730280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As the first defence for cells to counteract the toxicity of active oxygen, superoxide dismutase (SOD) plays an important role in the response of living organisms to stress and cell differentiation. One extracellular Cu-ZnSOD (ecCu-ZnSOD), and two MnSODs, were identified based on the Volvariella volvacea genome sequence. All three genes have complicated alternative splicing modes during transcription; only when the fourth intron is retained can the Vv_Cu-Znsod1 gene be translated into a protein sequence with SOD functional domains. The expression levels of the three sod genes in the pilei are higher than in the stipe. The Vv_Cu-Znsod1 and the Vv_Mnsod2 are co-expressed in different developmental stages of the fruiting body, with the highest level of expression in the pilei of the egg stage, and they show a significant, positive correlation with the efficiency of karyogamy, indicating the potential role of these two genes during karyogamy. The expression of the ecCu-Znsod and two Vv_Mnsod genes showed a significant up-regulated when treated by cold stress for one hour; however, the lack of the intracellular Cu-ZnSOD encoding gene (icCu-Znsod) and the special locus of the ecCu-Znsod gene initiation codon suggested a possible reason for the autolysis phenomenon of V. volvacea in cold conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Yan
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Rui-Qing Wang
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Food Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Bin Xie
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Xiao Li
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Ren-Liang Chen
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Li-Xian Guo
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Bao-Gui Xie
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Atasaral-Şahin Ş, Romero MR, Cueto R, González-Lavín N, Marcos M, Diz AP. Subtle tissue and sex-dependent proteome variation in mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) populations of the Galician coast (NW Spain) raised in a common environment. Proteomics 2015; 15:3993-4006. [PMID: 26449374 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis is one of the most important marine resources for aquaculture in Europe, and Galicia (NW Spain) is the EU's leading region for production. Variation in environmental and ecological factors exists in Northern and Southern estuaries of this region, and natural selection could have modulated genetic variation among populations with adaptation to local conditions as the driving force. Results from a previous genetic study using neutral markers suggested subtle genetic differentiation between mussel populations from both estuarine areas. In this new study, mussel samples from Northern and Southern estuaries were brought into a common environment to test for proteome differences due to genetic and permanent non-genetic effects in populations from both estuarine areas, using both foot and mantle border tissues. Because the sex of the mussels was determined through histological tests, sex-specific effects were also examined. Evidence of subtle differences in the foot proteome, dependent on mussel sex, were detected between populations from both estuaries. These differences were more marked for female samples. No evidence of proteome differences was found for the factors estuaries and sex in mantle border tissue. Candidate proteins with a potential role in local adaptation were identified and point to molecular functions that might be involved in responses to different stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şebnem Atasaral-Şahin
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain.,Department of Fisheries Technology Engineering, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, Surmene, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Mónica R Romero
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain.,Toralla Marine Science Station (ECIMAT), University of Vigo, Isla de Toralla, Vigo, Spain
| | - Rosa Cueto
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Nerea González-Lavín
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain.,Toralla Marine Science Station (ECIMAT), University of Vigo, Isla de Toralla, Vigo, Spain
| | - Manuel Marcos
- Structural Determination, Proteomics and Genomics Service, CACTI, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Angel P Diz
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain.,Toralla Marine Science Station (ECIMAT), University of Vigo, Isla de Toralla, Vigo, Spain
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Ji C, Cao L, Li F. Toxicological evaluation of two pedigrees of clam Ruditapes philippinarum as bioindicators of heavy metal contaminants using metabolomics. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 39:545-554. [PMID: 25681705 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution has been of great concern in the Bohai marine environment. Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum has been used as a bioindicator in marine toxicology. In this study, NMR-based metabolomics was used to ascertain whether there were significant biological differences between two dominant pedigrees (White and Zebra) of clam and evaluate the suitability of two pedigrees for marine environmental toxicology, together with antioxidant enzymatic analysis. Our results indicated that there were significant biological differences between White and Zebra clams based on the metabolic profiles and antioxidant enzyme activities. In details, the metabolic profiles showed higher levels of amino acids and succinate in Zebra clam digestive glands and higher levels of ATP in White clam digestive glands, respectively. The superoxide dismutase activities in control White and Zebra clam samples were significantly different. Additionally, White clam was more sensitive to Cd based on the significant accumulation of Cd, antioxidant enzymatic alterations and sensitive metabolic changes. Overall, we concluded that White clam could be a preferable bioindicator for marine environmental toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Lulu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China.
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23
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Lu X, Wang C, Liu B. The role of Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD in the immune response to oxidative stress and pathogen challenge in the clam Meretrix meretrix. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 42:58-65. [PMID: 25449371 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) and manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) could effectively eliminate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and maintain the redox balance of immune system. In the present study, the potential synergy of Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD in immune system was investigated in the clam Meretrix meretrix. The expression of Cu/Zn-SOD mainly distributed in hepatopancreas and that of Mn-SOD was higher in gill of M. meretrix, and their mRNA and protein activity paralleled with each other. In response to H2O2 challenge, Cu/Zn-SOD mRNA showed significantly higher level at 24 h post-challenge and Mn-SOD mRNA was significantly higher at 12 and 24 h post-challenge in the experimental clams than in the control clams (P<0.05). After injection with Vibrio-parahaemolyticus-related bacterium (MM21), the Cu/Zn-SOD mRNA was significantly up-regulated at 24 h and 48 h post-injection and Mn-SOD mRNA was significantly higher at 24 h post-injection in MM21-injected clams than in control clams (P<0.05), suggesting that both of them might involve in the immune defense to Vibrio challenge. The mRNA expression of Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD was examined in a Vibrio-resistant population and a control population after MM21 immersion challenge. The increased transcription of Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD in the resistant population suggested both of them could benefit the immune system to defend against pathogen infection. As expression of Mn-SOD mRNA depended on stimuli and was more easily inducible, its response to H2O2 and Vibrio challenge was earlier than Cu/Zn-SOD. Our study suggested the redox balance might play an important role in M. meretrix to resist pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Lu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Baozhong Liu
- Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Umasuthan N, Bathige S, Thulasitha WS, Qiang W, Lim BS, Lee J. Characterization of rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) cytosolic Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase in terms of molecular structure, genomic arrangement, stress-induced mRNA expression and antioxidant function. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 176:18-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Sensitivity of Larvae and Adult and the Immunologic Characteristics ofLitopenaeus vannameiunder the Acute Hypoxia. J CHEM-NY 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/574534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Litopenaeus vannameiis one of the most commercially important species of shrimp in the world. In this study, we performed acute hypoxia tests withLitopenaeus vannameito estimate 12 h median lethal concentration (LC50) values at different life stages. The results indicated that the 12 h LC50values were significantly different in different life stages of shrimp(P<0.05). The maximum value of 12 h LC50was 2.113 mg L−1for mysis III, and the minimum value was 0.535 mg L−1for adult shrimp with an average total length of 6 cm. The study also determined the hemocyanin concentration (HC) and the total hemocyte counts (THC) in the conditions of hypoxia and reoxygenation. These results showed that the THC decreased and the HC increased under hypoxia, and the THC increased and the HC decreased in the condition of reoxygenation. These results can provide fundamental information for shrimp farming and seedling and also can guide the breeding selection, as well as being very helpful to better understand the hypoxia stress mechanism of shrimp.
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Zhang D, Cui S, Guo H, Jiang S. Genomic structure, characterization and expression analysis of a manganese superoxide dismutase from pearl oyster Pinctada fucata. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:484-490. [PMID: 23880235 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is a major component of the cellular defense mechanisms against oxidative damage. We cloned and analyzed the expression pattern and genomic structure of the MnSOD gene of pearl oyster Pinctada fucata, hereafter designated as PoMnSOD. The full-length PoMnSOD cDNA was 1080 bp in length and consisted of a 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of 222 bp, a 3'-UTR of 318 bp with a polyadenylation signal (AATAAA) at 15 nucleotides upstream of the poly (A) tail, and an open reading frame (ORF) of 540 bp encoding a polypeptide of 180 amino acids with an estimated molecular mass of 20.4 kDa and a predicted pI of 6.72. Sequence analysis showed that PoMnSOD contained MnSOD family signatures F(44)NGGGHLNH(52), I(97)QGSGWGWLA(106) and D(138)VWEHAYY(145), four conserved residues for manganese metal binding (H(4), H(52), D(138) and H(142)), and two potential N-glycosylation sites (N(33) and N(51)). Homology analysis revealed that PoMnSOD shared 47.6-55.9% identity and 57.4-65.6% similarity to the other known PoMnSOD amino acid sequences. PoMnSOD genomic DNA was 5040 bp in length and contained three exons and two introns, which was a tripartite organization and coincided with the consensus GT-AG splicing rule. PoMnSOD promoter contained the various transcription factors associated with the immune modulation and stress responses. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that PoMnSOD was constitutively expressed in all detected tissues, and PoMnSOD mRNA expression was significantly up-regulated in intestine, mantle, gills, digestive gland and haemocytes after Vibrio alginolyticus injection. These results suggested that PoMoSOD was an acute-response protein involved in the innate immune responses of pearl oyster, and provided general information about the mechanisms of innate immune defense against bacterial infection in pearl oyster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianchang Zhang
- Division of Aquaculture and Biotechnology, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510300, China
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