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Dai Y, Qiao K, Li D, Isingizwe P, Liu H, Liu Y, Lim K, Woodfield T, Liu G, Hu J, Yuan J, Tang J, Cui X. Plant-Derived Biomaterials and Their Potential in Cardiac Tissue Repair. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202827. [PMID: 36977522 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of mortality worldwide. The inability of cardiac tissue to regenerate after an infarction results in scar tissue formation, leading to cardiac dysfunction. Therefore, cardiac repair has always been a popular research topic. Recent advances in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine offer promising solutions combining stem cells and biomaterials to construct tissue substitutes that could have functions similar to healthy cardiac tissue. Among these biomaterials, plant-derived biomaterials show great promise in supporting cell growth due to their inherent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and mechanical stability. More importantly, plant-derived materials have reduced immunogenic properties compared to popular animal-derived materials (e.g., collagen and gelatin). In addition, they also offer improved wettability compared to synthetic materials. To date, limited literature is available to systemically summarize the progression of plant-derived biomaterials in cardiac tissue repair. Herein, this paper highlights the most common plant-derived biomaterials from both land and marine plants. The beneficial properties of these materials for tissue repair are further discussed. More importantly, the applications of plant-derived biomaterials in cardiac tissue engineering, including tissue-engineered scaffolds, bioink in 3D biofabrication, delivery vehicles, and bioactive molecules, are also summarized using the latest preclinical and clinical examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Dai
- Cardiac and Osteochondral Tissue Engineering (COTE) Group, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 51817, China
| | - Kai Qiao
- Cardiac and Osteochondral Tissue Engineering (COTE) Group, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 51817, China
| | - Demin Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Phocas Isingizwe
- Cardiac and Osteochondral Tissue Engineering (COTE) Group, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 51817, China
| | - Haohao Liu
- Cardiac and Osteochondral Tissue Engineering (COTE) Group, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 51817, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Cardiac and Osteochondral Tissue Engineering (COTE) Group, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 51817, China
| | - Khoon Lim
- Christchurch Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (CReaTE) Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Otago, Christchurch, 8011, New Zealand
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Tim Woodfield
- Christchurch Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (CReaTE) Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Otago, Christchurch, 8011, New Zealand
| | - Guozhen Liu
- Cardiac and Osteochondral Tissue Engineering (COTE) Group, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 51817, China
| | - Jinming Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230052, China
| | - Jie Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518001, China
| | - Junnan Tang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Xiaolin Cui
- Cardiac and Osteochondral Tissue Engineering (COTE) Group, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 51817, China
- Christchurch Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (CReaTE) Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Otago, Christchurch, 8011, New Zealand
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Fooladi S, Nematollahi MH, Rabiee N, Iravani S. Bacterial Cellulose-Based Materials: A Perspective on Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023. [PMID: 37146213 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Today, a wide variety of bio- and nanomaterials have been deployed for cardiovascular tissue engineering (TE), including polymers, metal oxides, graphene/its derivatives, organometallic complexes/composites based on inorganic-organic components, among others. Despite several advantages of these materials with unique mechanical, biological, and electrical properties, some challenges still remain pertaining to their biocompatibility, cytocompatibility, and possible risk factors (e.g., teratogenicity or carcinogenicity), restricting their future clinical applications. Natural polysaccharide- and protein-based (nano)structures with the benefits of biocompatibility, sustainability, biodegradability, and versatility have been exploited in the field of cardiovascular TE focusing on targeted drug delivery, vascular grafts, engineered cardiac muscle, etc. The usage of these natural biomaterials and their residues offers several advantages in terms of environmental aspects such as alleviating emission of greenhouse gases as well as the production of energy as a biomass consumption output. In TE, the development of biodegradable and biocompatible scaffolds with potentially three-dimensional structures, high porosity, and suitable cellular attachment/adhesion still needs to be comprehensively studied. In this context, bacterial cellulose (BC) with high purity, porosity, crystallinity, unique mechanical properties, biocompatibility, high water retention, and excellent elasticity can be considered as promising candidate for cardiovascular TE. However, several challenges/limitations regarding the absence of antimicrobial factors and degradability along with the low yield of production and extensive cultivation times (in large-scale production) still need to be resolved using suitable hybridization/modification strategies and optimization of conditions. The biocompatibility and bioactivity of BC-based materials along with their thermal, mechanical, and chemical stability are crucial aspects in designing TE scaffolds. Herein, cardiovascular TE applications of BC-based materials are deliberated, with a focus on the most recent advancements, important challenges, and future perspectives. Other biomaterials with cardiovascular TE applications and important roles of green nanotechnology in this field of science are covered to better compare and comprehensively review the subject. The application of BC-based materials and the collective roles of such biomaterials in the assembly of sustainable and natural-based scaffolds for cardiovascular TE are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Fooladi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Afzalipour Medical School, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, 76169-13555 Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hadi Nematollahi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Afzalipour Medical School, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, 76169-13555 Kerman, Iran
- Herbal and Traditional Medicines Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, 76169-13555 Kerman, Iran
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Siavash Iravani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461 Isfahan, Iran
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3
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Kastanaki E, Blanco-Touriñán N, Sarazin A, Sturchler A, Gujas B, Vera-Sirera F, Agustí J, Rodriguez-Villalon A. A genetic framework for proximal secondary vein branching in the Arabidopsis thaliana embryo. Development 2022; 149:275816. [PMID: 35723181 PMCID: PMC9270971 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Over time, plants have evolved flexible self-organizing patterning mechanisms to adapt tissue functionality for continuous organ growth. An example of this process is the multicellular organization of cells into a vascular network in foliar organs. An important, yet poorly understood component of this process is secondary vein branching, a mechanism employed to extend vascular tissues throughout the cotyledon surface. Here, we uncover two distinct branching mechanisms during embryogenesis by analyzing the discontinuous vein network of the double mutant cotyledon vascular pattern 2 (cvp2) cvp2-like 1 (cvl1). Similar to wild-type embryos, distal veins in cvp2 cvl1 embryos arise from the bifurcation of cell files contained in the midvein, whereas proximal branching is absent in this mutant. Restoration of this process can be achieved by increasing OCTOPUS dosage as well as by silencing RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN KINASE 2 (RPK2) expression. Although RPK2-dependent rescue of cvp2 cvl1 is auxin- and CLE peptide-independent, distal branching involves polar auxin transport and follows a distinct regulatory mechanism. Our work defines a genetic network that confers plasticity to Arabidopsis embryos to spatially adapt vascular tissues to organ growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Kastanaki
- Group of Plant Vascular Development, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Noel Blanco-Touriñán
- Group of Plant Vascular Development, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland,Authors for correspondence (; )
| | - Alexis Sarazin
- Group of RNA Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Sturchler
- Group of Plant Vascular Development, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bojan Gujas
- Group of Plant Vascular Development, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francisco Vera-Sirera
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Agustí
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Antia Rodriguez-Villalon
- Group of Plant Vascular Development, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland,Authors for correspondence (; )
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Lavania D, Linh NM, Scarpella E. Of Cells, Strands, and Networks: Auxin and the Patterned Formation of the Vascular System. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:cshperspect.a039958. [PMID: 33431582 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a039958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Throughout plant development, vascular cells continually form from within a population of seemingly equivalent cells. Vascular cells connect end to end to form continuous strands, and vascular strands connect at both or either end to form networks of exquisite complexity and mesmerizing beauty. Here we argue that experimental evidence gained over the past few decades implicates the plant hormone auxin-its production, transport, perception, and response-in all the steps that lead to the patterned formation of the plant vascular system, from the formation of vascular cells to their connection into vascular networks. We emphasize the organizing principles of the cell- and tissue-patterning process, rather than its molecular subtleties. In the picture that emerges, cells compete for an auxin-dependent, cell-polarizing signal; positive feedback between cell polarization and cell-to-cell movement of the polarizing signal leads to gradual selection of cell files; and selected cell files differentiate into vascular strands that drain the polarizing signal from the neighboring cells. Although the logic of the patterning process has become increasingly clear, the molecular details remain blurry; the future challenge will be to bring them into razor-sharp focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruv Lavania
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Nguyen Manh Linh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Enrico Scarpella
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
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5
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Developmental and biophysical determinants of grass leaf size worldwide. Nature 2021; 592:242-247. [PMID: 33762735 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03370-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
One of the most notable ecological trends-described more than 2,300 years ago by Theophrastus-is the association of small leaves with dry and cold climates, which has recently been recognized for eudicotyledonous plants at a global scale1-3. For eudicotyledons, this pattern has been attributed to the fact that small leaves have a thinner boundary layer that helps to avoid extreme leaf temperatures4 and their leaf development results in vein traits that improve water transport under cold or dry climates5,6. However, the global distribution of leaf size and its adaptive basis have not been tested in the grasses, which represent a diverse lineage that is distinct in leaf morphology and that contributes 33% of terrestrial primary productivity (including the bulk of crop production)7. Here we demonstrate that grasses have shorter and narrower leaves under colder and drier climates worldwide. We show that small grass leaves have thermal advantages and vein development that contrast with those of eudicotyledons, but that also explain the abundance of small leaves in cold and dry climates. The worldwide distribution of leaf size in grasses exemplifies how biophysical and developmental processes result in convergence across major lineages in adaptation to climate globally, and highlights the importance of leaf size and venation architecture for grass performance in past, present and future ecosystems.
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6
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Souza LA, Tavares R. Nitrogen and Stem Development: A Puzzle Still to Be Solved. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:630587. [PMID: 33659017 PMCID: PMC7917133 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.630587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
High crop yields are generally associated with high nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates. A growing tendency that is urgently demanding the adoption of precision technologies that manage N more efficiently, combined with the advances of crop genetics to meet the needs of sustainable farm systems. Among the plant traits, stem architecture has been of paramount importance to enhance harvest index in the cereal crops. Nonetheless, the reduced stature also brought undesirable effect, such as poor N-uptake, which has led to the overuse of N fertilizer. Therefore, a better understanding of how N signals modulate the initial and late stages of stem development might uncover novel semi-dwarf alleles without pleiotropic effects. Our attempt here is to review the most recent advances on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Anjos Souza
- Innovation Centre in Bioenergy and Grains, Goiano Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Rafael Tavares
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Olson ME, Anfodillo T, Gleason SM, McCulloh KA. Tip-to-base xylem conduit widening as an adaptation: causes, consequences, and empirical priorities. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1877-1893. [PMID: 32984967 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the stems of terrestrial vascular plants studied to date, the diameter of xylem water-conducting conduits D widens predictably with distance from the stem tip L approximating D ∝ Lb , with b ≈ 0.2. Because conduit diameter is central for conductance, it is essential to understand the cause of this remarkably pervasive pattern. We give reason to suspect that tip-to-base conduit widening is an adaptation, favored by natural selection because widening helps minimize the increase in hydraulic resistance that would otherwise occur as an individual stem grows longer and conductive path length increases. Evidence consistent with adaptation includes optimality models that predict the 0.2 exponent. The fact that this prediction can be made with a simple model of a single capillary, omitting much biological detail, itself makes numerous important predictions, e.g. that pit resistance must scale isometrically with conduit resistance. The idea that tip-to-base conduit widening has a nonadaptive cause, with temperature, drought, or turgor limiting the conduit diameters that plants are able to produce, is less consistent with the data than an adaptive explanation. We identify empirical priorities for testing the cause of tip-to-base conduit widening and underscore the need to study plant hydraulic systems leaf to root as integrated wholes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Olson
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito s/n de Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Tommaso Anfodillo
- Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, University of Padova, Legnaro (PD), 35020, Italy
| | - Sean M Gleason
- Water Management and Systems Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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8
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Serrano-Mislata A, Sablowski R. The pillars of land plants: new insights into stem development. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 45:11-17. [PMID: 29763857 PMCID: PMC6250904 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In spite of its central importance in evolution, plant architecture and crop improvement, stem development remains poorly understood relative to other plant organs. Here, we summarise current knowledge of stem ontogenesis and its regulation, including insights from new image analysis and biophysical approaches. The stem initiates in the rib zone (RZ) of the shoot apical meristem, under transcriptional control by DELLA and BLH proteins. Links have emerged between these regulators and cell proliferation, patterning and oriented growth in the RZ. During subsequent internode elongation, cell wall properties and mechanics have been analysed in detail, revealing pectin modification as a prominent control point. Recent work has also highlighted signalling to coordinate growth of stem tissues with different mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Sablowski
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.
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9
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Biedroń M, Banasiak A. Auxin-mediated regulation of vascular patterning in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2018; 37:1215-1229. [PMID: 29992374 PMCID: PMC6096608 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-018-2319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The vascular system develops in response to auxin flow as continuous strands of conducting tissues arranged in regular spatial patterns. However, a mechanism governing their regular and repetitive formation remains to be fully elucidated. A model system for studying the vascular pattern formation is the process of leaf vascularization in Arabidopsis. In this paper, we present current knowledge of important factors and their interactions in this process. Additionally, we propose the sequence of events leading to the emergence of continuous vascular strands and point to significant problems that need to be resolved in the future to gain a better understanding of the regulation of the vascular pattern development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Biedroń
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, ul. Kanonia 6/8, 50-328, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Alicja Banasiak
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, ul. Kanonia 6/8, 50-328, Wrocław, Poland.
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Moreno JE, Romani F, Chan RL. Arabidopsis thaliana homeodomain-leucine zipper type I transcription factors contribute to control leaf venation patterning. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2018; 13:e1448334. [PMID: 29509063 PMCID: PMC5927698 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1448334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Venation patterning is a taxonomic attribute for classification of plants and it also plays a role in the interaction of plants with the environment. Despite its importance, the molecular physiology controlling this aspect of plant development is still poorly understood. Auxin plays a central role modulating the final vein network and patterning. This addendum discusses recent findings on the role of homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) transcription factors on the regulation of leaf venation patterning. Moreno-Piovano et al. reported that ectopic expression of a sunflower HD-Zip I gene, HaHB4, increased the asymmetry of leaf venation. Even more, this work showed that auxin transport in the leaf through LAX carriers controls venation patterning. Here, we provide evidence indicating that some Arabidopsis thaliana HD-Zip I genes play a role in the determination of the final leaf venation patterning. We propose that these genes contribute to regulate vein patterning, likely controlling auxin homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier E. Moreno
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral – CONICET, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Colectora Ruta Nacional 168 km 0, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Facundo Romani
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral – CONICET, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Colectora Ruta Nacional 168 km 0, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Raquel L. Chan
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral – CONICET, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Colectora Ruta Nacional 168 km 0, Santa Fe, Argentina
- CONTACT Raquel L. Chan Instituto de Agrobiotecnologıa del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral – CONICET, Facultad de Bioquımica y Ciencias Biologicas, Colectora Ruta Nacional 168 km 0, Santa Fe, Argentina
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11
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Spatial specificity of auxin responses coordinates wood formation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:875. [PMID: 29491423 PMCID: PMC5830446 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03256-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial organization of signalling events of the phytohormone auxin is fundamental for maintaining a dynamic transition from plant stem cells to differentiated descendants. The cambium, the stem cell niche mediating wood formation, fundamentally depends on auxin signalling but its exact role and spatial organization is obscure. Here we show that, while auxin signalling levels increase in differentiating cambium descendants, a moderate level of signalling in cambial stem cells is essential for cambium activity. We identify the auxin-dependent transcription factor ARF5/MONOPTEROS to cell-autonomously restrict the number of stem cells by directly attenuating the activity of the stem cell-promoting WOX4 gene. In contrast, ARF3 and ARF4 function as cambium activators in a redundant fashion from outside of WOX4-expressing cells. Our results reveal an influence of auxin signalling on distinct cambium features by specific signalling components and allow the conceptual integration of plant stem cell systems with distinct anatomies. Auxin activity controls plant stem cell function. Here the authors show that in the cambium, moderate auxin activity restricts cambial stem cell number via ARF5-dependent repression of the stem‐cell‐promoting factor WOX4, while ARF3 and ARF4 promote cambial activity outside of the WOX4‐expression domain.
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12
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Nakamura M, Grebe M. Outer, inner and planar polarity in the Arabidopsis root. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 41:46-53. [PMID: 28869926 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots control uptake of water and nutrients and cope with environmental challenges. The root epidermis provides the first selective interface for nutrient absorption, while the endodermis produces the main apoplastic diffusion barrier in the form of a structure called the Casparian strip. The positioning of root hairs on epidermal cells, and of the Casparian strip around endodermal cells, requires asymmetries along cellular axes (cell polarity). Cell polarity is termed planar polarity, when coordinated within the plane of a given tissue layer. Here, we review recent molecular advances towards understanding both the polar positioning of the proteo-lipid membrane domain instructing root hair initiation, and the cytoskeletal, trafficking and polar tethering requirements of proteins at outer or inner plasma membrane domains. Finally, we highlight progress towards understanding mechanisms of Casparian strip formation and underlying endodermal cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritaka Nakamura
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Building 20, DE-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Markus Grebe
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Building 20, DE-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-90 187 Umeå, Sweden.
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