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Melero-Ollonarte JL, Lidón-Moyano C, Perez-Ortuño R, Fu M, Ballbè M, Martín-Sánchez JC, González-Marrón A, Cartanyà-Hueso À, Pascual JA, Fernández E, Martínez-Sánchez JM. Specific biomarker comparison in current smokers, e-cigarette users, and non-smokers. Addict Behav 2023; 140:107616. [PMID: 36680837 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aims to address the existing gap in the literature, while adding evidence, by comparing tobacco-specific biomarkers (cotinine and nitrosamines: NNK, NNAL, NNN), and other biomarkers of e-cigarette use (humectants: glycerol, 1,2-PD, 1,3-PD) according to five study groups. METHODS A pooling analysis including two different studies was conducted. In both analyses, we took saliva samples from smokers (n = 409) and non-smokers (n = 154), dual tobacco and e-cig users (n = 92), exclusive e-cig user with nicotine (n = 158), and exclusive e-cig users without nicotine (n = 38). We analyzed and compared the geometric means (GM) and geometric standard deviations (GSD) of the concentration of tobacco-specific biomarkers, and e-cigarette biomarkers among groups. We used log-linear models adjusted for sex and age to model the change percentage and their 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS Cotinine was significantly higher in nicotine consumers and in e-cigarette users without nicotine when compared to non-smokers. TSNAs were generally significantly lower in non-smokers and higher in nicotine consumers. NNN and NNAL were lower in e-cigarette users with nicotine comparted to smokers, and NNN was higher in e-cigarette users without nicotine when compared to non-smokers. No differences were found in humectant biomarkers between e-cigarette groups. CONCLUSIONS Although there was a reduction in TSNAs in e-cigarette exclusive users compared to smokers, and a reduction of cotinine concentrations in e-cigarette exclusive users without nicotine compared to smokers, there are still high levels of these biomarkers when compared to non-smokers, which may be a clue towards the harmful effect of e-cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Luis Melero-Ollonarte
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Cristina Lidón-Moyano
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Raúl Perez-Ortuño
- Group of Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience, Neurosciences Programme, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcela Fu
- Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Institut Català d'Oncologia, l'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Epidemiology, Public Health, Cancer Prevention and Palliative Care Programme, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, l'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Public Health, Mental Health, and Maternal and Child Health Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences - Bellvitge Campus, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montse Ballbè
- Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Institut Català d'Oncologia, l'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Epidemiology, Public Health, Cancer Prevention and Palliative Care Programme, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, l'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Addictions Unit, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Martín-Sánchez
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Adrián González-Marrón
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Àurea Cartanyà-Hueso
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; Group of Perinatal Epidemiology, Environmental Health, and Clinical Research, Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, Av. Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - José A Pascual
- Group of Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience, Neurosciences Programme, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esteve Fernández
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences - Bellvitge Campus, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Epidemiology, Public Health, Cancer Prevention and Palliative Care Programme, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, l'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Public Health, Mental Health, and Maternal and Child Health Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences - Bellvitge Campus, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M Martínez-Sánchez
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Institut Català d'Oncologia, l'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Epidemiology, Public Health, Cancer Prevention and Palliative Care Programme, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, l'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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Pérez-Martín H, Lidón-Moyano C, González-Marrón A, Fu M, Pérez-Ortuño R, Ballbè M, Martín-Sánchez JC, Pascual JA, Fernández E, Martínez-Sánchez JM. Variation in Nicotine Metabolization According to Biological Factors and Type of Nicotine Consumer. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11020179. [PMID: 36673548 PMCID: PMC9859072 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to describe the nicotine metabolite ratio among tobacco smokers and electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) users and nonusers. We analyzed pooled data from a longitudinal and a cross-sectional study of the adult population from the city of Barcelona. The final sample included information on 166 smokers, 164 e-cigarettes users with nicotine, 41 e-cigarette users without nicotine, 95 dual users (users of both products), and 508 nonusers. We used log-linear models to control for the potential confounding effect of the daily number of cigarettes smoked. Salivary nicotine metabolic rate assessment included the rate of nicotine metabolism (cotinine/nicotine) and the nicotine metabolite ratio (trans-3′-hydroxycotinine/cotinine). Exclusive users of e-cigarette without nicotine have the lowest rate of nicotine metabolism (Geometric mean: 0.08, p-values < 0.001) while cigarette smokers have the highest (Geometric mean: 2.08, p-values < 0.001). Nonusers have lower nicotine metabolic rate than cigarette smokers (Geometric means: 0.23 vs. 0.18, p-value < 0.05). Younger individuals (18−44 years) have a higher rate of nicotine metabolism than older individuals (45−64 years and 65−89) (Geometric means: 0.53 vs. 0.42 and 0.31, respectively, p-values < 0.01) and individuals with lower body mass index (21−25 kg/m2) have a higher rate of nicotine metabolism than the rest (26−30 kg/m2 and 31−60 kg/m2) (Geometric means: 0.52 vs. 0.35 and 0.36, respectively-values < 0.01). Nicotine metabolic rates are useful biomarkers when reporting smoking status and biological differences between individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hipólito Pérez-Martín
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Carrer de Josep Trueta s/n, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Lidón-Moyano
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Carrer de Josep Trueta s/n, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.L.-M.); (A.G.-M.)
| | - Adrián González-Marrón
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Carrer de Josep Trueta s/n, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.L.-M.); (A.G.-M.)
| | - Marcela Fu
- Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Institut Català d’Oncologia, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
- Tobacco Control Research Group, Epidemiology and Public Health Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge—IDIBELL, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Pérez-Ortuño
- Group of Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience, Neurosciences Programme, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montse Ballbè
- Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Institut Català d’Oncologia, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
- Tobacco Control Research Group, Epidemiology and Public Health Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge—IDIBELL, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
- Addictions Unit, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Martín-Sánchez
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Carrer de Josep Trueta s/n, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José A. Pascual
- Group of Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience, Neurosciences Programme, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esteve Fernández
- Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Institut Català d’Oncologia, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
- Tobacco Control Research Group, Epidemiology and Public Health Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge—IDIBELL, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M. Martínez-Sánchez
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Carrer de Josep Trueta s/n, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
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Changes in the salivary cotinine cut-offs to discriminate smokers and non-smokers before and after Spanish smoke-free legislation. Cancer Epidemiol 2022; 80:102226. [PMID: 35878525 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2022.102226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High levels of cotinine in non-smokers indicate passive exposure to tobacco smoke. This study aims to evaluate variations in salivary cotinine cut-offs to discriminate smokers and non-smokers before and after the implementation of smoke-free legislation (Law 28/2005 and Law 42/2010) in a sample of the adult population of Barcelona, Spain. METHODS This longitudinal study analyzes salivary cotinine samples and self-reported information from a representative sample (n = 676) of the adult population from Barcelona before and after the approval of smoke-free legislation. We calculated the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, to obtain optimal cotinine cut-off points to discriminate between smokers and non-smokers overall, by sex and age, and their corresponding sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve. We used linear mixed-effects models, with individuals as random effects, to model the percentage change of cotinine concentration before and after the implementation of both laws. RESULTS The mean salivary cotinine concentration was significantly lower post-2010 law (-85.8%, p < 0.001). The ROC curves determined that the optimal cotinine cut-off points for discriminating non-smokers and smokers were 10.8 ng/mL (pre-2005 law) and 5.6 ng/mL (post-2010 law), with a post-2010 law sensitivity of 92.6%, specificity of 98.4%, and an area under the curve of 97.0%. The post-2010 law cotinine cut-off points were 5.6 ng/mL for males and 1.9 ng/mL for females. CONCLUSION The implementation of Spanish smoke-free legislation was effective in reducing secondhand smoke exposure and, therefore, also in reducing the cut-off point for salivary cotinine concentration. This value should be used to better assess tobacco smoke exposure in this population.
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Fu M, Carnicer-Pont D, Castellano Y, Ballbè M, Sureda X, Raich A, Martínez-Sánchez JM, Martínez C, Baena A, Riccobene A, Enríquez M, Fernández E. Measuring cigarette dependence: A comparison of two scales in two different groups of smokers. Tob Prev Cessat 2022; 8:15. [PMID: 35515714 PMCID: PMC8988850 DOI: 10.18332/tpc/146714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence (FTCD) and the Cigarette Dependence Scale (CDS) are usually used to assess cigarette dependence in clinical- and population-based studies. Our objective was to compare these two scales within groups of smokers from both contexts. METHODS The study was observational with smokers from a representative sample of the adult general population (n=188) and smokers attending a smoking cessation clinic in Barcelona, Spain (n=759). The FTCD and the CDS-5 (short version of 5 items) were used to assess cigarette dependence. We compared the standardized median scores obtained with both scales within each group of smokers by selected variables. To this aim, we re-scaled the scores of both scales to allow their comparison and assess their correlation within both groups. RESULTS The scores obtained with both scales were highly correlated within both groups of smokers (p<0.001), indicating good agreement in the assessment of cigarette dependence. Nevertheless, higher standardized CDS-5 scores were observed more frequently in the population group overall (3.9 vs FTCD score=3.7, p=0.001), among women (4.5 vs 4.2; p<0.001), in the youngest group of smokers (3.9 vs 3.2; p<0.007) and in light smokers (time to the first cigarette >60 min; 1.7 vs 1.1; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS While the CDS-5 scored higher more frequently in the population group, the FTCD scored higher more frequently in the clinical group. These differences should be considered when designing either clinical- or population-based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Fu
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolors Carnicer-Pont
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Castellano
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Montse Ballbè
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
- Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xisca Sureda
- Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
- Public Health and Epidemiology Research Group, School of Medicine, Universidad de Alcalá (UAH), Alcalá, Spain
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York University, New York, United States
| | - Antònia Raich
- Samis Research Group, Althaia Xarxa Assistencial Universitària de Manresa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose M. Martínez-Sánchez
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC-Barcelona), Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Cristina Martínez
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
- Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Antoni Baena
- Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- eHealth Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Riccobene
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Enríquez
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Esteve Fernández
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
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Lidón-Moyano C, Fu M, Pérez-Ortuño R, Ballbè M, Garcia E, Martín-Sánchez JC, Pascual JA, Fernández E, Martínez-Sánchez JM. Third-hand exposure at homes: Assessment using salivary cotinine. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 196:110393. [PMID: 33129855 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES While exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) is a well-established problem, exposure to third-hand smoke (THS) is scanty known and needs to be studied. The objective of this work is to characterize salivary cotinine concentrations among people who self-reported exposure to SHS and THS at home. METHODS Cross-sectional study of a representative sample (n = 736) of the adult population (≥16 years) from the city of Barcelona carried out in 2013-2014. A questionnaire on tobacco use and passive exposure was administered, and a saliva sample was collected for cotinine determination. For this study, the information of the non-smoker participants who provided saliva sample (n = 519) was used. The geometric means (GM) and geometric standard deviations (GSD) of the cotinine concentration were compared according to the type of self-reported exposure at home: (1) Not exposed to SHS or THS; (2) Exposed to SHS and THS; and (3) Only exposed to THS. We used log-linear models to compare the cotinine concentration of each exposed group with respect to the unexposed group, adjusting for sex, age, educational level, and tobacco exposure in other settings. RESULTS The GM of the salivary cotinine concentration was 0.34 ng/ml (GSD = 0.16) among individuals reporting SHS and THS exposure, 0.22 ng/ml (GSD = 0.15) among those reporting only THS exposure and 0.11 ng/ml (GSD = 0.04) among those who declared not to be exposed to SHS nor THS (p-value for trend <0.001). The regression model showed a statistically significant increase in cotinine concentration among those exposed to SHS and THS (188% higher, 95% CI: 153%; 223%), and only exposed to THS (106% higher, IC95. %: 74.5%; 137.0%) when comparing with the unexposed group. No statistically significant differences in cotinine concentration were observed between those exposed to SHS and THS compared to the THS group (-25.8%, 95% CI: -69.5%; 17.9%). CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS People exposed to third-hand smoke at home had quantifiable cotinine levels in saliva. No differences in cotinine levels were found between those exposed to second-hand and third-hand smoke at home. The reduction of exposure to third-hand smoke at home should be put into the agenda of tobacco control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Lidón-Moyano
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat Del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Marcela Fu
- Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Epidemiology and Public Health Program, Institut D'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Pérez-Ortuño
- Group of Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience, Neurosciences Programme, IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute), Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montse Ballbè
- Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Epidemiology and Public Health Program, Institut D'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases, Madrid, Spain; Group of Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience, Neurosciences Programme, IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute), Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Addictions Unit, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esteve Garcia
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat Del Vallès, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Martín-Sánchez
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat Del Vallès, Spain
| | - José A Pascual
- Group of Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience, Neurosciences Programme, IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute), Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esteve Fernández
- Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Epidemiology and Public Health Program, Institut D'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M Martínez-Sánchez
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat Del Vallès, Spain; Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Epidemiology and Public Health Program, Institut D'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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Semple S, Mueller W, Leyland AH, Gray L, Cherrie JW. Assessing progress in protecting non-smokers from secondhand smoke. Tob Control 2018; 28:692-695. [PMID: 30158211 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine trends in population exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) and consider two exposure metrics as appropriate targets for tobacco control policy-makers. DESIGN Comparison of adult non-smokers' salivary cotinine data available from 11 Scottish Health Surveys between 1998 and 2016. METHODS The proportions of non-smoking adults who had measurable levels of cotinine in their saliva were calculated for the 11 time points. The geometric mean (GM) concentrations of cotinine levels were calculated using Tobit regression. Changes in both parameters were assessed for the whole period and also for the years since implementation of smoke-free legislation in Scotland in 2006. RESULTS Salivary cotinine expressed as a GM fell from 0.464 ng/mL (95% CI 0.444 to 0.486 ng/mL) in 1998 to 0.013 ng/mL (95% CI 0.009 to 0.020 ng/mL) in 2016: a reduction of 97.2%. The percentage of non-smoking adults who had no measurable cotinine in their saliva increased by nearly sixfold between 1998 (12.5%, 95% CI 11.5% to 13.6%) and 2016 (81.6%, 95% CI 78.6% to 84.6%). Reductions in population exposure to SHS have continued even after smoke-free legislation in 2006. CONCLUSIONS Scotland has witnessed a dramatic reduction in SHS exposure in the past two decades, but there are still nearly one in five non-smoking adults who have measurable exposure to SHS on any given day. Tobacco control strategies globally should consider the use of both the proportion of non-smoking adults with undetectable salivary cotinine and the GM as targets to encourage policies that achieve a smoke-free future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Semple
- Institute for Social Marketing, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Will Mueller
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alastair H Leyland
- MRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Linsay Gray
- MRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John W Cherrie
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, UK.,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
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Lidón-Moyano C, Fu M, Perez-Ortuño R, Ballbè M, Sampedro-Vida M, Martín-Sánchez JC, Pascual JA, Fernández E, Martínez-Sánchez JM. Assessment of salivary cotinine concentration among general non-smokers population: Before and after Spanish smoking legislations. Cancer Epidemiol 2017; 51:87-91. [PMID: 29080448 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Spain, two smoke-free laws have been passed (Law 28/2005 and Law 42/2010).This study evaluates the association between Spanish smoking legislations and the second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure in an adult non-smoking population cohort in Barcelona (Spain). METHODS This is a longitudinal study, before and after the implementation of two national smoking bans, in a representative sample of adults (≥16years old) from Barcelona (Spain) surveyed in 2004-2005 and followed up in 2013-2014 (n=736). We only analyzed non-smokers (n=397). We obtained 9ml of saliva sample for analysis of cotinine, a biomarker of recent tobacco exposure. We calculated geometric means of salivary cotinine concentration and their geometric standard deviation. We used linear mixed effect models, with individuals as random effects, to model the percentage change in salivary cotinine concentration and their 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS The percentage of participants with saliva samples with measurable concentrations of cotinine fell from 92.4% to 64.2% after both Spanish smoking legislations. The geometric mean of salivary cotinine concentration significantly decreased 88% (from 0.98ng/mL to 0.12ng/mL, p<0.001) after the implementation of the two Spanish smoke-free legislations. The decrease of the GM salivary cotinine concentration was statistically significant independently of the sociodemographic variables. CONCLUSION There was a large reduction in the salivary cotinine concentration among adult non-smokers and higher cotinine concentrations among those declaring exposure to SHS at home after both legislations. Moreover, after both Spanish smoke-free laws salivary cotinine concentration was homogenized according to sociodemographic variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Lidón-Moyano
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Marcela Fu
- Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Cancer Prevention and Control Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raúl Perez-Ortuño
- Group of Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience, Neurosciences Programme, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montse Ballbè
- Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Cancer Prevention and Control Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Network of Smoke-free Hospitals, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Addictions Unit, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Sampedro-Vida
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Martín-Sánchez
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - José A Pascual
- Group of Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience, Neurosciences Programme, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esteve Fernández
- Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Cancer Prevention and Control Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Network of Smoke-free Hospitals, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose M Martínez-Sánchez
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Cancer Prevention and Control Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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Sureda X, Fernández E, Martínez-Sánchez JM, Fu M, López MJ, Martínez C, Saltó E. Secondhand smoke in outdoor settings: smokers' consumption, non-smokers' perceptions, and attitudes towards smoke-free legislation in Spain. BMJ Open 2015; 5:e007554. [PMID: 25854974 PMCID: PMC4390691 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe where smokers smoke outdoors, where non-smokers are exposed outdoors to secondhand smoke (SHS), and attitudes towards smoke-free outdoor areas after the implementation of national smoke-free legislation. DESIGN This cross-sectional study was conducted between June 2011 and March 2012 (n=1307 participants). SETTING Barcelona, Spain. PARTICIPANTS Representative, random sample of the adult (≥16 years) population. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOMES Proportion of smoking and prevalence of exposure to SHS in the various settings according to type of enclosure. Percentages of support for outdoor smoke-free policies according to smoking status. RESULTS Smokers reported smoking outdoors most in bars and restaurants (54.8%), followed by outdoor places at work (46.8%). According to non-smokers, outdoor SHS exposure was highest at home (42.5%) and in bars and restaurants (33.5%). Among non-smoking adult students, 90% claimed exposure to SHS on university campuses. There was great support for banning smoking in the majority of outdoor areas, which was stronger among non-smokers than smokers. Over 70% of participants supported smoke-free playgrounds, school and high school courtyards, and the grounds of healthcare centres. CONCLUSIONS Extending smoking bans to selected outdoor settings should be considered in further tobacco control interventions to protect non-smokers from SHS exposure and to establish a positive model for youth. The majority of public support for some outdoor smoke-free areas suggests that it is feasible to extend smoking bans to additional outdoor settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xisca Sureda
- Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Control and Prevention Programme, Institut Català d'Oncologia-ICO, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Cancer Control and Prevention Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esteve Fernández
- Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Control and Prevention Programme, Institut Català d'Oncologia-ICO, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Cancer Control and Prevention Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Network of Smoke-free Hospitals, Insitut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose M Martínez-Sánchez
- Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Control and Prevention Programme, Institut Català d'Oncologia-ICO, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Cancer Control and Prevention Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Biostatistic Unit, Department of Basic Science, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Satn Cugat del Valles, Spain
| | - Marcela Fu
- Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Control and Prevention Programme, Institut Català d'Oncologia-ICO, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Cancer Control and Prevention Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María J López
- Evaluation and Interventions Methods Service, Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica-IBB Sant Pau, Sant Antoni Maria Claret, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Martínez
- Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Control and Prevention Programme, Institut Català d'Oncologia-ICO, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Cancer Control and Prevention Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Network of Smoke-free Hospitals, Insitut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Nursing, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Valles, Spain
| | - Esteve Saltó
- Cancer Control and Prevention Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Direcció General de Planificació i Recerca en Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya, Travessera de les Corts, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Sureda X, Martínez-Sánchez JM, Fu M, Pérez-Ortuño R, Martínez C, Carabasa E, López MJ, Saltó E, Pascual JA, Fernández E. Impact of the Spanish smoke-free legislation on adult, non-smoker exposure to secondhand smoke: cross-sectional surveys before (2004) and after (2012) legislation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89430. [PMID: 24586774 PMCID: PMC3937341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In 2006, Spain implemented a national smoke-free legislation that prohibited smoking in enclosed public places and workplaces (except in hospitality venues). In 2011, it was extended to all hospitality venues and selected outdoor areas (hospital campuses, educational centers, and playgrounds). The objective of the study is to evaluate changes in exposure to secondhand smoke among the adult non-smoking population before the first law (2004-05) and after the second law (2011–12). Methods Repeated cross-sectional survey (2004–2005 and 2011–2012) of a representative sample of the adult (≥16 years) non-smoking population in Barcelona, Spain. We assess self-reported exposure to secondhand smoke (at home, the workplace, during leisure time, and in public/private transportation vehicles) and salivary cotinine concentration. Results Overall, the self-reported exposure to secondhand smoke fell from 75.7% (95%CI: 72.6 to 78.8) in 2004-05 to 56.7% (95%CI: 53.4 to 60.0) in 2011–12. Self-reported exposure decreased from 32.5% to 27.6% (−15.1%, p<0.05) in the home, from 42.9% to 37.5% (−12.6%, p = 0.11) at work/education venues, from 61.3% to 38.9% (−36.5%, p<0.001) during leisure time, and from 12.3% to 3.7% (−69.9%, p<0.001) in public transportation vehicles. Overall, the geometric mean of the salivary cotinine concentration in adult non-smokers fell by 87.2%, from 0.93 ng/mL at baseline to 0.12 ng/mL after legislation (p<0.001). Conclusions Secondhand smoke exposure among non-smokers, assessed both by self-reported exposure and salivary cotinine concentration, decreased after the implementation of a stepwise, comprehensive smoke-free legislation. There was a high reduction in secondhand smoke exposure during leisure time and no displacement of secondhand smoke exposure at home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xisca Sureda
- Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Control and Prevention Programme, Institut Català d'Oncologia-ICO, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Cancer Control and Prevention Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose M. Martínez-Sánchez
- Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Control and Prevention Programme, Institut Català d'Oncologia-ICO, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Cancer Control and Prevention Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Biostatistic Unit, Department of Basic Science, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Satn Cugat del Valles, Spain
| | - Marcela Fu
- Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Control and Prevention Programme, Institut Català d'Oncologia-ICO, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Cancer Control and Prevention Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raúl Pérez-Ortuño
- Bioanalysis Research Group, Neuropsychopharmacology Programme, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Martínez
- Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Control and Prevention Programme, Institut Català d'Oncologia-ICO, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Cancer Control and Prevention Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Network of Smoke-free Hospitals, Insitut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Nursing, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Valles, Spain
| | - Esther Carabasa
- Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Control and Prevention Programme, Institut Català d'Oncologia-ICO, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Cancer Control and Prevention Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Network of Smoke-free Hospitals, Insitut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María J. López
- Evaluation and Interventions Methods Service, Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica-IBB Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esteve Saltó
- Public Health Agency, Ministry of Health, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José A. Pascual
- Bioanalysis Research Group, Neuropsychopharmacology Programme, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esteve Fernández
- Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Control and Prevention Programme, Institut Català d'Oncologia-ICO, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Cancer Control and Prevention Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Network of Smoke-free Hospitals, Insitut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Gonzalez JM, Foley MW, Bieber NM, Bourdelle PA, Niedbala RS. Development of an ultrasensitive immunochromatography test to detect nicotine metabolites in oral fluids. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:3655-64. [PMID: 21556750 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5051-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Passive exposure to tobacco smoke causes a variety of illnesses ranging from allergic responses to cancer. Assessment of exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke (SHS), particularly among vulnerable populations enables intervention and prevention of future disease. A minimally invasive oral fluids-based onsite test to detect such exposure would create a valuable tool for researchers and clinicians. Here we describe the development of a test that uses an inexpensive reader that utilizes a CMOS image sensor to reliably quantify a reporter signal and determine nicotine exposure. The rapid lateral flow test consists of a nitrocellulose strip with a control line containing goat anti-rabbit IgG, used as an internal standard, and a test line containing BSA-cotinine conjugate. To run the test, diluted sample containing antibodies against cotinine, the major metabolite of nicotine, is mixed with protein A-gold nanoparticles and placed on the sample pad. As the sample runs up to the nitrocellulose pad, antibodies in the running buffer bind to available cotinine. If cotinine is absent, the antibodies will bind to the BSA-cotinine derivative immobilized on the test line, resulting in an intense purple-red band. The concentration of cotinine equivalents in the sample can be estimated from interpretation of the test line. In this article we describe the effect of different cotinine derivatives, oral fluid pretreatment, and application and running buffers on assay sensitivity. The test can reliably detect as little as 2 ng mL(-1) cotinine equivalents. The assay is sensitive, simple, rapid, inexpensive, and easily implementable in point-of-care facilities to detect second-hand smoke exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus M Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
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Fu M, Martinez-Sanchez JM, Agudo A, Pascual JA, Borras JM, Samet JM, Fernandez E. Association Between Time to First Cigarette After Waking Up and Salivary Cotinine Concentration. Nicotine Tob Res 2011; 13:168-72. [DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntq232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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