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Li C, Chen X, Jia Z, Zhai L, Zhang B, Grüters U, Ma S, Qian J, Liu X, Zhang J, Müller C. Meta-analysis reveals the effects of microbial inoculants on the biomass and diversity of soil microbial communities. Nat Ecol Evol 2024; 8:1270-1284. [PMID: 38849504 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-024-02437-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Microbial inoculation involves transplanting microorganisms from their natural habitat to new plants or soils to improve plant performance, and it is being increasingly used in agriculture and ecological restoration. However, microbial inoculants can invade and alter the composition of native microbial communities; thus, a comprehensive analysis is urgently needed to understand the overall impact of microbial inoculants on the biomass, diversity, structure and network complexity of native communities. Here we provide a meta-analysis of 335 studies revealing a positive effect of microbial inoculants on soil microbial biomass. This positive effect was weakened by environmental stress and enhanced by the use of fertilizers and native inoculants. Although microbial inoculants did not alter microbial diversity, they induced major changes in the structure and bacterial composition of soil microbial communities, reducing the complexity of bacterial networks and increasing network stability. Finally, higher initial levels of soil nutrients amplified the positive impact of microbial inoculants on fungal biomass, actinobacterial biomass, microbial biomass carbon and microbial biomass nitrogen. Together, our results highlight the positive effects of microbial inoculants on soil microbial biomass, emphasizing the benefits of native inoculants and the important regulatory roles of soil nutrient levels and environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Plant Ecology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Xinli Chen
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhaohui Jia
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Zhai
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Uwe Grüters
- Institute of Plant Ecology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Shilin Ma
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Qian
- Yangzhou China Grand Canal Museum, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jinchi Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Christoph Müller
- Institute of Plant Ecology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- School of Biology and Environmental Science and Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Liebig Centre for Agroecology and Climate Impact Research, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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MacColl KA, Tosi M, Chagnon PL, MacDougall AS, Dunfield KE, Maherali H. Prairie restoration promotes the abundance and diversity of mutualistic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2024; 34:e2981. [PMID: 38738945 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Predicting how biological communities assemble in restored ecosystems can assist in conservation efforts, but most research has focused on plants, with relatively little attention paid to soil microbial organisms that plants interact with. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are an ecologically significant functional group of soil microbes that form mutualistic symbioses with plants and could therefore respond positively to plant community restoration. To evaluate the effects of plant community restoration on AM fungi, we compared AM fungal abundance, species richness, and community composition of five annually cultivated, conventionally managed agricultural fields with paired adjacent retired agricultural fields that had undergone prairie restoration 5-9 years prior to sampling. We hypothesized that restoration stimulates AM fungal abundance and species richness, particularly for disturbance-sensitive taxa, and that gains of new taxa would not displace AM fungal species present prior to restoration due to legacy effects. AM fungal abundance was quantified by measuring soil spore density and root colonization. AM fungal species richness and community composition were determined in soils and plant roots using DNA high-throughput sequencing. Soil spore density was 2.3 times higher in restored prairies compared to agricultural fields, but AM fungal root colonization did not differ between land use types. AM fungal species richness was 2.7 and 1.4 times higher in restored prairies versus agricultural fields for soil and roots, respectively. The abundance of Glomeraceae, a disturbance-tolerant family, decreased by 25% from agricultural to restored prairie soils but did not differ in plant roots. The abundance of Claroideoglomeraceae and Diversisporaceae, both disturbance-sensitive families, was 4.6 and 3.2 times higher in restored prairie versus agricultural soils, respectively. Species turnover was higher than expected relative to a null model, indicating that AM fungal species were gained by replacement. Our findings demonstrate that restoration can promote a relatively rapid increase in the abundance and diversity of soil microbial communities that had been degraded by decades of intensive land use, and community compositional change can be predicted by the disturbance tolerance of soil microbial taxonomic and functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A MacColl
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Micaela Tosi
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pierre-Luc Chagnon
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrew S MacDougall
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kari E Dunfield
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hafiz Maherali
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Sharma N, Tapwal A. Mycorrhizal symbiosis in Taxus: a review. MYCORRHIZA 2024; 34:173-180. [PMID: 38643436 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-024-01148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Taxus, a genus of conifers known for its medicinal significance, faces various conservation challenges with several species classified under different threat categories by the IUCN. The overharvesting of bark and leaves for the well-known chemotherapy drug paclitaxel has resulted in its population decline. Exploring the mycorrhizal relationship in Taxus is of utmost importance, as mycorrhizal fungi play pivotal roles in nutrition, growth, and ecological resilience. Taxus predominantly associates with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM), and reports suggest ectomycorrhizal (EM) or dual mycorrhizal associations as well. This review consolidates existing literature on mycorrhizal associations in Taxus species, focusing on structural, physiological, and molecular aspects. AM associations are well-documented in Taxus, influencing plant physiology and propagation. Conversely, EM associations remain relatively understudied, with limited evidence suggesting their occurrence. The review highlights the importance of further research to elucidate dual mycorrhizal associations in Taxus, emphasizing the need for detailed structural and physiological examinations to understand their impact on growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sharma
- ICFRE-Himalayan Forest Research Institute, Shimla, 171013, India.
| | - Ashwani Tapwal
- ICFRE-Himalayan Forest Research Institute, Shimla, 171013, India
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Strawsine M, van Galen LG, Lord JM, Larcombe MJ. Trophic facilitation in forest restoration: Can Nothofagus trees use ectomycorrhizal fungi of the pioneer shrub Leptospermum? Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11442. [PMID: 38803610 PMCID: PMC11128459 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The benefits of plant-to-plant facilitation in ecological restoration are well recognized, yet the potential for indirect trophic facilitation remains understudied. Nothofagus (southern beech; Nothofagaceae) is an iconic southern hemisphere tree genus that is frequently the focus of ecological restoration efforts. One aspect of Nothofagus ecology that may limit restoration success is the availability of appropriate ectomycorrhizal fungi. It has been suggested that pioneer dual-mycorrhizal hosts such as Leptospermum species (Myrtaceae) could facilitate Nothofagus establishment by providing fungal inoculum, but the capacity for Nothofagus to use Leptospermum ectomycorrhizal fungi is unknown. To investigate potential indirect facilitation, we conducted a common garden pot trial to determine if Nothofagus cliffortioides (mountain beech) can use symbionts from Leptospermum scoparium (mānuka) ectomycorrhizal communities. Nothofagus and Leptospermum seedlings were grown in monoculture and mixed pairs with reciprocal "home" and "away" soil fungal inoculum. ITS2 metabarcoding of eDNA from hyphal ingrowth bags revealed that Nothofagus and Leptospermum inoculum contained different ectomycorrhizal fungal communities, but that half of the common ectomycorrhizal taxa identified were found in both soil types, suggesting generalist fungi exist. Nothofagus was able to form associations with some fungal species originating from Leptospermum inoculum, however, probable spore contamination meant that the proportion of root colonization associated with those species was ambiguous. Root ectomycorrhizal colonization rates were positively associated with seedling biomass, and there was some evidence of a home soil inoculum advantage in Nothofagus, but these effects were minor. Additionally, we found evidence that home inoculum provides a protective advantage against drought stress for Leptospermum seedlings. Our results indicate the potential for using Leptospermum to promote Nothofagus establishment in restoration plantings and highlight the possible benefits of considering fungal mutualists in ecological restoration projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merissa Strawsine
- Department of BotanyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
- Present address:
Shasta‐Trinity National ForestReddingCaliforniaUSA
| | - Laura G. van Galen
- Department of BotanyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Society for the Protection of Underground Networks (SPUN)DoverDelawareUSA
| | - Janice M. Lord
- Department of BotanyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
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5
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Brant RA, Edwards CE, Reid JL, Bassüner B, Delfeld B, Dell N, Mangan SA, de la Paz Bernasconi Torres V, Albrecht MA. Restoration age affects microbial-herbaceous plant interactions in an oak woodland. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11360. [PMID: 38706936 PMCID: PMC11066493 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
In degraded ecosystems, soil microbial communities (SMCs) may influence the outcomes of ecological restoration. Restoration practices can affect SMCs, though it is unclear how variation in the onset of restoration activities in woodlands affects SMCs, how those SMCs influence the performance of hard-to-establish woodland forbs, and how different woodland forbs shape SMCs. In this study, we quantified soil properties and species abundances in an oak woodland restoration chronosequence (young, intermediate, and old restorations). We measured the growth of three woodland forb species when inoculated with live whole-soil from young, intermediate, or old restorations. We used DNA metabarcoding to characterize SMCs of each inoculum treatment and the soil after conditioning by each plant species. Our goals were to (1) understand how time since the onset of restoration affected soil abiotic properties, plant communities, and SMCs in a restoration chronosequence, (2) test growth responses of three forb species to whole-soil inoculum from restoration sites, and (3) characterize changes in SMCs before and after conditioning by each forb species. Younger restored woodlands had greater fire-sensitive tree species and lower concentrations of soil phosphorous than intermediate or older restored woodlands. Bacterial and fungal soil communities varied significantly among sites. Forbs exhibited the greatest growth in soil from the young restoration. Each forb species developed a unique soil microbial community. Our results highlight how restoration practices affect SMCs, which can in turn affect the growth of hard-to-establish forb species. Our results also highlight that the choice of forb species can alter SMCs, which could have long-term potential consequences for restoration success.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John Leighton Reid
- Missouri Botanical GardenSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- Present address:
School of Plant and Environmental SciencesVirginia TechBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
| | | | | | - Noah Dell
- Missouri Botanical GardenSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Scott A. Mangan
- Department of Biological SciencesArkansas State UniversityJonesboroArkansasUSA
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6
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Van Nuland ME, Daws SC, Bailey JK, Schweitzer JA, Busby PE, Peay KG. Above- and belowground fungal biodiversity of Populus trees on a continental scale. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:2406-2419. [PMID: 37973868 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01514-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Understanding drivers of terrestrial fungal communities over large scales is an important challenge for predicting the fate of ecosystems under climate change and providing critical ecological context for bioengineering plant-microbe interactions in model systems. We conducted an extensive molecular and microscopy field study across the contiguous United States measuring natural variation in the Populus fungal microbiome among tree species, plant niche compartments and key symbionts. Our results show clear biodiversity hotspots and regional endemism of Populus-associated fungal communities explained by a combination of climate, soil and geographic factors. Modelling climate change impacts showed a deterioration of Populus mycorrhizal associations and an increase in potentially pathogenic foliar endophyte diversity and prevalence. Geographic differences among these symbiont groups in their sensitivity to environmental change are likely to influence broader forest health and ecosystem function. This dataset provides an above- and belowground atlas of Populus fungal biodiversity at a continental scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Van Nuland
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Society for the Protection of Underground Networks, SPUN, Dover, DE, USA.
| | - S Caroline Daws
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joseph K Bailey
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer A Schweitzer
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Posy E Busby
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Kabir G Peay
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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7
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Balami S, Vašutová M, Chaudhary VK, Cudlín P. How do root fungi of Alnus nepalensis and Schima wallichii recover during succession of abandoned land? MYCORRHIZA 2023; 33:321-332. [PMID: 37702798 PMCID: PMC10752848 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-023-01124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Alnus nepalensis and Schima wallichii are native tree species accompanying succession in abandoned agricultural land in the middle mountainous region of central Nepal. To understand how root fungi recover during spontaneous succession, we analyzed the diversity and composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM), ectomycorrhizal (ECM), and total fungi in tree fine roots from three land use types, short-term abandoned land (SA), long-term abandoned land (LA), and regenerated forest (RF) as a reference. Additionally, ECM morphotypes were examined. The results showed different speeds of succession in the studied fungal groups. While the change in the AM fungal community appears to be rapid and LA resembles the composition of RF, the total fungi in the abandoned land types are similar to each other but differed significantly from RF. Interestingly, the relative abundance of Archaeosporaceae followed a trend differing between the tree species (SA < LA in A. nepalensis, but SA > LA in S. wallichii). Unlike AM and total fungi, there was no significant difference in the ECM community of A. nepalensis between land use types, probably due to their low species diversity (9 ECM morphotypes, 31 ECM operational taxonomic units). However, Cortinarius sp. was significantly more abundant in RF than in the other land use types, whereas Alnicola, Tomentella, and Russula preferred young stages. Our results suggest that for both studied tree species the AM fungal succession could reach the stage of regenerated forest relatively fast. In the case of total fungi, because of hyperdiversity and composed of species specialized to a variety of environments and substrates, the transition was expected to be delayed in abandoned land where the vegetation was still developing and the ecosystem was not as complex as that found in mature forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujan Balami
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Na Zlaté stoce 1, Ceské Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, 666303, China.
| | - Martina Vašutová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Na Zlaté stoce 1, Ceské Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Vijay Kumar Chaudhary
- Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Pavel Cudlín
- Department of Ecosystem Function Analysis of the Landscape, Czech Academy of Sciences, Lipová 1789/9, Ceské Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic
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Wipulasena AYAP, Davison J, Helm A, Kasari L, Moora M, Prangel E, Reitalu T, Vahter T, Vasar M, Zobel M. Soil community composition in dynamic stages of semi-natural calcareous grassland. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292425. [PMID: 37847721 PMCID: PMC10581465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
European dry thin-soil calcareous grasslands (alvars) are species-rich semi-natural habitats. Cessation of traditional management, such as mowing and grazing, leads to shrub and tree encroachment and the local extinction of characteristic alvar species. While soil microbes are known to play a critical role in driving vegetation and ecosystem dynamics, more information is needed about their composition and function in grasslands of different dynamic stages. Here we assess the composition of soil fungal, prokaryotic, and plant communities using soil environmental DNA from restored alvar grasslands in Estonia. The study areas included grasslands that had experienced different degrees of woody encroachment prior to restoration (woody plant removal and grazing), as well as unmanaged open grasslands. We found that, in general, different taxonomic groups exhibited correlated patterns of between-community variation. Previous forest sites, which had prior to restoration experienced a high degree of woody encroachment by ectomycorrhizal Scots pine, were compositionally most distinct from managed open grasslands, which had little woody vegetation even prior to restoration. The functional structure of plant and fungal communities varied in ways that were consistent with the representation of mycorrhizal types in the ecosystems prior to restoration. Compositional differences between managed and unmanaged open grasslands reflecting the implementation of grazing without further management interventions were clearer among fungal, and to an extent prokaryotic, communities than among plant communities. While previous studies have shown that during woody encroachment of alvar grassland, plant communities change first and fungal communities follow, our DNA-based results suggest that microbial communities reacted faster than plant communities during the restoration of grazing management in alvar grassland. We conclude that while the plant community responds faster to cessation of management, the fungal community responds faster to restoration of management. This may indicate hysteresis, where the eventual pathway back to the original state (grazed ecosystem) differs from the pathway taken towards the alternative state (abandoned semi-natural grassland ecosystem).
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Y. Ayesh Piyara Wipulasena
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - John Davison
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Aveliina Helm
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liis Kasari
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mari Moora
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Elisabeth Prangel
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Triin Reitalu
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tanel Vahter
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Martti Vasar
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Martin Zobel
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Schönbeck L, Arteaga M, Mirza H, Coleman M, Mitchell D, Huang X, Ortiz H, Santiago LS. Plant physiological indicators for optimizing conservation outcomes. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 11:coad073. [PMID: 37711583 PMCID: PMC10498484 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coad073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant species of concern often occupy narrow habitat ranges, making climate change an outsized potential threat to their conservation and restoration. Understanding the physiological status of a species during stress has the potential to elucidate current risk and provide an outlook on population maintenance. However, the physiological status of a plant can be difficult to interpret without a reference point, such as the capacity to tolerate stress before loss of function, or mortality. We address the application of plant physiology to conservation biology by distinguishing between two physiological approaches that together determine plant status in relation to environmental conditions and evaluate the capacity to avoid stress-induced loss of function. Plant physiological status indices, such as instantaneous rates of photosynthetic gas exchange, describe the level of physiological activity in the plant and are indicative of physiological health. When such measurements are combined with a reference point that reflects the maximum value or environmental limits of a parameter, such as the temperature at which photosynthesis begins to decline due to high temperature stress, we can better diagnose the proximity to potentially damaging thresholds. Here, we review a collection of useful plant status and reference point measurements related to photosynthesis, water relations and mineral nutrition, which can contribute to plant conservation physiology. We propose that these measurements can serve as important additional information to more commonly used phenological and morphological parameters, as the proposed parameters will reveal early warning signals before they are visible. We discuss their implications in the context of changing temperature, water and nutrient supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Schönbeck
- Department of Botany & Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Marc Arteaga
- Department of Botany & Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Humera Mirza
- Department of Botany & Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Mitchell Coleman
- Department of Botany & Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Tejon Ranch Conservancy, Frazier Park, CA 93225, USA
| | - Denise Mitchell
- Department of Botany & Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Xinyi Huang
- Department of Botany & Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Haile Ortiz
- Department of Botany & Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Louis S Santiago
- Department of Botany & Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092. Balboa, Ancon, Panama, Republic of Panama
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10
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Hoosein S, Neuenkamp L, Trivedi P, Paschke MW. AM fungal-bacterial relationships: what can they tell us about ecosystem sustainability and soil functioning? FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2023; 4:1141963. [PMID: 37746131 PMCID: PMC10512368 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2023.1141963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Considering our growing population and our continuous degradation of soil environments, understanding the fundamental ecology of soil biota and plant microbiomes will be imperative to sustaining soil systems. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi extend their hyphae beyond plant root zones, creating microhabitats with bacterial symbionts for nutrient acquisition through a tripartite symbiotic relationship along with plants. Nonetheless, it is unclear what drives these AM fungal-bacterial relationships and how AM fungal functional traits contribute to these relationships. By delving into the literature, we look at the drivers and complexity behind AM fungal-bacterial relationships, describe the shift needed in AM fungal research towards the inclusion of interdisciplinary tools, and discuss the utilization of bacterial datasets to provide contextual evidence behind these complex relationships, bringing insights and new hypotheses to AM fungal functional traits. From this synthesis, we gather that interdependent microbial relationships are at the foundation of understanding microbiome functionality and deciphering microbial functional traits. We suggest using pattern-based inference tools along with machine learning to elucidate AM fungal-bacterial relationship trends, along with the utilization of synthetic communities, functional gene analyses, and metabolomics to understand how AM fungal and bacterial communities facilitate communication for the survival of host plant communities. These suggestions could result in improving microbial inocula and products, as well as a better understanding of complex relationships in terrestrial ecosystems that contribute to plant-soil feedbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabana Hoosein
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship/Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Lena Neuenkamp
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, Münster University, Münster, Germany
- Department of Ecology and Multidisciplinary Institute for Environment Studies “Ramon Margalef,” University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Pankaj Trivedi
- Microbiome Network, Department of Agricultural Biology, Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Mark W. Paschke
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship/Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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11
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Gewin V. Invasive palms and WWII damaged an island paradise. Could fungi help to restore it? Nature 2023; 618:662-665. [PMID: 37344652 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-01932-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
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12
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Atala C, Reyes SA, Molina-Montenegro MA. Assessing the Importance of Native Mycorrhizal Fungi to Improve Tree Establishment after Wildfires. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040421. [PMID: 37108876 PMCID: PMC10144394 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The Chilean matorral is a heavily threatened Mediterranean-type ecosystem due to human-related activities such as anthropogenic fires. Mycorrhizal fungi may be the key microorganisms to help plants cope with environmental stress and improve the restoration of degraded ecosystems. However, the application of mycorrhizal fungi in the restoration of the Chilean matorral is limited because of insufficient local information. Consequently, we assessed the effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on the survival and photosynthesis at set intervals for two years after a fire event in four native woody plant species, namely: Peumus boldus, Quillaja saponaria, Cryptocarya alba, and Kageneckia oblonga, all dominant species of the matorral. Additionally, we assessed the enzymatic activity of three enzymes and macronutrient in the soil in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants. The results showed that mycorrhizal inoculation increased survival in all studied species after a fire and increased photosynthesis in all, but not in P. boldus. Additionally, the soil associated with mycorrhizal plants had higher enzymatic activity and macronutrient levels in all species except in Q. saponaria, in which there was no significant mycorrhization effect. The results suggest that mycorrhizal fungi could increase the fitness of plants used in restoration initiatives after severe disturbances such as fires and, consequently, should be considered for restoration programs of native species in threatened Mediterranean ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Atala
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Universidad 330, Curauma, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
| | - Sebastián A. Reyes
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Universidad 330, Curauma, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
| | - Marco A. Molina-Montenegro
- Centre for Integrative Ecology (CIE), Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Avda. Lircay s/n, Talca 3460000, Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Estudios Avanzados del Maule (CIEAM), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile
- Correspondence:
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13
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Gerrits GM, Waenink R, Aradottir AL, Buisson E, Dutoit T, Ferreira MC, Fontaine JB, Jaunatre R, Kardol P, Loeb R, Magro Ruiz S, Maltz M, Pärtel M, Peco B, Piqueray J, Pilon NAL, Santa‐Regina I, Schmidt KT, Sengl P, van Diggelen R, Vieira DLM, von Brackel W, Waryszak P, Wills TJ, Marrs RH, Wubs ERJ. Synthesis on the effectiveness of soil translocation for plant community restoration. J Appl Ecol 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gijs M. Gerrits
- Mathematical and Statistical Methods Group (Biometris) Wageningen University and Research Wageningen The Netherlands
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Rik Waenink
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group Wageningen University and Research Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Asa L. Aradottir
- Faculty of Environmental and Forest Sciences Agricultural University of Iceland Reykjavik Iceland
| | - Elise Buisson
- Mediterranean Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology (IMBE) Avignon University, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD Avignon France
| | - Thierry Dutoit
- Mediterranean Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology (IMBE) Avignon University, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD Avignon France
| | - Maxmiller C. Ferreira
- Ecology Graduate Program Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília Brasília Brazil
| | - Joseph B. Fontaine
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences Murdoch University Perth Australia
| | - Renaud Jaunatre
- Mediterranean Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology (IMBE) Avignon University, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD Avignon France
- University of Grenoble Alpes, INRAE, LESSEM St‐Martin‐d'Hères France
| | - Paul Kardol
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) Umeå Sweden
| | - Roos Loeb
- B‐WARE Research Centre Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | | | - Mia Maltz
- Riverside, Center for Conservation Biology University of California Riverside California USA
| | - Meelis Pärtel
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Begona Peco
- Terrestrial Ecology Group (TEG), Department of Ecology Institute for Biodiversity and Global Change, Autonomous University of Madrid Madrid Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Philip Sengl
- Engineering office for Biology Sankt Anna am Aigen Austria
| | - Rudy van Diggelen
- Department of Biology Ecosystem Management Research Group, University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium
| | - Daniel L. M. Vieira
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology Brasília Brazil
| | - Wolfgang von Brackel
- Büro für Vegetationskundlich‐Ökologische Gutachten & Lichenologie Röttenbach Germany
| | - Pawel Waryszak
- Deakin University Burwood Victoria Australia
- University of Southern Queensland Toowoomba Queensland Australia
| | - Tim J. Wills
- The Ecology Office Pty Ltd Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Rob H. Marrs
- School of Environmental Sciences University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | - E. R. Jasper Wubs
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen The Netherlands
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14
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Hodgson RJ, Liddicoat C, Cando‐Dumancela C, Blyth C, Watson CD, Breed MF. Local and non‐local soil microbiota impede germination of the endangered
Acacia whibleyana. AUSTRAL ECOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Riley J. Hodgson
- College of Science and Engineering Flinders University Bedford Park South Australia Australia
| | - Craig Liddicoat
- College of Science and Engineering Flinders University Bedford Park South Australia Australia
- School of Public Health University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | | | - Colette Blyth
- School of Biological Sciences University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Carl D. Watson
- College of Science and Engineering Flinders University Bedford Park South Australia Australia
| | - Martin F. Breed
- College of Science and Engineering Flinders University Bedford Park South Australia Australia
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15
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Marshall AR, Waite CE, Pfeifer M, Banin LF, Rakotonarivo S, Chomba S, Herbohn J, Gilmour DA, Brown M, Chazdon RL. Fifteen essential science advances needed for effective restoration of the world's forest landscapes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20210065. [PMID: 36373922 PMCID: PMC9661955 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There has never been a more pressing and opportune time for science and practice to collaborate towards restoration of the world's forests. Multiple uncertainties remain for achieving successful, long-term forest landscape restoration (FLR). In this article, we use expert knowledge and literature review to identify knowledge gaps that need closing to advance restoration practice, as an introduction to a landmark theme issue on FLR and the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration. Aligned with an Adaptive Management Cycle for FLR, we identify 15 essential science advances required to facilitate FLR success for nature and people. They highlight that the greatest science challenges lie in the conceptualization, planning and assessment stages of restoration, which require an evidence base for why, where and how to restore, at realistic scales. FLR and underlying sciences are complex, requiring spatially explicit approaches across disciplines and sectors, considering multiple objectives, drivers and trade-offs critical for decision-making and financing. The developing tropics are a priority region, where scientists must work with stakeholders across the Adaptive Management Cycle. Clearly communicated scientific evidence for action at the outset of restoration planning will enable donors, decision makers and implementers to develop informed objectives, realistic targets and processes for accountability. This article paves the way for 19 further articles in this theme issue, with author contributions from across the world. This article is part of the theme issue 'Understanding forest landscape restoration: reinforcing scientific foundations for the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Marshall
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, QLD 4556, Australia
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
- Reforest Africa, Mang'ula, Tanzania
- Flamingo Land Ltd, Kirby Misperton, North Yorkshire YO17 6UX, UK
| | - Catherine E. Waite
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Marion Pfeifer
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Lindsay F. Banin
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Sarobidy Rakotonarivo
- École Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d'Antananarivo, BP 566 Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - John Herbohn
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Donald A. Gilmour
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Mark Brown
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Robin L. Chazdon
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, QLD 4556, Australia
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16
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Santos TRS, Santos JAS, Pereira EG, Garcia QS. Revegetation of an area impacted by iron ore tailings: evaluating fertilization alternatives in native pioneer and secondary trees. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:3760-3773. [PMID: 35948796 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22376-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The iron ore tailings released into the Rio Doce basin after the Fundão dam collapse (Brazil), suppressed a large extent of local vegetation. The use of native species and appropriate fertilization techniques, with less economic and environmental impact, must be considered in the process for the restoration of affected areas by the tailings. For this purpose, six native tree species, pioneer (Anadenanthera colubrina, Bixa orellana, and Peltophorum dubium) and secondary (Cedrela fissilis, Handroanthus impetiginosus, and Handroanthus serratifolius), were selected. We used different conditions of fertilization: (1) inorganic fertilization, (2) inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, (3) combined treatment (fertilizer + inoculum), to evaluate leaf nutrient concentrations, photosynthetic capacity [chlorophyll index, maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and gas exchange variables], and oxidative metabolism (H2O2, MDA, and antioxidant enzymes). Inoculation resulted in higher concentrations of foliar nitrogen, especially in pioneer species. In all treatments, the secondary species exhibited iron values considered phytotoxic, but showed reduced photosynthetic capacity only when inoculated. The highest concentrations of MDA were observed in inoculated plants of both successional groups. The antioxidant system proved to be effective in preventing oxidative damage for most of the species. These results showed that the use of inoculum can be considered an ecological alternative to inorganic additives in the area affected by iron ore tailings. Despite presenting different photosynthetic and antioxidant strategies, the evaluated species demonstrated potential for use in tailings revegetation projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Raissa Silva Santos
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Jessyca Adelle Silva Santos
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Gusmão Pereira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Rodovia LMG 818, km 06, Campus UFV-Florestal, Florestal, Minas Gerais, 35690-000, Brazil
| | - Queila Souza Garcia
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil.
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17
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Diversity and Benefits of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae in Restored Riparian Plantations. DIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/d14110938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Due to the increasing use of vegetation for fuel wood, cattle, agriculture, and due to population pressure that negatively affects biodiversity values, more plantations are needed to obtain a permanent vegetal cover. Attention has been paid to microbial interactions (arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM)) for management and inoculation. To evaluate the benefits of inoculation, the root colonization of inoculated seedlings, soil aggregation, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) diversity were examined by two field treatments (fertilized with organic matter (OM) vs. fertilized with natural rock phosphate (P)). The preserved and experimental areas presented higher AMF spore number and richness (nine species) than the degraded areas. The addition of OM or P did not improve root colonization by AMF; however, it was a guarantee for a successful restoration as, in the restored fields, a high soil aggregation was found, in addition to a high root colonization, spore number, and richness of AMF. However, the undisturbed site presented the more prominent values. This study showed that AMF are important components in riparian areas, and it brings information for inoculant production in ecological restoration using mixed plantations, contributing to the establishment of mycorrhizal vegetation and soil aggregation that not only benefit AM plants, but also allow non-host plants in degraded areas.
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18
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Osborne BB, Bestelmeyer BT, Currier CM, Homyak PM, Throop HL, Young K, Reed SC. The consequences of climate change for dryland biogeochemistry. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:15-20. [PMID: 35706381 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Drylands, which cover > 40% of Earth's terrestrial surface, are dominant drivers of global biogeochemical cycling and home to more than one third of the global human population. Climate projections predict warming, drought frequency and severity, and evaporative demand will increase in drylands at faster rates than global means. As a consequence of extreme temperatures and high biological dependency on limited water availability, drylands are predicted to be exceptionally sensitive to climate change and, indeed, significant climate impacts are already being observed. However, our understanding and ability to forecast climate change effects on dryland biogeochemistry and ecosystem functions lag behind many mesic systems. To improve our capacity to forecast ecosystem change, we propose focusing on the controls and consequences of two key characteristics affecting dryland biogeochemistry: (1) high spatial and temporal heterogeneity in environmental conditions and (2) generalized resource scarcity. In addition to climate change, drylands are experiencing accelerating land-use change. Building our understanding of dryland biogeochemistry in both intact and disturbed systems will better equip us to address the interacting effects of climate change and landscape degradation. Responding to these challenges will require a diverse, globally distributed and interdisciplinary community of dryland experts united towards better understanding these vast and important ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke B Osborne
- Southwest Biological Science Center, US Geological Survey, Moab, UT, 84532, USA
| | - Brandon T Bestelmeyer
- Jornada Experimental Range, US Department of Agriculture, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
| | - Courtney M Currier
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Peter M Homyak
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Heather L Throop
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Kristina Young
- Department of Extension Agriculture and Natural Resources, Utah State University, Moab, UT, 84532, USA
| | - Sasha C Reed
- Southwest Biological Science Center, US Geological Survey, Moab, UT, 84532, USA
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19
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Koziol L, McKenna TP, Crews TE, Bever JD. Native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi promote native grassland diversity and suppress weeds 4 years following inoculation. Restor Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liz Koziol
- Kansas Biological Station and Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Kansas Lawrence KS 66047 U.S.A
| | - Thomas P. McKenna
- Kansas Biological Station and Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Kansas Lawrence KS 66047 U.S.A
| | | | - James D. Bever
- Kansas Biological Station and Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Kansas Lawrence KS 66047 U.S.A
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20
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Koziol L, Bauer JT, Duell EB, Hickman K, House G, Schultz PA, Tipton AG, Wilson GWT, Bever J. Manipulating plant microbiomes in the field: Native mycorrhizae advance plant succession and improve native plant restoration. J Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liz Koziol
- Kansas Biological Station University of Kansas Lawrence KS USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alice G. Tipton
- Kansas Biological Station University of Kansas Lawrence KS USA
- St. Louis University St. Louis MO USA
| | | | - James D. Bever
- Kansas Biological Station University of Kansas Lawrence KS USA
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21
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Martyn TE, Barberán A, Blankinship JC, Miller M, Yang B, Kline A, Gornish ES. Rock structures improve seedling establishment, litter catchment, fungal richness, and soil moisture in the first year after installation. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 70:134-145. [PMID: 35487980 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-022-01651-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Grasslands are essential natural and agricultural ecosystems that encompass over one-third of global lands. However, land conversion and poor management have caused losses of these systems which contributed to a 10% reduction of net primary production, a 4% increase in carbon emissions, and a potential loss of US $42 billion a year. It is, therefore, important to restore, enhance and conserve these grasslands to sustain natural plant communities and the livelihoods of those that rely on them. We installed low cost rock structures (media lunas) to assess their ability to restore grasslands by slowing water flow, reducing erosion and improving plant establishment. Our treatments included sites with small and large rock structures that were seeded with a native seed mix as well as sites with no seed or rock and sites with only seed addition. We collected summer percent cover for plants, litter, and rock and spring seedling count data. We also collected soil for nutrient, moisture, and microbial analysis. Within the first year, we found no change in plant cover between rock structures of two rock sizes. We did find, however, an increase in soil moisture, litter, fungal richness, and spring seedling germination within the rock structures, despite a historic drought. This work demonstrates that rock structures can positively impact plants and soils of grasslands even within the first year. Our results suggest that managers should seriously consider employing these low-cost structures to increase short-term plant establishment and possibly, soil health, in grasslands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trace E Martyn
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
| | - Albert Barberán
- Department of Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Joseph C Blankinship
- Department of Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Mary Miller
- Elkhorn Ranch, Tucson, AZ, 85736, USA
- Altar Valley Conservation Alliance, Tucson, AZ, 85736, USA
| | - Ben Yang
- Department of Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Albert Kline
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Elise S Gornish
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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22
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Kajihara KT, Egan CP, Swift SOI, Wall CB, Muir CD, Hynson NA. Core arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are predicted by their high abundance-occupancy relationship while host-specific taxa are rare and geographically structured. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1464-1476. [PMID: 35218016 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Habitat restoration may depend on the recovery of plant microbial symbionts such as arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, but this requires a better understanding of the rules that govern their community assembly. We examined the interactions of soil and host-associated AM fungal communities between remnant and restored patches of subtropical montane forests. While AM fungal richness did not differ between habitat types, community membership did and was influenced by geography, habitat and host. These differences were largely driven by rare host-specific AM fungi that displayed near-complete turnover between forest types, while core AM fungal taxa were highly abundant and ubiquitous. The bipartite networks in the remnant forest were more specialized and hosts more specific than in the restored forest. Host-associated AM fungal communities nested within soil communities in both habitats, but only significantly so in the restored forest. Our results provide evidence that restored and remnant forests harbour the same core fungal symbionts, while rare host-specific taxa differ, and that geography, host identity and taxonomic resolution strongly affect the observed distribution patterns of these fungi. We suggest that host-specific interactions with AM fungi, as well as spatial processes, should be explicitly considered to effectively re-establish target host and symbiont communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacie T Kajihara
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 1993 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Cameron P Egan
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 1993 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
- Department of Biology, Okanagan College, 1000 KLO Road, Kelowna, BC, VIY 4X8, Canada
| | - Sean O I Swift
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 1993 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Christopher B Wall
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 1993 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
- Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Christopher D Muir
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2538 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Nicole A Hynson
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 1993 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
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23
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Duell EB, O'Hare A, Wilson GW. Inoculation with native soil improves seedling survival and reduces non‐native reinvasion in a grassland restoration. Restor Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric B. Duell
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management Oklahoma State University Stillwater Oklahoma USA 74075
| | - Anna O'Hare
- Burns and McDonnell Chicago Illinois USA 60642
| | - Gail W.T. Wilson
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management Oklahoma State University Stillwater Oklahoma USA 74075
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24
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Frewert A, Trippe K, Cheeke TE. Can locally sourced inoculum and biochar synergistically improve the establishment of mycorrhizal fungi in mine tailings? Restor Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Austin Frewert
- School of Biological Sciences Washington State University Richland WA 99354 U.S.A
| | - Kristin Trippe
- National Forage Seed Production Research Center USDA‐ARS Corvallis OR 97331 U.S.A
| | - Tanya E. Cheeke
- School of Biological Sciences Washington State University Richland WA 99354 U.S.A
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25
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Mycorrhizas and Ecological Restoration in South America. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12994-0_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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26
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Guo X, Wang P, Wang X, Li Y, Ji B. Specific Plant Mycorrhizal Responses Are Linked to Mycorrhizal Fungal Species Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:930069. [PMID: 35755699 PMCID: PMC9226604 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.930069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on plants span the continuum from mutualism to parasitism due to the plant-AMF specificity, which obscures the utilization of AMF in the restoration of degraded lands. Caragana korshinskii, Hedysarum laeve, Caragana microphylla, and Poa annua are the most frequently used plants for revegetation in Kubuqi Desert, China, and the influence of AMF on their re-establishment remains to be explored further. Herein, using a greenhouse experiment, we tested the plant-AMF feedbacks between the four plant species and their conspecific or heterospecific AMF, retrieved from their rhizosphere in the Kubuqi Desert. AMF showed beneficial effects on plant growth for all these plant-AMF pairs. Generally, AMF increased the biomass of C. korshinskii, H. laeve, C. microphylla, and P. annua by 97.6, 50.6, 46.5, and 381.1%, respectively, relative to control. In addition, the AMF-plant specificity was detected. P. annua grew best, but C. microphylla grew worst with conspecific AMF communities. AMF community from P. annua showed the largest beneficial effect on all the plants (with biomass increased by 63.9-734.4%), while the AMF community from C. microphylla showed the least beneficial effect on all the plants (with biomass increased by 9.9-59.1%), except for P. annua (a 292.4% increase in biomass). The magnitude of AMF effects on plant growth was negatively correlated with the complexity of the corresponding AMF co-occurrence networks. Overall, this study suggests that AMF effects on plant growth vary due to plant-AMF specificity. We also observed the broad-spectrum benefits of the native AMF from P. annua, which indicates its potential utilization in the restoration of the desert vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guo
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Command Center for Integrated Natural Resource Survey, China Geological Survey, Beijing, China
| | - Xinjie Wang
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xinjie Wang,
| | - Yaoming Li
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Yaoming Li,
| | - Baoming Ji
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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27
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Brown VS, Erickson TE, Merritt DJ, Madsen MD, Hobbs RJ, Ritchie AL. A global review of seed enhancement technology use to inform improved applications in restoration. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 798:149096. [PMID: 34340083 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Seed-based restoration often experiences poor success due to a range of edaphic and biotic issues. Seed enhancement technologies (SETs) are a novel approach that can alleviate these pressures and improve restoration success. Broadly, SETs have been reviewed for agricultural and horticultural purposes, for specific types of SETs such as coating or priming, or for focal ecosystems. However, information is lacking for SETs within a restoration focused context, and how they are being used to alleviate certain barriers. This review aimed to synthesise the current literature on SETs to understand what SETs are being tested, in which sectors and locations they are being tested, what issues are faced within restoration using SETs, and how SETs are being used to approach these issues. Priming was highlighted as the main SET investigated. Inoculation, pesticide application and magnetic fields were also commonly tested (SETs we termed 'prospective techniques'). SET research mainly occurred in the agricultural sector. More recently, other sectors, such as restoration and rangeland management, have increased efforts into SET research. The restoration sector has focused on extruded pelleting and coating (with activated carbon), in combination with herbicide application, to overcome invasive species, and coating with certain additives to alleviate edaphic issues. Other sectors outside restoration were largely focused on evaluating priming for overcoming these barriers. The majority of priming research has been completed on crop species and differences between these species and ecosystems must be considered in future restoration efforts that focus on native seed use. Generally, SETs require further refinement, including identifying ideal additives and their optimum concentrations to target certain issues, refining formulations for coating and extruded pelleting and developing flash flaming. A bet-hedging approach using multiple SETs and/or combinations of SETs may be advantageous in overcoming a wide range of barriers in seed-based restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa S Brown
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions, 2 Kattidj Close, Kings Park, Western Australia, 6005, Australia.
| | - Todd E Erickson
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions, 2 Kattidj Close, Kings Park, Western Australia, 6005, Australia
| | - David J Merritt
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions, 2 Kattidj Close, Kings Park, Western Australia, 6005, Australia
| | - Matthew D Madsen
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, 701 East University Parkway, Provo, UT 84602, United States of America
| | - Richard J Hobbs
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Alison L Ritchie
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions, 2 Kattidj Close, Kings Park, Western Australia, 6005, Australia
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28
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Aavik T, Träger S, Zobel M, Honnay O, Van Geel M, Bueno CG, Koorem K. The joint effect of host plant genetic diversity and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities on restoration success. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsipe Aavik
- Department of Botany Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Sabrina Träger
- Department of Botany Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin‐Luther‐University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Martin Zobel
- Department of Botany Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Olivier Honnay
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology Biology Department University of Leuven Heverlee Belgium
| | - Maarten Van Geel
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology Biology Department University of Leuven Heverlee Belgium
| | - C. Guillermo Bueno
- Department of Botany Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Kadri Koorem
- Department of Botany Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
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29
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Van Geel M, Aavik T, Ceulemans T, Träger S, Mergeay J, Peeters G, van Acker K, Zobel M, Koorem K, Honnay O. The role of genetic diversity and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity in population recovery of the semi-natural grassland plant species Succisa pratensis. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:200. [PMID: 34740329 PMCID: PMC8570031 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01928-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ecosystem restoration is as a critical tool to counteract the decline of biodiversity and recover vital ecosystem services. Restoration efforts, however, often fall short of meeting their goals. Although functionally important levels of biodiversity can significantly contribute to the outcome of ecosystem restoration, they are often overlooked. One such important facet of biodiversity is within-species genetic diversity, which is fundamental to population fitness and adaptation to environmental change. Also the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), obligate root symbionts that regulate nutrient and carbon cycles, potentially plays a vital role in mediating ecosystem restoration outcome. In this study, we investigated the relative contribution of intraspecific population genetic diversity, AMF diversity, and their interaction, to population recovery of Succisa pratensis, a key species of nutrient poor semi natural grasslands. We genotyped 180 individuals from 12 populations of S. pratensis and characterized AMF composition in their roots, using microsatellite markers and next generation amplicon sequencing, respectively. We also investigated whether the genetic makeup of the host plant species can structure the composition of root-inhabiting AMF communities. RESULTS Our analysis revealed that population allelic richness was strongly positively correlated to relative population growth, whereas AMF richness and its interaction with population genetic diversity did not significantly contribute. The variation partitioning analysis showed that, after accounting for soil and spatial variables, the plant genetic makeup explained a small but significant part of the unique variation in AMF communities. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm that population genetic diversity can contribute to population recovery, highlighting the importance of within-species genetic diversity for the success of restoration. We could not find evidence, however, that population recovery benefits from the presence of more diverse AMF communities. Our analysis also showed that the genetic makeup of the host plant structured root-inhabiting AMF communities, suggesting that the plant genetic makeup may be linked to genes that control symbiosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Van Geel
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Tsipe Aavik
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tobias Ceulemans
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Sabrina Träger
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Biology, Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Große Steinstr. 79/80, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Joachim Mergeay
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Gaverstraat 4, 9500, Geraardsbergen, Belgium
- Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, Ecology, KU Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, Box 2439, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gerrit Peeters
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Kasper van Acker
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Martin Zobel
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kadri Koorem
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Olivier Honnay
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
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30
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Liu S, Moora M, Vasar M, Zobel M, Öpik M, Koorem K. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi promote small-scale vegetation recovery in the forest understorey. Oecologia 2021; 197:685-697. [PMID: 34716490 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-05065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Root-associating arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi foster vegetation recovery in degraded habitats. AM fungi increase nutrient availability for host plants; therefore, their importance is expected to be higher when nutrient availability is low. However, little is known about how small-scale variation in nutrient availability influences plant and AM fungal communities in a stable ecosystem. We conducted a 2-year field study in the understorey of a boreonemoral forest where we examined plant and AM fungal communities at microsites (15 cm diameter) with intact vegetation cover and at disturbed microsites where vegetation was cleared away and soil was sterilized to remove soil biota. We manipulated soil nutrient content (increased with fertilizer, unchanged, or decreased with sucrose addition) and fungal activity (natural or suppressed by fungicide addition) at these microsites. After two vegetation seasons, manipulations with nutrient content resulted in significant, although moderate, differences in the content of soil nutrients (e.g. in soil phosphorus). Suppression of fungal activity resulted in lower richness, abundance and phylogenetic diversity of AM fungal community, independently of microsite type and soil fertility level. Plant species richness and diversity decreased when fungal activity was suppressed at disturbed but not in intact microsites. The correlation between plant and AM fungal communities was not influenced by microsite type or soil fertility. We conclude that small-scale variation in soil fertility and habitat integrity does not influence the interactions between plants and AM fungi. The richness, but not composition, of AM fungal communities recovered fast after small-scale disturbance and supported the recovery of species-rich vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqiao Liu
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Mari Moora
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Martti Vasar
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Martin Zobel
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maarja Öpik
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kadri Koorem
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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31
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Madejón P, Navarro-Fernández CM, Madejón E, López-García Á, Marañón T. Plant response to mycorrhizal inoculation and amendments on a contaminated soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 789:147943. [PMID: 34058592 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the combined effects of soil amendments and inoculation of mycorrhizal fungi on the response of different plant species during the phytostabilization process of trace elements contaminated soils is a challenge. This task is more difficult but more realistic when studied under field conditions. We assess the combined effects of two amendment doses and mycorrhizal inoculation on the response of saplings of two tree species planted in a contaminated field. The amendments were a mix of sugar beet lime and biosolid compost. The inoculation treatments were made with a commercial inoculum of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for wild olive and ectomycorrhizal fungi for stone pine. Results showed a weak or null effect of the mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth, survival and trace element accumulation. There was a significant increase on P nutrition for stone pine, growing on non-amended conditions. Soil amendments were very effective reducing trace elements availability and their accumulation in both plant species, especially in roots. However, the effects on plant biomass were species-dependent and contrasted; low-dose amendments increased the biomass of wild olive by 33.3%, but reduced by 28% that of pine. The high doses of amendments (60 T ha-1) produced some negative effects on plant growth and nutrition, probably related to the increase of soil salinity. Both plant species, stone pine and wild olive, have been proved to be adequate for phytostabilization of contaminated soils under Mediterranean climate, due to their drought tolerance and the low transfer of trace elements from root to shoot, thus reducing toxicity for the food web. To implement microbial-assisted phytoremediation approaches, a better understanding of the diversity and ecology of plant-associated microorganisms is needed. The use of indigenous fungi, locally adapted and tolerant to contamination, would be more suitable for phytostabilization purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Madejón
- IRNAS, CSIC, Avenida Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | | | | | - Álvaro López-García
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ), CSIC, Dept. Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain; Universidad de Jaén, Dept. Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, Campus Las Lagunillas, s/n. 23071 Jaén, Spain; Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación del Sistema Tierra en Andalucía (IISTA), Av. del Mediterráneo, S/N, 18006 Granada, Spain
| | - Teodoro Marañón
- IRNAS, CSIC, Avenida Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Seville, Spain
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32
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Cheeke TE, Schneider M, Saify A, Brauner M, Bunn R. Role of soil biota in grassland restorations in high nutrient soils. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya E. Cheeke
- School of Biological Sciences. Washington State University 2710 Crimson Way Richland WA 99354 U.S.A
| | - Mary Schneider
- School of the Environment, Washington State University Pullman WA 99163 U.S.A
| | - Alifya Saify
- School of Biological Sciences. Washington State University 2710 Crimson Way Richland WA 99354 U.S.A
| | - Megan Brauner
- School of Biological Sciences. Washington State University 2710 Crimson Way Richland WA 99354 U.S.A
| | - Rebecca Bunn
- Department of Environmental Sciences Western Washington University MS 9181 Bellingham WA 98225 U.S.A
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33
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Wolfsdorf G, Abrahão A, D'Angioli AM, de Sá Dechoum M, Meirelles ST, F. L. Pecoral L, Rowland L, da Silveira Verona L, B. Schmidt I, B. Sampaio A, S. Oliveira R. Inoculum origin and soil legacy can shape plant–soil feedback outcomes for tropical grassland restoration. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Wolfsdorf
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal Universidade Estadual de Campinas 6109 Campinas SP Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas SP Brazil
| | - Anna Abrahão
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Biologia Vegetal Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas SP Brazil
- Department of Soil Biology Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, University of Hohenheim 70599 Stuttgart Germany
| | - André M. D'Angioli
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal Universidade Estadual de Campinas 6109 Campinas SP Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas SP Brazil
| | - Michele de Sá Dechoum
- Department of Ecology and Zoology Federal University of Santa Catarina Florianópolis SC 88040‐900 Brazil
| | | | - Luísa F. L. Pecoral
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal Universidade Estadual de Campinas 6109 Campinas SP Brazil
| | - Lucy Rowland
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Exeter EX4 4RJ U.K
| | | | - Isabel B. Schmidt
- Ecology Department University of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro Brasília DF 70910‐900 Brazil
| | - Alexandre B. Sampaio
- Centro Nacional de Avaliação da Biodiversidade e de Pesquisa e Conservação do Cerrado Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade—ICMBio Brasília DF Brazil
| | - Rafael S. Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal Universidade Estadual de Campinas 6109 Campinas SP Brazil
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34
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Wang J, Wang J, He JZ, Zhu YG, Qiao NH, Ge Y. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant diversity drive restoration of nitrogen-cycling microbial communities. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:4133-4146. [PMID: 34146429 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Soil microbial communities, key players of many crucial ecosystem functions, are susceptible to environmental disturbances, which might cause the loss of microbial diversity and functions. However, few ecological concepts and practices have been developed for rescuing stressed soil microbial communities. Here, we manipulated an experiment with or without arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation and at three levels (one, three and six species) of plant diversity to disentangle how the AMF and vegetation rescue soil nitrogen (N) -cycling microbial loop from simulated degraded soil ecosystem. Our results showed that AMF inoculation improved the restoration of soil N-cycling microbial communities. This improved restoration was related to the role of AMF in enhancing interactions within the N-cycling microbial loop. Furthermore, increased plant diversity strengthened the role of AMF in rescuing N-cycling microbial communities. Our findings provide novel insights into the roles of AMF and plant diversity in facilitating the rescue of microbial communities in degraded terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Ji-Zheng He
- School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yong-Guan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Neng-Hu Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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35
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Di Sacco A, Hardwick KA, Blakesley D, Brancalion PHS, Breman E, Cecilio Rebola L, Chomba S, Dixon K, Elliott S, Ruyonga G, Shaw K, Smith P, Smith RJ, Antonelli A. Ten golden rules for reforestation to optimize carbon sequestration, biodiversity recovery and livelihood benefits. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:1328-1348. [PMID: 33494123 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Urgent solutions to global climate change are needed. Ambitious tree-planting initiatives, many already underway, aim to sequester enormous quantities of carbon to partly compensate for anthropogenic CO2 emissions, which are a major cause of rising global temperatures. However, tree planting that is poorly planned and executed could actually increase CO2 emissions and have long-term, deleterious impacts on biodiversity, landscapes and livelihoods. Here, we highlight the main environmental risks of large-scale tree planting and propose 10 golden rules, based on some of the most recent ecological research, to implement forest ecosystem restoration that maximizes rates of both carbon sequestration and biodiversity recovery while improving livelihoods. These are as follows: (1) Protect existing forest first; (2) Work together (involving all stakeholders); (3) Aim to maximize biodiversity recovery to meet multiple goals; (4) Select appropriate areas for restoration; (5) Use natural regeneration wherever possible; (6) Select species to maximize biodiversity; (7) Use resilient plant material (with appropriate genetic variability and provenance); (8) Plan ahead for infrastructure, capacity and seed supply; (9) Learn by doing (using an adaptive management approach); and (10) Make it pay (ensuring the economic sustainability of the project). We focus on the design of long-term strategies to tackle the climate and biodiversity crises and support livelihood needs. We emphasize the role of local communities as sources of indigenous knowledge, and the benefits they could derive from successful reforestation that restores ecosystem functioning and delivers a diverse range of forest products and services. While there is no simple and universal recipe for forest restoration, it is crucial to build upon the currently growing public and private interest in this topic, to ensure interventions provide effective, long-term carbon sinks and maximize benefits for biodiversity and people.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Blakesley
- Wildlife Landscapes, Maidstone, UK
- Autism and Nature, Maidstone, UK
| | - Pedro H S Brancalion
- Department of Forest Sciences, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Loic Cecilio Rebola
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Kingsley Dixon
- Australian Research Council Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephen Elliott
- Forest Restoration Research Unit and Environmental Science Research Centre, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Kirsty Shaw
- Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Richmond, UK
| | - Paul Smith
- Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Richmond, UK
| | | | - Alexandre Antonelli
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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36
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van Galen LG, Lord JM, Orlovich DA, Larcombe MJ. Restoration of southern hemisphere beech (Nothofagaceae) forests: a meta‐analysis. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura G. van Galen
- Department of Botany University of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Janice M. Lord
- Department of Botany University of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - David A. Orlovich
- Department of Botany University of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
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37
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Lubin TK, Alexander HM, Bever JD. Adaptation of plant‐mycorrhizal interactions to moisture availability in prairie restoration. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Terra K. Lubin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Kansas Lawrence KS 66045 U.S.A
| | - Helen M. Alexander
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Kansas Lawrence KS 66045 U.S.A
| | - James D. Bever
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Kansas Lawrence KS 66045 U.S.A
- Kansas Biological Survey University of Kansas Lawrence KS 66045 U.S.A
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38
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Neuenkamp L, Zobel M, Koorem K, Jairus T, Davison J, Öpik M, Vasar M, Moora M. Light availability and light demand of plants shape the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in their roots. Ecol Lett 2020; 24:426-437. [PMID: 33319429 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Plants involved in the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis trade photosynthetically derived carbon for fungal-provided soil nutrients. However, little is known about how plant light demand and ambient light conditions influence root-associating AM fungal communities. We conducted a manipulative field experiment to test whether plants' shade-tolerance influences their root AM fungal communities in open and shaded grassland sites. We found similar light-dependent shifts in AM fungal community structure for experimental bait plant roots and the surrounding soil. Yet, deviation from the surrounding soil towards lower AM fungal beta-diversity in the roots of shade-intolerant plants in shade suggested preferential carbon allocation to specific AM fungi in conditions where plant-assimilated carbon available to fungi was limited. We conclude that favourable environmental conditions widen the plant biotic niche, as demonstrated here with optimal light availability reducing plants' selectivity for specific AM fungi, and promote compatibility with a larger number of AM fungal taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Neuenkamp
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia.,Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, Bern, 3013, Switzerland
| | - Martin Zobel
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Kadri Koorem
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Teele Jairus
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - John Davison
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Maarja Öpik
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Martti Vasar
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Mari Moora
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
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39
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Weidlich EWA, Nelson CR, Maron JL, Callaway RM, Delory BM, Temperton VM. Priority effects and ecological restoration. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela W. A. Weidlich
- Ecosystem Functioning and Services Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University Lüneburg Germany
- Present address: Department of Botany, University of Santa Catarina (UFSC) Florianópolis Brazil
| | - Cara R. Nelson
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, Franke College of Forestry and Conservation University of Montana Missoula U.S.A
| | - John L. Maron
- Division of Biological Sciences and Institute on Ecosystems University of Montana Missoula U.S.A
| | - Ragan M. Callaway
- Division of Biological Sciences and Institute on Ecosystems University of Montana Missoula U.S.A
| | - Benjamin M. Delory
- Ecosystem Functioning and Services Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University Lüneburg Germany
| | - Vicky M. Temperton
- Ecosystem Functioning and Services Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University Lüneburg Germany
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Hughes AR, Moore AFP, Gehring C. Plant response to fungal root endophytes varies by host genotype in the foundation species Spartina alterniflora. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:1645-1653. [PMID: 33252780 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Root-associated fungi provide a wide range of functions for their host plants, including nutrient provisioning, pathogen protection, and stress alleviation. In so doing, they can markedly influence host-plant structural and physiological traits, although the degree to which these effects vary within particular plant host species is not well understood. METHODS We conducted a 7-month common-garden inoculation experiment to test the potential effects of a marine fungus (Lulwoana sp.) on the phenotypic traits of different genotypes of the host, the salt marsh plant species Spartina alterniflora. Lulwoana belongs to the dark septate endophytes (DSE), a polyphyletic group of fungi that are commonly found colonizing healthy plant roots, though their ecological role remains unclear. RESULTS We documented significant impacts of Lulwoana on S. alterniflora morphology, biomass, and biomass allocation. For most traits in our study, these impacts varied significantly in direction and/or magnitude across S. alterniflora genotypes. Effects that were consistent across genotype were generally negative. Plant response was not predicted by the percentage of roots colonized, consistent with findings that dark septate endophytes do not necessarily influence plant growth responses through direct contact with roots. CONCLUSIONS The observed changes in stem height, biomass, and biomass allocation have important effects on plant competitive ability, growth, and fitness, suggesting that plant-fungal interactions have community and ecosystem level effects in salt marshes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Randall Hughes
- Northeastern University Marine Science Center, 430 Nahant Rd., Nahant, MA, 01908, USA
| | - Althea F P Moore
- Northeastern University Marine Science Center, 430 Nahant Rd., Nahant, MA, 01908, USA
| | - Catherine Gehring
- Northern Arizona University Department of Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 5640, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
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Weidlich EWA, Mioto PT, Furtado ANM, Ferst LM, Ernzen JP, Neves MA. Using ectomycorrhizae to improve the restoration of Neotropical coastal zones. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paulo T. Mioto
- Department of Botany University of Santa Catarina Florianópolis 88040‐535 Brazil
| | | | - Lara M. Ferst
- Department of Botany University of Santa Catarina Florianópolis 88040‐535 Brazil
| | - João P. Ernzen
- Department of Botany University of Santa Catarina Florianópolis 88040‐535 Brazil
| | - Maria A. Neves
- Department of Botany University of Santa Catarina Florianópolis 88040‐535 Brazil
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Smith ME, Cavagnaro TR, Christmas MJ, Pound LM, Facelli JM. Site preparation impacts on soil biotic and abiotic properties, weed control, and native grass establishment. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monique E. Smith
- School of Biological Sciences University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Timothy R. Cavagnaro
- The Waite Institute and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Matthew J. Christmas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Leanne M. Pound
- Department for Environment and Water Government of South Australia Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - José M. Facelli
- School of Biological Sciences University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia
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43
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Wall CB, Egan CP, Swift SIO, Hynson NA. Three decades post-reforestation has not led to the reassembly of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities associated with remnant primary forests. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:4234-4247. [PMID: 32885507 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The negative effects of deforestation can potentially be ameliorated through ecological restoration. However, reforestation alone may not reassemble the same ecological communities or functions as primary forests. In part, this failure may be owed to forest ecosystems inherently involving complex interactions among guilds of organisms. Plants, which structure forest food webs, rely on intimate associations with symbiotic microbes such as root-inhabiting mycorrhizal fungi. Here, we leverage a large-scale reforestation project on Hawai'i Island underway for over three decades to assess whether arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities have concurrently been restored. The reference ecosystem for this restoration project is a remnant montane native Hawaiian forest that provides critical habitat for endangered birds. We sampled soils from 12 plots within remnant and restored forest patches and characterized AM fungal communities using high-throughput amplicon sequencing. While some AM fungal community metrics were comparable between remnant and restored forest (e.g. species richness), other key characteristics were not. Specifically, community membership and the identity of AM fungal keystone species differed between the two habitat types, as well as the primary environmental factors influencing community composition. Remnant forest AM fungal communities were strongly associated with soil chemical properties, especially pH, while restored forest communities were influenced by the spatial proximity to remnant forests. We posit that combined, these differences in soil AM fungal communities could be negatively affecting the recruitment of native plant hosts and that future restoration efforts should consider plant-microbe interactions as an important facet of forest health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Wall
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Cameron P Egan
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA.,Department of Biology, Okanagan College, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Sean I O Swift
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Nicole A Hynson
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
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44
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Koziol L, Crews TE, Bever JD. Native plant abundance, diversity, and richness increases in prairie restoration with field inoculation density of native mycorrhizal amendments. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liz Koziol
- Kansas Biological Survey and Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Kansas Lawrence KS 66047 U.S.A
- The Land Institute Salina KS 67041 U.S.A
| | | | - James D. Bever
- Kansas Biological Survey and Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Kansas Lawrence KS 66047 U.S.A
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Vahter T, Bueno CG, Davison J, Herodes K, Hiiesalu I, Kasari‐Toussaint L, Oja J, Olsson PA, Sepp S, Zobel M, Vasar M, Öpik M. Co‐introduction of native mycorrhizal fungi and plant seeds accelerates restoration of post‐mining landscapes. J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanel Vahter
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | | | - John Davison
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Koit Herodes
- Institute of Chemistry University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Inga Hiiesalu
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | | | - Jane Oja
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Pål Axel Olsson
- Biodiversity Department of Biology Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Siim‐Kaarel Sepp
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Martin Zobel
- Zoology Department College of Science King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
- Department of Botany University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Martti Vasar
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Maarja Öpik
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
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Farrell HL, Barberán A, Danielson RE, Fehmi JS, Gornish ES. Disturbance is more important than seeding or grazing in determining soil microbial communities in a semiarid grassland. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L. Farrell
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment University of Arizona PO Box 210137 Tucson AZ 85721 U.S.A
| | - Albert Barberán
- Department of Environmental Science University of Arizona PO Box 210038 Tucson AZ 85721 U.S.A
| | - Rachel E. Danielson
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources University of California Davis CA U.S.A
| | - Jeffrey S. Fehmi
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment University of Arizona PO Box 210137 Tucson AZ 85721 U.S.A
| | - Elise S. Gornish
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment University of Arizona PO Box 210137 Tucson AZ 85721 U.S.A
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Distance from the Forest Edge Influences Soil Fungal Communities Colonizing a Reclaimed Soil Borrow Site in Boreal Mixedwood Forest. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11040427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Soil fungi are important components of boreal forest ecosystems; for example, saprotrophic fungi regulate nutrient cycling, and mycorrhizal species facilitate nutrient uptake by plants. This study aimed to assess soil fungal communities in a reclaimed area and an adjacent natural mixedwood forest and to identify the distribution of taxa available for seedling colonization. Soil fungal microbiomes were assessed along three transects (from 10 m inside the interior of the undisturbed forest to 40 m inside the reclaimed area) and in the roots of small aspen within the natural forest. Using high-throughput deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing of internal transcribed spacer amplicons, a total of 2796 unique fungal taxa were detected across fine roots, forest floor, and mineral soils collected along the transects, whereas 166 taxa were detected in the aspen roots from the natural forest. Within the interior of the forest, ectomycorrhizal fungi were more common, whereas in the reclaimed areas, arbuscular mycorrhizae and saprophytes were more common. This survey showed that natural areas of adjacent undisturbed forest can act as a source of ectomycorrhizal fungi for dispersal into reclaimed areas. Notably, soil fungal taxa colonizing the root systems of small aspen included species that are specifically associated with soils from the undisturbed forest (primarily ectomycorrhizae) or the reclaimed clearing (saprotrophs and plant pathogens).
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Grman E, Allen J, Galloway E, McBride J, Bauer JT, Price PA. Inoculation with remnant prairie soils increased the growth of three native prairie legumes but not necessarily their associations with beneficial soil microbes. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Grman
- Department of Biology Eastern Michigan University 441 Mark Jefferson Science Complex Ypsilanti MI 48197 U.S.A
| | - Jamie Allen
- Department of Biology Eastern Michigan University 441 Mark Jefferson Science Complex Ypsilanti MI 48197 U.S.A
| | - Emily Galloway
- Department of Biology Eastern Michigan University 441 Mark Jefferson Science Complex Ypsilanti MI 48197 U.S.A
| | - Justin McBride
- Department of Biology Eastern Michigan University 441 Mark Jefferson Science Complex Ypsilanti MI 48197 U.S.A
| | - Jonathan T. Bauer
- Department of Biology Miami University 212 Pearson Hall Oxford OH 45056 U.S.A
- Institute for the Environment and Sustainability Miami University 118 Shideler Hall Oxford OH 45056 U.S.A
| | - Paul A. Price
- Department of Biology Eastern Michigan University 441 Mark Jefferson Science Complex Ypsilanti MI 48197 U.S.A
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Status and Challenges of Qinghai–Tibet Plateau’s Grasslands: An Analysis of Causes, Mitigation Measures, and Way Forward. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12031099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Grassland ecosystems on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) provide numerous ecosystem services and functions to both local communities and the populations living downstream through the provision of water, habitat, food, herbal medicines, and shelter. This review examined the current ecological status, degradation causes, and impacts of the various grassland degradation mitigation measures employed and their effects on grassland health and growth in the QTP. Our findings revealed that QTP grasslands are continually being degraded as a result of complex biotic and abiotic drivers and processes. The biotic and abiotic actions have resulted in soil erosion, plant biomass loss, soil organic carbon loss, a reduction in grazing and carrying capacity, the emergence of pioneer plant species, loss of soil nutrients, and an increase in soil pH. A combination of factors such as overgrazing, land-use changes, invasive species encroachment, mining activities, rodent burrowing activities, road and dam constructions, tourism, migration, urbanization, and climate change have caused the degradation of grasslands on the QTP. A conceptual framework on the way forward in tackling grassland degradation on the QTP is presented together with other appropriate measures needed to amicably combat grassland degradation on the QTP. It is recommended that a comprehensive and detailed survey be carried out across the QTP to determine the percentage of degraded grasslands and hence, support a sound policy intervention.
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Lee NLY, Huang D, Quek ZBR, Lee JN, Wainwright BJ. Mangrove-Associated Fungal Communities Are Differentiated by Geographic Location and Host Structure. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2456. [PMID: 31736902 PMCID: PMC6831645 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine fungi on the whole remain understudied, especially in the highly diverse Southeast Asian region. We investigated the fungal communities associated with the mangrove tree Avicennia alba throughout Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia. At each sampling location, we examined ten individual trees, collecting leaves, fruits, pneumatophores, and an adjacent sediment sample from each plant. Amplicon sequencing of the fungal internal transcribed spacer 1 and subsequent analyses reveal significant differences in fungal communities collected from different locations and host structures. Mantel tests and multiple regression on distance matrices show a significant pattern of distance decay with samples collected close to one another having more similar fungal communities than those farther away. Submergence appears to drive part of the variation as host structures that are never submerged (leaves and fruits) have more similar fungal communities relative to those that are covered by water during high tide (pneumatophores and sediment). We suggest that fungi of terrestrial origins dominate structures that are not inundated by tidal regimes, while marine fungi dominate mangrove parts and sediments that are submerged by the incoming tide. Given the critical functions fungi play in all plants, and the important role they can have in determining the success of restoration schemes, we advocate that fungal community composition should be a key consideration in any mangrove restoration or rehabilitation project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Li Ying Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Danwei Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Jen Nie Lee
- School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
| | - Benjamin J Wainwright
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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