1
|
Sousa CSV, Peng M, Guerreiro PM, Cardoso JCR, Chen L, Canário AVM, Power DM. Differential tissue immune stimulation through immersion in bacterial and viral agonists in the Antarctic Notothenia rossii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 148:109516. [PMID: 38548189 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The genome evolution of Antarctic notothenioids has been modulated by their extreme environment over millennia and more recently by human-caused constraints such as overfishing and climate change. Here we investigated the characteristics of the immune system in Notothenia rossii and how it responds to 8 h immersion in viral (Poly I:C, polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid) and bacterial (LPS, lipopolysaccharide) proxies. Blood plasma antiprotease activity and haematocrit were reduced in Poly I:C-treated fish only, while plasma protein, lysozyme activity and cortisol were unchanged with both treatments. The skin and duodenum transcriptomes responded strongly to the treatments, unlike the liver and spleen which had a mild response. Furthermore, the skin transcriptome responded most to the bacterial proxy (cell adhesion, metabolism and immune response processes) and the duodenum (metabolism, response to stress, regulation of intracellular signal transduction, and immune system responses) to the viral proxy. The differential tissue response to the two proxy challenges is indicative of immune specialisation of the duodenum and the skin towards pathogens. NOD-like and C-type lectin receptors may be central in recognising LPS and Poly I:C. Other antimicrobial compounds such as iron and selenium-related genes are essential defence mechanisms to protect the host from sepsis. In conclusion, our study revealed a specific response of two immune barrier tissue, the skin and duodenum, in Notothenia rossii when exposed to pathogen proxies by immersion, and this may represent an adaptation to pathogen infective strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cármen S V Sousa
- Centro de Ciências do Mar CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Maoxiao Peng
- Centro de Ciências do Mar CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology and National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pedro M Guerreiro
- Centro de Ciências do Mar CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - João C R Cardoso
- Centro de Ciências do Mar CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Liangbiao Chen
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology and National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Adelino V M Canário
- Centro de Ciências do Mar CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology and National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Deborah M Power
- Centro de Ciências do Mar CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology and National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Saravia J, Paschke K, Pontigo JP, Nualart D, Navarro JM, Vargas-Chacoff L. Effects of temperature on the innate immune response on Antarctic and sub-Antarctic fish Harpagifer antarcticus and Harpagifer bispinis challenged with two immunostimulants, LPS and Poly I:C: In vivo and in vitro approach. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 130:391-408. [PMID: 36126838 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rising ocean temperatures due to climate change combined with the intensification of anthropogenic activity can drive shifts in the geographic distribution of species, with the risks of introducing new diseases. In a changing environment, new host-pathogen interactions or changes to existing dynamics represent a major challenge for native species at high latitudes. Notothenioid fish constitute a unique study system since members of this group are found inside and outside Antarctica, are highly adapted to cold and particularly sensitive to temperature increments. However, data about their immune response remains scarce. Here, we aimed to evaluate the innate immune response under thermal stress in two species of Notothenioid fish, Harpagifer antarcticus and Harpagifer bispinis. Adult individuals from both species were collected on King George Island (Antarctica), and Punta Arenas (Chile), respectively. Specimens were assigned to a control group or injected with one of two agents (LPS and Poly I:C) to simulate either a bacterial or viral infection, and subjected to three different temperatures 2, 5 and 8 °C for 1 week. In parallel, we established leukocytes primary cell cultures from head kidney, which were also subjected to the immunostimulants at the same three temperatures, and incubated for 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. We evaluated the relative gene expression of genes involved in the innate immune response (TLR1, TLR3, NF-kB, MYD88, IFNGR e IL-8) through real time qPCR. We found differences between species mainly in vivo, where H. antarcticus exhibited upregulation at high temperatures and H. bispinis seemed to have reached their physiological minimum at 2 °C. Although temperature had a strong effect during the in vivo assay for both species, it was negligible for primary cell cultures, which responded primarily to condition and time. Moreover, while leukocytes responded with fluctuations across time points, in vivo both species manifested strong and clear patterns of gene expression. These results highlight the importance of evaluating the effect of multiple stressors and set a precedent for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Saravia
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (Fondap IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Escuela de Graduados, Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de La Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile.
| | - Kurt Paschke
- Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (Fondap IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile; Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems, BASE, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Pontigo
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Aplicada, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Daniela Nualart
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (Fondap IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Escuela de Graduados, Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de La Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile; Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems, BASE, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Jorge M Navarro
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (Fondap IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Luis Vargas-Chacoff
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (Fondap IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems, BASE, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Caballero-Solares A, Umasuthan N, Xue X, Katan T, Kumar S, Westcott JD, Chen Z, Fast MD, Skugor S, Taylor RG, Rise ML. Interacting Effects of Sea Louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) Infection and Formalin-Killed Aeromonas salmonicida on Atlantic Salmon Skin Transcriptome. Front Immunol 2022; 13:804987. [PMID: 35401509 PMCID: PMC8987027 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.804987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lepeophtheirus salmonis (sea lice) and bacterial co-infection threatens wild and farmed Atlantic salmon performance and welfare. In the present study, pre-adult L. salmonis-infected and non-infected salmon were intraperitoneally injected with either formalin-killed Aeromonas salmonicida bacterin (ASAL) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Dorsal skin samples from each injection/infection group (PBS/no lice, PBS/lice, ASAL/no lice, and ASAL/lice) were collected at 24 h post-injection and used for transcriptome profiling using a 44K salmonid microarray platform. Microarray results showed no clear inflammation gene expression signatures and revealed extensive gene repression effects by pre-adult lice (2,189 down and 345 up-regulated probes) in the PBS-injected salmon (PBS/lice vs. PBS/no lice), which involved basic cellular (e.g., RNA and protein metabolism) processes. Lice repressive effects were not observed within the group of ASAL-injected salmon (ASAL/lice vs. ASAL/no lice); on the contrary, the observed skin transcriptome changes –albeit of lesser magnitude (82 up and 1 down-regulated probes)– suggested the activation in key immune and wound healing processes (e.g., neutrophil degranulation, keratinocyte differentiation). The molecular skin response to ASAL was more intense in the lice-infected (ASAL/lice vs. PBS/lice; 272 up and 11 down-regulated probes) than in the non-infected fish (ASAL/no lice vs. PBS/no lice; 27 up-regulated probes). Regardless of lice infection, the skin’s response to ASAL was characterized by the putative activation of both antibacterial and wound healing pathways. The transcriptomic changes prompted by ASAL+lice co-stimulation (ASAL/lice vs. PBS/no lice; 1878 up and 3120 down-regulated probes) confirmed partial mitigation of lice repressive effects on fundamental cellular processes and the activation of pathways involved in innate (e.g., neutrophil degranulation) and adaptive immunity (e.g., antibody formation), as well as endothelial cell migration. The qPCR analyses evidenced immune-relevant genes co-stimulated by ASAL and lice in an additive (e.g., mbl2b, bcl6) and synergistic (e.g., hampa, il4r) manner. These results provided insight on the physiological response of the skin of L. salmonis-infected salmon 24 h after ASAL stimulation, which revealed immunostimulatory properties by the bacterin with potential applications in anti-lice treatments for aquaculture. As a simulated co-infection model, the present study also serves as a source of candidate gene biomarkers for sea lice and bacterial co-infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Caballero-Solares
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
- *Correspondence: Albert Caballero-Solares,
| | | | - Xi Xue
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Tomer Katan
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Surendra Kumar
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | | | - Zhiyu Chen
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
- Fisheries and Marine Institute, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Mark D. Fast
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Stanko Skugor
- Cargill Aqua Nutrition, Cargill, Sea Lice Research Center (SLRC), Sandnes, Norway
| | | | - Matthew L. Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sousa C, Fernandes SA, Cardoso JCR, Wang Y, Zhai W, Guerreiro PM, Chen L, Canário AVM, Power DM. Toll-Like Receptor Evolution: Does Temperature Matter? Front Immunol 2022; 13:812890. [PMID: 35237266 PMCID: PMC8882821 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.812890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and are an ancient and well-conserved group of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The isolation of the Antarctic continent and its unique teleost fish and microbiota prompted the present investigation into Tlr evolution. Gene homologues of tlr members in teleosts from temperate regions were present in the genome of Antarctic Nototheniidae and the non-Antarctic sister lineage Bovichtidae. Overall, in Nototheniidae apart from D. mawsoni, no major tlr gene family expansion or contraction occurred. Instead, lineage and species-specific changes in the ectodomain and LRR of Tlrs occurred, particularly in the Tlr11 superfamily that is well represented in fish. Positive selective pressure and associated sequence modifications in the TLR ectodomain and within the leucine-rich repeats (LRR), important for pathogen recognition, occurred in Tlr5, Tlr8, Tlr13, Tlr21, Tlr22, and Tlr23 presumably associated with the unique Antarctic microbiota. Exposure to lipopolysaccharide (Escherichia coli O111:B4) Gram negative bacteria did not modify tlr gene expression in N. rossii head–kidney or anterior intestine, although increased water temperature (+4°C) had a significant effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cármen Sousa
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | | | - João C. R. Cardoso
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Ying Wang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University (SHOU), Shanghai, China
| | - Wanying Zhai
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University (SHOU), Shanghai, China
| | - Pedro M. Guerreiro
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Liangbiao Chen
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University (SHOU), Shanghai, China
| | - Adelino V. M. Canário
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University (SHOU), Shanghai, China
| | - Deborah M. Power
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University (SHOU), Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Deborah M. Power,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Commensal and Opportunistic Bacteria Present in the Microbiota in Atlantic Cod ( Gadus morhua) Larvae Differentially Alter the Hosts' Innate Immune Responses. Microorganisms 2021; 10:microorganisms10010024. [PMID: 35056473 PMCID: PMC8779962 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The roles of host-associated bacteria have gained attention lately, and we now recognise that the microbiota is essential in processes such as digestion, development of the immune system and gut function. In this study, Atlantic cod larvae were reared under germ-free, gnotobiotic and conventional conditions. Water and fish microbiota were characterised by 16S rRNA gene analyses. The cod larvae’s transcriptional responses to the different microbial conditions were analysed by a custom Agilent 44 k oligo microarray. Gut development was assessed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Water and fish microbiota differed significantly in the conventional treatment and were dominated by different fast-growing bacteria. Our study indicates that components of the innate immune system of cod larvae are downregulated by the presence of non-pathogenic bacteria, and thus may be turned on by default in the early larval stages. We see indications of decreased nutrient uptake in the absence of bacteria. The bacteria also influence the gut morphology, reflected in shorter microvilli with higher density in the conventional larvae than in the germ-free larvae. The fact that the microbiota alters innate immune responses and gut morphology demonstrates its important role in marine larval development.
Collapse
|
6
|
Li T, Raza SHA, Yang B, Sun Y, Wang G, Sun W, Qian A, Wang C, Kang Y, Shan X. Aeromonas veronii Infection in Commercial Freshwater Fish: A Potential Threat to Public Health. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10040608. [PMID: 32252334 PMCID: PMC7222775 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas veronii is an important pathogen causing freshwater fish sepsis and ulcer syndrome. An increasing number of cases have demonstrated its significance as an aquatic zoonotic agent. The purpose of this study was to ensure the safety of freshwater products by evaluating the infection status of edible freshwater fish. In this experiment, we isolated A. veronii from several species of apparently healthy freshwater fish, including Carassius auratus, Cyprinus carpio, Ctenopharyngodon idella, and Silurus asotus. A. veronii was identified through bacterial staining, culture characteristics, and 16S rDNA gene sequence. In addition, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to investigate the distribution of seven major virulence genes, including aerolysin (aer: 88.51%), cytotoxic enterotoxin (act: 71.26%), serine proteinase (ser: 54.02%), adhesin (Aha: 40.23%), phospholipase (lip: 45.98%), nuclease (exu: 51.72%), and quorum sensing-controlled virulence factor (LuxS: 59.77%). In total, 496 strains of Aeromonas were isolated, including 87 strains of A. veronii. The isolates of A. veronii were Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria, and the colonies are yellow on Rimler-Shotts (RS) medium and showed greater than 99% homology with A. veronii ATCC35624 according to analyses of the 16S rDNA sequence. Nearly 50% of the A. veronii isolates carried at least four or more virulence genes, 25% of the isolates carried at least five types of virulence genes, and 59.77% isolates carried the LuxS gene, and the isolates carrying more virulence genes were found to be more virulent. These results are of great significance for further improving the food safety assessment of freshwater aquatic products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China; (T.L.); (B.Y.); (Y.S.); (G.W.); (W.S.); (A.Q.); (C.W.)
| | | | - Bintong Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China; (T.L.); (B.Y.); (Y.S.); (G.W.); (W.S.); (A.Q.); (C.W.)
- College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang District, Changchun 130600, China
| | - Yufeng Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China; (T.L.); (B.Y.); (Y.S.); (G.W.); (W.S.); (A.Q.); (C.W.)
| | - Guiqin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China; (T.L.); (B.Y.); (Y.S.); (G.W.); (W.S.); (A.Q.); (C.W.)
| | - Wuwen Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China; (T.L.); (B.Y.); (Y.S.); (G.W.); (W.S.); (A.Q.); (C.W.)
| | - Aidong Qian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China; (T.L.); (B.Y.); (Y.S.); (G.W.); (W.S.); (A.Q.); (C.W.)
| | - Chunfeng Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China; (T.L.); (B.Y.); (Y.S.); (G.W.); (W.S.); (A.Q.); (C.W.)
| | - Yuanhuan Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China; (T.L.); (B.Y.); (Y.S.); (G.W.); (W.S.); (A.Q.); (C.W.)
- Correspondence: (Y.K.); (X.S.); Tel.: +86-0431-84533426 (Y.K.)
| | - Xiaofeng Shan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China; (T.L.); (B.Y.); (Y.S.); (G.W.); (W.S.); (A.Q.); (C.W.)
- Correspondence: (Y.K.); (X.S.); Tel.: +86-0431-84533426 (Y.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Martínez DP, Sousa C, Oyarzún R, Pontigo JP, Canario AVM, Power DM, Vargas-Chacoff L, Guerreiro PM. LPS Modulates the Expression of Iron-Related Immune Genes in Two Antarctic Notothenoids. Front Physiol 2020; 11:102. [PMID: 32116802 PMCID: PMC7033475 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-specific immunity can induce iron deprivation as a defense mechanism against potential bacterial pathogens, but little information is available as to its role in Antarctic fish. In this study the response of iron metabolism related genes was evaluated in liver and head kidney of the Antarctic notothenoids Notothenia coriiceps and Notothenia rossii 7 days after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. Average plasma Fe2+ concentration was unaffected by treatment in any of the species. The gene expression response to LPS varied between tissues and species, being stronger in N. coriiceps and more prominent in the head kidney than liver. The reaction to LPS was marked by increased individual variability in most genes analyzed, even when the change in expression was not statistically significant, suggesting different individual sensitivity and coping responses in these wild fish. We found that iron related genes had an attenuated and homogenous response to LPS but there was no detectable relationship between plasma Fe2+ and gene expression. However, overall in both tissues and species LPS exposure set a multilevel response that concur to promote intracellular accumulation of iron, an indication that Antarctic Notothenoids use innate nutritional immunity as a resistance mechanism against pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danixa Pamela Martínez
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carmen Sousa
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Oyarzún
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Escuela de Graduados, Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Pontigo
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | - Deborah Mary Power
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Luis Vargas-Chacoff
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Inkpen SM, Solbakken MH, Jentoft S, Eslamloo K, Rise ML. Full characterization and transcript expression profiling of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) gene family in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 98:166-180. [PMID: 30928323 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) represents a unique immune system among teleost fish, making it a species of interest for immunological studies, and especially for investigating the evolutionary history of immune gene families. The interferon regulatory factor (IRF) gene family encodes transcription factors which function in the interferon pathway, but also in areas including leukocyte differentiation, cell growth, autoimmunity, and development. We previously characterized several IRF family members in Atlantic cod (Irf4a, Irf4b, Irf7, Irf8, and two Irf10 splice variants) at the cDNA and putative amino acid levels, and in the current study we took advantage of the new and improved Atlantic cod genome assembly in combination with rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) to characterize the remaining family members (i.e. Irf3, Irf5, Irf6, Irf9, and two Irf2 splice variants). Real-time quantitative PCR (QPCR) was used to investigate constitutive expression of all IRF transcripts during embryonic development, suggesting several putative maternal transcripts, and potential stage-specific roles. QPCR studies also showed 11 of 13 transcripts were responsive to stimulation with poly(I:C), while 6 of 13 transcripts were responsive to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in Atlantic cod head kidney macrophages, indicating roles for cod IRF family members in both antiviral and antibacterial responses. This study is the first to investigate expression of the complete IRF family in Atlantic cod, and suggests potential novel roles for several of these transcription factors within immunity as well as in early development of this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina M Inkpen
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Monica H Solbakken
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Sissel Jentoft
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Khalil Eslamloo
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Matthew L Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang B, Zhang H, Qin G, Liu Y, Han X, Yin J, Lin Q. TLR2 gene in seahorse brood pouch plays key functional roles in LPS-induced antibacterial responses. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:1085-1089. [PMID: 31037728 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huixian Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Geng Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Whole transcriptome analysis of the Atlantic cod vaccine response reveals subtle changes in adaptive immunity. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2019; 31:100597. [PMID: 31176987 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2019.100597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Atlantic cod has lost the Major Histocompatibility complex class II pathway - central to pathogen presentation, humoral response and immunity. Here, we investigate the immunological response of Atlantic cod subsequent to dip vaccination with Vibrioanguillarum bacterin using transcriptome sequencing. The experiment was conducted on siblings from an Atlantic cod family found to be highly susceptible towards vibriosis where vaccination has demonstrated improved pathogen resistance. Gene expression analyses at 2, 4, 21 and 42 days post vaccination revealed GO-term enrichment for muscle, neuron and metabolism-related pathways. In-depth characterization of immune-related GO terms demonstrated down-regulation of MHCI antigen presentation, C-type lectin receptor signaling and granulocyte activation over time. Phagocytosis, interferon-gamma signaling and negative regulation of innate immunity were increasingly up-regulated over time. Individual differentially expressed immune genes implies weak initiation of acute phase proteins with little or no inflammation. Furthermore, gene expression indicates presence of T-cells, NK-like cells, B-cells and monocytes/macrophages. Three MHCI transcripts were up-regulated with B2M and SEC61. Overall, we find no clear immune-related transcriptomic response which could be attributed to Atlantic cod's alternative immune system. However, we cannot rule out that this response is related to vaccination protocol/sampling strategy. Earlier functional studies demonstrate significant memory in Atlantic cod post dip vaccination and combined with our results indicate the presence of other adaptive immunity mechanisms. In particular, we suggest that further investigations should look into CD8+ memory T-cells, γδ T-cells, T-cell independent memory or memory induced through NK-like/other lymphoid cells locally in the mucosal lining for this particular vaccination strategy.
Collapse
|
11
|
Claudiano GS, Yunis-Aguinaga J, Marinho-Neto FA, Miranda RL, Martins IM, Otani FS, Mundim AV, Marzocchi-Machado CM, Moraes JRE, de Moraes FR. Hematological and immune changes in Piaractus mesopotamicus in the sepsis induced by Aeromonas hydrophila. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 88:259-265. [PMID: 30716521 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of sepsis involves complex systems and multiple interrelationships between the host and pathogen producing high mortality rates in various animal species. In this study, hematological disturbances, innate immunity and survival during the septic process in Piaractus mesopotamicus inoculated with Aeromonas hydrophila were studied. For this aim, fish blood samples were taken from control and infected groups 1, 3, 6, and 9 h post-inoculation (HPI). Leukogram showed reduction in the number of leukocytes and thrombocytes, followed by cessation of leukocyte chemotaxis 6 HPI and severe morphological changes in leukocytes and erythrocytes. At 3 HPI production of reactive oxygen species increased and at 6 HPI decreased. There was no change in serum lysozyme concentration and lytic activity of the complement system, despite the progressive increase in serum lytic activity and bacterial agglutination. Finally, the changes in clinical signs due to aeromonosis and increasing septicemia resulted in a reduction in survival to 57.14% after 36 HPI. It was possible concluded that these hematological and immune are crucial event in the worsening of sepsis in P. mesopotamicus, and these findings are utility for diagnosing and understanding the pathophysiology sepsis in pacu induced by A. hydrophila.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo S Claudiano
- Department of Veterinarian Pathology, Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Unesp, Brazil; Institute of Biodiversity and Forests, Federal University of Western Pará, UFOPA, Pará, Brazil.
| | | | - Fausto A Marinho-Neto
- Department of Veterinarian Pathology, Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Unesp, Brazil.
| | - Renata L Miranda
- Clinical Analysis Laboratory, Veterinary Hospital, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
| | - Isabela M Martins
- Department of Veterinarian Pathology, Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Unesp, Brazil
| | - Fabrizia S Otani
- Institute of Biodiversity and Forests, Federal University of Western Pará, UFOPA, Pará, Brazil.
| | - Antonio V Mundim
- Clinical Analysis Laboratory, Veterinary Hospital, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
| | - Cleni M Marzocchi-Machado
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analyses, Ribeirão Preto School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil.
| | - Julieta R E Moraes
- Department of Veterinarian Pathology, Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Unesp, Brazil; Aquaculture Center of UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Flávio Ruas de Moraes
- Department of Veterinarian Pathology, Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Unesp, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Eslamloo K, Ghorbani A, Xue X, Inkpen SM, Larijani M, Rise ML. Characterization and Transcript Expression Analyses of Atlantic Cod Viperin. Front Immunol 2019; 10:311. [PMID: 30894853 PMCID: PMC6414715 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Viperin is a key antiviral effector in immune responses of vertebrates including the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Using cloning, sequencing and gene expression analyses, we characterized the Atlantic cod viperin at the nucleotide and hypothetical amino acid levels, and its regulating factors were investigated. Atlantic cod viperin cDNA is 1,342 bp long, and its predicted protein contains 347 amino acids. Using in silico analyses, we showed that Atlantic cod viperin is composed of 5 exons, as in other vertebrate orthologs. In addition, the radical SAM domain and C-terminal sequences of the predicted Viperin protein are highly conserved among various species. As expected, Atlantic cod Viperin was most closely related to other teleost orthologs. Using computational modeling, we show that the Atlantic cod Viperin forms similar overall protein architecture compared to mammalian Viperins. qPCR revealed that viperin is a weakly expressed transcript during embryonic development of Atlantic cod. In adults, the highest constitutive expression of viperin transcript was found in blood compared with 18 other tissues. Using isolated macrophages and synthetic dsRNA (pIC) stimulation, we tested various immune inhibitors to determine the possible regulating pathways of Atlantic cod viperin. Atlantic cod viperin showed a comparable pIC induction to other well-known antiviral genes (e.g., interferon gamma and interferon-stimulated gene 15-1) in response to various immune inhibitors. The pIC induction of Atlantic cod viperin was significantly inhibited with 2-Aminopurine, Chloroquine, SB202190, and Ruxolitinib. Therefore, endosomal-TLR-mediated pIC recognition and signal transducers (i.e., PKR and p38 MAPK) downstream of the TLR-dependent pathway may activate the gene expression response of Atlantic cod viperin. Also, these results suggest that antiviral responses of Atlantic cod viperin may be transcriptionally regulated through the interferon-activated pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Eslamloo
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Atefeh Ghorbani
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Xi Xue
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Sabrina M Inkpen
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Mani Larijani
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Matthew L Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Uren Webster TM, Rodriguez-Barreto D, Martin SA, Van Oosterhout C, Orozco-terWengel P, Cable J, Hamilton A, Garcia De Leaniz C, Consuegra S. Contrasting effects of acute and chronic stress on the transcriptome, epigenome, and immune response of Atlantic salmon. Epigenetics 2018; 13:1191-1207. [PMID: 30526303 PMCID: PMC6986783 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2018.1554520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress experienced during early life may have lasting effects on the immune system, with impacts on health and disease dependent on the nature and duration of the stressor. The epigenome is especially sensitive to environmental stimuli during early life and represents a potential mechanism through which stress may cause long-lasting health effects. However, the extent to which the epigenome responds differently to chronic vs acute stressors is unclear, especially for non-mammalian species. We examined the effects of acute stress (cold-shock during embryogenesis) and chronic stress (absence of tank enrichment during larval-stage) on global gene expression (using RNA-seq) and DNA methylation (using RRBS) in the gills of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) four months after hatching. Chronic stress induced pronounced transcriptional differences, while acute stress caused few lasting transcriptional effects. However, both acute and chronic stress caused lasting and contrasting changes in the methylome. Crucially, we found that acute stress enhanced transcriptional immune response to a pathogenic challenge (bacterial lipopolysaccharide, LPS), while chronic stress suppressed it. We identified stress-induced changes in promoter and gene-body methylation that were associated with altered expression for a small proportion of immune-related genes, and evidence of wider epigenetic regulation within signalling pathways involved in immune response. Our results suggest that stress can affect immuno-competence through epigenetic mechanisms, and highlight the markedly different effects of chronic larval and acute embryonic stress. This knowledge could be used to harness the stimulatory effects of acute stress on immunity, paving the way for improved stress and disease management through epigenetic conditioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamsyn M. Uren Webster
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Research, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Joanne Cable
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Alastair Hamilton
- Landcatch Natural Selection Ltd, Stirling University Innovation Park, Stirling, UK
| | - Carlos Garcia De Leaniz
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Research, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Sofia Consuegra
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Research, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hu Y, Wei X, Liao Z, Gao Y, Liu X, Su J, Yuan G. Transcriptome Analysis Provides Insights into the Markers of Resting and LPS-Activated Macrophages in Grass Carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella). Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113562. [PMID: 30424518 PMCID: PMC6274997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are very versatile immune cells, with the characteristics of a proinflammatory phenotype in response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns. However, the specific activation marker genes of macrophages have not been systematically investigated in teleosts. In this work, leukocytes (WBC) were isolated using the Percoll gradient method. Macrophages were enriched by the adherent culture of WBC, then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Macrophages were identified by morphological features, functional activity and authorized cytokine expression. Subsequently, we collected samples, constructed and sequenced transcriptomic libraries including WBC, resting macrophage (Mø) and activated macrophage (M(LPS)) groups. We gained a total of 20.36 Gb of clean data including 149.24 million reads with an average length of 146 bp. Transcriptome analysis showed 708 differential genes between WBC and Mø, 83 differentially expressed genes between Mø and M(LPS). Combined with RT-qPCR, we proposed that four novel cell surface marker genes (CD22-like, CD63, CD48 and CD276) and two chemokines (CXCL-like and CCL39.3) would be emerging potential marker genes of macrophage in grass carp. Furthermore, CD69, CD180, CD27, XCL32a.2 and CXCL8a genes can be used as marker genes to confirm whether macrophages are activated. Transcriptome profiling reveals novel molecules associated with macrophages in C. Idella, which may represent a potential target for macrophages activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yazhen Hu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Xiaolei Wei
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Zhiwei Liao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yu Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jianguo Su
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Gailing Yuan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Oil from transgenic Camelina sativa containing over 25 % n-3 long-chain PUFA as the major lipid source in feed for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Br J Nutr 2018; 119:1378-1392. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518001125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractFacing a bottleneck in the growth of aquaculture, and a gap in the supply and demand of the highly beneficial n-3 long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA), sustainable alternatives to traditional marine-based feeds are required. Therefore, in the present trial, a novel oil obtained from a genetically engineered oilseed crop, Camelina sativa, that supplied over 25 % n-3 LC-PUFA was tested as a sole dietary-added lipid source in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) feed. Three groups of fish were fed three experimental diets for 12 weeks with the same basal composition and containing 20 % added oil supplied by either a blend of fish oil and rapeseed oil (1:3) (COM) reflecting current commercial formulations, wild-type Camelina oil (WCO) or the novel transgenic Camelina oil (TCO). There were no negative effects on the growth, survival rate or health of the fish. The whole fish and flesh n-3 LC-PUFA levels were highest in fish fed TCO, with levels more than 2-fold higher compared with those of fish fed the COM and WCO diets, respectively. Diet TCO had no negative impacts on the evaluated immune and physiological parameters of head kidney monocytes. The transcriptomic responses of liver and mid-intestine showed only mild effects on metabolism genes. Overall, the results clearly indicated that the oil from transgenic Camelina was highly efficient in supplying n-3 LC-PUFA providing levels double that obtained with a current commercial standard, and similar to those a decade ago before substantial dietary fishmeal and oil replacement.
Collapse
|
16
|
Smith NC, Christian SL, Taylor RG, Santander J, Rise ML. Immune modulatory properties of 6-gingerol and resveratrol in Atlantic salmon macrophages. Mol Immunol 2018; 95:10-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
17
|
Seppola M, Bakkemo KR, Mikkelsen H, Myrnes B, Helland R, Irwin DM, Nilsen IW. Multiple specialised goose-type lysozymes potentially compensate for an exceptional lack of chicken-type lysozymes in Atlantic cod. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28318. [PMID: 27324690 PMCID: PMC4914998 DOI: 10.1038/srep28318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous analyses of the Atlantic cod genome showed unique combinations of lacking and expanded number of genes for the immune system. The present study examined lysozyme activity, lysozyme gene distribution and expression in cod. Enzymatic assays employing specific bacterial lysozyme inhibitors provided evidence for presence of g-type, but unexpectedly not for c-type lysozyme activity. Database homology searches failed to identify any c-type lysozyme gene in the cod genome or in expressed sequence tags from cod. In contrast, we identified four g-type lysozyme genes (LygF1a-d) constitutively expressed, although differentially, in all cod organs examined. The active site glutamate residue is replaced by alanine in LygF1a, thus making it enzymatic inactive, while LygF1d was found in two active site variants carrying alanine or glutamate, respectively. In vitro and in vivo infection by the intracellular bacterium Francisella noatunensis gave a significantly reduced LygF1a and b expression but increased expression of the LygF1c and d genes as did also the interferon gamma (IFNγ) cytokine. These results demonstrate a lack of c-type lysozyme that is unprecedented among vertebrates. Our results further indicate that serial gene duplications have produced multiple differentially regulated cod g-type lysozymes with specialised functions potentially compensating for the lack of c-type lysozymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marit Seppola
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Ronny Helland
- Department of Chemistry, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - David M Irwin
- Laboratory Medicine &Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Inge W Nilsen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Grécias L, Hébert FO, Berger CS, Barber I, Aubin-Horth N. Can the behaviour of threespine stickleback parasitized with Schistocephalus solidus be replicated by manipulating host physiology? J Exp Biol 2016; 220:237-246. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.151456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sticklebacks infected by the parasitic flatworm Schistocephalus solidus show dramatic changes in phenotype, including a loss of species-typical behavioural responses to predators. The timing of host behaviour change coincides with the development of infectivity of the parasite to the final host (a piscivorous bird), making it an ideal model for studying the mechanisms of infection-induced behavioural modification. However, whether the loss of host anti-predator behaviour results from direct manipulation by the parasite, or is a by-product (e.g. host immune response) or side-effect of infection (e.g. energetic loss), remains controversial. To understand the physiological mechanisms that generate these behavioural changes, we quantified the behavioural profiles of experimentally infected fish and attempted to replicate these in non-parasitized fish by exposing them to treatments including immunity activation and fasting, or by pharmacologically inhibiting the stress axis. All fish were screened for the following behaviours: activity, water depth preference, sociability, phototaxis, anti-predator response and latency to feed. We were able to change individual behaviours with certain treatments. Our results suggest that the impact of S. solidus on the stickleback might be of a multifactorial nature. The behaviour changes observed in infected fish may be due to the combined effects of modifying the serotonergic axis, the lack of energy, and the activation of the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Grécias
- Département de Biologie et Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - François-Olivier Hébert
- Département de Biologie et Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chloé Suzanne Berger
- Département de Biologie et Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Iain Barber
- Department of Biology, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Nadia Aubin-Horth
- Département de Biologie et Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|