1
|
Porat A, Tekinalp A, Bhosale Y, Gazzola M, Meroz Y. On the mechanical origins of waving, coiling and skewing in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2312761121. [PMID: 38446852 PMCID: PMC10945788 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2312761121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
By masterfully balancing directed growth and passive mechanics, plant roots are remarkably capable of navigating complex heterogeneous environments to find resources. Here, we present a theoretical and numerical framework which allows us to interrogate and simulate the mechanical impact of solid interfaces on the growth pattern of plant organs. We focus on the well-known waving, coiling, and skewing patterns exhibited by roots of Arabidopsis thaliana when grown on inclined surfaces, serving as a minimal model of the intricate interplay with solid substrates. By modeling growing slender organs as Cosserat rods that mechanically interact with the environment, our simulations verify hypotheses of waving and coiling arising from the combination of active gravitropism and passive root-plane responses. Skewing is instead related to intrinsic twist due to cell file rotation. Numerical investigations are outfitted with an analytical framework that consistently relates transitions between straight, waving, coiling, and skewing patterns with substrate tilt angle. Simulations are found to corroborate theory and recapitulate a host of reported experimental observations, thus providing a systematic approach for studying in silico plant organs behavior in relation to their environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Porat
- Department of Condensed Matter, School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv69978, Israel
- Center for Physics, Chemistry of Living Systems, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv69978, Israel
| | - Arman Tekinalp
- Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Yashraj Bhosale
- Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Mattia Gazzola
- Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Yasmine Meroz
- Center for Physics, Chemistry of Living Systems, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv69978, Israel
- Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Audemar V, Guerringue Y, Frederick J, Vinet P, Melogno I, Babataheri A, Legué V, Thomine S, Frachisse JM. Straining the root on and off triggers local calcium signalling. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231462. [PMID: 38052247 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A fundamental function of an organ is the ability to perceive mechanical cues. Yet, how this is accomplished is not fully understood, particularly in plant roots. In plants, the majority of studies dealing with the effects of mechanical stress have investigated the aerial parts. However, in natural conditions roots are also subjected to mechanical cues, for example when the root encounters a hard obstacle during its growth or when the soil settles. To investigate root cellular responses to root compression, we developed a microfluidic system associated with a microvalve allowing the delivery of controlled and reproducible mechanical stimulations to the root. In this study, examining plants expressing the R-GECO1-mTurquoise calcium reporter, we addressed the root cell deformation and calcium increase induced by the mechanical stimulation. Lateral pressure applied on the root induced a moderate elastic deformation of root cortical cells and elicited a multicomponent calcium signal at the onset of the pressure pulse, followed by a second one at the release of the pressure. This indicates that straining rather than stressing of tissues is relevant to trigger the calcium signal. Although the intensity of the calcium response increases with the pressure applied, successive pressure stimuli led to a remarkable attenuation of the calcium signal. The calcium elevation was restricted to the tissue under pressure and did not propagate. Strain sensing, spatial restriction and habituation to repetitive stimulation represent the fundamental properties of root signalling in response to local mechanical stimulation. These data linking mechanical properties of root cells to calcium elevation contribute to elucidating the pathway allowing the root to adapt to the mechanical cues generated by the soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vassanti Audemar
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAe, PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yannick Guerringue
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Joni Frederick
- Laboratoire d'Hydrodynamique LadHyX, CNRS, École polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Pauline Vinet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Isaty Melogno
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Avin Babataheri
- Laboratoire d'Hydrodynamique LadHyX, CNRS, École polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Valérie Legué
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAe, PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sébastien Thomine
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean-Marie Frachisse
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tomobe H, Tsugawa S, Yoshida Y, Arita T, Tsai AYL, Kubo M, Demura T, Sawa S. A mechanical theory of competition between plant root growth and soil pressure reveals a potential mechanism of root penetration. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7473. [PMID: 37160914 PMCID: PMC10170176 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Root penetration into the soil is essential for plants to access water and nutrients, as well as to mechanically support aboveground structures. This requires a combination of healthy plant growth, adequate soil mechanical properties, and compatible plant-soil interactions. Despite the current knowledge of the static rheology driving the interactions at the root-soil interface, few theoretical approaches have attempted to describe root penetration with dynamic rheology. In this work, we experimentally showed that radish roots in contact with soil of specific density during a specific growth stage fail to penetrate the soil. To explore the mechanism of root penetration into the soil, we constructed a theoretical model to explore the relevant conditions amenable to root entry into the soil. The theory indicates that dimensionless parameters such as root growth anisotropy, static root-soil competition, and dynamic root-soil competition are important for root penetration. The consequent theoretical expectations were supported by finite element analysis, and a potential mechanism of root penetration into the soil is discussed.
Collapse
Grants
- JP20K22599 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- JP20K15832 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- JP18H05484 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- JP18H05487 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- JPMJCR2121 Japan Science and Technology Agency
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Tomobe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Satoru Tsugawa
- Faculty of Systems Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 015-0055, Japan.
| | - Yuki Yoshida
- International Research Center for Agricultural and Environmental Biology (IRCAEB), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Arita
- International Research Center for Agricultural and Environmental Biology (IRCAEB), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Allen Yi-Lun Tsai
- International Research Center for Agricultural and Environmental Biology (IRCAEB), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Minoru Kubo
- Center for Digital Green-innovation, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Taku Demura
- Center for Digital Green-innovation, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Sawa
- International Research Center for Agricultural and Environmental Biology (IRCAEB), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mimault M, Ptashnyk M, Dupuy LX. Particle-based model shows complex rearrangement of tissue mechanical properties are needed for roots to grow in hard soil. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1010916. [PMID: 36881572 PMCID: PMC10072375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
When exposed to increased mechanical resistance from the soil, plant roots display non-linear growth responses that cannot be solely explained by mechanical principles. Here, we aim to investigate how changes in tissue mechanical properties are biologically regulated in response to soil strength. A particle-based model was developed to solve root-soil mechanical interactions at the cellular scale, and a detailed numerical study explored factors that affect root responses to soil resistance. Results showed how softening of root tissues at the tip may contribute to root responses to soil impedance, a mechanism likely linked to soil cavity expansion. The model also predicted the shortening and decreased anisotropy of the zone where growth occurs, which may improve the mechanical stability of the root against axial forces. The study demonstrates the potential of advanced modeling tools to help identify traits that confer plant resistance to abiotic stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Mimault
- Information and Computational Science, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MM); (MP); (LXD)
| | - Mariya Ptashnyk
- School of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MM); (MP); (LXD)
| | - Lionel X. Dupuy
- Neiker, Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Derio, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- * E-mail: (MM); (MP); (LXD)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wegner LH. Empowering roots-Some current aspects of root bioenergetics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:853309. [PMID: 36051301 PMCID: PMC9424547 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.853309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Roots of higher plants provide the shoot with nutrients and water. In exchange, they receive photosynthates, which serve both as energy source and building blocks for maintenance and growth. While studies in plant bioenergetics used to focus on photosynthesis, several more recent findings also aroused or renewed interest in energy conversion and allocation in roots. Root building costs were identified as a long-undervalued trait, which turned out to be highly relevant for stress tolerance and nutrient use efficiency. Reduced building costs per root length (e.g., by aerenchyma formation or by increasing the cell size) are beneficial for exploring the soil for nutrient-rich patches, especially in low-input agrosystems. Also, an apparent mismatch was frequently found between the root energy budget in the form of the ATP pool on the one side and the apparent costs on the other side, particularly the costs of membrane transport under stress conditions, e.g., the Na+ detoxification costs resulting from Na+ sequestration at the plasma membrane. Ion transport across the plasma membrane (and also endomembranes) is coupled to the proton motive force usually believed to be exclusively generated by H+ ATPases. Recently, an alternative mechanism, the biochemical pH clamp, was identified which relies on H+ formation and binding in the apoplast and the cytosol, respectively, driven by metabolism (so-called active buffering). On this background, several aspects of root bioenergetics are discussed. These are (1) root respiration in soil, with a critical view on calorimetric vs. gas exchange measurements; (2) processes of energy conversion in mitochondria with a special focus on the role of the alternative oxidases, which allow adjusting carbon flow through metabolic pathways to membrane transport processes; and (3) energy allocation, in particular to transport across the plasma membrane forming the interface to soil solution. A concluding remark is dedicated to modeling root bioenergetics for optimizing further breeding strategies. Apparent "energy spoilers" may bestow the plant with a yet unidentified advantage only unfolding their beneficial effect under certain environmental conditions.
Collapse
|
6
|
Katiyar P, Kumar S, Arora NK. Interactions of Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria and Cereal Crops: An Important Dimension. NITROGEN FIXING BACTERIA: SUSTAINABLE GROWTH OF NON-LEGUMES 2022:169-194. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-4906-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2024]
|
7
|
Van den Broeck L, Gobble M, Sozzani R. Quantifying Intercellular Movement and Protein Stoichiometry for Computational Modeling. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2457:367-382. [PMID: 35349154 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2132-5_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Analyzing protein movement dynamics and their regulation has shown to be important in the study of cell fate decisions. Such analyses can be performed with scanning fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (scanning FCS), a versatile imaging methodology that has been applied in the animal kingdom and recently adapted to the plant kingdom. Specifically, scanning FCS allows for qualitatively capturing protein movement across barriers, such as the active transport through plasmodesmata, the analysis of protein movement rates, and the quantification of the stoichiometry of protein complexes, composed of one or more different proteins. Importantly, the quantifiable data generated with scanning FCS can be used to inform computational models, enhancing model simulations of in vivo events, such as cell fate decisions, during plant development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Van den Broeck
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Mariah Gobble
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Rosangela Sozzani
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
The Pellicle-Another Strategy of the Root Apex Protection against Mechanical Stress? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312711. [PMID: 34884528 PMCID: PMC8658001 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In grasses, the apical part of the root is covered by a two-layered deposit of extracellular material, the pellicle, which together with the outer periclinal wall of protodermal cells forms the three-layered epidermal surface. In this study, the effect of mechanical stress on the pellicle was examined. An experiment was performed, in which maize roots were grown in narrow diameter plastic tubes with conical endings for 24 h. Two groups of experimental roots were included in the analysis: stressed (S) roots, whose tips did not grow out of the tubes, and recovering (R) roots, whose apices grew out of the tube. Control (C) roots grew freely between the layers of moist filter paper. Scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy analysis revealed microdamage in all the layers of the epidermal surface of S roots, however, protodermal cells in the meristematic zone remained viable. The outermost pellicle layer was twice as thick as in C roots. In R roots, large areas of dead cells were observed between the meristematic zone and the transition zone. The pellicle was defective with a discontinuous and irregular outermost layer. In the meristematic zone the pellicle was undamaged and the protodermal cells were intact. The results lead to the conclusion that the pellicle may prevent damage to protodermal cells, thus protecting the root apical meristem from the negative effects of mechano-stress.
Collapse
|
9
|
Saeed Q, Xiukang W, Haider FU, Kučerik J, Mumtaz MZ, Holatko J, Naseem M, Kintl A, Ejaz M, Naveed M, Brtnicky M, Mustafa A. Rhizosphere Bacteria in Plant Growth Promotion, Biocontrol, and Bioremediation of Contaminated Sites: A Comprehensive Review of Effects and Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10529. [PMID: 34638870 PMCID: PMC8509026 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Agriculture in the 21st century is facing multiple challenges, such as those related to soil fertility, climatic fluctuations, environmental degradation, urbanization, and the increase in food demand for the increasing world population. In the meanwhile, the scientific community is facing key challenges in increasing crop production from the existing land base. In this regard, traditional farming has witnessed enhanced per acre crop yields due to irregular and injudicious use of agrochemicals, including pesticides and synthetic fertilizers, but at a substantial environmental cost. Another major concern in modern agriculture is that crop pests are developing pesticide resistance. Therefore, the future of sustainable crop production requires the use of alternative strategies that can enhance crop yields in an environmentally sound manner. The application of rhizobacteria, specifically, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), as an alternative to chemical pesticides has gained much attention from the scientific community. These rhizobacteria harbor a number of mechanisms through which they promote plant growth, control plant pests, and induce resistance to various abiotic stresses. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms of rhizobacteria involved in plant growth promotion, biocontrol of pests, and bioremediation of contaminated soils. It also focuses on the effects of PGPR inoculation on plant growth survival under environmental stress. Furthermore, the pros and cons of rhizobacterial application along with future directions for the sustainable use of rhizobacteria in agriculture are discussed in depth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qudsia Saeed
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China;
| | - Wang Xiukang
- College of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an 716000, China
| | - Fasih Ullah Haider
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Jiří Kučerik
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (M.B.)
| | - Muhammad Zahid Mumtaz
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Defense Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Jiri Holatko
- Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Munaza Naseem
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Science, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; (M.N.); (M.N.)
| | - Antonin Kintl
- Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (A.K.)
- Agricultural Research, Ltd., Zahradni 400/1, 664 41 Troubsko, Czech Republic
| | - Mukkaram Ejaz
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Muhammad Naveed
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Science, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; (M.N.); (M.N.)
| | - Martin Brtnicky
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (M.B.)
- Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Adnan Mustafa
- Biology Center CAS, SoWa RI, Na Sadkach 7, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Adedeji AA, Häggblom MM, Babalola OO. Sustainable agriculture in Africa: Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to the rescue. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
|
11
|
Tedone F, Del Dottore E, Palladino M, Mazzolai B, Marcati P. Optimal control of plant root tip dynamics in soil. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2020; 15:056006. [PMID: 32503024 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ab9a15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to propose a novel approach to model the dynamics of objects that move within the soil, e.g. plants roots. One can assume that external forces are significant only at the tip of the roots, where the plant's growth is actuated. We formulate an optimal control problem that minimises the energy spent by a growing root subject to physical constraints imposed by the surrounding soil at the tip. We study the motion strategy adopted by plant roots to facilitate penetration into the soil, which we hypothesize to be a circumnutation movement. By solving the proposed optimal control problem numerically, we validate the hypothesis that plant roots adopt a circumnutation motion pattern to reduce soil penetration resistance during growth. The proposed formalisation could be applied to replicate such a biological behaviour in robotic systems, to adopt the most efficient strategy for autonomous devices in soil exploration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Tedone
- Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI), viale F. Crispi 7, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy. Center for Micro-Biorobotics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Clark NM, Van den Broeck L, Guichard M, Stager A, Tanner HG, Blilou I, Grossmann G, Iyer-Pascuzzi AS, Maizel A, Sparks EE, Sozzani R. Novel Imaging Modalities Shedding Light on Plant Biology: Start Small and Grow Big. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 71:789-816. [PMID: 32119794 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The acquisition of quantitative information on plant development across a range of temporal and spatial scales is essential to understand the mechanisms of plant growth. Recent years have shown the emergence of imaging methodologies that enable the capture and analysis of plant growth, from the dynamics of molecules within cells to the measurement of morphometricand physiological traits in field-grown plants. In some instances, these imaging methods can be parallelized across multiple samples to increase throughput. When high throughput is combined with high temporal and spatial resolution, the resulting image-derived data sets could be combined with molecular large-scale data sets to enable unprecedented systems-level computational modeling. Such image-driven functional genomics studies may be expected to appear at an accelerating rate in the near future given the early success of the foundational efforts reviewed here. We present new imaging modalities and review how they have enabled a better understanding of plant growth from the microscopic to the macroscopic scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Clark
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA; ,
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA;
| | - Lisa Van den Broeck
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA; ,
| | - Marjorie Guichard
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; , ,
- CellNetworks Cluster of Excellence, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adam Stager
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, USA; ,
| | - Herbert G Tanner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, USA; ,
| | - Ikram Blilou
- Department of Plant Cell and Developmental Biology, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Guido Grossmann
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; , ,
- CellNetworks Cluster of Excellence, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anjali S Iyer-Pascuzzi
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;
| | - Alexis Maizel
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; , ,
| | - Erin E Sparks
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and the Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, USA;
| | - Rosangela Sozzani
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA; ,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Martins AD, O'Callaghan F, Bengough AG, Loades KW, Pasqual M, Kolb E, Dupuy LX. The helical motions of roots are linked to avoidance of particle forces in soil. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:2356-2367. [PMID: 31693763 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Limitation to root growth results from forces required to overcome soil resistance to deformation. The variations in individual particle forces affects root development and often deflects the growth trajectory. We have developed transparent soil and optical projection tomography microscopy systems where measurements of growth trajectory and particle forces can be acquired in a granular medium at a range of confining pressures. We developed image-processing pipelines to analyse patterns in root trajectories and a stochastic-mechanical theory to establish how root deflections relate to particle forces and thickening of the root. Root thickening compensates for the increase in mean particle forces but does not prevent deflections from 5% of most extreme individual particle forces causing root deflection. The magnitude of deflections increases with pressure but they assemble into helices of conserved wavelength in response linked to gravitropism. The study reveals mechanisms for the understanding of root growth in mechanically impeding soil conditions and provides insights relevant to breeding of drought-resistant crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adalvan D Martins
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- Federal University of Lavras, CP 3037, Lavras, MG 37.200-000, Brazil
| | | | - A Glyn Bengough
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK
| | | | - Moacir Pasqual
- Federal University of Lavras, CP 3037, Lavras, MG 37.200-000, Brazil
| | - Evelyne Kolb
- Physics and Mechanics of Heterogeneous Materials (PMMH) Joint Research Program, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS, UMR 7636), Ecole Supérieure de Physique et Chimie Industrielle de Paris (ESPCI), Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University (PSL), Sorbonne Université - UPMC, Université Paris 06, Université Paris 07, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Lionel X Dupuy
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jung Y, Park K, Jensen KH, Kim W, Kim HY. A design principle of root length distribution of plants. J R Soc Interface 2019; 16:20190556. [PMID: 31795862 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2019.0556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Shaping a plant root into an ideal structure for water capture is increasingly important for sustainable agriculture in the era of global climate change. Although the current genetic engineering of crops favours deep-reaching roots, here we show that nature has apparently adopted a different strategy of shaping roots. We construct a mathematical model for optimal root length distribution by considering that plants seek maximal water uptake at the metabolic expenses of root growth. Our theory finds a logarithmic decrease of root length density with depth to be most beneficial for efficient water uptake, which is supported by biological data as well as our experiments using root-mimicking network systems. Our study provides a tool to gauge the relative performance of root networks in transgenic plants engineered to endure a water deficit. Moreover, we lay a fundamental framework for mechanical understanding and design of water-absorptive growing networks, such as medical and industrial fluid transport systems and soft robots, which grow in porous media including soils and biotissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeonsu Jung
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Keunhwan Park
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kaare H Jensen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Wonjung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
| | - Ho-Young Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| |
Collapse
|