Impacts of pineapple peel powder on growth performance, innate immunity, disease resistance, and relative immune gene expression of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

Effect of diets containing probiotic yeast Cystobasidium benthicum and fruit Cyrtocarpa edulis on growth and immune parameters of Nile tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus)

This study investigates Cystobasidium benthicum (Cb) probiotic yeast and Cyrtocarpa edulis (Ce) fruit dietary effects, single (0.5 %) or combined (Cb:Ce, 0.25:0.25 %), on growth performance, humoral immunity in serum and skin mucus, and intestinal morphology of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) after 14 and 28 days. The Cb group presented the highest (P < 0.05) specific growth rate, weight gain, and absolute growth rate with respect to the control group. Immunological assays indicated that Cb, Ce and Cb:Ce groups increased serum nitric oxide concentration compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Cb and Cb:Ce groups showed the highest serum myeloperoxidase enzyme activity at day 14 and 28, respectively (P < 0.05); whereas, Cb:Ce group had the highest (P < 0.05) myeloperoxidase activity in skin mucus. The superoxide dismutase enzyme activity was unaffected. On day 28, Cb, Ce, and Cb:Ce groups showed higher and lower (P < 0.05) catalase enzyme activity in serum and skin mucus, respectively, compared with the control group. Only the Cb group had higher (P < 0.05) total protein concentration in serum (day 14) and skin mucus (day 14 and 28) with respect to the control group. The lysozyme activity in serum (day 28) and skin mucus (day 14) was higher (P < 0.05) in the Cb group compared to the control group. Only the skin mucus of Ce group showed bactericidal activity against Aeromonas dhakensis (P < 0.05). Histological studies indicated that Cb and Cb:Ce groups increased microvilli height, and Cb, Ce and Cb:Ce augmented goblet cell area at day 14 compared to the control group (P < 0.05). At day 28, microvilli height was higher in all groups and the number of intraepithelial leukocytes increased in Cb and Ce groups with respect to the control group (P < 0.05). The ex vivo assay revealed that A. dhakensis in leukocytes decreased cell viability similar to the control group (P < 0.05). A principal component analysis (PCA) confirmed the results. In conclusion, C. benthicum in the diet was the best supplement to improve the growth and immunity of Nile tilapia.

Modulatory effects of dietary prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) peel on high salinity tolerance, growth rate, immunity and antioxidant capacity of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

This study evaluated the effects of prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) peel (PPP) on salinity tolerance, growth, feed utilization, digestive enzymes, antioxidant capacity, and immunity of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). PPP was incorporated into four iso-nitrogenous (280 g kg-1 protein) and iso-energetic (18.62 MJ kg-1) diets at 0 (PPP0), 1 (PPP1), 2 (PPP2), and 4 (PPP4) g kg-1. Fish (9.69 ± 0.2 g) (mean ± SD) were fed the diets for 75 days. Following the feeding experiment, fish were exposed to a salinity challenge (25‰) for 24 h. Fish survival was not affected by the dietary PPP inclusion either before or after the salinity challenge. Fish fed the PPP-supplemented diets showed lower aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, cortisol, and glucose levels compared to PPP0, with the lowest values being observed in PPP1. Fish fed dietary PPP had higher growth rates and feed utilization than PPP0. Quadratic regression analysis revealed that the best weight gain was obtained at 2.13 g PPP kg-1 diet. The highest activities of protease and lipase enzymes were recorded in PPP1, while the best value of amylase was recorded in PPP2, and all PPP values were higher than PPP0. Similarly, PPP1 showed higher activities of lysozyme, alternative complement, phagocytic cells, respiratory burst, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase, and lower activity of malondialdehyde than in PPP0. Further increases in PPP levels above 2 g kg-1 diet led to significant retardation in the immune and antioxidant parameters. Thus, the inclusion of PPP at about 1 to or 2 g kg-1 diet can improve stress tolerance, immunity, and antioxidant capacity in Nile tilapia.

Bromelain can reduce the negative effects of a subclinical necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens

This study was conducted to examine the efficacy of a bromelain-based supplementation coded ANR-pf on growth performance and intestinal lesion of broiler chickens under necrotic enteritis (NE) challenge. A total of 540 Ross 308 day-old male chicks were randomly allocated into 6 treatments of 6 replicates. The bromelain formulation was delivered to chickens through gavaging or in drinking water method twice, on d 8 and 13. Nonchallenged groups included 1) without or 2) with the specific bromelain formulation gavaged at 0.8 mL/kg. NE-challenged groups included 3) without the specific bromelain formulation; 4) gavaged with 0.4 mL/kg; 5) gavaged with 0.8 mL/kg and 6) supplemented with 0.8 mL/kg via drinking water. Birds were challenged with Eimeria spp. on d 9 and Clostridium perfringens (NE-18 strain) on d 14 and 15. On d 14 and 19, fresh faecal contents were collected for the determination of oocyst counts. Intestinal lesion scores were determined on d16. Performance and mortality were recorded throughout the entire experiment. Among challenged groups, birds received additive via drinking water had higher weight gain (WG) compared to the remaining groups (P < 0.001) in the grower phase and had lower FCR compared to 0.4 mL/kg inoculated group in the grower and finisher phases (P < 0.001). Bromelain supplementation via drinking water improved the WG of challenged birds, similar to that of the nonchallenged birds (P < 0.001), and lowered FCR compared to other challenged groups (P < 0.001). Nonchallenged birds and birds that received bromelain formulation in drinking water did not have lesions throughout the small intestine whereas challenged birds, either un-supplemented or supplemented with bromelain via inoculation route recorded similar lesion score levels in the jejunum. At d 19, birds received bromelain in drinking water had lower fecal oocyst numbers compared to challenged birds without additive (P < 0.001). In conclusion, bromelain administration via drinking water could ameliorate the negative impacts of NE-infection in broilers by improving performance, lowering the oocyst numbers and lesion scores.

Growth Performance, Feed Utilisation, Endogenous Digestive Enzymes, Intestinal Morphology, and Antimicrobial Effect of Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Fed with Feed Supplemented with Pineapple Waste Crude Extract as a Functional Feed Additive

This study used pineapple waste crude extract (PWCE) to increase the potential of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) production for food sustainability and stability. The objective was to investigate the appropriate technique to increase the yield production and quality of shrimp and decrease waste from shrimp culture. Pacific white shrimp (average body size: 0.51 g) were fed with commercial feed supplemented with PWCE at various concentrations of 0 (control), 90, 170, and 250 ppt. Shrimp were fed five times per day for 80 days. At the end of the trial, the results showed that shrimp fed with the PWCE 250 ppt supplementation provided the highest growth rate and the best feed utilisation and yield (P < 0.05). The protein content of whole shrimp in all shrimp fed with the PWCE supplementation diet was higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). On the contrary, the variation of endogenous digestive enzymes, including protease, trypsin, and the T/C ratio, was significantly lower in shrimp fed a diet supplemented with PWCE 250 ppt (P < 0.05). While in this group, the number of microorganisms on thiosulfate-citrate-bile salt-sucrose (TCBS), blood agar, and trypticase soy agar (TSA) was lowest (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the dietary PWCE at 250 ppt increased the volume of microvilli in the hindgut of shrimp, but the supplementation at 170 ppt improved the number of F-cells in the epithelial cells of the hepatopancreas. Nevertheless, the supplementation of PWCE in the diet did not affect the water quality (P > 0.05). Therefore, pineapple waste crude extract supplementation improves both quantitative and qualitative yields and tends to reduce waste.

Pineapple waste in animal feed: A review of nutritional potential, impact and prospects

Pineapple is a commodity and economic fruit with a high market potential worldwide. Almost 60 % of the fresh pineapple, such as peels, pulp, crowns and leaves, are agricultural waste. It is noteworthy that the waste has a high concentration of crude fibre, proteins, ascorbic acid, sugars and moisture content. The pineapple waste utilisation in animal feed has recently drawn the attention of many investigators to enhance growth performance and concomitantly reduce environmental pollution. Its inclusion in animal feed varies according to the livestock, such as feed block, pelleted or directly used as a roughage source for ruminants. The pineapple waste is also fermented to enrich the nutrient content of poultry feed. To date, the inclusion of pineapple waste in animal feed is optimistic only not for livestock but also for farmed fish. Indeed, it is an ideal strategy to improve the feed supply to the farm. This paper aims to overview the source, nutritional composition, and application of pineapple waste in animal feed. The recent findings on its effect on animal growth performance, nutrition and disease control are discussed comprehensively and summarised. The review also covers its benefits, potential impacts on sustainable farming and future perspectives.

Recent Advances, Challenges, Opportunities, Product Development and Sustainability of Main Agricultural Wastes for the Aquaculture Feed Industry – A Review

Million tonnes of agricultural waste are generated annually worldwide. Agricultural wastes possess similar profiles to the main products but are lower in quality. Managing these agricultural wastes is costly and requires strict regulation to minimise environmental stress. Thus, these by-products could be repurposed for industrial use, such as alternative resources for aquafeed to reduce reliance on fish meal and soybean meal, fertilisers to enrich medium for growing live feed, antimicrobial agents, and immunostimulatory enhancers. Furthermore, utilising agricultural wastes and other products can help mitigate the existing environmental and economic dilemmas. Therefore, transforming these agricultural wastes into valuable products helps sustain the agricultural industry, minimises environmental impacts, and benefits industry players. Aquaculture is an important sector to supply affordable protein sources for billions worldwide. Thus, it is essential to explore inexpensive and sustainable resources to enhance aquaculture production and minimise environmental and public health impacts. Additionally, researchers and farmers need to understand the elements involved in new product development, particularly the production of novel innovations, to provide the highest quality products for consumers. In summary, agriculture waste is a valuable resource for the aquafeed industry that depends on several factors: formulation, costing, supply, feed treatment and nutritional value.

The protective effects of quercetin on the physiological responses in malathion-exposed common carp, Cyprinus carpio

This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of quercetin on the biochemical parameters, immunity, and growth performance in malathion-exposed common carp, Cyprinus carpio. The methods six experimental groups, including the control group, fish exposed to concentrations of 1.04 and 2.08 mg/l malathion, fish supplemented with quercetin (200 mg/kg diet), and fish treated with quercetin + malathion for 21 days, were considered for the experiment. After the feeding period, in results the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were significantly decreased in the hepatocyte, while malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased in response to malathion. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities and glucose, cortisol, and urea levels significantly increased after exposure to malathion. Exposure of fish to malathion-induced decreases in protease, lysozyme, and alternative complement (ACH50) activities and total immunoglobulin (total Ig) in the mucosa. Changes in other parameters were different depending on malathion concentrations. The supplementation of fish with quercetin had no ameliorating effect on the malathion-related alternations of mucosal lysozyme and protease activities. However, quercetin ameliorated the depressing effects of malathion on biochemical and immunological parameters. Changes in the growth performance and hematological parameters indicated the toxic effect of malathion. In conclusion, quercetin could efficiently reduce the toxic effects of malathion on the biochemical, immune, and hematological parameters of the common carp.

Modulation of growth, immune response, and immune-antioxidant related gene expression of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared under biofloc system using mango peel powder

This study aimed to investigate the effects of mango peel powder (MGPP) on growth, innate immunity, and immune-antioxidant related gene expression of Nile tilapia reared under biofloc system. Three hundred Nile tilapia (average weight 14.78 ± 0.05 g) were distributed into 15 fiber tanks (300 L per tank) assigned to five treatments in triplication. Fish were fed basal diet containing different levels MGPP as follows: 0 (MGPP0: control), 6.25 (MGPP 6.25), 12.5 (MGPP 12.25), 25 (MGPP 25), and 50 (MGPP 50) g kg^-1 diet for 8 weeks. Specific growth rate (SGR), weight gain (WG), final weight (FW), feed conversion ratio (FCR), skin mucus of lysozyme (SMLA), and peroxidase activities (SMPA), serum of lysozyme (SL) and peroxidase (SP) were measured every for weeks; while immune-antioxidant-related gene expressions were determined after 8 weeks post-feeding. The results indicated that MGPP 25 diet resulted in higher SGR, WG, FW, and FCR but no significant differences among treatments were noticed. In terms of immune responses, lysozyme and peroxidase activities in mucus and serum were significantly higher in MGPP 12.5 and MGPP 25 diets against the control. Similarly, significant up-regulation of IL-1 and IL-8 gene expressions was observed in fish fed MGPP 25 against the control. However, no significant differences in LBP, GSTa, GPX, and GSR among treatments were observed. Overall, dietary inclusion of MGPP 25 significantly enhanced immune response and immune related gene expressions but not growth performance and antioxidant gene expressions. The results implied that MGPP can be potentially used as an immunostimulants in Nile tilapia culture.

Antioxidative and immunostimulant potential of fruit derived biomolecules in aquaculture

Huge amounts of non-edible by-products could be generated from fruit industrial processes. They consist mainly of peels together with low amounts of pulp and seeds. These by-products pose an environmental hazard due to soil, air, and water pollution. Moreover, treating these by-products is very expensive and under strict governmental regulations. Nevertheless, they are an excellent source of bioactive constituents, such as phenols, flavonoids, terpenes, and glucans. Based on their constituents, these by-products can significantly enhance the antioxidant defense, immune response, and modulation of gut microbiota and host resistance against various diseases. Therefore, sustainable valorization of fruits by-products can efficiently obtain value-added products that improve the well-being of organisms and reduce environmental stress, in addition to earning an additional industrial income. Since aquaculture is a vital economic sector, there is urgent to look for inexpensive natural food additives that improve health and maintain high nutritional quality for farming organisms without harming the environment and human health. Therefore, using fruit wastes as feed additives represents a striking alternative for fruitful aquaculture. In order to make use of these value-added products, it is a dire need to determine their biological effects on aquaculture organisms by understanding their mechanism of action. In this context, this review will holistically address a comprehensive focus on utilizing fruits by-products and their immunostimulant and antioxidative action.

Sustainable utilization of pineapple wastes for production of bioenergy, biochemicals and value-added products: A review

Agricultural residues play a pivotal role in meeting the growing energy and bulk chemicals demand and food security of society. There is global concern about the utilization of fossil-based fuels and chemicals which create serious environmental problems. Biobased sustainable fuels can afford energy and fuels for future generations. Agro-industrial waste materials can act as the alternative way for generating bioenergy and biochemicals strengthening low carbon economy. Processing of pineapple generates about 60% of the weight of the original pineapple fruit in the form of peel, core, crown end, and pomace that can be converted into bioenergy sources like bioethanol, biobutanol, biohydrogen, and biomethane along with animal feed and vermicompost as described in this paper. This paper also explains about bioconversion process towards the production of various value-added products such as phenolic anti-oxidants, bromelain enzyme, phenolic flavour compounds, organic acids, and animal feed towards bioeconomy.

Modulatory effects of longan seed powder on growth performance, immune response, and immune-antioxidant related gene expression in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) raised under biofloc system

This study evaluates the effects of longan seed powder (LS) on the growth performance, immunological response, and immune-antioxidant related gene expression of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Three hundred fish (13.82 ± 0.06 g) were divided into five experiments and fed 5 diets, including the basal diet (control without LS) and basal diet containing 10 (LS10), 20 (LS20), 40 (LS40), and 80 (LS80) g kg^-1 LS for eight weeks. A completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications was utilised. The growth performance and immune response were measured at weeks 4 and 8 post feeding, while the gene expressions were determined at the end of the feeding trial. The results revealed that administration of LS could significantly (P < 0.05) improve specific growth rate (SGR), weight gain (WG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in Nile tilapia as compared to the control group. However, no significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in survival rates among treatments. LS-supplemented diets showed enhanced serum peroxidase activity (SPA), serum lysozyme activity (SLA), skin mucus lysozyme activity (MLA), and skin mucus peroxidase activity (MPA) at weeks 4 and 8 post-feeding, with the highest values observed in the LS20 diet (P < 0.05). Additionally, LS-supplemented diets significantly up-regulated (P < 0.05) immune and antioxidant related gene expressions (IL1, IL8, LBP, GSTa, GPX, and GSR) in the liver and intestine, with highest values observed in the LS20 treatment. The present results confirmed the beneficial effects of LS as a functional feed additive and immunostimulant for Nile Tilapia culture in a biofloc system.

Dietary inclusion of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seed to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared in biofloc system: Impacts on growth, immunity, and immune-antioxidant gene expression

An eight-week feeding trial was carried out to determine the effects of rambutan seed (RS) as a feed additive on the growth, skin mucus, serum immune parameters, and gene expression of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) raised under a biofloc system. Nile tilapia fingerlings (14.77 ± 0.80 g fish^-1) were fed five experimental diets containing 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 g kg^-1 of RS, corresponding to five treatments (RS0, RS5, RS10, RS20, and RS40) with three replications per treatment. The results showed that fish consuming the RS10 and RS20 diets presented a substantial (P < 0.05) improvement in specific growth rate (SGR), weight gain (WG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) after eight weeks. The highest values were recorded in the RS10 diet; however, there were no significant (P > 0.05) differences exhibited in the fish survival rates between treatments. The RS supplementation diets demonstrated greater immunological parameters, particularly skin mucus and serum immune responses (P < 0.05), than that of the control after eight the eight-week feeding trial. The highest level was seen in fish fed the RS10; followed by the RS20, RS40 (P > 0.05), and RS5 diets. Regarding gene expressions, IL1, IL8, LBP, GSTa, and GSR genes were significantly up-regulated in fish provided the RS10 diet in comparison to the control and other supplemented diets (P < 0.05). However, no significant up-regulation was found in these genes among the RS0, RS5, RS20, and RS40 diets, with the exception of the GPX gene. Similarly, up-regulation of IL-8, LBP, GSTa, GPX, and GSR were noted in fish fed the RS10 diet (P < 0.05). Notably, no significant differences were evident in these genes among the RS5, RS20, and RS40 diets. In conclusion, fish fed RS10 (10 g kg^-1) significantly enhanced growth, skin mucus, serum immunities, and immune-antioxidants related gene expressions of Nile tilapia raised under biofloc system.

Effect of Dietary Sugarcane Bagasse Supplementation on Growth Performance, Immune Response, and Immune and Antioxidant-Related Gene Expressions of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Cultured under Biofloc System

Simple Summary

Supplementation of agriculture by-product as functional feed additives in combination with biofloc technology (a sustainable and environmentally friendly technology) has recently gained much attention in aquaculture. In the present study, sugarcane bagasse powder can possibly be applied as a feed additive to improve growth performance, immune response, and immune and antioxidant-related gene expression.

Abstract

We investigated, herein, the effects of dietary inclusion of sugarcane bagasse powder (SB) on Nile tilapia development, mucosal and serum immunities, and relative immune and antioxidant genes. Fish (15.12 ± 0.04 g) were provided a basal diet (SB0) or basal diet incorporated with SB at 10 (SB10), 20 (SB20), 40 (SB40), or 80 (SB80) g kg⁻¹ for 8 weeks. Our results demonstrated that the dietary incorporation of sugarcane bagasse powder (SB) at 20 and 40 g kg⁻¹ significantly ameliorated FW, WG, and SGR as opposed to fish fed basal, SB10, and SB80 diets. However, no significant changes in FCR and survivability were observed between the SB supplemented diets and the control (basal diet). The mucosal immunity exhibited significantly higher SMLA and SMPA activities (p < 0.005) in fish treated with SB diets after eight weeks. The highest SMLA and SMPA levels were recorded in fish fed SB80 followed by SB20, SB40, and SB10, respectively. For serum immunity, fish fed SB incorporated diets significantly ameliorated SL and RB levels (p < 0.05) compared with the control. However, SP was not affected by the inclusion of SB in any diet throughout the experiment. The expression of IL1, IL8, LBP, GSTa, GPX, and GSR genes in the fish liver was significantly increased in fish fed the SB20 and SB10 diets relative to the basal diet fed fish (p < 0.05); whereas only the IL8, LBP, and GPX genes in the intestines were substantially augmented via the SB20 and SB80 diets (p < 0.05). IL1 and GSR were not influenced by the SB incorporated diets (p > 0.05). In summary, sugarcane bagasse powder (SB) may be applied as a feed additive to improve growth performance, immune response, and immune and antioxidant-related gene expression in Nile tilapia.