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Hanna C, Yao R, Sajjad M, Gold M, Blum K, Thanos PK. Exercise Modifies the Brain Metabolic Response to Chronic Cocaine Exposure Inhibiting the Stria Terminalis. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1705. [PMID: 38137153 PMCID: PMC10742065 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that exercise promotes health and wellness, both mentally and physiologically. It has been shown to play a protective role in many diseases, including cardiovascular, neurological, and psychiatric diseases. The present study examined the effects of aerobic exercise on brain glucose metabolic activity in response to chronic cocaine exposure in female Lewis rats. Rats were divided into exercise and sedentary groups. Exercised rats underwent treadmill running for six weeks and were compared to the sedentary rats. Using positron emission tomography (PET) and [18F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), metabolic changes in distinct brain regions were observed when comparing cocaine-exposed exercised rats to cocaine-exposed sedentary rats. This included activation of the secondary visual cortex and inhibition in the cerebellum, stria terminalis, thalamus, caudate putamen, and primary somatosensory cortex. The functional network of this brain circuit is involved in sensory processing, fear and stress responses, reward/addiction, and movement. These results show that chronic exercise can alter the brain metabolic response to cocaine treatment in regions associated with emotion, behavior, and the brain reward cascade. This supports previous findings of the potential for aerobic exercise to alter the brain's response to drugs of abuse, providing targets for future investigation. These results can provide insights into the fields of exercise neuroscience, psychiatry, and addiction research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Hanna
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacob School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Rutao Yao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Munawwar Sajjad
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Mark Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Division of Addiction Research and Education, Center for Sports, Exercise and Global Mental Health, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacob School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
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2
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Leisman G, Melillo R, Melillo T. Prefrontal Functional Connectivities in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Connectopathic Disorder Affecting Movement, Interoception, and Cognition. Brain Res Bull 2023; 198:65-76. [PMID: 37087061 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex is included in a neuronal system that includes the basal ganglia, the thalamus, and the cerebellum. Most of the higher and more complex motor, cognitive, and emotional behavioral functions are thought to be found primarily in the frontal lobes. Insufficient connectivity between the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and other regions of the brain that are distant from each other involved in top-down information processing rely on the global integration of data from multiple input sources and enhance low level perception processes (bottom-up information processing). The reduced deactivation in mPFC and in the rest of the Default Network during global task processing is consistent with the integrative modulatory role served by the mPFC. We stress the importance of understanding the degree to which sensory and movement anomalies in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can contribute to social impairment. Further investigation on the neurobiological basis of sensory symptoms and its relationship to other clinical features found in ASD is required Treatment perhaps should not be first behaviorally based but rather based on facilitating sensory motor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerry Leisman
- Movement and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; University of the Medical Sciences of Havana, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Havana, Cuba.
| | - Robert Melillo
- Movement and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ty Melillo
- Northeast College of the Health Sciencs, Seneca Falls, NY USA
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3
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Taking Sides: Asymmetries in the Evolution of Human Brain Development in Better Understanding Autism Spectrum Disorder. Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14122689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Confirmation from structural, functional, and behavioral studies agree and suggest a configuration of atypical lateralization in individuals with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD). It is suggested that patterns of cortical and behavioral atypicality are evident in individuals with ASDs with atypical lateralization being common in individuals with ASDs. The paper endeavors to better understand the relationship between alterations in typical cortical asymmetries and functional lateralization in ASD in evolutionary terms. We have proposed that both early genetic and/or environmental influences can alter the developmental process of cortical lateralization. There invariably is a “chicken or egg” issue that arises whether atypical cortical anatomy associated with abnormal function, or alternatively whether functional atypicality generates abnormal structure.
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4
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Martins LA, Schiavo A, Xavier LL, Mestriner RG. The Foot Fault Scoring System to Assess Skilled Walking in Rodents: A Reliability Study. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:892010. [PMID: 35571280 PMCID: PMC9100421 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.892010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The foot fault scoring system of the ladder rung walking test (LRWT) is used to assess skilled walking in rodents. However, the reliability of the LRWT foot fault score has not been properly addressed. This study was designed to address this issue. Two independent and blinded raters analyzed 20 rats and 20 mice videos. Each video was analyzed twice by the same rater (80 analyses per rater). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the Kappa coefficient were employed to check the accuracy of agreement and reliability in the intra- and inter-rater analyses of the LRWT outcomes. Excellent intra- and inter-rater agreements were found for the forelimb, hindlimb, and both limbs combined in rats and mice. The agreement level was also excellent for total crossing time, total time stopped, and the number of stops during the walking path. Rating individual scores in the foot fault score system (0–6) ranged from satisfactory to excellent, in terms of the intraclass correlation indexes. Moreover, we showed that experienced and inexperienced raters can obtain reliable results if supervised training is provided. We concluded that the LRWT is a reliable and useful tool to study skilled walking in rodents and can help researchers address walking-related neurobiological questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Athaydes Martins
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair Research Group (NEUROPLAR), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Aniuska Schiavo
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair Research Group (NEUROPLAR), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Léder Leal Xavier
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Régis Gemerasca Mestriner
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair Research Group (NEUROPLAR), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Régis Gemerasca Mestriner, , orcid.org/0000-0001-9837-1691
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5
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Bishnoi A, Hernandez ME. Dual task walking costs in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging Ment Health 2021; 25:1618-1629. [PMID: 32757759 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2020.1802576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO registration No CRD42020192121) is to review existing literature focusing on effects of different dual task paradigms on walking speed in older adults with and without Mild Cognitive Impairment. METHODS (1) Data Sources: PubMEd, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health, Cochrane library, and Web of Science. (2) Study Selection: The key terms searched included those associated with dual task, walking speed, executive function, older adults, and MCI. (3) Data Extraction: The search yielded 140 results with 20 studies meeting the inclusion criteria, which were rated by two independent reviewers using the Quality Assessment Tool. Descriptions of each study including the single and dual task protocol, outcome measure, and final outcomes were extracted. Meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the dual task effects on walking costs in older adults with and without MCI. RESULTS Meta-analysis revealed that there were significant differences in the dual task walking costs among older adults with or without MCI (p < .05). Pooled effect sizes of the serial subtraction (9.54; 95%CI, 3.93-15.15) and verbal fluency tasks (10.06; 95%CI, 6.26-15.65) showed that there are higher motor dual-task costs in older adults with MCI than age-matched controls. For quality assessment, all studies ranged from 12 to 16 in score, out of 18 (high quality). CONCLUSIONS In the studies included in this review, mental tracking tasks, consisting of serial subtraction and verbal fluency, were found to be the most sensitive in detecting MCI-related changes in older adults, and could serve an important role as a target measure for evaluating the efficacy of interventions aimed at improving cognitive and motor function in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Bishnoi
- Mobility and Fall Prevention Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Manuel E Hernandez
- Mobility and Fall Prevention Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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Szturm T, Kolesar TA, Mahana B, Goertzen AL, Hobson DE, Marotta JJ, Strafella AP, Ko JH. Changes in Metabolic Activity and Gait Function by Dual-Task Cognitive Game-Based Treadmill System in Parkinson's Disease: Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:680270. [PMID: 34149399 PMCID: PMC8211751 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.680270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Balance and gait impairments, and consequently, mobility restrictions and falls are common in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Various cognitive deficits are also common in PD and are associated with increased fall risk. These mobility and cognitive deficits are limiting factors in a person’s health, ability to perform activities of daily living, and overall quality of life. Community ambulation involves many dual-task (DT) conditions that require processing of several cognitive tasks while managing or reacting to sudden or unexpected balance challenges. DT training programs that can simultaneously target balance, gait, visuomotor, and cognitive functions are important to consider in rehabilitation and promotion of healthy active lives. In the proposed multi-center, randomized controlled trial (RCT), novel behavioral positron emission tomography (PET) brain imaging methods are used to evaluate the molecular basis and neural underpinnings of: (a) the decline of mobility function in PD, specifically, balance, gait, visuomotor, and cognitive function, and (b) the effects of an engaging, game-based DT treadmill walking program on mobility and cognitive functions. Both the interactive cognitive game tasks and treadmill walking require continuous visual attention, and share spatial processing functions, notably to minimize any balance disturbance or gait deviation/stumble. The ability to “walk and talk” normally includes activation of specific regions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the basal ganglia (site of degeneration in PD). The PET imaging analysis and comparison with healthy age-matched controls will allow us to identify areas of abnormal, reduced activity levels, as well as areas of excessive activity (increased attentional resources) during DT-walking. We will then be able to identify areas of brain plasticity associated with improvements in mobility functions (balance, gait, and cognition) after intervention. We expect the gait-cognitive training effect to involve re-organization of PFC activity among other, yet to be identified brain regions. The DT mobility-training platform and behavioral PET brain imaging methods are directly applicable to other diseases that affect gait and cognition, e.g., cognitive vascular impairment, Alzheimer’s disease, as well as in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Szturm
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Tiffany A Kolesar
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Bhuvan Mahana
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Andrew L Goertzen
- Department of Radiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Douglas E Hobson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Antonio P Strafella
- Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorder Unit, E. J. Safra Parkinson Disease Program, Neurology Division/Department of Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network (UHN), Brain Health Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ji Hyun Ko
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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7
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Fettrow T, Hupfeld K, Tays G, Clark DJ, Reuter-Lorenz PA, Seidler RD. Brain activity during walking in older adults: Implications for compensatory versus dysfunctional accounts. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 105:349-364. [PMID: 34182403 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A prominent trend in the functional brain imaging literature is that older adults exhibit increased brain activity compared to young adults to perform a given task. This phenomenon has been extensively studied for cognitive tasks, with the field converging on interpretations described in two alternative accounts. One account interprets over-activation in older adults as reflecting neural dysfunction (increased brain activity - indicates poorer performance), whereas another interprets it as neural compensation (increased brain activity - supports better performance). Here we review studies that have recorded brain activity and walking measurements in older adults, and we categorize their findings as reflecting either neural dysfunction or neural compensation. Based on this synthesis, we recommend including multiple task difficulty levels in future work to help differentiate if and when compensation fails as the locomotion task becomes more difficult. Using multiple task difficulty levels with neuroimaging will lead to a more advanced understanding of how age-related changes in locomotor brain activity fit with existing accounts of brain aging and support the development of targeted neural rehabilitation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Fettrow
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Kathleen Hupfeld
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Grant Tays
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David J Clark
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Rachael D Seidler
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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8
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Szturm T, Beheshti I, Mahana B, Hobson DE, Goertzen A, Ko JH. Imaging Cerebral Glucose Metabolism during Dual-Task Walking in Patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neuroimaging 2020; 31:356-362. [PMID: 33289947 DOI: 10.1111/jon.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Gait impairment is a hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). Natural walking involves more cognitive demand than treadmill walking or in-laboratory walking tests because patients have to actively work on navigation and top-down cognitive control which taxes cognitive reserve in the prefrontal cortex. To mimic the prefrontal engagement occurring with natural walking in a controlled and safe environment, dual-task (DT) treadmill walking has been developed. In this study, we tested the feasibility of imaging DT walking-related changes in brain glucose metabolism in patients with PD. METHODS Fifteen patients with PD were scanned with fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography. Five patients performed DT walking, and 10 patients were rested during the FDG uptake period. First, the images were contrasted between the groups. Second, the walking-related brain glucose metabolism was inspected at the individual level. RESULTS Consistently increased glucose metabolism was identified in DT walking versus rest in the primary visual/sensorimotor areas, thalamus, superior colliculus, and cerebellum. In individual level analysis, patients with less progressed disease (n = 3) showed prefrontal activity during DT walking while patients with more progressed disease (n = 2) did not. CONCLUSION This study confirms the feasibility of imaging glucose metabolism during DT walking in patients with PD. We also report that during DT walking, there is a lesser degree of prefrontal engagement in the patients with more progressed disease compared to those with less progressed disease, implying increased degrees of frontal dysfunction with PD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Szturm
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Iman Beheshti
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, Health Science Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Bhuvan Mahana
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Douglas E Hobson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Andrew Goertzen
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Radiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ji Hyun Ko
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, Health Science Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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9
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Hinton DC, Conradsson DM, Paquette C. Understanding Human Neural Control of Short-term Gait Adaptation to the Split-belt Treadmill. Neuroscience 2020; 451:36-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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10
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Droby A, Maidan I, Jacob Y, Giladi N, Hausdorff JM, Mirelman A. Distinct Effects of Motor Training on Resting-State Functional Networks of the Brain in Parkinson’s Disease. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2020; 34:795-803. [DOI: 10.1177/1545968320940985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background. Nigrostriatal dopaminergic loss is a hallmark of Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathophysiology, leading to motor Parkinsonism. Different intervention protocols have shown that motor and cognitive functions improvement in PD occur via the modulation of distinct motor and cognitive pathways. Objective. To investigate the effects of two motor training programs on the brains’ functional networks in PD patients. Methods. Thirty-seven PD patients were prospectively studied. All enrolled patients underwent either treadmill training (TT) (n = 19) or treadmill with virtual reality (TT + VR) (n = 18) for 6 weeks. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans (3 T) acquiring 3-dimensional T1-weighted and resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) data sets were performed at baseline and after 6 weeks. Independent component analysis (ICA) was conducted, and functional connectivity (FC) changes within large-scale functional brain networks were examined. Results. In both groups, significant post-training FC decrease in striatal, limbic, and parietal regions within the basal ganglia network, executive control network, and frontal-striatal network, and significant FC increase in the caudate, and cingulate within the sensorimotor network (SMN) were observed. Moreover, a significant time × group interaction was detected where TT + VR training had greater effects on FC levels in the supplementary motor area (SMA) and right precentral gyrus within the SMN, and in the right middle frontal gyrus (MFG) within the cerebellar network. These FC alterations were associated with improved usual and dual-task walking performance. Conclusions. These results suggest that TT with-and-without the addition of a VR component affects distinct neural pathways, highlighting the potential for beneficial neural plasticity in PD. Such distinctive task-specific pathways may foster the facilitation of interventions tailored to the individual needs of PD patients. Registered at Clinicaltrials.gov number: NCT01732653.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amgad Droby
- Labratory for Early Markers of Neurodegeneration (LEMON), Center for the Study of Movement Cognition and Mobility (CMCM), Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School for Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Inbal Maidan
- Labratory for Early Markers of Neurodegeneration (LEMON), Center for the Study of Movement Cognition and Mobility (CMCM), Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School for Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yael Jacob
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nir Giladi
- Labratory for Early Markers of Neurodegeneration (LEMON), Center for the Study of Movement Cognition and Mobility (CMCM), Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School for Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jeffrey M. Hausdorff
- Labratory for Early Markers of Neurodegeneration (LEMON), Center for the Study of Movement Cognition and Mobility (CMCM), Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School for Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anat Mirelman
- Labratory for Early Markers of Neurodegeneration (LEMON), Center for the Study of Movement Cognition and Mobility (CMCM), Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School for Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Van Weehaeghe D, Devrome M, Schramm G, De Vocht J, Deckers W, Baete K, Van Damme P, Koole M, Van Laere K. Combined brain and spinal FDG PET allows differentiation between ALS and ALS mimics. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2020; 47:2681-2690. [PMID: 32314027 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-020-04786-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with on average a 1-year delay between symptom onset and diagnosis. Studies have demonstrated the value of [18F]-FDG PET as a sensitive diagnostic biomarker, but the discriminatory potential to differentiate ALS from patients with symptoms mimicking ALS has not been investigated. We investigated the combination of brain and spine [18F]-FDG PET-CT for differential diagnosis between ALS and ALS mimics in a real-life clinical diagnostic setting. METHODS Patients with a suspected diagnosis of ALS (n = 98; 64.8 ± 11 years; 61 M) underwent brain and spine [18F]-FDG PET-CT scans. In 62 patients, ALS diagnosis was confirmed (67.8 ± 10 years; 35 M) after longitudinal follow-up (average 18.1 ± 8.4 months). In 23 patients, another disease was diagnosed (ALS mimics, 60.9 ± 12.9 years; 17 M) and 13 had a variant motor neuron disease, primary lateral sclerosis (PLS; n = 4; 53.6 ± 2.5 years; 2 M) and progressive muscular atrophy (PMA; n = 9; 58.4 ± 7.3 years; 7 M). Spine metabolism was determined after manual and automated segmentation. VOI- and voxel-based comparisons were performed. Moreover, a support vector machine (SVM) approach was applied to investigate the discriminative power of regional brain metabolism, spine metabolism and the combination of both. RESULTS Brain metabolism was very similar between ALS mimics and ALS, whereas cervical and thoracic spine metabolism was significantly different (in standardised uptake values; cervical: ALS 2.1 ± 0.5, ALS mimics 1.9 ± 0.4; thoracic: ALS 1.8 ± 0.3, ALS mimics 1.5 ± 0.3). As both brain and spine metabolisms were very similar between ALS mimics and PLS/PMA, groups were pooled for accuracy analyses. Mean discrimination accuracy was 65.4%, 80.0% and 81.5%, using only brain metabolism, using spine metabolism and using both, respectively. CONCLUSION The combination of brain and spine FDG PET-CT with SVM classification is useful as discriminative biomarker between ALS and ALS mimics in a real-life clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatienne Van Weehaeghe
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, UZ Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Martijn Devrome
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Georg Schramm
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joke De Vocht
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wies Deckers
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, UZ Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristof Baete
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, UZ Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philip Van Damme
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michel Koole
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Van Laere
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, UZ Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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12
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Bruijn SM, van Dieën JH. Control of human gait stability through foot placement. J R Soc Interface 2019; 15:rsif.2017.0816. [PMID: 29875279 PMCID: PMC6030625 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During human walking, the centre of mass (CoM) is outside the base of support for most of the time, which poses a challenge to stabilizing the gait pattern. Nevertheless, most of us are able to walk without substantial problems. In this review, we aim to provide an integrative overview of how humans cope with an underactuated gait pattern. A central idea that emerges from the literature is that foot placement is crucial in maintaining a stable gait pattern. In this review, we explore this idea; we first describe mechanical models and concepts that have been used to predict how foot placement can be used to control gait stability. These concepts, such as for instance the extrapolated CoM concept, the foot placement estimator concept and the capture point concept, provide explicit predictions on where to place the foot relative to the body at each step, such that gait is stabilized. Next, we describe empirical findings on foot placement during human gait in unperturbed and perturbed conditions. We conclude that humans show behaviour that is largely in accordance with the aforementioned concepts, with foot placement being actively coordinated to body CoM kinematics during the preceding step. In this section, we also address the requirements for such control in terms of the sensory information and the motor strategies that can implement such control, as well as the parts of the central nervous system that may be involved. We show that visual, vestibular and proprioceptive information contribute to estimation of the state of the CoM. Foot placement is adjusted to variations in CoM state mainly by modulation of hip abductor muscle activity during the swing phase of gait, and this process appears to be under spinal and supraspinal, including cortical, control. We conclude with a description of how control of foot placement can be impaired in humans, using ageing as a primary example and with some reference to pathology, and we address alternative strategies available to stabilize gait, which include modulation of ankle moments in the stance leg and changes in body angular momentum, such as rapid trunk tilts. Finally, for future research, we believe that especially the integration of consideration of environmental constraints on foot placement with balance control deserves attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd M Bruijn
- Department of Human Movement Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, van der Boechorststraat 9, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap H van Dieën
- Department of Human Movement Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, van der Boechorststraat 9, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Doi T, Tsutsumimoto K, Nakakubo S, Kim MJ, Kurita S, Shimada H. Rethinking the Relationship Between Spatiotemporal Gait Variables and Dementia: A Prospective Study. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2019; 20:899-903. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2019.01.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Wilson J, Allcock L, Mc Ardle R, Taylor JP, Rochester L. The neural correlates of discrete gait characteristics in ageing: A structured review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 100:344-369. [PMID: 30552912 PMCID: PMC6565843 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Gait is complex, described by diverse characteristics underpinned by widespread central nervous system networks including motor and cognitive functions. Despite this, neural substrates of discrete gait characteristics are poorly understood, limiting understanding of gait impairment in ageing and disease. This structured review aims to map gait characteristics, defined from a pre-specified model reflecting independent gait domains, to brain imaging parameters in older adults. Fifty-two studies of 38,029 yielded were reviewed. Studies showed inconsistent approaches when mapping gait assessment to neural substrates, limiting conclusions. Gait impairments typically associated with brain deterioration, specifically grey matter atrophy and white matter integrity loss. Gait velocity, a global measure of gait control, was most frequently associated with these imaging markers within frontal and basal ganglia regions, and its decline predicted from white matter volume and integrity measurements. Fewer studies assessed additional gait measures or functional imaging parameters. Future studies mapping regional neuroanatomical and functional correlates of gait are needed, including those which take a multi-process network perspective to better understand mobility in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Wilson
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University Institute of Ageing, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Liesl Allcock
- Geriatric Medicine, Northumbria Healthcare Trust, UK
| | - Ríona Mc Ardle
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University Institute of Ageing, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - John-Paul Taylor
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University Institute of Ageing, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lynn Rochester
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University Institute of Ageing, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK.
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15
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Taniguchi Y, Watanabe Y, Osuka Y, Kitamura A, Seino S, Kim H, Kawai H, Sakurai R, Inagaki H, Awata S, Shinkai S. Characteristics for gait parameters of community-dwelling elderly Japanese with lower cognitive function. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212646. [PMID: 30917138 PMCID: PMC6436685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Recent studies reported that several gait parameters were associated with lower cognitive function or cognitive decline, however, known gait parameters were limited and no study has used large-scale data. We identified the characteristics for gait parameters of community-dwelling elderly Japanese with lower cognitive function. Methods 1,240 community-dwelling adults (mean [SD] age, 77.2 [4.8] years; women, 59.4%) aged 70 or older participated in geriatric health assessments in 2016. We measured comprehensive gait parameters using resistive pressure platform. Cognition was assessed by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Results There are possible correlations between gait measures (gait speed, stride length, step length, step width, average foot pressure, double support duration, and single support duration) and CVs (CV of stride length, step length, average foot pressure, and single support duration) with MMSE score, respectively. After adjustment for important confounders, multiple regression models showed that gait speed (β = .080, p = 0.006), stride length (β = .123, p<0.001), step length (β = .123, p<0.001), average foot pressure (β = .060, p = 0.040), double support duration (β = -.082, p = 0.004), single support duration (β = .086, p = 0.003), CV of stride length (β = -.091, p<0.001), CV of step length (β = -.090, p<0.001), and CV of single support duration (β = -.058, p = 0.037) had significant association with MMSE score, respectively. Conclusions Our findings suggest that person with lower cognitive function tend to have unsteady gait such as erratic length and time of one step, in addition to decreasing the vertical displacement of the center of gravity and slower speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Taniguchi
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yutaka Watanabe
- Research Team for Promoting Independence of the Elderly, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Osuka
- Research Team for Promoting Independence of the Elderly, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kitamura
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Seino
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hunkyung Kim
- Research Team for Promoting Independence of the Elderly, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisashi Kawai
- Research Team for Human Care, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Sakurai
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Inagaki
- Research Team for Promoting Independence of the Elderly, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuichi Awata
- Research Team for Promoting Independence of the Elderly, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Shinkai
- Research on Social and Human Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Fernandez NB, Hars M, Trombetti A, Vuilleumier P. Age-related changes in attention control and their relationship with gait performance in older adults with high risk of falls. Neuroimage 2019; 189:551-559. [PMID: 30660655 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Falls are the leading cause of injury-related deaths in the elderly worldwide. Both gait impairment and cognitive decline have been shown to constitute major fall risk factors. However, further investigations are required to establish a more precise link between the influence of age on brain systems mediating executive cognitive functions and their relationship with gait disturbances, and thus help define novel markers and better guide remediation strategies to prevent falls. METHODS Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to evaluate age-related effects on the recruitment of executive control brain network in selective attention task, as measured with a flanker paradigm. Brain activation patterns were compared between twenty young (21 years ± 2.5) and thirty-four old participants (72 years ± 5.3) with high fall risks. We then determined to what extend age-related differences in activation patterns were associated with alterations in several gait parameters, measured with electronic devices providing a precise quantitative evaluation of gait, as well as with alterations in several aspects of cognitive and physical abilities. RESULTS We found that both young and old participants recruited a distributed fronto-parietal-occipital network during interference by incongruent distractors in the flanker task. However, additional activations were observed in posterior parieto-occipital areas in the older relative to the younger participants. Furthermore, a differential recruitment of both the left dorsal parieto-occipital sulcus and precuneus was significantly correlated with higher gait variability. Besides, decreased activation in the right cerebellum was found in the older with poorer cognitive processing speed scores. CONCLUSIONS Overall results converge to indicate greater sensitivity to attention interference and heightened recruitment of cortical executive control systems in the elderly with fall risks. Critically, this change was associated with selective increases in gait variability indices, linking attentional control with gait performance in elderly with high risks of falls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia B Fernandez
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, Dept. of Neurosciences, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Mélany Hars
- Division of Bone Diseases, Dept. of Internal Medicine Specialties, Geneva University Hospitals, Faculty of Medicine, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Trombetti
- Division of Bone Diseases, Dept. of Internal Medicine Specialties, Geneva University Hospitals, Faculty of Medicine, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Vuilleumier
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, Dept. of Neurosciences, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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Beauchet O, Launay CP, Sekhon H, Montembeault M, Allali G. Association of hippocampal volume with gait variability in pre-dementia and dementia stages of Alzheimer disease: Results from a cross-sectional study. Exp Gerontol 2018; 115:55-61. [PMID: 30447261 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decreased hippocampal volume is a biomarker of Alzheimer disease (AD). The association of hippocampal volume with gait variability across the spectrum of AD, especially in early stages, has been few studied. The study aims to examine the association of hippocampal volume with the coefficient of variation (CoV) of stride time in individuals with mild and moderate to severe subjective cognitive impairment (SCI), non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment (na-MCI), amnestic mild cognitive impairment (a-MCI), and mild to moderate AD dementia. METHODS 271 individuals (79 mild SCI, 68 moderate to severe SCI, 47 na-MCI, 42 a-MCI and 35 mild to moderate AD dementia) were included in this cross-sectional study. Hippocampal volume was quantified from a three-dimensional T1-weighted MRI. CoV of stride time was recorded at self-selected pace with an electronic walkway. Age, sex, body mass index, number of drugs daily taken, history of falls, walking speed, type of MRI scanner, total intracranial volume, and white matter volume abnormality were used as covariates. RESULTS Participants with moderate to severe SCI had a higher CoV of stride time compared to those with mild SCI and na-MCI (P < 0.010), and a higher hippocampal volume compared to other groups (P ≤ 0.001). Participants with moderate to severe SCI had increased hippocampal volume associated with increased CoV of stride time (coefficient of regression β = 0.750 with P = 0.041), while the other groups did not show any significant association. CONCLUSIONS A positive association between greater hippocampal volume (i.e., better brain morphological structure) and an increased stride time variability (i.e., worse gait performance) in individuals with moderate to severe SCI is reported. This association confirms the key role of the hippocampus in gait control and suggests an inefficient compensatory mechanism in early stages of pathological aging like AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Beauchet
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Sir Mortimer B. Davis - Jewish General Hospital and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Dr. Joseph Kaufmann Chair in Geriatric Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Centre of Excellence on Longevity of McGill Integrated University Health Network, Quebec, Canada; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | - Cyrille P Launay
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Geriatric Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland
| | - Harmehr Sekhon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Sir Mortimer B. Davis - Jewish General Hospital and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maxime Montembeault
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Gilles Allali
- Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospital, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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18
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Wearick-Silva LE, Orso R, Martins LA, Creutzberg KC, Centeno-Silva A, Xavier LL, Grassi-Oliveira R, Mestriner RG. Dual influences of early life stress induced by limited bedding on walking adaptability and Bdnf/TrkB and Drd1/Drd2 gene expression in different mouse brain regions. Behav Brain Res 2018; 359:66-72. [PMID: 30347225 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Evidence suggests early life stress impairs development, quality of life and increases vulnerability to disease. One important aspect of the stress experience is its impact on cognitive-motor performance, which includes the ability to adapt walking according to the environmental conditions. This study aimed to investigate how early-life stress affects walking adaptability of mice, while investigating BDNF/TrkB and Drd1/Drd2 expression in different brain regions. Methods Briefly, we exposed male C56BL/6 to the limited bedding protocol (LB) from post-natal day (PND) 2 to PND9 and then tested animals in the ladder walking task at PND60. RT-qPCR was used to investigate gene expression in the mPFC, hippocampus, motor cortex and cerebellum 2 h after the task Results LB induced a wide range of variability and therefore two distinct subgroups of animals within the LB group were established: a) superior performance (LB-SP); and b) inferior performance (LB-IP), compared to controls. Additionally, Drd1 gene expression was increased in the mPFC of LB-IP animals and in the cerebellum of LB-SP animals, while Drd2 expression was reduced in the hippocampus of the LB-IP group. BDNF exon IV gene expression in the mPFC and motor cortex was increased in both the LB-IP and LB-SP subgroups. TrkB gene expression in the hippocampus was reduced in the LB-IP group. A strong negative correlation was found between walking adaptability performance and BDNF exon IV gene expression in the motor cortex. Conversely, a positive correlation was found between walking adaptability performance and TrkB expression in the mPFC and a negative correlation in the hippocampus. Both Drd1 and Drd2 gene expression were negatively correlated with the ability to adapt walking. Conclusions Overall, our findings suggest exposure to early life stress leads to distinct walking adaptability phenotypes, which may be related to Drd1, Drd2, Bdnf exon IV and TrkB gene expression in brain regions that influence walking adaptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Wearick-Silva
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - R Orso
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - L A Martins
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair Research Group, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - K C Creutzberg
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - A Centeno-Silva
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - L L Xavier
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair Research Group, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - R Grassi-Oliveira
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - R G Mestriner
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair Research Group, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Paraskevoudi N, Balcı F, Vatakis A. "Walking" through the sensory, cognitive, and temporal degradations of healthy aging. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1426:72-92. [PMID: 29741265 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
As we age, there is a wide range of changes in motor, sensory, cognitive, and temporal processing due to alterations in the functioning of the central nervous and musculoskeletal systems. Specifically, aging is associated with degradations in gait; altered processing of the individual sensory systems; modifications in executive control, memory, and attention; and changes in temporal processing. These age-related alterations are often inter-related and have been suggested to result from shared neural substrates. Additionally, the overlap between these brain areas and those controlling walking raises the possibility of facilitating performance in several tasks by introducing protocols that can efficiently target all four domains. Attempts to counteract these negative effects of normal aging have been focusing on research to prevent falls and/or enhance cognitive processes, while ignoring the potential multisensory benefits accompanying old age. Research shows that the aging brain tends to increasingly rely on multisensory integration to compensate for degradations in individual sensory systems and for altered neural functioning. This review covers the age-related changes in the above-mentioned domains and the potential to exploit the benefits associated with multisensory integration in aging so as to improve one's mobility and enhance sensory, cognitive, and temporal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Paraskevoudi
- Multisensory and Temporal Processing Lab (MultiTimeLab), Department of History and Philosophy of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Fuat Balcı
- Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Argiro Vatakis
- Multisensory and Temporal Processing Lab (MultiTimeLab), Department of History and Philosophy of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Cognitive Systems Research Institute, Athens, Greece
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El-Sayes J, Harasym D, Turco CV, Locke MB, Nelson AJ. Exercise-Induced Neuroplasticity: A Mechanistic Model and Prospects for Promoting Plasticity. Neuroscientist 2018; 25:65-85. [PMID: 29683026 DOI: 10.1177/1073858418771538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic exercise improves cognitive and motor function by inducing neural changes detected using molecular, cellular, and systems level neuroscience techniques. This review unifies the knowledge gained across various neuroscience techniques to provide a comprehensive profile of the neural mechanisms that mediate exercise-induced neuroplasticity. Using a model of exercise-induced neuroplasticity, this review emphasizes the sequence of neural events that accompany exercise, and ultimately promote changes in human performance. This is achieved by differentiating between neuroplasticity induced by acute versus chronic aerobic exercise. Furthermore, this review emphasizes experimental considerations that influence the opportunity to observe exercise-induced neuroplasticity in humans. These include modifiable factors associated with the exercise intervention and nonmodifiable factors such as biological sex, ovarian hormones, genetic variations, and fitness level. To maximize the beneficial effects of exercise in health, disease, and following injury, future research should continue to explore the mechanisms that mediate exercise-induced neuroplasticity. This review identifies some fundamental gaps in knowledge that may serve to guide future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenin El-Sayes
- 1 Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diana Harasym
- 2 School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Claudia V Turco
- 1 Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mitchell B Locke
- 1 Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aimee J Nelson
- 1 Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Doi T, Blumen HM, Verghese J, Shimada H, Makizako H, Tsutsumimoto K, Hotta R, Nakakubo S, Suzuki T. Gray matter volume and dual-task gait performance in mild cognitive impairment. Brain Imaging Behav 2018; 11:887-898. [PMID: 27392792 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-016-9562-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Dual-task gait performance is impaired in older adults with mild cognitive impairment, but the brain substrates associated with dual-task gait performance are not well-established. The relationship between gray matter and gait speed under single-task and dual-task conditions (walking while counting backward) was examined in 560 seniors with mild cognitive impairment (non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment: n = 270; mean age = 72.4 yrs., 63.6 % women; amnestic mild cognitive impairment: n = 290; mean age = 73.4 yrs., 45.4 % women). Multivariate covariance-based analyses of magnetic resonance imaging data, adjusted for potential confounders including single-task gait speed, were performed to identify gray matter patterns associated with dual-task gait speed. There were no differences in gait speed or cognitive performance during dual-task gait between individuals with non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment and amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Overall, increased dual-task gait speed was associated with a gray matter pattern of increased volume in medial frontal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate, cingulate, precuneus, fusiform gyrus, middle occipital gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus and middle temporal gyrus. The relationship between dual-task gait speed and brain substrates also differed by mild cognitive impairment subtype. Our study revealed a pattern of gray matter regions associated with dual-task performance. Although dual-task gait performance was similar in amnestic and non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment, the gray matter patterns associated with dual-task gait performance differed by mild cognitive impairment subtype. These findings suggest that the brain substrates supporting dual-task gait performance in amnestic and non-amnestic subtypes are different, and consequently may respond differently to interventions, or require different interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Doi
- Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu, Aichi, Japan.
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Helena M Blumen
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Joe Verghese
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Shimada
- Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hyuma Makizako
- Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kota Tsutsumimoto
- Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ryo Hotta
- Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Sho Nakakubo
- Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takao Suzuki
- National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
- Graduate School of Gerontology, J.F. Oberlin University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Beauchet O, Launay CP, Chabot J, Levinoff EJ, Allali G. Subjective Memory Impairment and Gait Variability in Cognitively Healthy Individuals: Results from a Cross-Sectional Pilot Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 55:965-971. [PMID: 27802231 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased stride time variability has been associated with memory impairment in mild cognitive impairment. Subjective memory impairment (SMI) is considered the earliest clinical stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The association between increased stride time variability and SMI has not been reported. OBJECTIVE This study aims to examine the association of stride time variability while performing single and dual tasking with SMI in cognitively healthy individuals (CHI). METHODS A total of 126 CHI (15 without SMI, 69 with SMI expressed by participants, 10 with SMI expressed by participant's relative, and 32 with SMI expressed by both participants and their relatives) were included in this cross-sectional study. The coefficient of variation (CoV) of stride time and walking speed were recorded under usual condition and while counting backwards. Age, gender, body mass index, number of drugs taken daily, use of psychoactive drugs, fear of falling, history of previous falls, and walking speed were used as covariates. RESULTS The multiple linear regression models showed that greater CoV of stride time while counting backwards, but not while single tasking, was associated with a participant's relative SMI (p = 0.038). CONCLUSION This study found a specific association between SMI expressed by a participant's relative and a greater CoV of stride time (i.e., worse performance) while dual tasking, suggesting that the association between gait variability and memory may be present in the earliest stages of memory impairment. Thus, gait variability under dual-task in individuals with SMI expressed by their relatives can be a potential biomarker of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Beauchet
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Sir Mortimer B. Davis - Jewish General Hospital and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Dr. Joseph Kaufmann Chair in Geriatric Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre of Excellence on Aging and Chronic Diseases of McGill integrated University Health Network, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cyrille P Launay
- Service of Geriatric Medicine and Geriatric Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland
| | - Julia Chabot
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Sir Mortimer B. Davis - Jewish General Hospital and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elise J Levinoff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Sir Mortimer B. Davis - Jewish General Hospital and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gilles Allali
- Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA
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23
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Medeiros FM, de Carvalho Myskiw J, Baptista PPA, Neves LT, Martins LA, Furini CRG, Izquierdo I, Xavier LL, Hollands K, Mestriner RG. Can an aversive, extinction-resistant memory trigger impairments in walking adaptability? An experimental study using adult rats. Neurosci Lett 2018; 665:224-228. [PMID: 29229398 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive demands can influence the adaptation of walking, a crucial skill to maintain body stability and prevent falls. Whilst previous research has shown emotional load tunes goal-directed movements, little attention has been given to this finding. This study sought to assess the effects of suffering an extinction-resistant memory on skilled walking performance in adult rats, as an indicator of walking adaptability. Thus, 36 Wistar rats were divided in a two-part experiment. In the first part (n=16), the aversive, extinction-resistance memory paradigm was established using a fear-conditioning chamber. In the second, rats (n=20) were assessed in a neutral room using the ladder rung walking test before and tree days after inducing an extinction-resistance memory. In addition, the elevated plus-maze test was used to control the influence of the anxiety-like status on gait adaptability. Our results revealed the shock group exhibited worse walking adaptability (lower skilled walking score), when compared to the sham group. Moreover, the immobility time in the ladder rung walking test was similar to the controls, suggesting that gait adaptability performance was not a consequence of the fear generalization. No anxiety-like behavior was observed in the plus maze test. Finally, correlation coefficients also showed the skilled walking performance score was positively correlated with the number of gait cycles and trial time in the ladder rung walking test and the total crossings in the plus maze. Overall, these preliminary findings provide evidence to hypothesize an aversive, extinction-resistant experience might change the emotional load, affecting the ability to adapt walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Mello Medeiros
- Cell and Tissue Laboratory, Biosciences College, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil; Neuroplasticity and Rehabilitation Research Group, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil; Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil
| | - Jociane de Carvalho Myskiw
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil
| | - Pedro Porto Alegre Baptista
- Cell and Tissue Laboratory, Biosciences College, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil
| | - Laura Tartari Neves
- Cell and Tissue Laboratory, Biosciences College, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil; Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil
| | - Lucas Athaydes Martins
- Cell and Tissue Laboratory, Biosciences College, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil; Neuroplasticity and Rehabilitation Research Group, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil
| | | | - Iván Izquierdo
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil
| | - Léder Leal Xavier
- Cell and Tissue Laboratory, Biosciences College, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil; Neuroplasticity and Rehabilitation Research Group, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil; Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil
| | - Kristen Hollands
- Health Sciences College, University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Régis Gemerasca Mestriner
- Cell and Tissue Laboratory, Biosciences College, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil; Neuroplasticity and Rehabilitation Research Group, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil; Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil.
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24
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Abstract
Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) with different radiotracers enable regional evaluation of blood flow and glucose metabolism, of receptors and transporters of several molecules, and of abnormal deposition of peptides and proteins in the brain. The cerebellum has been used as a reference region for different radiotracers in several disease conditions. Whole-brain voxel-wise analysis is not affected by a priori knowledge bias and should be preferred. SPECT and PET have contributed to establishing the cerebellum role in motion, cognition, and emotion control in physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions. The basic abnormal imaging findings include decreased or increased uptake of flow or metabolism tracers in the cerebellum alone or as part of a network. Decreased uptake is generally observed in primary structural damage of the cerebellum, but can also represent a distant effect of cerebral damage (crossed diaschisis). Increased uptake can be observed in Freidreich ataxia, inflammatory or immune-mediated diseases of the cerebellum, and in status epilepticus. The possibility is also recognized that primary structural damage of the cerebellum might determine distance effects on other brain structures (reversed diaschisis). So far, SPECT and PET have been predominantly used in clinical studies to investigate cerebellar changes in neurologic and psychiatric diseases and in connection with pharmacologic, transcranial magnetic stimulation, deep-brain stimulation, or surgical treatments.
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25
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Taggart TC, Simmons RW, Thomas JD, Riley EP. Children with Heavy Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Exhibit Atypical Gait Characteristics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:1648-1655. [PMID: 28727159 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired motor function in children with histories of prenatal exposure to alcohol has been previously reported but, to date, no studies using quantitatively based analyses have been performed to assess gait in these children. METHODS Gait of children with (n = 18) or without (n = 26) prenatal alcohol exposure was assessed using an electronically instrumented walkway. Children completed blocks of trials traversing the walkway with different combinations of walking condition (increased, self-paced, and decreased cadence) and direction (forward and backward). Gait velocity, cadence, stride length, step width, foot angle, and double support time, as well as the variability of these temporal-spatial markers, were used to assess gait. RESULTS Results indicated that, in comparison with typically developing children, alcohol-exposed children produced exaggerated foot angle and increased step width. Additionally, alcohol-exposed children produced greater intrasubject variability of gait velocity and walking cadence while walking forward and backward, and greater variability in step width when walking backward and for all 3 walking conditions. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that selected gait markers are adversely affected by prenatal exposure to alcohol. Clinicians and front-line personnel (e.g., teachers) should provide movement enriched experiences to help ameliorate these alcohol-related deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenille C Taggart
- Center for Behavioral Teratology , Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California.,Clinical Psychology Doctoral Program , Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Roger W Simmons
- Motor Control Laboratory , School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Jennifer D Thomas
- Center for Behavioral Teratology , Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Edward P Riley
- Center for Behavioral Teratology , Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
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26
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Shimada H, Ishii K, Makizako H, Ishiwata K, Oda K, Suzukawa M. Effects of exercise on brain activity during walking in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2017; 14:50. [PMID: 28558817 PMCID: PMC5450147 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-017-0263-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity may preserve neuronal plasticity, increase synapse formation, and cause the release of hormonal factors that promote neurogenesis and neuronal function. Previous studies have reported enhanced neurocognitive function following exercise training. However, the specific cortical regions activated during exercise training remain largely undefined. In this study, we quantitatively and objectively evaluated the effects of exercise on brain activity during walking in healthy older adults. METHODS A total of 24 elderly women (75-83 years old) were randomly allocated to either an intervention group or a control group. Those in the intervention group attended 3 months of biweekly 90-min sessions focused on aerobic exercise, strength training, and physical therapy. We monitored changes in regional cerebral glucose metabolism during walking in both groups using positron emission tomography (PET) and [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). RESULTS All subjects completed the 3-month experiment and the adherence to the exercise program was 100%. Compared with the control group, the intervention group showed a significantly greater step length in the right foot after 3 months of physical activity. The FDG-PET assessment revealed a significant post-intervention increase in regional glucose metabolism in the left posterior entorhinal cortex, left superior temporal gyrus, and right superior temporopolar area in the intervention group. Interestingly, the control group showed a relative increase in regional glucose metabolism in the left premotor and supplemental motor areas, left and right somatosensory association cortex, and right primary visual cortex after the 3-month period. We found no significant differences in FDG uptake between the intervention and control groups before vs. after the intervention. CONCLUSION Exercise training increased activity in specific brain regions, such as the precuneus and entorhinal cortices, which play an important role in episodic and spatial memory. Further investigation is required to confirm whether alterations in glucose metabolism within these regions during walking directly promote physical and cognitive performance. TRIAL REGISTRATION UMIN-CTR ( UMIN000021829 ). Retrospectively registered 10 April 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Shimada
- Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu, Aichi, 474-0038, Japan.
| | - Kenji Ishii
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Hyuma Makizako
- Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu, Aichi, 474-0038, Japan.,Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Kiichi Ishiwata
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Keiichi Oda
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.,Department of Radiological Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Megumi Suzukawa
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Human Sciences, 1288 Magome, Iwatsuki-ku, Saitama, 339-8539, Japan
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27
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Wittenberg E, Thompson J, Nam CS, Franz JR. Neuroimaging of Human Balance Control: A Systematic Review. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:170. [PMID: 28443007 PMCID: PMC5385364 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review examined 83 articles using neuroimaging modalities to investigate the neural correlates underlying static and dynamic human balance control, with aims to support future mobile neuroimaging research in the balance control domain. Furthermore, this review analyzed the mobility of the neuroimaging hardware and research paradigms as well as the analytical methodology to identify and remove movement artifact in the acquired brain signal. We found that the majority of static balance control tasks utilized mechanical perturbations to invoke feet-in-place responses (27 out of 38 studies), while cognitive dual-task conditions were commonly used to challenge balance in dynamic balance control tasks (20 out of 32 studies). While frequency analysis and event related potential characteristics supported enhanced brain activation during static balance control, that in dynamic balance control studies was supported by spatial and frequency analysis. Twenty-three of the 50 studies utilizing EEG utilized independent component analysis to remove movement artifacts from the acquired brain signals. Lastly, only eight studies used truly mobile neuroimaging hardware systems. This review provides evidence to support an increase in brain activation in balance control tasks, regardless of mechanical, cognitive, or sensory challenges. Furthermore, the current body of literature demonstrates the use of advanced signal processing methodologies to analyze brain activity during movement. However, the static nature of neuroimaging hardware and conventional balance control paradigms prevent full mobility and limit our knowledge of neural mechanisms underlying balance control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Wittenberg
- Edward P. Fitts Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jessica Thompson
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State UniversityChapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chang S Nam
- Edward P. Fitts Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jason R Franz
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State UniversityChapel Hill, NC, USA
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28
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Drijkoningen D, Chalavi S, Sunaert S, Duysens J, Swinnen SP, Caeyenberghs K. Regional Gray Matter Volume Loss Is Associated with Gait Impairments in Young Brain-Injured Individuals. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:1022-1034. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Drijkoningen
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sima Chalavi
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Sunaert
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jacques Duysens
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephan P. Swinnen
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karen Caeyenberghs
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
- Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
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29
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Tian Q, Chastan N, Bair WN, Resnick SM, Ferrucci L, Studenski SA. The brain map of gait variability in aging, cognitive impairment and dementia-A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 74:149-162. [PMID: 28115194 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
While gait variability may reflect subtle changes due to aging or cognitive impairment (CI), associated brain characteristics remain unclear. We summarize structural and functional neuroimaging findings associated with gait variability in older adults with and without CI and dementia. We identified 17 eligible studies; all were cross-sectional; few examined multiple brain areas. In older adults, temporal gait variability was associated with structural differences in medial areas important for lower limb coordination and balance. Both temporal and spatial gait variability were associated with structural and functional differences in hippocampus and primary sensorimotor cortex and structural differences in anterior cingulate cortex, basal ganglia, association tracts, and posterior thalamic radiation. In CI or dementia, some associations were found in primary motor cortex, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. In older adults, gait variability may be associated with areas important for sensorimotor integration and coordination. To comprehend the neural basis of gait variability with aging and CI, longitudinal studies of multiple brain areas are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qu Tian
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Nathalie Chastan
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Neurophysiology Department, Rouen University Hospital, 1 Rue de Germont, 76000 Rouen, France; INSERM U1075, COMETE, Normandy University, Espl. de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France
| | - Woei-Nan Bair
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Susan M Resnick
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Stephanie A Studenski
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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30
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Wennberg AMV, Savica R, Mielke MM. Association between Various Brain Pathologies and Gait Disturbance. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2017; 43:128-143. [PMID: 28152532 PMCID: PMC5466166 DOI: 10.1159/000456541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 30% of older adults have disrupted gait. It is associated with increased risk of cognitive decline, disability, dementia, and death. Additionally, most older adults present with 1 or more neuropathologies at autopsy. Recently, there has been an effort to investigate the association between subclinical neuropathology and gait. SUMMARY We reviewed studies that investigated the association between gait and neuropathologies. Although all pathologies reviewed were associated with gait, grey matter atrophy was most consistently linked with poorer gait performance. Studies investigating the association between white matter and gait focused primarily on total white matter. Future research using more parsed regional analysis will provide more insight into this relationship. Evidence from studies investigating neuronal activity and gait suggests that gait disruption is associated with both under- and overactivation. Additional research is needed to delineate these conflicting results. Lastly, early evidence suggests that both amyloid and tau aggregation negatively impact multiple gait parameters, but additional studies are warranted. Overall, there was substantial methodological heterogeneity and a paucity of longitudinal studies. Key Messages: Longitudinal studies mapping changes in different types of neuropathology as they relate to changes in multiple gait parameters are needed to better understand trajectories of pathology and gait.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodolfo Savica
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michelle M. Mielke
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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31
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Taniguchi Y, Kitamura A, Seino S, Murayama H, Amano H, Nofuji Y, Nishi M, Yokoyama Y, Shinozaki T, Yokota I, Matsuyama Y, Fujiwara Y, Shinkai S. Gait Performance Trajectories and Incident Disabling Dementia Among Community-Dwelling Older Japanese. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2016; 18:192.e13-192.e20. [PMID: 28049615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Initial gait speed is a good predictor of dementia in later life. This prospective study used repeated measures analysis to identify potential gait performance trajectory patterns and to determine whether gait performance trajectory patterns were associated with incident disabling dementia among community-dwelling older Japanese. DESIGN A prospective, observational, population-based follow-up study. SETTING Japan, 2002 to 2014. PARTICIPANTS A total of 1686 adults without dementia (mean [SD] age, 71.2 [5.6] years; women, 56.3%) aged 65 to 90 years participated in annual geriatric health assessments during the period from June 2002 through July 2014. The average number of follow-up assessments was 3.9, and the total number of observations was 6509. MEASUREMENTS Gait performance was assessed by measuring gait speed and step length at usual and maximum paces. A review of municipal databases in the Japanese public long-term care insurance system revealed that 196 (11.6%) participants developed disabling dementia through December 2014. RESULTS We identified 3 distinct trajectory patterns (high, middle, and low) in gait speed and step length at usual and maximum paces in adults aged 65 to 90 years; these trajectory patterns showed parallel declines among men and women. After adjusting for important confounders, participants in the low trajectory groups for gait speed and step length at usual pace were 3.46 (95% confidence interval 1.88-6.40) and 2.12 (1.29-3.49) times as likely to develop incident disabling dementia, respectively, as those in the high trajectory group. The respective values for low trajectories of gait speed and step length at maximum pace were 2.05 (1.02-4.14) and 2.80 (1.48-5.28), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Regardless of baseline level, the 3 major trajectory patterns for gait speed and step length tended to show similar age-related changes in men and women in later life. Individuals with low trajectories for gait speed and step length had a higher dementia risk, which highlights the importance of interventions for improvements in gait performance, even among older adults with low gait performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Taniguchi
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Kitamura
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Seino
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hidenori Amano
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Nofuji
- Institute of Community Medical Practice, Health Promotion Research Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Nishi
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuri Yokoyama
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Shinozaki
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isao Yokota
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Matsuyama
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Fujiwara
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Shinkai
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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32
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Kose Y, Ikenaga M, Yamada Y, Morimura K, Takeda N, Ouma S, Tsuboi Y, Yamada T, Kimura M, Kiyonaga A, Higaki Y, Tanaka H. Timed Up and Go test, atrophy of medial temporal areas and cognitive functions in community-dwelling older adults with normal cognition and mild cognitive impairment. Exp Gerontol 2016; 85:81-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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Lin MIB, Lin KH. Walking while Performing Working Memory Tasks Changes the Prefrontal Cortex Hemodynamic Activations and Gait Kinematics. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:92. [PMID: 27242461 PMCID: PMC4870471 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests that walking while performing a concurrent task negatively influences gait performance. However, it remains unclear how higher-level cognitive processes and coordination of limb movements are altered in challenging walking environments. This study investigated the influence of cognitive task complexity and walking road condition on the neutral correlates of executive function and postural control in dual-task walking. METHODS Twenty-four healthy young adults completed a series of overground walks with three walking road conditions (wide, narrow, with obstacles) with and without the concurrent n-back working memory tasks of two complexity levels (1-back and 3-back). Prefrontal brain activation was assessed by functional near-infrared spectroscopy. A three-dimensional motion analysis system was used simultaneously to measure gait performance and lower-extremity kinematics. Repeated measures analysis of variance were performed to examine the differences between the conditions. RESULTS In comparison with standing still, participants showed lower n-back task accuracy while walking, with the worst performance from the road with obstacles. Spatiotemporal gait parameters, lower-extremity joint movements, and the relative changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) concentration levels were all significantly different across the task complexity and walking path conditions. While dual-tasking participants were found to flex their hips and knees less, leading to a slower gait speed, longer stride time, shorter step length, and greater gait variability than during normal walking. For narrow-road walking, smaller ankle dorsiflexion and larger hip flexion were observed, along with a reduced gait speed. Obstacle negotiation was mainly characterized by increased gait variability than other conditions. HbO levels appeared to be lower during dual-task walking than normal walking. Compared to wide and obstacle conditions, walking on the narrow road was found to elicit a smaller decrement in HbO levels. CONCLUSION The current study provided direct evidence that, in young adults, neural correlates of executive function and dynamic postural control tend to be altered in response to the cognitive load imposed by the walking environment and the concurrent task during ambulation. A shift of brain activation patterns between functionally connected networks may occur when facing challenging cognitive-motor interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-I B Lin
- Department of Industrial and Information Management, National Cheng Kung University Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hung Lin
- Department of Industrial and Information Management, National Cheng Kung University Tainan, Taiwan
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34
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Hsu CL, Best JR, Chiu BK, Nagamatsu LS, Voss MW, Handy TC, Bolandzadeh N, Liu-Ambrose T. Structural neural correlates of impaired mobility and subsequent decline in executive functions: a 12-month prospective study. Exp Gerontol 2016; 80:27-35. [PMID: 27079333 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Impaired mobility, such as falls, may be an early biomarker of subsequent cognitive decline and is associated with subclinical alterations in both brain structure and function. In this 12-month prospective study, we examined whether there are volumetric differences in gray matter and subcortical regions, as well as cerebral white matter, between older fallers and non-fallers. In addition, we assessed whether these baseline volumetric differences are associated with changes in cognitive function over 12months. A total of 66 community-dwelling older adults were recruited and categorized by their falls status. Magnetic resonance imaging occurred at baseline and participants' physical and cognitive performances were assessed at baseline and 12-months. At baseline, fallers showed significantly lower volumes in gray matter, subcortical regions, and cerebral white matter compared with non-fallers. Notably, fallers had significantly lower left lateral orbitofrontal white matter volume. Moreover, lower left lateral orbitofrontal white matter volume at baseline was associated with greater decline in set-shifting performance over 12months. Our data suggest that falls may indicate subclinical alterations in regional brain volume that are associated with subsequent decline in executive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Liang Hsu
- Aging, Mobility, and Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Center for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Center for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John R Best
- Aging, Mobility, and Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Center for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Center for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bryan K Chiu
- Aging, Mobility, and Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Center for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Center for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Michelle W Voss
- Health, Brain, & Cognition Lab, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Todd C Handy
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Niousha Bolandzadeh
- Aging, Mobility, and Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Center for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Center for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Teresa Liu-Ambrose
- Aging, Mobility, and Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Center for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Center for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Lower gray matter integrity is associated with greater lap time variation in high-functioning older adults. Exp Gerontol 2016; 77:46-51. [PMID: 26899565 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lower integrity of cerebral gray matter is associated with higher gait variability. It is not known whether gray matter integrity is associated with higher lap time variation (LTV), a clinically accessible measure of gait variability, high levels of which have been associated with mortality. This study examines the cross-sectional association between gray matter mean diffusivity (MD) and LTV in community-dwelling older adults. METHODS Study participants consisted of 449 high-functioning adults aged 50 and older (56.8% female) in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, free of overt neurological disease. The magnitude of MD in the gray matter, a measure of impaired tissue integrity, was assessed by diffusion tensor imaging in 16 regions of interest (ROIs) involved with executive function, sensorimotor function, and memory. LTV was assessed as variability in lap time based on individual trajectories over ten 40-m laps. Age, sex, height, and weight were covariates. The model additionally adjusted for mean lap time and health conditions that may affect LTV. RESULTS Higher levels of average MD across 16 ROIs were significantly associated with higher LTV after adjustment for covariates. Specifically, higher MD in the precuneus and the anterior and middle cingulate cortices was strongly associated with higher LTV, as compared to other ROIs. The association persisted after adjustment for mean lap time, hypertension, and diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Lower gray matter integrity in selected areas may underlie greater LTV in high-functioning community-dwelling older adults. Longitudinal studies are warranted to examine whether changes in gray matter integrity precede more variable gait.
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Allali G, Annweiler C, Predovan D, Bherer L, Beauchet O. Brain volume changes in gait control in patients with mild cognitive impairment compared to cognitively healthy individuals; GAIT study results. Exp Gerontol 2015; 76:72-9. [PMID: 26705916 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differences in brain structures involved in gait control between normal and pathological aging are still matter of debate. This study aims to compare the regional and global brain volume patterns associated with gait performances assessed with Timed Up and Go test (TUG) between cognitively healthy individuals (CHI) and patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 171 (80 CHI, 25 with amnestic MCI [a-MCI] and 66 with non-amnestic MCI [na-MCI]) participants (70.2±4.0years; 37% female) consecutively realized (rTUG) and imagined (iTUG) the TUG. rTUG measures the time needed to rise from a chair, walk 3m, turn around and return to a seated position and iTUG represents the validated imagined version of the TUG. Global and regional brain volumes were quantified from three-dimensional T1-weighted MRI using a semi-automated software. RESULTS Linear regression models show that increased rTUG (i.e. worse performance) was associated with lower total white matter, total gray matter, left and right hippocampal volume in patients with na-MCI (P<0.045), and with lower right hippocampal volume in CHI (P=0.013). Increased iTUG was associated with lower gray matter and left premotor cortex volumes in patients with na-MCI (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The findings showed different patterns of brain volume reduction associated with increased rTUG and iTUG between CHI and MCI patients, except for the right hippocampal volume which was smaller in both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Allali
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive & Motor Aging, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Cedric Annweiler
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Geriatric Medicine, UPRES EA 4638, UNAM, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France; Robarts Research Institute, Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Predovan
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Research centre, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Louis Bherer
- Research centre, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Olivier Beauchet
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Sir Mortimer B. Davis - Jewish General Hospital and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Centre of Excellence on Aging and Chronic Diseases of McGill Integrated University Health Network, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Boecker H, Drzezga A. A perspective on the future role of brain pet imaging in exercise science. Neuroimage 2015; 131:73-80. [PMID: 26477649 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) bears a unique potential for examining the effects of physical exercise (acute or chronic) within the central nervous system in vivo, including cerebral metabolism, neuroreceptor occupancy, and neurotransmission. However, application of Neuro-PET in human exercise science is as yet surprisingly sparse. To date the field has been dominated by non-invasive neuroelectrical techniques (EEG, MEG) and structural/functional magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI/fMRI). Despite PET having certain inherent disadvantages, in particular radiation exposure and high costs limiting applicability at large scale, certain research questions in human exercise science can exclusively be addressed with PET: The "metabolic trapping" properties of (18)F-FDG PET as the most commonly used PET-tracer allow examining the neuronal mechanisms underlying various forms of acute exercise in a rather unconstrained manner, i.e. under realistic training scenarios outside the scanner environment. Beyond acute effects, (18)F-FDG PET measurements under resting conditions have a strong prospective for unraveling the influence of regular physical activity on neuronal integrity and potentially neuroprotective mechanisms in vivo, which is of special interest for aging and dementia research. Quantification of cerebral glucose metabolism may allow determining the metabolic effects of exercise interventions in the entire human brain and relating the regional cerebral rate of glucose metabolism (rCMRglc) with behavioral, neuropsychological, and physiological measures. Apart from FDG-PET, particularly interesting applications comprise PET ligand studies that focus on dopaminergic and opioidergic neurotransmission, both key transmitter systems for exercise-related psychophysiological effects, including mood changes, reward processing, antinociception, and in its most extreme form 'exercise dependence'. PET ligand displacement approaches even allow quantifying specific endogenous neurotransmitter release under acute exercise interventions, to which modern PET/MR hybrid technology will be additionally fruitful. Experimental studies exploiting the unprecedented multimodal imaging capacities of PET/MR in human exercise sciences are as yet pending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Boecker
- Functional Neuroimaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.
| | - Alexander Drzezga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Cologne, Germany.
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Suzuki H, Kawai H, Hirano H, Yoshida H, Ihara K, Kim H, Chaves PHM, Minami U, Yasunaga M, Obuchi S, Fujiwara Y. One-Year Change in the Japanese Version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Performance and Related Predictors in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015; 63:1874-9. [PMID: 26313522 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.13595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the distribution and associated predictors of 1-year changes in the Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-J) in community-dwelling older adults. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Population-based cohort study in Tokyo, Japan. PARTICIPANTS Individuals aged 65 to 84 (N = 496). MEASUREMENTS Multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the odds of experiencing subsequent improvement in MoCA-J performance, as opposed to stable or deteriorating, while simultaneously adjusting for baseline MoCA-J score and major confounders. RESULTS Mean age was 74.0 ± 4.8; mean MoCA-J score was 23.7 ± 3.6. Only 40% had stable MoCA-J performance; 30% experienced deterioration and 30% improvement. Age increment, hospitalization in previous year, slower Timed Up and Go (TUG) score, and slower maximum walking speed were predictive of subsequent MoCA-J performance deterioration. CONCLUSION Slower TUG and walking speed performances were independent predictors of short-term MoCA-J deterioration. Research aimed at assessing lower-extremity performance-based tests in MCI-related decision-making is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hisashi Kawai
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hideyo Yoshida
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazushige Ihara
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hunkyung Kim
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Paulo H M Chaves
- Benjamin Leon Center for Geriatric Education and Research, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Ushio Minami
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shuichi Obuchi
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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Brain activity during walking: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 57:310-27. [PMID: 26306029 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review provides an overview of the literature deducing information about brain activation during (1) imagined walking using MRI/fMRI or (2) during real walking using measurement systems as fNIRS, EEG and PET. METHODS Three independent reviewers undertook an electronic database research browsing six databases. The search request consisted of three search fields. The first field comprised common methods to evaluate brain activity. The second search field comprised synonyms for brain responses to movements. The third search field comprised synonyms for walking. RESULTS 48 of an initial yield of 1832 papers were reviewed. We found differences in cortical activity regarding young vs. old individuals, physically fit vs. physically unfit cohorts, healthy people vs. patients with neurological diseases, and between simple and complex walking tasks. CONCLUSIONS We summarize that the dimension of brain activity in different brain areas during walking is highly sensitive to task complexity, age and pathologies supporting previous assumptions underpinning the significance of cortical control. Many compensation mechanisms reflect the brain's plasticity which ensures stable walking.
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Beauchet O, Launay CP, Fantino B, Annweiler C, Allali G. Episodic memory and executive function impairments in non-demented older adults: which are the respective and combined effects on gait performances? AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 37:9812. [PMID: 26160251 PMCID: PMC4497999 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-015-9812-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Gait control depends in part on cognition. This study aims to examine the separate and combined effects of episodic memory and executive function impairments on the mean value and the coefficient of variation (CoV) of stride time among non-demented older community dwellers. Based on a cross-sectional design, 1458 older community dwellers without dementia (70.6 ± 4.9 years; 49.2 % female) were recruited and separated into cognitively healthy individuals (CHI) and individuals with cognitive impairment. A score ≤5/6 on the Short Mini-Mental State Examination defined episodic memory impairment. Impaired executive function was defined by errors on the clock-drawing test. Mean value and CoV of stride time were measured by the GAITRite® system. A total of 517 participants (35.5 %) had cognitive impairment in at least one cognitive domain. Participants with memory impairment (P = 0.006) and those with combined cognitive impairments (P < 0.001) had greater (i.e., worse gait performance) mean value of stride time (P = 0.006) compared to CHI. Participants with combined cognitive impairment had a greater CoV of stride time (i.e., worse gait performance) compared to CHI (P = 0.004) and to those with separate memory impairment (P = 0.037). Among participants with combined cognitive impairments, mean value and CoV of stride time had the highest effect size (respectively, effect size = 0.49 [95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.27;0.71] and effect size = 0.40 [95 %CI 0.18;0.62]). Participants with episodic memory or executive impairments had a greater mean value and CoV of stride time compared to those with no cognitive impairment. Combined episodic memory and executive impairments exceeded the sum of separate impairments on gait performances, suggesting a complex interplay going beyond a simple additive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Beauchet
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Geriatric Medicine, UPRES EA 4638, UNAM, Angers University Hospital, 49933, Angers cedex 9, France,
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Beauchet O, Launay CP, Fantino B, Allali G, Annweiler C. Respective and combined effects of impairments in sensorimotor systems and cognition on gait performance: a population-based cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125102. [PMID: 25992567 PMCID: PMC4438049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Respective and combined effects of impairments in sensorimotor systems and cognition on gait performance have not been fully studied. This study aims to describe the respective effects of impairments in muscle strength, distance vision, lower-limb proprioception and cognition on the Timed Up & Go (TUG) scores (i.e., performed TUG [pTUG], imagined TUG [iTUG] and the time difference between these two tests [delta TUG]) in older community-dwellers; and to examine their combined effects on TUG scores. Methods Based on a cross-sectional design, 1792 community-dwellers (70.2±4.8 years; 53.6% female) were recruited. Gait performance was assessed using pTUG, iTUG and delta TUG. Participants were divided into healthy individuals and 15 subgroups of individuals according to the presence of impairment in one or more subsystems involved in gait control (i.e., muscle strength and/or distance vision and/or lower-limb proprioception and/or cognition [episodic memory and executive performance]). Impairment in muscle strength, distance vision and lower-limb proprioception was defined as being in the lowest tertile of performance. Impairment in cognition was defined as abnormal episodic memory and executive tests. Results A total of 191 (10.7%) exhibited impairment in muscle strength, 188 (10.5%) in distance vision, 302 (16.9%) in lower-limb proprioception, and 42 (2.3%) in cognition. Linear regressions showed that cognitive impairment as well as dual combinations of impairments were associated with increased pTUG (P<0.02). Impairment in lower-limb proprioception was associated with decreased iTUG (P=0.015). All combinations of impairments, except those including muscle strength and the combinations of the 4 subsystems, were associated with increased delta TUG (P<0.04). Conclusion Cognitive integrity is central for efficient gait control and stability, whereas lower-limb proprioception seems to be central for gait imagery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Beauchet
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Cyrille P. Launay
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Bruno Fantino
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Gilles Allali
- Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive & Motor Aging, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Cédric Annweiler
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France
- Robarts Research Institute, Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Clark DJ. Automaticity of walking: functional significance, mechanisms, measurement and rehabilitation strategies. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:246. [PMID: 25999838 PMCID: PMC4419715 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Automaticity is a hallmark feature of walking in adults who are healthy and well-functioning. In the context of walking, “automaticity” refers to the ability of the nervous system to successfully control typical steady state walking with minimal use of attention-demanding executive control resources. Converging lines of evidence indicate that walking deficits and disorders are characterized in part by a shift in the locomotor control strategy from healthy automaticity to compensatory executive control. This is potentially detrimental to walking performance, as an executive control strategy is not optimized for locomotor control. Furthermore, it places excessive demands on a limited pool of executive reserves. The result is compromised ability to perform basic and complex walking tasks and heightened risk for adverse mobility outcomes including falls. Strategies for rehabilitation of automaticity are not well defined, which is due to both a lack of systematic research into the causes of impaired automaticity and to a lack of robust neurophysiological assessments by which to gauge automaticity. These gaps in knowledge are concerning given the serious functional implications of compromised automaticity. Therefore, the objective of this article is to advance the science of automaticity of walking by consolidating evidence and identifying gaps in knowledge regarding: (a) functional significance of automaticity; (b) neurophysiology of automaticity; (c) measurement of automaticity; (d) mechanistic factors that compromise automaticity; and (e) strategies for rehabilitation of automaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Clark
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System Gainesville, FL, USA ; Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
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Beauchet O, Launay CP, Annweiler C, Allali G. Hippocampal volume, early cognitive decline and gait variability: which association? Exp Gerontol 2014; 61:98-104. [PMID: 25446977 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In contrast to its prominent function in cognition, the involvement of the hippocampus in gait control is still a matter of debate. The present study aimed to examine the association of the hippocampal volume with mean values and coefficients of variation (CoV) of spatio-temporal gait parameters among cognitively healthy individuals (CHI) and patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS A total of 90 individuals (47 CHI with a mean age of 69.7±3.6years and 48.9% women, and 43 MCI individuals with a mean age of 70.2±3.7years and 62.8% women) were included in this cross-sectional study. The hippocampal volume was quantified from a three-dimensional T1-weighted MRI using semi-automated software. Mean values and CoV of stride time, swing time and stride width were measured at self-selected pace with a 10m electronic portable walkway (GAITRite®). Age, gender, body mass index, number of drugs daily taken, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score, history of falls, walking speed and white matter signal-intensity abnormality scoring with Manolio scale were used as covariates. RESULTS Patients with MCI had a lower MMSE score (P<0.001), a higher CoV of stride time (P=0.013) and a lower hippocampal volume (P=0.007) compared with CHI. Multiple linear regression models showed that CoV of stride time was specifically associated with higher hippocampal volume among CHI (P<0.05) but not among patients with MCI (P>0.650). CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed a positive association between a greater (i.e., better morphological structure) hippocampal volume and a greater (i.e., worse performance) stride time variability among CHI, but not among MCI individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Beauchet
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Angers University Hospital, University Memory Clinic of Angers, UPRES EA 4638, University of Angers, UNAM, Angers, France.
| | - Cyrille P Launay
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Angers University Hospital, University Memory Clinic of Angers, UPRES EA 4638, University of Angers, UNAM, Angers, France
| | - Cédric Annweiler
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Angers University Hospital, University Memory Clinic of Angers, UPRES EA 4638, University of Angers, UNAM, Angers, France; Center for Functional Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gilles Allali
- Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive & Motor Aging, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA
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Sakurai R, Fujiwara Y, Yasunaga M, Takeuchi R, Murayama Y, Ohba H, Sakuma N, Suzuki H, Oda K, Sakata M, Toyohara J, Ishiwata K, Shinkai S, Ishii K. Regional Cerebral Glucose Metabolism and Gait Speed in Healthy Community-Dwelling Older Women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2014; 69:1519-27. [DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glu093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Rosso AL, Olson Hunt MJ, Yang M, Brach JS, Harris TB, Newman AB, Satterfield S, Studenski SA, Yaffe K, Aizenstein HJ, Rosano C. Higher step length variability indicates lower gray matter integrity of selected regions in older adults. Gait Posture 2014; 40:225-30. [PMID: 24792638 PMCID: PMC4071448 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2014.03.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Step length variability (SLV) increases with age in those without overt neurologic disease, is higher in neurologic patients, is associated with falls, and predicts dementia. Whether higher SLV in older adults without neurologic disease indicates presence of neurologic abnormalities is unknown. Our objective was to identify whether SLV in older adults without overt disease is associated with findings from multimodal neuroimaging. A well-characterized cohort of 265 adults (79-90 years) was concurrently assessed by gait mat, magnetic resonance imaging with diffusion tensor, and neurological exam. Linear regression models adjusted for gait speed, demographic, health, and functional covariates assessed associations of MRI measures (gray matter volume, white matter hyperintensity volume, mean diffusivity, fractional anisotropy) with SLV. Regional distribution of associations was assessed by sparse partial least squares analyses. Higher SLV (mean: 8.4, SD: 3.3) was significantly associated with older age, slower gait speed, and poorer executive function and also with lower gray matter integrity measured by mean diffusivity (standardized beta=0.16; p=0.02). Associations between SLV and gray matter integrity were strongest for the hippocampus and anterior cingulate gyrus (both β=0.18) as compared to other regions. Associations of SLV with other neuroimaging markers were not significant. Lower integrity of normal-appearing gray matter may underlie higher SLV in older adults. Our results highlighted the hippocampus and anterior cingulate gyrus, regions involved in memory and executive function. These findings support previous research indicating a role for cognitive function in motor control. Higher SLV may indicate focal neuropathology in those without diagnosed neurologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Rosso
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Megan J Olson Hunt
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Mei Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Jennifer S Brach
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, USA
| | - Anne B Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Suzanne Satterfield
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, USA
| | - Stephanie A Studenski
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | | | - Caterina Rosano
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
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Holtzer R, Epstein N, Mahoney JR, Izzetoglu M, Blumen HM. Neuroimaging of mobility in aging: a targeted review. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2014; 69:1375-88. [PMID: 24739495 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glu052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between mobility and cognition in aging is well established, but the relationship between mobility and the structure and function of the aging brain is relatively unknown. This, in part, is attributed to the technological limitations of most neuroimaging procedures, which require the individual to be immobile or in a supine position. Herein, we provide a targeted review of neuroimaging studies of mobility in aging to promote (i) a better understanding of this relationship, (ii) future research in this area, and (iii) development of applications for improving mobility. METHODS A systematic search of peer-reviewed studies was performed using PubMed. Search terms included (i) aging, older adults, or elderly; (ii) gait, walking, balance, or mobility; and (iii) magnetic resonance imaging, voxel-based morphometry, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, diffusion tensor imaging, positron emission tomography, functional magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalography, event-related potential, and functional near-infrared spectroscopy. RESULTS Poor mobility outcomes were reliably associated with reduced gray and white matter volume. Fewer studies examined the relationship between changes in task-related brain activation and mobility performance. Extant findings, however, showed that activation patterns in the cerebellum, basal ganglia, parietal and frontal cortices were related to mobility. Increased involvement of the prefrontal cortex was evident in both imagined walking conditions and conditions where the cognitive demands of locomotion were increased. CONCLUSIONS Cortical control of gait in aging is bilateral, widespread, and dependent on the integrity of both gray and white matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roee Holtzer
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York. Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York.
| | - Noah Epstein
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York
| | - Jeannette R Mahoney
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York
| | - Meltem Izzetoglu
- Drexel University School of Biomedical Engineering, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Helena M Blumen
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York
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Rebula JR, Ojeda LV, Adamczyk PG, Kuo AD. Measurement of foot placement and its variability with inertial sensors. Gait Posture 2013; 38:974-80. [PMID: 23810335 PMCID: PMC4284057 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Gait parameters such as stride length, width, and period, as well as their respective variabilities, are widely used as indicators of mobility and walking function. Foot placement and its variability have thus been applied in areas such as aging, fall risk, spinal cord injury, diabetic neuropathy, and neurological conditions. But a drawback is that these measures are presently best obtained with specialized laboratory equipment such as motion capture systems and instrumented walkways, which may not be available in many clinics and certainly not during daily activities. One alternative is to fix inertial measurement units (IMUs) to the feet or body to gather motion data. However, few existing methods measure foot placement directly, due to drift associated with inertial data. We developed a method to measure stride-to-stride foot placement in unconstrained environments, and tested whether it can accurately quantify gait parameters over long walking distances. The method uses ground contact conditions to correct for drift, and state estimation algorithms to improve estimation of angular orientation. We tested the method with healthy adults walking over-ground, averaging 93 steps per trial, using a mobile motion capture system to provide reference data. We found IMU estimates of mean stride length and duration within 1% of motion capture, and standard deviations of length and width within 4% of motion capture. Step width cannot be directly estimated by IMUs, although lateral stride variability can. Inertial sensors measure walks over arbitrary distances, yielding estimates with good statistical confidence. Gait can thus be measured in a variety of environments, and even applied to long-term monitoring of everyday walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Rebula
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, 3411 G.G. Brown, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Intelligent Prosthetic Systems LLC, 2811 Lillian Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA.
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