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Adline FA, Shanthi R, Sivakumar MR, Roshni K, Sowmiya S. In vitro immune analysis of serum from the hemolymph of the anomuran crab Albunea symmysta (Linnaeus, 1758) displayed diversified reactions. J Invertebr Pathol 2024; 204:108098. [PMID: 38580075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The present investigation aims to substantiate that serum from the hemolymph of anomuran crab Albunea symmysta encompasses multiple immunological reactions in in vitro condition. The serum highly agglutinated human O erythrocytes in the presence of Ba2+. Distinct and unique sugar binding capacity of serum towards laminarin, N-acetyl sugars and higher binding specificity towards a glycoprotein, fetuin was inferred. In vitro enhancement of melanin synthesis due to enhanced oxidation of 3, 4-dihydroxy-dl-phenylalanine (dl-DOPA) by preincubation of nonself molecules with serum phenoloxidase (PO) was documented. Similarly, dl-DOPA oxidation by serum PO was reduced when preincubated with chemical inhibitors and copper chelators. Further, the crab serum lysed the vertebrate erythrocytes with maximum hemolysis against chicken and it unveiled dependency on divalent cation, serum concentration, ionic strength, pH, temperature and time interval. Occurrence of maximum hemolysis at a concentration of 30 µl, pH 8.0, temperature 37 °C and time interval of 60 min in the presence of Ba2+ were documented. Interestingly, serum hemolysis was reduced by different osmoprotectants suggesting a colloid-osmotic mechanism involving in hemolysis. It was observed that A. symmysta serum had antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and fungal pathogen Candida albicans. The serum showed higher glycan content, potent lysozyme and free radical scavenging activity suggesting the existence of potential immune molecules of therapeutic use. These results clearly demonstrated the diversified immunogenicity of A. symmysta serum confirming a highly conserved non-specific immunity of crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Abisha Adline
- Laboratory of Crustacean Biology, Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rangasamy Shanthi
- Laboratory of Crustacean Biology, Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | | | - Kandasamy Roshni
- Laboratory of Crustacean Biology, Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sundararajan Sowmiya
- Laboratory of Crustacean Biology, Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
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Lu YP, Liu JH, Zhang XX, Xu C, Zheng PH, Li JT, Li JJ, Wang DM, Xian JA, Zhang ZL. Integration of transcriptome, gut microbiota, and physiology reveals toxic responses of the red claw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) to imidacloprid. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134293. [PMID: 38615646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Imidacloprid enters the water environment through rainfall and causes harm to aquatic crustaceans. However, the potential chronic toxicity mechanism of imidacloprid in crayfish has not been comprehensively studied. In this study, red claw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) were exposed to 11.76, 35.27, or 88.17 μg/L imidacloprid for 30 days, and changes in the physiology and biochemistry, gut microbiota, and transcriptome of C. quadricarinatus and the interaction between imidacloprid, gut microbiota, and genes were studied. Imidacloprid induced oxidative stress and decreased growth performance in crayfish. Imidacloprid exposure caused hepatopancreas damage and decreased serum immune enzyme activity. Hepatopancreatic and plasma acetylcholine decreased significantly in the 88.17 μg/L group. Imidacloprid reduced the diversity of the intestinal flora, increased the abundance of harmful flora, and disrupted the microbiota function. Transcriptomic analysis showed that the number of up-and-down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) increased significantly with increasing concentrations of imidacloprid. DEG enrichment analyses indicated that imidacloprid inhibits neurotransmitter transduction and immune responses and disrupts energy metabolic processes. Crayfish could alleviate imidacloprid stress by regulating antioxidant and detoxification-related genes. A high correlation was revealed between GST, HSPA1s, and HSP90 and the composition of gut microorganisms in crayfish under imidacloprid stress. This study highlights the negative effects and provides detailed sequencing data from transcriptome and gut microbiota to enhance our understanding of the molecular toxicity of imidacloprid in crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Peng Lu
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-resources, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jia-Han Liu
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-resources, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Xiu-Xia Zhang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-resources, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Chi Xu
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-resources, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Pei-Hua Zheng
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-resources, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jun-Tao Li
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-resources, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jia-Jun Li
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-resources, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Dong-Mei Wang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-resources, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jian-An Xian
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-resources, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Ze-Long Zhang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-resources, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
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Sun D, Lv J, Li Y, Wu J, Liu P, Gao B. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of the Response to Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Low-Salinity Stress in the Swimming Crab Portunus trituberculatus. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1518. [PMID: 38132344 PMCID: PMC10741082 DOI: 10.3390/biology12121518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is one of the main pathogenic bacteria of Portunus trituberculatus and causes mass mortality of P. trituberculatus in aquaculture. In addition, low-salinity stimulation makes P. trituberculatus more susceptible to V. parahaemolyticus infections. In order to elucidate the molecular mechanism of resistance to V. parahaemolyticus in P. trituberculatus, comparative transcriptomic analysis of blood cells stimulated by low salinity and V. parahaemolyticus was carried out in this study. Transcriptome sequencing of low-salinity stress and pathogen infection at different time points was completed using Illumina sequencing technology. A total of 5827, 6432, 5362 and 1784 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in pathways related to ion transport and immunoregulation were found under low-salinity stress at 12, 24, 48 and 72 h compared with the control at 0 h. In contrast, 4854, 4814, 5535 and 6051 DEGs, which were significantly enriched in Toll and IMD signaling pathways, were found at 12, 24, 48 and 72 h compared with the control at 0 h under V. parahaemolyticus infection. Among them, 952 DEGs were shared in the two treatment groups, which were mainly involved in apoptosis and Hippo signaling pathway. Cluster analysis screened 103 genes that were differentially expressed in two factors that were negatively correlated, including immunoglobulin, leukocyte receptor cluster family, scavenger receptor, macroglobulin and other innate-immune-related genes. These results provide data support for the analysis of the mechanisms of immunity to V. parahaemolyticus under low-salinity stress in P. trituberculatus and help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which environmental factors affect immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfang Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (D.S.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (P.L.)
| | - Jianjian Lv
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (D.S.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (P.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yukun Li
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (D.S.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (P.L.)
| | - Jie Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (D.S.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (P.L.)
| | - Ping Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (D.S.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (P.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Baoquan Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (D.S.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (P.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China
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Jemec Kokalj A, Leonardi A, Perc V, Dolar A, Drobne D, Križaj I. Proteomics of the haemolymph of the terrestrial crustacean Porcellio scaber reveals components of its innate immunity under baseline conditions. Biochimie 2023; 213:12-21. [PMID: 37187404 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The terrestrial crustacean Porcellio scaber is an established test organism in environmental research. We analysed the haemolymph proteome of P. scaber using a classical proteomic approach based on one-dimensional gel electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry. Using a publicly available protein database and our P. scaber transcriptome data, we have identified 76 proteins involved in cytoskeleton formation, protein degradation, vesicular transport, genetic information processing, detoxification, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism reflecting haemocyte metabolic activity, active intracellular transport, and intercellular communication. Compared with the data reported for other crustaceans, 28 of these P. scaber proteins have been linked to its immunity, among them hemocyanin, α-2-macroglobulin, phenoloxidase 3, superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase, haemolymph clottable protein, and histones H4 and H2B. Our results thus provide a firm base for studying the innate immune response of P. scaber at the level of the haemolymph proteome. This knowledge is of particular importance in ecotoxicity studies with various environmental stressors where understanding physiological changes is important to reveal possible modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Jemec Kokalj
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna Pot 111, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Adrijana Leonardi
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Valentina Perc
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna Pot 111, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andraž Dolar
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna Pot 111, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjana Drobne
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna Pot 111, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Igor Križaj
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Yuan Y, Guan H, Huang Y, Luo J, Jian J, Cai S, Yang S. Involvement of Nrf2 in the immune regulation of Litopenaeus vannamei against Vibrio harveyi infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 133:108547. [PMID: 36646337 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
NF-E2-related factor-like-2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that belongs to the Cap'n'Collar transcription factor family and plays a role in regulating inflammation, autophagy, metabolism, proteostasis, and cancer prevention. However, its influence on Vibrio spp infection in L. vannamei remains uncertain. In this study, the effects of Nrf2 on the immune response in Vibrio spp infection was determined by RT-PCR and histopathological analysis. The results showed that RNAi of Nrf2 significantly decreased the expression of antioxidant-related genes (CAT, SOD and GST; p < 0.05), and significantly up-regulated inflammation-related genes (IMD, pro-PO, P38, Toll, Hsp70, NFκB and RAB6A; p < 0.05) and the apoptosis gene (caspase3). Under the infection of V. harveyi, histopathological analysis showed that after RNAi of Nrf2, the hepatopancreas of shrimp has an abnormal arrangement of hepatic tubules and vacuolization of hepatocyte; The basement membrane is peeled off and the epithelial cells are massively necrotic. Compared with the RNAi of Nrf2 group, the tissue damage in the SFN group was much lessened, and there were fewer apoptosis signals in the TUNEL assay. In conclusion, this experiment indicated that Nrf2 is involved in the regulation of inflammatory response, oxidative stress,and apoptosis induced by V. harveyi in L. vannamei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhao Yuan
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture & Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Haoxiang Guan
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture & Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Yongxiong Huang
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture & Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Junliang Luo
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture & Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Jichang Jian
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture & Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Shuanghu Cai
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture & Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Shiping Yang
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture & Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
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Yang J, Chi XP, Li M, He WH, Jia R, He PM. Oral administration of Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 trans-vp19 and trans-vp (19+28) genes improve the immune and antioxidant capacity in Procambarus clarkii under white spot syndrome virus stress. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 132:108471. [PMID: 36509413 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.108471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate antioxidant capacity and protection from white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) challenge of Procambarus clarkii fed trans-vp19 and trans-vp (19 + 28) genes of Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 (Syn7942). P. clarkii were fed transgenic cyanobacteria continuously for 7 days, and then infected with WSSV after 12 h starvation. The daily mortality in each group was measured for 10 days and hepatopancreas and muscle of P. clarkii were examined for enzymes phenoloxidase (PO) activity, catalase (CAT) activity, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration after immunization and viral challenge at different times. Compared with the WSSV-infected crayfish in positive control group (challenge and no vaccination) and wild type group (challenge, feeding wild-type Syn7942), vp19 group (challenge, feeding Syn7942 trans-vp19 gene) and vp (19 + 28) group [challenge, feeding Syn7942 trans-vp (19 + 28) genes] significantly improved the survival rate from 0% to 60% and 56.7%, respectively. Consistently, significantly greater PO, CAT, and GSH-px activity and significantly lower MDA concentration in the vp19 and vp (19 + 28) groups compared to the control group. These results demonstrate that the trans-vp19 and trans-vp (19 + 28) gene of Syn7942 significantly facilitated the immune and antioxidant capacity of crayfish. Therefore, the trans-vp19 and trans-vp (19 + 28) genes of Syn7942 could provide protection for crayfish as an anti-WSSV oral medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Chi
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 201700, China
| | - Wen-Hui He
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of River and Lake Biochain Construction and Resource Utilization, Shanghai, 201702, China
| | - Rui Jia
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Pei-Min He
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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Srisuk C, Choolert C, Bendena WG, Longyant S, Sithigorngul P, Chaivisuthangkura P. Molecular isolation and expression analysis of hemocyanin isoform 2 of Macrobrachium rosenbergii. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2022; 34:208-220. [PMID: 36205717 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hemocyanin is a copper-bearing protein in the hemolymph of many arthropods and mollusks and functions as an oxygen transport and important nonspecific immune protein. METHODS In this study, complementary DNA of hemocyanin isoform 2 of the prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (MrHc2) was isolated by rapid amplification of cDNA ends and mRNA expression was characterized to elucidate molecular basis of its function. RESULT With a molecular mass of 77.3 kDa, MrHc2 contained three domains: hemocyanin-all-alpha, hemocyanin-copper-containing, and hemocyanin-immunoglobulin-like domains. Molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed that MrHc2 belongs to the γ-type subunit and is closely related to hemocyanin subunit 1 of the palaemonid shrimp Macrobrachium nipponense. In addition, MrHc2 resided in a different clade relative to hemocyanin (MrHc) of M. rosenbergii (α-type subunit) and in a different subclade relative to the hemocyanin proteins of penaeid shrimp. The messenger RNA transcript of MrHc2 was highly expressed in the hepatopancreas and weakly expressed in the gills, intestine, stomach, muscle, and hemocytes. Upon challenge with M. rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV), the expression of MrHc2 was 1.96-, 2.93-, and 1.96-fold on days 3, 4, and 5, respectively, and then gradually declined to basal levels on day 7. CONCLUSION This study suggests that MrHc2 plays an important role in the innate immune response of M. rosenbergii to MrNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chutima Srisuk
- Innovative Learning Center, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanitcha Choolert
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - William G Bendena
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Siwaporn Longyant
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Animal, Plant and Parasite Biotechnology, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paisarn Sithigorngul
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Animal, Plant and Parasite Biotechnology, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Parin Chaivisuthangkura
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Animal, Plant and Parasite Biotechnology, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Lynn KD, Quintanilla-Ahumada D, Duarte C, Quijón PA. Hemocyanin as a biological indicator of artificial light at night stress in sandy beach amphipods. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 184:114147. [PMID: 36152494 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The influence of artificial light at night (ALAN) is becoming evident in marine sandy beaches. These habitats are dominated by species reliant on natural daylight/night regimes, making the identification of biological indicators a priority. We assessed the applicability of hemocyanin, an oxygen-transport protein in the hemolymph of many invertebrates, as an indicator of ALAN-related stress. Unlike total proteins, hemocyanins signal metabolic function and stress, so we expected them to increase in response to ALAN. We adapted spectrophotometry protocols to describe spatial variation in hemocyanins and total proteins in four populations of the talitroid amphipod Americorchestia longicornis. Then, a two-week experiment tested for changes in response to ALAN. Hemocyanin levels increased by 17 % and 40 % with respect to experimental controls after 7 and 14 d, respectively, and were higher than any measurements conducted in the field. These results suggest good prospects for hemocyanin as an indicator of ALAN effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Devon Lynn
- Department of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A4P3, Canada
| | - Diego Quintanilla-Ahumada
- Programa de Doctorado en Medicina de la Conservación, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Duarte
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pedro A Quijón
- Department of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A4P3, Canada.
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Bautista-Covarrubias JC, Valdez-Soto IE, Aguilar-Juárez M, Arreola-Hernández JO, Soto-Jiménez MF, Soto-Rodríguez SA, López-Sánchez JA, Osuna-Martínez CC, Frías-Espericueta MG. Cadmium and copper mixture effects on immunological response and susceptibility to Vibrio harveyi in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 129:145-151. [PMID: 36055556 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd2+) and copper (Cu2+) are considered immunotoxic metals and their presence in combination in the aquatic environment may cause effects on shrimp species as Litopenaeus vannamei. Thus, this research evaluates the combined effects of Cd2+ and Cu2+ on shrimp inoculated with Vibrio harveyi bacteria. The experiments were performed at 96-h of exposure to sublethal concentrations of both metals. No mortality was observed in organisms exposed to the sum of Criterion of Continuous Concentration (ΣCCC) in Cd + Cu mixture and those inoculated with V. harveyi. Higher clotting times were recorded in Cd + Cu + V. harveyi treatment at higher metal concentrations. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were recorded in hemocyanin content between shrimp exposed to metals and those experimentally infected. Significantly higher (P < 0.05) total hemocyte count (THC) was recorded at 96 h exposure in the ΣCCC and 10% treatments of Cd + Cu + V. harveyi experiment. Regarding Cd + Cu + V. harveyi bioassay, the highest phenoloxidase (PO) activity was recorded in shrimp inoculated with V. harveyi (0.326 ± 0.031 PO units/mg protein) at 96-h exposure. The lowest PO activity was observed in organisms exposed to Cd + Cu + V. harveyi. Regarding superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, shrimp exposed to higher metal concentrations at 96 h showed the lowest hemolymph activity (6.03 ± 0.62 SOD units/mL). Protein decrease was observed in organisms exposed to metal mixture. The results showed that L. vannamei could be more susceptible to V. harveyi when exposed to Cd + Cu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Bautista-Covarrubias
- Unidad Académica Escuela Nacional de Ingeniería Pesquera, Bahía de Matanchén. Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit. Tepic, Nayarit, C.P., 63740, Mexico
| | - Iriana Edith Valdez-Soto
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar. Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, C.P., 82000, Mexico
| | - Marisela Aguilar-Juárez
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar. Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, C.P., 82000, Mexico
| | | | - Martín Federico Soto-Jiménez
- Unidad Académica Mazatlán, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, UNAM. Mazatlán Sinaloa, C.P., 82047, Mexico
| | | | - José Armando López-Sánchez
- Unidad Académica Escuela Nacional de Ingeniería Pesquera, Bahía de Matanchén. Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit. Tepic, Nayarit, C.P., 63740, Mexico
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10
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Zhao M, Aweya JJ, Feng Q, Zheng Z, Yao D, Zhao Y, Chen X, Zhang Y. Ammonia stress affects the structure and function of hemocyanin in Penaeus vannamei. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 241:113827. [PMID: 36068754 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic factors and climate change have serious effects on the aquatic ecosystem and aquaculture. Among water pollutants, ammonia has the greatest impact on aquaculture organisms such as penaeid shrimp because it makes them more susceptible to infections. In this study, we explored the effects of ammonia stress (0, 50, 100, and 150 mg/L) on the molecular structure and functions of the multifunctional respiratory protein hemocyanin (HMC) in Penaeus vannamei. While the mRNA expression of Penaeus vannamei hemocyanin (PvHMC) was up-regulated after ammonia stress, both plasma hemocyanin protein and oxyhemocyanin (OxyHMC) levels decreased. Moreover, ammonia stress changed the molecular structure of hemocyanin, modulated the expression of protein phosphatase 2 A (PP2A) and casein kinase 2α (CK2α) to regulate the phosphorylation modification of hemocyanin, and enhanced its degradation into fragments by trypsin. Under moderate ammonia stress conditions, hemocyanin also undergoes glycosylation to improve its in vitro antibacterial activity and binding with Gram-negative (Vibrio parahaemolyticus) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria, albeit differently. The current findings indicate that P. vannamei hemocyanin undergoes adaptive molecular modifications under ammonia stress enabling the shrimp to survive and counteract the consequences of the stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhao
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Jude Juventus Aweya
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Qian Feng
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Zhihong Zheng
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Defu Yao
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Yongzhen Zhao
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Xiuli Chen
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China.
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11
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Dolar A, Jemec Kokalj A, Drobne D. Time-Course of the Innate Immune Response of the Terrestrial Crustacean Porcellio scaber After Injection of a Single Dose of Lipopolysaccharide. Front Immunol 2022; 13:867077. [PMID: 35592321 PMCID: PMC9110979 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.867077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Invertebrates, including crustaceans, rely on cellular and humoral immune responses to protect against extrinsic and intrinsic factors that threaten their integrity. Recently, different immune parameters have been increasingly used as biomarkers of effects of pollutants and environmental change. Here, we describe the dynamics of the innate immune response of the terrestrial crustacean Porcellio scaber to injection of a single dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an important molecular surface component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. The aim was to provide a basis for interpretation of change in immune parameters as a result of different challenges, including microplastics and nanoplastics exposure. Changes in total and differential numbers of hemocytes, hemocyte viability, and humoral immune parameters (i.e., phenoloxidase-like activity, nitric oxide levels) were assessed at different times (3, 6, 12, 24, 48 h). An injection of 0.5 μg/μL LPS into the body of P. scaber resulted in a rapid decrease (3 h after LPS injection) in the total number of hemocytes and reduced viability of the hemocytes. This was accompanied by changed proportions of the different hemocyte types, as a decrease in the numbers of semigranulocytes and granulocytes, and a marked increase in the numbers of hyalinocytes. In addition, phenoloxidase-like activity and nitric oxide levels in the hemolymph were increased at 3 h and 6 h, respectively, after the LPS challenge. Forty-eight hours after LPS injection, the immune parameters in the hemolymph of P. scaber had returned to those before the LPS challenge. This suggests that the innate immune system successfully protected P. scaber from the deleterious effects of the LPS challenge. These data indicate the need to consider the dynamics of innate immune responses of P. scaber when effects of infections, pollutants, or environmental changes are studied. We also propose an approach to test the immunocompetence of organisms after different challenges in ecotoxicity studies, based on the dynamics of their immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andraž Dolar
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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12
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Zhang X, Pan L, Tong R, Li Y, Si L, Chen Y, Li D. The exploration of neuroendocrine regulation of crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) on innate immunity of Litopenaeus vannamei under ammonia-N stress. Mol Immunol 2021; 139:50-64. [PMID: 34454185 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To unveil the neuroendocrine-immune (NEI) mechanism of crustaceans under high ambient ammonia-N, crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) in L. vannamei was knocked down under 20 mg/L ammonia-N exposure. The results showed that the expression of CHH in the eyestalks decreased significantly when CHH was silenced. After CHH was knocked down, the levels of CHH, ACh, DA, NE, and 5-HT in the haemolymph decreased significantly. Correspondingly, the expressions of GC, ACh7R, DM1, DA1R, and 5-HT7R in haemocytes down-regulated significantly, while DA4R and α2AR up-regulated significantly. Besides, the expression of Toll3 reduced significantly. And significantly changes occurred in the levels of G protein effectors (AC and PLC), second messengers (cAMP, cGMP, CaM, and DAG), protein kinases (PKA, PKC and PKG), and nuclear transcription factors (CREB, Dorsal, Relish and NKRF). Furthermore, immune defense proteins (BGBP and PPO3, Crustin A, ALF, LYC, TNFα, and IL-16), phagocytosis-related proteins (Cubilin, Integrin, Peroxinectin, Mas-like protein, and Dynamin-1) and exocytosis-related proteins (SNAP-25, VAMP-2 and Syntaxin) changed significantly. Eventually, a significant decrease in the levels of THC, haemocytes phagocytosis rate, plasma PO, antibacterial and bacteriolytic activities was detected. Therefore, these results indicate that under ammonia-N stress, the combination of CHH and GC mainly affects exocytosis of shrimp through the cGMP-PKG-CREB pathway. Simultaneously, CHH stimulates the release of biogenic amines, and then activate G protein effectors after binding to their specific receptors, to regulate exocytosis mainly via the cAMP-PKA-CREB pathway and influence phagocytosis primarily by the cAMP-PKA-NF-κB pathway. CHH can enhance ACh, and then activate G protein effectors after binding to the receptors, and finally regulate exocytosis mainly through the cAMP-PKA-CREB pathway and regulate phagocytosis by the cAMP-PKA-NF-κB pathway. CHH can also promote Toll3-NF-κB pathway, thereby affecting the expressions of immune defense factors. This study contributes to a further understanding of the NEI mechanism of crustacean in response to environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Luqing Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China.
| | - Ruixue Tong
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Yufen Li
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Lingjun Si
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Yuanjing Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Dongyu Li
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
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Guo L, Zhou M, Chen D, Yi C, Sun B, Wang S, Ru Y, Chen H, Wang H. A new insight to characterize immunomodulation based on hepatopancreatic transcriptome and humoral immune factor analysis of the Cherax quadricarinatus infected with Aeromonas veronii. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 219:112347. [PMID: 34044307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cherax quadricarinatus is a type of large freshwater crayfish that is characterized by rapid growth and formidable adaptability. It has also been widely cultured and studied as a model organism. Aeromonas veronii is the dominant pathogen in aquatic environments and the primary threat to aquaculture's economic stability. To better understand the interactions between C. quadricarinatus and A. veronii, high-throughput RNA sequencing of the C. quadricarinatus hepatopancreas was carried out on a control group, susceptible group (6 h after infection), and resistant group (48 h after infection). A total of 65,850,929 genes were obtained. Compared with the control group, 2616 genes were up-regulated and 1551 genes were down-regulated in the susceptible group; while 1488 genes were up-regulated and 1712 genes were down-regulated in the resistant group. GO and KEGG analysis showed that these differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were associated with multiple immune pathways, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), antigen processing and presentation, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, phagosome, lysosome, JAK-STAT signaling pathway. qRT-PCR showed that infection by A. veronii changed the expression pattern of the serine proteinase inhibitor (SPI), crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH), anti-lipopolysaccharide factor (ALF), and extracellular copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1), all of which were significantly higher than in the control group up to 48 h after infection. In addition, detection of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), lysozyme (LZM), and phenoloxidase (PO) activity, as well as ceruloplasmin (CP) concentration at different times after infection showed diverse trends. Furthermore, pathological sections obtained 24 h after infection show lesions on the hepatopancreas and intestinal tissues caused by A. veronii. The results of this study provide a foundation for analyzing the immune mechanism of C. quadricarinatus infected with A. veronii at the transcriptional level and a theoretical basis for screening disease-resistant individuals to ensure healthy economic development of the aquatic industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leifeng Guo
- Aquaculture Research Lab, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Aquaculture Research Lab, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Duanduan Chen
- Aquaculture Research Lab, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Cao Yi
- Aquaculture Research Lab, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Bing Sun
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Shouquan Wang
- Aquaculture Research Lab, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ru
- Aquaculture Research Lab, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Hongju Chen
- Aquaculture Research Lab, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Aquaculture Research Lab, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China.
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Panigrahi A, Esakkiraj P, Das RR, Saranya C, Vinay TN, Otta SK, Shekhar MS. Bioaugmentation of biofloc system with enzymatic bacterial strains for high health and production performance of Penaeus indicus. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13633. [PMID: 34211034 PMCID: PMC8249640 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The beneficial effects of two probiotic bacterial strains Marinilactibacillus piezotolerans and Novosphingobium sp. during the culture of Indian white shrimp, Penaeus indicus, under biofloc and clear water system were evaluated. The experimental variation were CW1 (M. piezotolerans in clear water), BFT1 (biofloc + M. piezotolerans), CW2 (Novosphingobium sp. in clear water), BFT2 (biofloc + Novosphingobium sp.) and control (without bacterial strains and biofloc). Growth and survival considerably increased in probiotic bio-augmented treatments. Probiotic incorporation significantly improved water quality, especially ammonia reduction. Microbiota analysis from gut samples taken from different treatments revealed varied microbial population structure among clear water culture, biofloc culture and control. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the top phyla observed in the treatments which were significantly higher in bio-augmented systems than the control. Vibrio genera were predominantly observed in control and clear water system compared to that of biofloc systems. Immune genes were significantly altered in response to probiotic gut microbial supplementation than the control. Higher gene expression profile of important immune genes was observed in the biofloc reared shrimps. Expression of digestive enzyme related genes such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, cathepsin L, cathepsin B and alpha amylase were also upregulated significantly in probiotic supplementation especially in the biofloc treatments. Proteomic analysis of hepatopancreas of shrimps from different treatments was carried out by using 2D gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF analysis. The proteins were mostly related to growth and stress tolerance. Eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein was expressed in all the groups and it was high in biofloc treated animals followed by animals treated solely with probiotics compared to those of control groups. The results concludes that biofloc already proved as an effective culture method for healthy shrimp production and supplementation of probiotic bacterial strains registered additional benefit for growth, survival, microbial, immunological status of P, indicus culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Panigrahi
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, Raja Annamalaipuram, Chennai, 600 028, India.
| | - P Esakkiraj
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, Raja Annamalaipuram, Chennai, 600 028, India
| | - Rashmi Ranjan Das
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, Raja Annamalaipuram, Chennai, 600 028, India
| | - C Saranya
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, Raja Annamalaipuram, Chennai, 600 028, India
| | - T N Vinay
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, Raja Annamalaipuram, Chennai, 600 028, India
| | - S K Otta
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, Raja Annamalaipuram, Chennai, 600 028, India
| | - M Shashi Shekhar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, Raja Annamalaipuram, Chennai, 600 028, India
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15
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Mayall C, Dolar A, Jemec Kokalj A, Novak S, Razinger J, Barbero F, Puntes V, Drobne D. Stressor-Dependant Changes in Immune Parameters in the Terrestrial Isopod Crustacean, Porcellio scaber: A Focus on Nanomaterials. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:934. [PMID: 33917492 PMCID: PMC8067488 DOI: 10.3390/nano11040934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We compared the changes of selected immune parameters of Porcellio scaber to different stressors. The animals were either fed for two weeks with Au nanoparticles (NPs), CeO2 NPs, or Au ions or body-injected with Au NPs, CeO2 NPs, or lipopolysaccharide endotoxin. Contrary to expectations, the feeding experiment showed that both NPs caused a significant increase in the total haemocyte count (THC). In contrast, the ion-positive control resulted in a significantly decreased THC. Additionally, changes in phenoloxidase (PO)-like activity, haemocyte viability, and nitric oxide (NO) levels seemed to depend on the stressor. Injection experiments also showed stressor-dependant changes in measured parameters, such as CeO2 NPs and lipopolysaccharide endotoxin (LPS), caused more significant responses than Au NPs. These results show that feeding and injection of NPs caused an immune response and that the response differed significantly, depending on the exposure route. We did not expect the response to ingested NPs, due to the low exposure concentrations (100 μg/g dry weight food) and a firm gut epithelia, along with a lack of phagocytosis in the digestive system, which would theoretically prevent NPs from crossing the biological barrier. It remains a challenge for future research to reveal what the physiological and ecological significance is for the organism to sense and respond, via the immune system, to ingested foreign material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Mayall
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (C.M.); (A.D.); (A.J.K.); (S.N.)
| | - Andraz Dolar
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (C.M.); (A.D.); (A.J.K.); (S.N.)
| | - Anita Jemec Kokalj
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (C.M.); (A.D.); (A.J.K.); (S.N.)
| | - Sara Novak
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (C.M.); (A.D.); (A.J.K.); (S.N.)
| | - Jaka Razinger
- Plant Protection Department, Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Francesco Barbero
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; (F.B.); (V.P.)
| | - Victor Puntes
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; (F.B.); (V.P.)
| | - Damjana Drobne
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (C.M.); (A.D.); (A.J.K.); (S.N.)
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Dolar A, Kostanjšek R, Mayall C, Drobne D, Kokalj AJ. Modulations of immune parameters caused by bacterial and viral infections in the terrestrial crustacean Porcellio scaber: Implications for potential markers in environmental research. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 113:103789. [PMID: 32735963 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The terrestrial crustacean Porcellio scaber (Crustacea: Isopoda) is an established invertebrate model in environmental research. Preceding research using isopods did not widely use immune markers. In order to advance their use in research, knowledge of the reference values in control animals as well as variations during infections is of importance. This study presents, for the first time, the morphology, and ultrastructure of the three main haemocyte types of Porcellio scaber as semigranulocytes (SGCs), granulocytes (GCs), and hyalinocytes (HCs), with the latter having two subtypes, using various light and electron microscopy approaches. The modulation of selected immune cellular and humoral parameters of P. scaber in symptomatic phases of Rhabdochlamydia porcellionis and Iridovirus IIV-31 infections is presented. A clear difference in the immune responses of bacterial and viral infections was shown. Remarkable changes in total haemocyte count (THC) values and the proportions of three different haemocyte types were found in animals with a viral infection, which were not as significant in bacterially infected animals. Modified NO levels and SOD activity were more pronounced in cases of bacterial infection. Knowledge of the morphological and ultrastructural features of distinct haemocyte types, understanding the baseline values of immune parameters in control animals without evident symptoms of infection, and the influence that infections can have on these parameters can serve as a basis for the further use of P. scaber immune markers in environmental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andraž Dolar
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Rok Kostanjšek
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Craig Mayall
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjana Drobne
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anita Jemec Kokalj
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Rajendran S, Vasudevan S. Activation of prophenoloxidase and hyperglycemia as indicators of microbial stress in the blue swimmer crab Portunus pelagicus. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 160:111711. [PMID: 33181969 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Portunus pelagicus is exposed to different kinds of microorganisms leading to high metabolic stress that affects its life. The present study evaluates the activity of Phenoloxidase (PO), which is an enzyme that is actively involved in the activation of the immune defense system and hyperglycemia in P. pelagicus challenged with Escherichia coli and Vibrio harveyi injections. The results revealed a major impact of microbial injection on PO activity and significant variations in hemolymph glucose and CHH levels. Reduction of glucose level was observed after 24 h microbial incubation (275.26 ± 28.85 and 175.23 ± 21.70 μg/ml in V. harveyi and E. coli injected crabs, respectively). An elevated level of CHH (13.54 ± 0.55 fmol/ml) was observed in V. harveyi-injected crabs, and increased PO activity was recorded in E. coli-injected crabs. The results of the present study indicate that microbial stress leads to the activation of the defense system and hyperglycemia in P. pelagicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Rajendran
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Sankara Arts and Science College, Enathur, Kanchipuram 631 561, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sugumar Vasudevan
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Area Studies, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamilnadu, India.
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