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Sun J, Wang Y, Zhang X, Cheng Z, Song Y, Li H, Wang N, Liu S, Cao Z, Li H, Zheng W, Duan C, Cao Y. Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal the Role of Phenylalanine Metabolism in the Maize Response to Stalk Rot Caused by Fusarium proliferatum. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1492. [PMID: 38338769 PMCID: PMC10855574 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Stalk rot is a prevalent disease of maize (Zea mays L.) that severely affects maize yield and quality worldwide. The ascomycete fungus Fusarium spp. is the most common pathogen of maize stalk rot. At present, the molecular mechanism of Fusarium proliferation during the maize stalk infection that causes maize stalk rot has rarely been reported. In this study, we investigated the response of maize to F. proliferatum infestation by analyzing the phenotypic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic data of inbred lines ZC17 (resistant) and CH72 (susceptible) with different levels of resistance to stalk rot. Physiological and phenotypic results showed that the infection CH72 was significantly more severe than ZC17 after inoculation. Transcriptome analysis showed that after inoculation, the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was higher in CH72 than in ZC17. Nearly half of these DEGs showed the same expression trend in the two inbred lines. Functional annotation and enrichment analyses indicated that the major pathways enriched for DEGs and DEMs included the biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites, phenylalanine metabolism, biosynthesis of plant hormones, and plant-pathogen interactions. The comprehensive analysis of transcriptome and metabolome data indicated that phenylalanine metabolism and the phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis pathways played a crucial role in maize resistance to F. proliferatum infection. In addition, a transcription factor (TF) analysis of the DEGs showed that several TF families, including MYB, bHLH, NAC, and WRKY, were significantly activated after inoculation, suggesting that these TFs play important roles in the molecular regulatory network of maize disease resistance. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the molecular basis of the response of maize to Fusarium proliferatum infection and highlight the importance of combining multiple approaches, such as phenotyping, transcriptomics, and metabolomics, to gain a comprehensive understanding of plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Sun
- Institute of Cereal Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yanzhao Wang
- Institute of Cereal Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xingrui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Grain Crop Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zeqiang Cheng
- Institute of Cereal Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yinghui Song
- Institute of Cereal Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Huimin Li
- Institute of Cereal Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Na Wang
- Institute of Cereal Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Shen Liu
- Institute of Cereal Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zijia Cao
- Institute of Cereal Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Hongxia Li
- Institute of Cereal Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Wanying Zheng
- Institute of Cereal Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Canxing Duan
- Key Laboratory of Grain Crop Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yanyong Cao
- Institute of Cereal Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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Omotayo OP, Babalola OO. Fusarium verticillioides of maize plant: Potentials of propitious phytomicrobiome as biocontrol agents. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2023; 4:1095765. [PMID: 37746120 PMCID: PMC10512380 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2023.1095765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Disease outbreaks have been recorded due to exposure to Fusarium verticillioides and fumonisin, a mycotoxin produced by this fungus. F. verticillioides is a fungal pathogen of maize that causes infections, such as wilting and rotting, while contact with its fumonisin derivative manifests in the form of mild to severe illnesses in humans and animals. Maize infection by F. verticillioides causes loss or reduction in expected crop yield, thereby influencing households and nations' economies. While several efforts have been made to control the pathogenic fungus and its occurrence in the environment, it remains a challenge in agriculture, particularly in maize production. Several microorganisms which are plant-associated, especially those associated with the rhizosphere niche have been noted to possess antagonistic effects against F. verticillioides. They can inhibit the pathogen and tackle its debilitating effects on plants. Hence this study reviews the use of rhizosphere-associated biocontrol agents, such as Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, and Microbacterium oleivorans which forms part of the phytomicrobiome in other to prevent and control this toxicogenic fungus. These microorganisms were found to not only be effective in controlling its occurrence on maize plants but are environmentally safe and promote crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olubukola Oluranti Babalola
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
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3
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Zhang W, Wang Z, Dan Z, Zhang L, Xu M, Yang G, Chai M, Li Z, Xie H, Cong L. Transcriptome Analysis of Fusarium Root-Rot-Resistant and -Susceptible Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Plants during Plant–Pathogen Interactions. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13050788. [PMID: 35627172 PMCID: PMC9140628 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a perennial leguminous forage cultivated globally. Fusarium spp.-induced root rot is a chronic and devastating disease affecting alfalfa that occurs in most production fields. Studying the disease resistance regulatory network and investigating the key genes involved in plant–pathogen resistance can provide vital information for breeding alfalfa that are resistant to Fusarium spp. In this study, a resistant and susceptible clonal line of alfalfa was inoculated with Fusarium proliferatum L1 and sampled at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 7 d post-inoculation for RNA-seq analysis. Among the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) detected between the two clonal lines at the four time points after inoculation, approximately 81.8% were detected at 24 h and 7 d after inoculation. Many DEGs in the two inoculated clonal lines participated in PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) mechanisms. In addition, transcription factor families such as bHLH, SBP, AP2, WRKY, and MYB were detected in response to infection. These results are an important supplement to the few existing studies on the resistance regulatory network of alfalfa against Fusarium root rot and will help to understand the evolution of host–pathogen interactions.
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Zhang X, Li C, Xue B, Ji P, Li Y, Sun L, Wang S. Development of a Rapid Sporulation Method of Fusarium graminearum Using Liquid Cultivation. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:34-38. [PMID: 34282928 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-21-0911-sr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is an important fungus causing a variety of maize diseases, including stalk rot, ear rot, and sheath rot. However, conidia of F. graminearum are not easily obtained under normal culture conditions, which seriously affects the identification and pathogenicity assessment of the isolates and screening of resistance sources. This study was undertaken to develop and utilize a rapid sporulation technique of F. graminearum using liquid cultivation, which could meet the needs of various tests. The results show that the optimum conditions for sporulation of F. graminearum were as follows: culture medium, 0.154 mol/liter of saline; temperature, 28 to 30°C; incubation time, 96 h; initial pH, 9 to 10; illumination, continuous ultraviolet light; and shaking speed, 150 rpm. Using this culture method, conidial concentration of tested F. graminearum strains can reach >1.5 × 105 conidia/ml. Compared with the existing methods using mung bean and carboxylmethyl cellulose as matrix, saline is relatively inexpensive, and the culture process, relatively quick. Overall, this study provided a systematic, rapid, and simple method to obtain a large number of conidia of F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Agricultural College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, P. R. China
| | - Chunjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P. R. China
| | - Baiyan Xue
- Agricultural College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, P. R. China
| | - Pingsheng Ji
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31794, U.S.A
| | - Yonggang Li
- Agricultural College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, P. R. China
| | - Lei Sun
- Institute of Soil Fertilizer and Environment Resources, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Institute of Soil Fertilizer and Environment Resources, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P. R. China
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Penkov NV, Goltyaev MV, Astashev ME, Serov DA, Moskovskiy MN, Khort DO, Gudkov SV. The Application of Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy to Identification of Potato Late Blight and Fusariosis. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101336. [PMID: 34684285 PMCID: PMC8537707 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium and late blight (fungal diseases of cereals and potatoes) are among the main causes of crop loss worldwide. A key element of success in the fight against phytopathogens is the timely identification of infected plants and seeds. That is why the development of new methods for identifying phytopathogens is a priority for agriculture. The terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) is a promising method for assessing the quality of materials. For the first time, we used THz-TDS for assessing the infection of seeds of cereals (oats, wheat and barley) with fusarium and potato tubers of different varieties (Nadezhda and Meteor) with late blight. We evaluated the refractive index, absorption coefficient and complex dielectric permittivity in healthy and infected plants. The presence of phytopathogens on seeds was confirmed by microscopy and PCR. It is shown, that Late blight significantly affected all the studied spectral characteristics. The nature of the changes depended on the variety of the analyzed plants and the localization of the analyzed tissue relative to the focus of infection. Fusarium also significantly affected all the studied spectral characteristics. It was found that THz-TDS method allows you to clearly establish the presence or absence of a phytopathogens, in the case of late blight, to assess the degree and depth of damage to plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita V. Penkov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics RAS, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (N.V.P.); (M.V.G.); (D.A.S.)
| | - Mikhail V. Goltyaev
- Institute of Cell Biophysics RAS, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (N.V.P.); (M.V.G.); (D.A.S.)
| | - Maxim E. Astashev
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Dmitry A. Serov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics RAS, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (N.V.P.); (M.V.G.); (D.A.S.)
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Maxim N. Moskovskiy
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM”, 109428 Moscow, Russia; (M.N.M.); (D.O.K.)
| | - Dmitriy O. Khort
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM”, 109428 Moscow, Russia; (M.N.M.); (D.O.K.)
| | - Sergey V. Gudkov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence:
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Tran TM, Ameye M, Landschoot S, Devlieghere F, De Saeger S, Eeckhout M, Audenaert K. Molecular Insights into Defense Responses of Vietnamese Maize Varieties to Fusarium verticillioides Isolates. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7090724. [PMID: 34575762 PMCID: PMC8469167 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium ear rot (FER) caused by Fusarium verticillioides is one of the main fungal diseases in maize worldwide. To develop a pathogen-tailored FER resistant maize line for local implementation, insights into the virulence variability of a residing F. verticillioides population are crucial for developing customized maize varieties, but remain unexplored. Moreover, little information is currently available on the involvement of the archetypal defense pathways in the F. verticillioides-maize interaction using local isolates and germplasm, respectively. Therefore, this study aims to fill these knowledge gaps. We used a collection of 12 F. verticillioides isolates randomly gathered from diseased maize fields in the Vietnamese central highlands. To assess the plant's defense responses against the pathogens, two of the most important maize hybrid genotypes grown in this agro-ecological zone, lines CP888 and Bt/GT NK7328, were used. Based on two assays, a germination and an in-planta assay, we found that line CP888 was more susceptible to the F. verticillioides isolates when compared to line Bt/GT NK7328. Using the most aggressive isolate, we monitored disease severity and gene expression profiles related to biosynthesis pathways of salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA), benzoxazinoids (BXs), and pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs). As a result, a stronger induction of SA, JA, ABA, BXs, and PRs synthesizing genes might be linked to the higher resistance of line Bt/GT NK7328 compared to the susceptible line CP888. All these findings could supply valuable knowledge in the selection of suitable FER resistant lines against the local F. verticllioides population and in the development of new FER resistant germplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang Minh Tran
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.A.); (S.L.)
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Correspondence: (T.M.T.); (K.A.)
| | - Maarten Ameye
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.A.); (S.L.)
| | - Sofie Landschoot
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.A.); (S.L.)
| | - Frank Devlieghere
- Research Unit Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Mia Eeckhout
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Research Unit of Cereal and Feed Technology, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.A.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence: (T.M.T.); (K.A.)
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Bai H, Si H, Zang J, Pang X, Yu L, Cao H, Xing J, Zhang K, Dong J. Comparative Proteomic Analysis of the Defense Response to Gibberella Stalk Rot in Maize and Reveals That ZmWRKY83 Is Involved in Plant Disease Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:694973. [PMID: 34489999 PMCID: PMC8417113 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.694973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is the causal agent of Gibberella stalk rot in maize stem, resulting in maize lodging, yield, quality, and mechanical harvesting capacity. To date, little is known about the maize stem defense mechanism in response to the invasion of F. graminearum. This study represents a global proteomic approach to document the infection by F. graminearum. A total of 1,894 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified in maize stem with F. graminearum inoculation. Functional categorization analysis indicated that proteins involved in plant-pathogen interaction were inducible at the early stages of infection. We also found that the expression of proteins involved in phenylpropanoid, flavonoid, and terpenoid biosynthesis were upregulated in response to F. graminearum infection, which may reflect that these secondary metabolism pathways were important in the protection against the fungal attack in maize stem. In continuously upregulated proteins after F. graminearum infection, we identified a WRKY transcription factor, ZmWRKY83, which could improve the resistance to plant pathogens. Together, the results show that the defense response of corn stalks against F. graminearum infection was multifaceted, involving the induction of proteins from various immune-related pathways, which had a directive significance for molecular genetic breeding of maize disease-resistant varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Bai
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Helong Si
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jinping Zang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xi Pang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Lu Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Hongzhe Cao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jihong Xing
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- *Correspondence: Jihong Xing,
| | - Kang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Kang Zhang,
| | - Jingao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Jingao Dong,
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Chen CY, Chen SY, Liu CW, Wu DH, Kuo CC, Lin CC, Chou HP, Wang YY, Tsai YC, Lai MH, Chung CL. Invasion and Colonization Pattern of Fusarium fujikuroi in Rice. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:1934-1945. [PMID: 32689901 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-20-0068-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bakanae disease in rice can cause abnormal elongation of the stem and leaves, development of adventitious roots, a larger leaf angle, and even death. Little is known about the infection, colonization, and distribution of Fusarium fujikuroi in rice plants across different growth stages. In this study, microscopic observation and quantitative real-time PCR were combined to investigate the pathogenesis of bakanae, using artificially inoculated seedlings of a susceptible rice cultivar, Zerawchanica karatals (ZK), a resistant cultivar, Tainung 67 (TNG67), naturally infected adult field plants (cultivars Kaohsiung 139, Taikeng 2, and Tainan 11), and an F. fujikuroi isolate expressing green fluorescent protein. In rice seedlings, F. fujikuroi hyphae were found to directly penetrate the epidermis of basal stems and roots, then extend inter- and intracellularly to invade the vascular bundles. Occlusion of vascular bundles and radial hyphal expansion from vascular bundles to surrounding parenchyma were observed in adult plants. Analysis of consecutive 3-cm segments of the whole plant revealed that F. fujikuroi was largely confined to the embryo, basal stem, and basal roots in seedlings, and distributed unevenly in the lower aerial parts (including nodes and internodes) of adult plants. The elongation and development of adventitious roots did not necessarily correlate with the amount of F. fujikuroi in diseased plants. Treatment of rice seeds with gibberellic acid-3 (GA3) at 0.5 mg/liter resulted in significantly more elongation of ZK than TNG67 seedlings, suggesting that the susceptibility of ZK to bakanae is associated with its higher sensitivity to GA3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Yi Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yu Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
| | - Dong-Hong Wu
- Crop Science Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, No. 189, Chung-Cheng Road, Wufeng, Taichung City 41203, Taiwan
- Department of Agronomy, National Chung Hsing University, No. 145, Xingda Rd., South District, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chih Kuo
- Crop Environment Section, Taichung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, No. 370, Song Hwai Road, Tatsuen Hsiang, Changhua County 51544, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chi Lin
- Crop Environment Section, Taitung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, No. 675, Chunghua Rd., Sec. 1, Taitung City 95055, Taiwan
| | - Hau-Ping Chou
- Crop Environment Section, Kaohsiung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, No. 2-6 Dehe Rd., Dehe Village, Changjhih Township, Pingtung County 90846, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yao Wang
- Crop Environment Section, Kaohsiung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, No. 2-6 Dehe Rd., Dehe Village, Changjhih Township, Pingtung County 90846, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Tsai
- Crop Environment Section, Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, No. 150, Sec. 2, Ji'an Rd., Ji'an Township, Hualien County 97365, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsin Lai
- Crop Science Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, No. 189, Chung-Cheng Road, Wufeng, Taichung City 41203, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Chung
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
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Muzzalupo I, Badolati G, Chiappetta A, Picci N, Muzzalupo R. In vitro Antifungal Activity of Olive ( Olea europaea) Leaf Extracts Loaded in Chitosan Nanoparticles. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:151. [PMID: 32195234 PMCID: PMC7062645 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Olive leaf extract is characterized by a high content of phenols and flavonoids (oleuropein, luteolin, and their derivatives). These compounds are defined as secondary metabolites and exert such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. We investigated the in vitro antifungal activity of two olive leaf extracts (named EF1 and EF2) against a Fusarium proliferatum (AACC0215) strain that causes diseases to many economically important plants and synthesizing diverse mycotoxins. In this work, we aimed to identify the most appropriate concentration between the tested two olive leaf extracts to develop a safe, stable and efficient drug delivery system. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the two olive leaf extracts by (HPLC) were performed. Furthermore, we also evaluated the antifungal effects of the two leaf extracts when encapsulated in chitosan-tripolyphosphate nanoparticles. The major compound in both EF1 and EF2 was oleuropein, with 336 and 603 mg/g, respectively, however, high concentrations of flavonoid were also present. EF1 and EF2 showed a concentration depended effect on F. proliferatum (AACC0215) viability. Our results showed a great efficacy of EF1/nanoparticles at the higher concentration tested (12X) against the target species. In this case, we observed an inhibition rate to both germination and growth of 87.96 and 58.13%, respectively. We suggest that EF1 olive leaf extracts, as free or encapsulated in chitosan-tripolyphosphate nanoparticles, could be used as fungicides to control plant diseases. Finally, future application of these findings may allow to reduce the dosage of fungicides potentially harmful to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innocenzo Muzzalupo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Scienze della Salute e della Nutrizione - Universitá della Calabria (DFSSN-UNICAL), Ed. Polifunzionale, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Rende, Italy.,Centro di Ricerca Olivicoltura, Frutticoltura, Agrumicoltura, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e L'analisi dell'Economia Agraria (CREA-OFA), Rende, Italy
| | - Giuliana Badolati
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Scienze della Salute e della Nutrizione - Universitá della Calabria (DFSSN-UNICAL), Ed. Polifunzionale, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Rende, Italy
| | - Adriana Chiappetta
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienza della Terra, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Nevio Picci
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Scienze della Salute e della Nutrizione - Universitá della Calabria (DFSSN-UNICAL), Ed. Polifunzionale, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Rende, Italy
| | - Rita Muzzalupo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Scienze della Salute e della Nutrizione - Universitá della Calabria (DFSSN-UNICAL), Ed. Polifunzionale, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Rende, Italy
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Antić TC, Janošević D, Maksimović VM, Živić M, Budimir S, Glamočlija J, Mitrović AL. Biochemical and histological characterization of succulent plant Tacitus bellus response to Fusarium verticillioides infection in vitro. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 244:153086. [PMID: 31812905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.153086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present changes in Tacitus bellus antioxidative system that specifically correspond to subsequent phases of hemibiotroph Fusarium verticillioides infection revealed by histological analysis. T. bellus response to spore germination 6 h post inoculation (hpi), manifested as first oxidative burst, was characterized by transient decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) content, transient increase in catalase (CAT), low level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activity, as well as with transient decrease in total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total phenol content (TPC) and phenylalanine ammonium lyase activity (PAL), and no changes in polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, or phenolic profile. During the biotrophic phase of F. verticillioides infection, characterized by hyphae spread intercellularly in epidermal and mesophyll tissue, the host antioxidative system was suppressed. The transition to necrotrophic phase of F. verticillioides infection (inter- and intracellular colonization and sporulation), occurred 3-4 days post inoculation (dpi). During the necrotrophic phase, 5-7 dpi, slowed progression of colonization of T. bellus mesophyll cells occurred and it coincided with sharp increase in MDA content and CAT, SOD and POD activities, but the drop in TAC, TPC content, and PPO activity, as well as the production of phytotoxin fusaric acid. Presented results add to the knowledge of events and mechanisms related to the transition from biotrophy to necrotrophy in F. verticillioides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Cvetić Antić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Studentski trg 16, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dušica Janošević
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Studentski trg 16, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vuk M Maksimović
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miroslav Živić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Studentski trg 16, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Snežana Budimir
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Glamočlija
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Lj Mitrović
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, Belgrade, Serbia.
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11
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Perczak A, Gwiazdowska D, Gwiazdowski R, Juś K, Marchwińska K, Waśkiewicz A. The Inhibitory Potential of Selected Essential Oils on Fusarium spp. Growth and Mycotoxins Biosynthesis in Maize Seeds. Pathogens 2019; 9:pathogens9010023. [PMID: 31887989 PMCID: PMC7168669 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to their rich chemical composition, essential oils (EOs) have many interesting properties, including antimicrobial activities. The presence of Fusarium and their secondary metabolites, mycotoxins, in cereal crops is a serious problem in agriculture, which consequently affects food quality. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of selected EOs on the growth of Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum and the biosynthesis of mycotoxins in maize seeds. Chromatographic analysis of ergosterol as a fungal growth indicator showed a significant inhibition of Fusarium growth (83.24–99.99%) compared to the control samples, which as a consequence resulted in a reduction in mycotoxin concentrations. The addition of cinnamon, palmarosa, orange, and spearmint EOs was shown to be the most effective in reducing zearalenone concentration (99.10–99.92%). Deoxynivalenol analysis confirmed a very high reduction of this compound at the application all tested EOs (90.69–100%). The obtained results indicated that EOs have a great potential to inhibit growth of Fusarium fungi as well as reduce the concentration of mycotoxins in maize seed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Perczak
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-618-487-824
| | - Daniela Gwiazdowska
- Department of Natural Science and Quality Assurance, Institute of Quality Science, Poznań University of Economics and Business, Niepodległości 10, 61-875 Poznań, Poland; (D.G.); (K.J.); (K.M.)
| | - Romuald Gwiazdowski
- Department of Pesticide Investigation, Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute, Władysława Węgorka 20, 60-318 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Juś
- Department of Natural Science and Quality Assurance, Institute of Quality Science, Poznań University of Economics and Business, Niepodległości 10, 61-875 Poznań, Poland; (D.G.); (K.J.); (K.M.)
| | - Katarzyna Marchwińska
- Department of Natural Science and Quality Assurance, Institute of Quality Science, Poznań University of Economics and Business, Niepodległości 10, 61-875 Poznań, Poland; (D.G.); (K.J.); (K.M.)
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań, Poland;
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12
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Liu Y, Maierhofer T, Rybak K, Sklenar J, Breakspear A, Johnston MG, Fliegmann J, Huang S, Roelfsema MRG, Felix G, Faulkner C, Menke FL, Geiger D, Hedrich R, Robatzek S. Anion channel SLAH3 is a regulatory target of chitin receptor-associated kinase PBL27 in microbial stomatal closure. eLife 2019; 8:44474. [PMID: 31524595 PMCID: PMC6776436 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, antimicrobial immune responses involve the cellular release of anions and are responsible for the closure of stomatal pores. Detection of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) induces currents mediated via slow-type (S-type) anion channels by a yet not understood mechanism. Here, we show that stomatal closure to fungal chitin is conferred by the major PRRs for chitin recognition, LYK5 and CERK1, the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase PBL27, and the SLAH3 anion channel. PBL27 has the capacity to phosphorylate SLAH3, of which S127 and S189 are required to activate SLAH3. Full activation of the channel entails CERK1, depending on PBL27. Importantly, both S127 and S189 residues of SLAH3 are required for chitin-induced stomatal closure and anti-fungal immunity at the whole leaf level. Our results demonstrate a short signal transduction module from MAMP recognition to anion channel activation, and independent of ABA-induced SLAH3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Maierhofer
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Rybak
- LMU Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jan Sklenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Judith Fliegmann
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Shouguang Huang
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - M Rob G Roelfsema
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Georg Felix
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Dietmar Geiger
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom.,LMU Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Martinsried, Germany
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13
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Imboden L, Afton D, Trail F. Surface interactions of Fusarium graminearum on barley. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1332-1342. [PMID: 28940853 PMCID: PMC6638126 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Fusarium graminearum, a devastating pathogen of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), produces mycotoxins that pose a health hazard. To investigate the surface interactions of F. graminearum on barley, we focused on barley florets, as the most important infection site leading to grain contamination. The fungus interacted with silica-accumulating cells (trichomes and silica/cork cell pairs) on the host surface. We identified variation in trichome-type cells between two-row and six-row barley, and in the role of specific epidermal cells in the ingress of F. graminearum into barley florets. Prickle-type trichomes functioned to trap conidia and were sites of fungal penetration. Infections of more mature florets supported the spread of hyphae into the vascular bundles, whereas younger florets did not show this spread. These differences related directly to the timing and location of increases in silica content during maturation. Focal accumulation of cellulose in infected paleae of two-row and six-row barley indicated that the response is in part linked to trichome type. Overall, silica-accumulating epidermal cells had an expanded role in barley, serving to trap conidia, provide sites for fungal ingress and initiate resistance responses, suggesting a role for silica in pathogen establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Imboden
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI 48824USA
| | - Drew Afton
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI 48824USA
| | - Frances Trail
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI 48824USA
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI 48824USA
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14
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Blacutt AA, Gold SE, Voss KA, Gao M, Glenn AE. Fusarium verticillioides: Advancements in Understanding the Toxicity, Virulence, and Niche Adaptations of a Model Mycotoxigenic Pathogen of Maize. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:312-326. [PMID: 28971734 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-17-0203-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The importance of understanding the biology of the mycotoxigenic fungus Fusarium verticillioides and its various microbial and plant host interactions is critical given its threat to maize, one of the world's most valuable food crops. Disease outbreaks and mycotoxin contamination of grain threaten economic returns and have grave implications for human and animal health and food security. Furthermore, F. verticillioides is a member of a genus of significant phytopathogens and, thus, data regarding its host association, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and other metabolic (degradative) capabilities are consequential to both basic and applied research efforts across multiple pathosystems. Notorious among its secondary metabolites are the fumonisin mycotoxins, which cause severe animal diseases and are implicated in human disease. Additionally, studies of these mycotoxins have led to new understandings of F. verticillioides plant pathogenicity and provide tools for research into cellular processes and host-pathogen interaction strategies. This review presents current knowledge regarding several significant lines of F. verticillioides research, including facets of toxin production, virulence, and novel fitness strategies exhibited by this fungus across rhizosphere and plant environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex A Blacutt
- First and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602; and second, third, and fifth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Athens, GA 30605-2720
| | - Scott E Gold
- First and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602; and second, third, and fifth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Athens, GA 30605-2720
| | - Kenneth A Voss
- First and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602; and second, third, and fifth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Athens, GA 30605-2720
| | - Minglu Gao
- First and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602; and second, third, and fifth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Athens, GA 30605-2720
| | - Anthony E Glenn
- First and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602; and second, third, and fifth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Athens, GA 30605-2720
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15
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Transcriptome Analysis of Tomato Leaf Spot Pathogen Fusarium proliferatum: De novo Assembly, Expression Profiling, and Identification of Candidate Effectors. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:ijms19010031. [PMID: 29271931 PMCID: PMC5795981 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Leaf spot disease caused by the fungus Fusarium proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenberg is a destructive disease of tomato plants in China. Typical symptoms of infected tomato plants are softened and wilted stems and leaves, leading to the eventual death of the entire plant. In this study, we resorted to transcriptional profile analysis to gain insight into the repertoire of effectors involved in F. proliferatum–tomato interactions. A total of 61,544,598 clean reads were de novo assembled to provide a F. proliferatum reference transcriptome. From these, 75,044 unigenes were obtained, with 19.46% of the unigenes being assigned to 276 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, with 22.3% having a homology with genes from F. fujikuroi. A total of 18,075 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, 720 of which were found to code for secreted proteins. Of these, 184 were identified as candidate effectors, while 79.89% had an upregulated expression. Moreover, 17 genes that were differentially expressed in RNA-seq studies were randomly selected for validation by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT–PCR). The study demonstrates that transcriptome analysis could be an effective method for identifying the repertoire of candidate effectors and may provide an invaluable resource for future functional analyses of F. proliferatum pathogenicity in F. proliferatum and tomato plant–host interactions.
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16
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Oldenburg E, Höppner F, Ellner F, Weinert J. Fusarium diseases of maize associated with mycotoxin contamination of agricultural products intended to be used for food and feed. Mycotoxin Res 2017; 33:167-182. [PMID: 28455556 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-017-0277-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Infections of maize with phytopathogenic and toxinogenic Fusarium spp. may occur throughout the cultivation period. This can cause different types of diseases in vegetative and generative organs of the plant. Along with these infections, mycotoxins are often produced and accumulated in affected tissues, which could pose a significant risk on human and animal health when entering the food and feed chain. Most important fungal species infecting European maize belong to the Fusarium sections Discolour and Liseola, the first being more prevalent in cooler and humid climate regions than the second predominating in warmer and dryer areas. Coexistence of several Fusarium spp. pathogens in growing maize under field conditions is the usual case and may lead to multi-contamination with mycotoxins like trichothecenes, zearalenone and fumonisins. The pathways how the fungi gain access to the target organs of the plant are extensively described in relation to specific symptoms of typical rot diseases regarding ears, kernels, rudimentary ears, roots, stem, leaves, seed and seedlings. Both Gibberella and Fusarium ear rots are of major importance in affecting the toxinogenic quality of grain or ear-based products as well as forage maize used for human or animal nutrition. Although rudimentary ears may contain high amounts of Fusarium toxins, the contribution to the contamination of forage maize is minor due to their small proportion on the whole plant dry matter yield. The impact of foliar diseases on forage maize contamination is regarded to be low, as Fusarium infections are restricted to some parts on the leaf sheaths and husks. Mycotoxins produced in rotted basal part of the stem may contribute to forage maize contamination, but usually remain in the stubbles after harvest. As the probability of a more severe disease progression is increasing with a prolonged cultivation period, maize should be harvested at the appropriate maturity stage to keep Fusarium toxin contamination as low as possible. Ongoing surveillance and research is needed to recognise changes in the spectrum of dominating Fusarium pathogens involved in mycotoxin contamination of maize to ensure safety in the food and feed chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Oldenburg
- Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Institute for Plant Protection in Field Crops and Grassland, Messeweg 11/12, 38104, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Frank Höppner
- Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Institute for Crop and Soil Science, Bundesallee 50, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Frank Ellner
- Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Products, Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Königin-Luise-Strasse 19, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Weinert
- Department of Plant Protection, The Chamber of Agriculture Lower Saxony, Wunstorfer Landstrasse 9, 30453, Hannover, Germany
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