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Pylkkänen R, Werner D, Bishoyi A, Weil D, Scoppola E, Wagermaier W, Safeer A, Bahri S, Baldus M, Paananen A, Penttilä M, Szilvay GR, Mohammadi P. The complex structure of Fomes fomentarius represents an architectural design for high-performance ultralightweight materials. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade5417. [PMID: 36812306 PMCID: PMC9946349 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade5417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
High strength, hardness, and fracture toughness are mechanical properties that are not commonly associated with the fleshy body of a fungus. Here, we show with detailed structural, chemical, and mechanical characterization that Fomes fomentarius is an exception, and its architectural design is a source of inspiration for an emerging class of ultralightweight high-performance materials. Our findings reveal that F. fomentarius is a functionally graded material with three distinct layers that undergo multiscale hierarchical self-assembly. Mycelium is the primary component in all layers. However, in each layer, mycelium exhibits a very distinct microstructure with unique preferential orientation, aspect ratio, density, and branch length. We also show that an extracellular matrix acts as a reinforcing adhesive that differs in each layer in terms of quantity, polymeric content, and interconnectivity. These findings demonstrate how the synergistic interplay of the aforementioned features results in distinct mechanical properties for each layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pylkkänen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Daniel Werner
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ajit Bishoyi
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Dominik Weil
- KLA-Tencor GmbH, Moritzburger Weg 67, Dresden 01109, Germany
| | - Ernesto Scoppola
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wagermaier
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Adil Safeer
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Salima Bahri
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marc Baldus
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Arja Paananen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Merja Penttilä
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Géza R. Szilvay
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Pezhman Mohammadi
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
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Zhuykova EV, Mukhin VA. Diversity and Ecological Features of Phylogenetic Lineages of Tinder Fungus in the Urals. RUSS J ECOL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1067413622050113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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He MQ, Zhao RL, Hyde KD, Begerow D, Kemler M, Yurkov A, McKenzie EHC, Raspé O, Kakishima M, Sánchez-Ramírez S, Vellinga EC, Halling R, Papp V, Zmitrovich IV, Buyck B, Ertz D, Wijayawardene NN, Cui BK, Schoutteten N, Liu XZ, Li TH, Yao YJ, Zhu XY, Liu AQ, Li GJ, Zhang MZ, Ling ZL, Cao B, Antonín V, Boekhout T, da Silva BDB, De Crop E, Decock C, Dima B, Dutta AK, Fell JW, Geml J, Ghobad-Nejhad M, Giachini AJ, Gibertoni TB, Gorjón SP, Haelewaters D, He SH, Hodkinson BP, Horak E, Hoshino T, Justo A, Lim YW, Menolli N, Mešić A, Moncalvo JM, Mueller GM, Nagy LG, Nilsson RH, Noordeloos M, Nuytinck J, Orihara T, Ratchadawan C, Rajchenberg M, Silva-Filho AGS, Sulzbacher MA, Tkalčec Z, Valenzuela R, Verbeken A, Vizzini A, Wartchow F, Wei TZ, Weiß M, Zhao CL, Kirk PM. Notes, outline and divergence times of Basidiomycota. FUNGAL DIVERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-019-00435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe Basidiomycota constitutes a major phylum of the kingdom Fungi and is second in species numbers to the Ascomycota. The present work provides an overview of all validly published, currently used basidiomycete genera to date in a single document. An outline of all genera of Basidiomycota is provided, which includes 1928 currently used genera names, with 1263 synonyms, which are distributed in 241 families, 68 orders, 18 classes and four subphyla. We provide brief notes for each accepted genus including information on classification, number of accepted species, type species, life mode, habitat, distribution, and sequence information. Furthermore, three phylogenetic analyses with combined LSU, SSU, 5.8s, rpb1, rpb2, and ef1 datasets for the subphyla Agaricomycotina, Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina are conducted, respectively. Divergence time estimates are provided to the family level with 632 species from 62 orders, 168 families and 605 genera. Our study indicates that the divergence times of the subphyla in Basidiomycota are 406–430 Mya, classes are 211–383 Mya, and orders are 99–323 Mya, which are largely consistent with previous studies. In this study, all phylogenetically supported families were dated, with the families of Agaricomycotina diverging from 27–178 Mya, Pucciniomycotina from 85–222 Mya, and Ustilaginomycotina from 79–177 Mya. Divergence times as additional criterion in ranking provide additional evidence to resolve taxonomic problems in the Basidiomycota taxonomic system, and also provide a better understanding of their phylogeny and evolution.
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Friess N, Müller JC, Aramendi P, Bässler C, Brändle M, Bouget C, Brin A, Bussler H, Georgiev KB, Gil R, Gossner MM, Heilmann‐Clausen J, Isacsson G, Krištín A, Lachat T, Larrieu L, Magnanou E, Maringer A, Mergner U, Mikoláš M, Opgenoorth L, Schmidl J, Svoboda M, Thorn S, Vandekerkhove K, Vrezec A, Wagner T, Winter M, Zapponi L, Brandl R, Seibold S. Arthropod communities in fungal fruitbodies are weakly structured by climate and biogeography across European beech forests. DIVERS DISTRIB 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Friess
- Department of Ecology ‐ Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Jörg C. Müller
- Bavarian Forest National Park Grafenau Germany
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology University of Würzburg Biocenter Rauhenebrach Germany
| | | | | | - Martin Brändle
- Department of Ecology ‐ Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Christophe Bouget
- Irstea, 'Forest Ecosystems' Research Unit Nogent‐sur‐Vernisson France
| | - Antoine Brin
- INPT – Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan UMR 1201 Dynafor INRA‐INPT, University of Toulouse Toulouse France
| | | | - Kostadin B. Georgiev
- Bavarian Forest National Park Grafenau Germany
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology University of Würzburg Biocenter Rauhenebrach Germany
| | - Radosław Gil
- Department of Evolutionary, Biology and Ecology, Institute of Invertebrate Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences University of Wroclaw Wrocław Poland
| | - Martin M. Gossner
- Forest Entomology Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Jacob Heilmann‐Clausen
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | | | - Thibault Lachat
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences HAFL Bern University of Applied Sciences Zollikofen Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Laurent Larrieu
- INRA UMR1201 DYNAFOR, Chemin de Borde Rouge, University of Toulouse Castanet Tolosan Cedex France
- CRPF OC Tolosane France
| | - Elodie Magnanou
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM) Banyuls/Mer France
- Réserve Naturelle Nationale de la Forêt de la Massane, Argelès-sur-Mer France
| | | | | | - Martin Mikoláš
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Prague Czech Republic
- PRALES Rosina Slovakia
| | - Lars Opgenoorth
- Department of Ecology ‐ Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Jürgen Schmidl
- Ecology group, Developmental Biology, Department Biology University of Erlangen‐Nuremberg Erlangen Germany
| | - Miroslav Svoboda
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Prague Czech Republic
| | - Simon Thorn
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology University of Würzburg Biocenter Rauhenebrach Germany
| | | | - Al Vrezec
- National Institute of Biology Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Thomas Wagner
- Department of Biology University of Koblenz‐Landau Koblenz Germany
| | | | - Livia Zapponi
- Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversità Forestale "Bosco Fontana" Marmirolo Italy
| | - Roland Brandl
- Department of Ecology ‐ Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Sebastian Seibold
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management Technische Universität München Freising Germany
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Dresch P, D´Aguanno MN, Rosam K, Grienke U, Rollinger JM, Peintner U. Fungal strain matters: colony growth and bioactivity of the European medicinal polypores Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola and Piptoporus betulinus.. AMB Express 2015; 5:4. [PMID: 25642401 PMCID: PMC4305089 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-014-0093-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Polypores have been applied in traditional Chinese medicine up to the present day, and are becoming more and more popular worldwide. They show a wide range of bioactivities including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and immuno-enhancing effects. Their secondary metabolites have been the focus of many studies, but the importance of fungal strain for bioactivity and metabolite production has not been investigated so far for these Basidiomycetes. Therefore, we screened several strains from three medicinal polypore species from traditional European medicine: Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola and Piptoporus betulinus. A total of 22 strains were compared concerning their growth rates, optimum growth temperatures, as well as antimicrobial and antifungal properties of ethanolic fruit body extracts. The morphological identification of strains was confirmed based on rDNA ITS phylogenetic analyses. Our results showed that species delimitation is critical due to the presence of several distinct lineages, e.g. within the Fomes fomentarius species complex. Fungal strains within one lineage showed distinct differences in optimum growth temperatures, in secondary metabolite production, and accordingly, in their bioactivities. In general, F. pinicola and P. betulinus extracts exerted distinct antibiotic activities against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus at minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging from 31-125 μg mL−1; The antifungal activities of all three polypores against Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, Absidia orchidis and Candida krusei were often strain-specific, ranging from 125-1000 μg mL−1. Our results highlight that a reliable species identification, followed by an extensive screening for a ‘best strain’ is an essential prerequisite for the proper identification of bioactive material.
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Zhang Y, Xiao Y, Wang P, Liu Q. Compositions and anti-tumor activity of Pyropolyporus fomentarius petroleum ether fraction in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109599. [PMID: 25302783 PMCID: PMC4193789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical compositions and anti-tumor activities of the petroleum ether fraction (PE), from mushroom Pyropolyporus fomentarius, were studied. Upon gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, nine major constituents were identified in the fraction. In vitro, the PE showed cytotoxic activity against murine sarcoma S180 (S180) cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and the cytotoxic effects were associated with apoptosis. The mitochondrial membrane potential loss and the intracellular ROS generation were greatly increased in the Pyropolyporus fomentarius PE treated group, suggesting cell apoptosis, induced by the PE in S180 cells, might be mitochondria dependent and ROS mediated. Consistent with in vitro findings, the in vivo study showed that the Pyropolyporus fomentarius PE was also effective in inhibiting the tumor growth induced by S180 cells and had lower immune organ toxicity. We found that the Pyropolyporus fomentarius PE has significant anti-tumor activity and great potential in screening anti-tumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- College of Life Sciences; Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaping Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Quanhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Grienke U, Zöll M, Peintner U, Rollinger JM. European medicinal polypores--a modern view on traditional uses. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 154:564-583. [PMID: 24786572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In particular five polypore species, i.e. Laetiporus sulphureus, Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Piptoporus betulinus, and Laricifomes officinalis, have been widely used in central European folk medicines for the treatment of various diseases, e.g. dysmenorrhoea, haemorrhoids, bladder disorders, pyretic diseases, treatment of coughs, cancer, and rheumatism. Prehistoric artefacts going back to over 5000 years underline the long tradition of using polypores for various applications ranging from food or tinder material to medicinal-spiritual uses as witnessed by two polypore species found among items of Ötzi, the Iceman. The present paper reviews the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activity of the five mentioned polypores. MATERIALS AND METHODS All available information on the selected polypore taxa used in traditional folk medicine was collected through evaluation of literature in libraries and searches in online databases using SciFinder and Web of Knowledge. RESULTS Mycochemical studies report the presence of many primary (e.g. polysaccharides) and secondary metabolites (e.g. triterpenes). Crude extracts and isolated compounds show a wide spectrum of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities. CONCLUSIONS The investigated polypores possess a longstanding ethnomycological tradition in Europe. Here, we compile biological results which highlight their therapeutic value. Moreover, this work provides a solid base for further investigations on a molecular level, both compound- and target-wise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Grienke
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Margit Zöll
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ursula Peintner
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Judith M Rollinger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Genetic variability in Fomes fomentarius reconfirmed by translation elongation factor 1-α DNA sequences and 25S LSU rRNA sequences. Biologia (Bratisl) 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-013-0228-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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McCormick MA, Grand LF, Post JB, Cubeta MA. Phylogenetic and phenotypic characterization of Fomes fasciatus and Fomes fomentarius in the United States. Mycologia 2013; 105:1524-34. [PMID: 23928420 DOI: 10.3852/12-336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The wood-decay fungi Fomes fasciatus and F. fomentarius share many morphological characters that historically have made species delimitation challenging. We examined morphological, molecular and physiological characters of basidiomata and pure cultures of F. fasciatus and F. fomentarius sampled from multiple plant hosts and geographic regions in the United States to determine whether they support separation of the two species. We find that mean basidiospore size is significantly larger in F. fomentarius and represents the most informative morphological character for delineating the species. Basidiomata and pore-surface shape provided additional resolution of the species, but these characters often overlap and are more variable than basidiospore size. Phylogenetic analyses of ITS and RPB2 sequences suggest that F. fasciatus and F. fomentarius represent distinct evolutionary lineages. The two species share less than 88% maximum identity for the ITS region. Limited intraspecific sequence variation at each locus also was observed. In vitro experiments of hyphal-growth response to a wide range of temperatures support differences in physiology between the two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan A McCormick
- North Carolina State University, Department of Plant Pathology, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7616
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Zang Y, Xiong J, Zhai WZ, Cao L, Zhang SP, Tang Y, Wang J, Su JJ, Yang GX, Zhao Y, Fan H, Xia G, Wang CG, Hu JF. Fomentarols A-D, sterols from the polypore macrofungus Fomes fomentarius. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 92:137-145. [PMID: 23747096 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Four (1-4) hitherto unknown and seven (5-11) known ergostane-type sterols were isolated from the EtOH extract of the dried fruiting bodies of the polypore macrofungus Fomes fomentarius. On the basis of spectroscopic analysis, the structures of polyhydroxylated sterols 1-4 were elucidated to be (22E,24R)-3β,5α,6β,14α-tetrahydroxyergosta-7,9(11),22-triene (fomentarol A, 1), (22E,24R)-3β,5β,6α,7α-tetrahydroxy-8α,9α-dihydroergosta-14,22-diene (fomentarol B, 2), (22E,24R)-3β,5α-dihydroxy-6β-ethoxyergosta-7,22-diene (fomentarol C, 3), and (22E,24S)-3β,25-dihydroxy-15α-O-β-D-glucopyranosylergosta-7,22-dien-6-one (fomentarol D, 4), respectively. Rings A/B and B/C are in turn cis-fused in compound 2, which is uncommon in natural ergostane-type sterols. The potential biogenetic relationship of 2 and other ergostane-type sterols isolated from F. fomentarius was briefly discussed. Moderate cytotoxic effects of the isolated sterols against a small panel of human cancer cell lines were also established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zang
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, No. 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
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