3
|
Posth C, Yu H, Ghalichi A, Rougier H, Crevecoeur I, Huang Y, Ringbauer H, Rohrlach AB, Nägele K, Villalba-Mouco V, Radzeviciute R, Ferraz T, Stoessel A, Tukhbatova R, Drucker DG, Lari M, Modi A, Vai S, Saupe T, Scheib CL, Catalano G, Pagani L, Talamo S, Fewlass H, Klaric L, Morala A, Rué M, Madelaine S, Crépin L, Caverne JB, Bocaege E, Ricci S, Boschin F, Bayle P, Maureille B, Le Brun-Ricalens F, Bordes JG, Oxilia G, Bortolini E, Bignon-Lau O, Debout G, Orliac M, Zazzo A, Sparacello V, Starnini E, Sineo L, van der Plicht J, Pecqueur L, Merceron G, Garcia G, Leuvrey JM, Garcia CB, Gómez-Olivencia A, Połtowicz-Bobak M, Bobak D, Le Luyer M, Storm P, Hoffmann C, Kabaciński J, Filimonova T, Shnaider S, Berezina N, González-Rabanal B, González Morales MR, Marín-Arroyo AB, López B, Alonso-Llamazares C, Ronchitelli A, Polet C, Jadin I, Cauwe N, Soler J, Coromina N, Rufí I, Cottiaux R, Clark G, Straus LG, Julien MA, Renhart S, Talaa D, Benazzi S, Romandini M, Amkreutz L, Bocherens H, Wißing C, Villotte S, de Pablo JFL, Gómez-Puche M, Esquembre-Bebia MA, Bodu P, Smits L, Souffi B, Jankauskas R, Kozakaitė J, Cupillard C, Benthien H, Wehrberger K, Schmitz RW, Feine SC, Schüler T, Thevenet C, Grigorescu D, Lüth F, Kotula A, Piezonka H, Schopper F, Svoboda J, Sázelová S, Chizhevsky A, Khokhlov A, Conard NJ, Valentin F, Harvati K, Semal P, Jungklaus B, Suvorov A, Schulting R, Moiseyev V, Mannermaa K, Buzhilova A, Terberger T, Caramelli D, Altena E, Haak W, Krause J. Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers. Nature 2023; 615:117-126. [PMID: 36859578 PMCID: PMC9977688 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05726-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Modern humans have populated Europe for more than 45,000 years1,2. Our knowledge of the genetic relatedness and structure of ancient hunter-gatherers is however limited, owing to the scarceness and poor molecular preservation of human remains from that period3. Here we analyse 356 ancient hunter-gatherer genomes, including new genomic data for 116 individuals from 14 countries in western and central Eurasia, spanning between 35,000 and 5,000 years ago. We identify a genetic ancestry profile in individuals associated with Upper Palaeolithic Gravettian assemblages from western Europe that is distinct from contemporaneous groups related to this archaeological culture in central and southern Europe4, but resembles that of preceding individuals associated with the Aurignacian culture. This ancestry profile survived during the Last Glacial Maximum (25,000 to 19,000 years ago) in human populations from southwestern Europe associated with the Solutrean culture, and with the following Magdalenian culture that re-expanded northeastward after the Last Glacial Maximum. Conversely, we reveal a genetic turnover in southern Europe suggesting a local replacement of human groups around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, accompanied by a north-to-south dispersal of populations associated with the Epigravettian culture. From at least 14,000 years ago, an ancestry related to this culture spread from the south across the rest of Europe, largely replacing the Magdalenian-associated gene pool. After a period of limited admixture that spanned the beginning of the Mesolithic, we find genetic interactions between western and eastern European hunter-gatherers, who were also characterized by marked differences in phenotypically relevant variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cosimo Posth
- Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - He Yu
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Ayshin Ghalichi
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hélène Rougier
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Anthropology, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA, USA
| | | | - Yilei Huang
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Harald Ringbauer
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Adam B Rohrlach
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kathrin Nägele
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Vanessa Villalba-Mouco
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias Ambientales de Aragón, IUCA-Aragosaurus, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rita Radzeviciute
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Tiago Ferraz
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Stoessel
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Zoology and Evolutionary Research, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Rezeda Tukhbatova
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Center of Excellence 'Archaeometry', Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Dorothée G Drucker
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martina Lari
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandra Modi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefania Vai
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Tina Saupe
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Christiana L Scheib
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- St John's College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Giulio Catalano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Luca Pagani
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Sahra Talamo
- Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Helen Fewlass
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Laurent Klaric
- UMR 8068 CNRS, TEMPS-Technologie et Ethnologie des Mondes Préhistoriques, Nanterre Cedex, France
| | - André Morala
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, MC, PACEA UMR 5199, Pessac, France
- Musée National de Préhistoire, Les Eyzies de Tayac, France
| | - Mathieu Rué
- Paléotime, Villard-de-Lans, France
- UMR 5140 CNRS, Archéologie des Sociétés Méditerranéennes, Université Paul-Valéry, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphane Madelaine
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, MC, PACEA UMR 5199, Pessac, France
- Musée National de Préhistoire, Les Eyzies de Tayac, France
| | - Laurent Crépin
- UMR 7194, Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme Préhistorique (HNHP), Département Homme et Environnement, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, UPVD, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Caverne
- Association APRAGE (Approches pluridisciplinaires de recherche archéologique du Grand-Est), Besançon, France
- Inrap GE, Metz, France
| | - Emmy Bocaege
- Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Stefano Ricci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, U.R. Preistoria e Antropologia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
- Accademia dei Fisiocritici, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Boschin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, U.R. Preistoria e Antropologia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
- Accademia dei Fisiocritici, Siena, Italy
- Centro Studi sul Quaternario ODV, Sansepolcro, Italy
| | - Priscilla Bayle
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, MC, PACEA UMR 5199, Pessac, France
| | - Bruno Maureille
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, MC, PACEA UMR 5199, Pessac, France
| | | | | | - Gregorio Oxilia
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Eugenio Bortolini
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
- Human Ecology and Archaeology (HUMANE), Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, Institució Milà i Fontanals de Investigación en Humanidades, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IMF - CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olivier Bignon-Lau
- UMR 8068 CNRS, TEMPS-Technologie et Ethnologie des Mondes Préhistoriques, Nanterre Cedex, France
| | - Grégory Debout
- UMR 8068 CNRS, TEMPS-Technologie et Ethnologie des Mondes Préhistoriques, Nanterre Cedex, France
| | - Michel Orliac
- UMR 8068 CNRS, TEMPS-Technologie et Ethnologie des Mondes Préhistoriques, Nanterre Cedex, France
| | - Antoine Zazzo
- UMR 7209-Archéozoologie et Archéobotanique-Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Vitale Sparacello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Della Vita e Dell'Ambiente, Sezione di Neuroscienze e Antropologia, Università Degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Luca Sineo
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Laure Pecqueur
- Inrap CIF, Croissy-Beaubourg, France
- UMR 7206 Éco-Anthropologie, Équipe ABBA. CNRS, MNHN, Université de Paris Cité, Musée de l'Homme, Paris, France
| | - Gildas Merceron
- PALEVOPRIM Lab UMR 7262 CNRS-INEE, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Géraldine Garcia
- PALEVOPRIM Lab UMR 7262 CNRS-INEE, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Centre de Valorisation des Collections Scientifiques, Université de Poitiers, Mignaloux Beauvoir, France
| | | | | | - Asier Gómez-Olivencia
- Departamento de Geología, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Sociedad de Ciencias Aranzadi, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- Centro UCM-ISCIII de Investigación sobre Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Dariusz Bobak
- Foundation for Rzeszów Archaeological Centre, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Mona Le Luyer
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, MC, PACEA UMR 5199, Pessac, France
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul Storm
- Groninger Instituut voor Archeologie, Groningen University, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jacek Kabaciński
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Science, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Svetlana Shnaider
- ArchaeoZOOlogy in Siberia and Central Asia-ZooSCAn, CNRS-IAET SB RAS International Research Laboratory, IRL 2013, Institute of Archaeology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Natalia Berezina
- Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Borja González-Rabanal
- Grupo de I+D+i EVOADAPTA (Evolución Humana y Adaptaciones durante la Prehistoria) Departamento de Ciencias Históricas, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Manuel R González Morales
- Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones Prehistóricas de Cantabria (IIIPC), Universidad de Cantabria-Gobierno de Cantabria-Banco Santander, Santander, Spain
| | - Ana B Marín-Arroyo
- Grupo de I+D+i EVOADAPTA (Evolución Humana y Adaptaciones durante la Prehistoria) Departamento de Ciencias Históricas, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Belén López
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Annamaria Ronchitelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, U.R. Preistoria e Antropologia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Caroline Polet
- Quaternary Environments and Humans, OD Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ivan Jadin
- Quaternary Environments and Humans, OD Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Cauwe
- Musées Royaux d'Art et d'Histoire, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Joaquim Soler
- Institute of Historical Research, University of Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Neus Coromina
- Institute of Historical Research, University of Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Isaac Rufí
- Institute of Historical Research, University of Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Geoffrey Clark
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Lawrence G Straus
- Grupo de I+D+i EVOADAPTA (Evolución Humana y Adaptaciones durante la Prehistoria) Departamento de Ciencias Históricas, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Marie-Anne Julien
- UMR 7194, Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme Préhistorique (HNHP), Département Homme et Environnement, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, UPVD, Paris, France
- GéoArchPal-GéoArchÉon, Viéville sous-les-Cotes, France
| | - Silvia Renhart
- Archäologie & Münzkabinett, Universalmuseum Joanneum, Graz, Austria
| | - Dorothea Talaa
- Museum 'Das Dorf des Welan', Wöllersdorf-Steinabrückl, Austria
| | - Stefano Benazzi
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Matteo Romandini
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
- Pradis Cave Museum, Clauzetto, Italy
- Department of Humanities, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luc Amkreutz
- National Museum of Antiquities, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hervé Bocherens
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Biogeology, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Wißing
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Biogeology, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sébastien Villotte
- UMR 7206 Éco-Anthropologie, Équipe ABBA. CNRS, MNHN, Université de Paris Cité, Musée de l'Homme, Paris, France
- Quaternary Environments and Humans, OD Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
- Unité de Recherches Art, Archéologie Patrimoine, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Javier Fernández-López de Pablo
- I.U. de Investigación en Arqueología y Patrimonio Histórico, University of Alicante, Sant Vicent del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
| | - Magdalena Gómez-Puche
- I.U. de Investigación en Arqueología y Patrimonio Histórico, University of Alicante, Sant Vicent del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Pierre Bodu
- UMR 8068 CNRS, TEMPS-Technologie et Ethnologie des Mondes Préhistoriques, Nanterre Cedex, France
| | - Liesbeth Smits
- Amsterdam Centre of Ancient Studies and Archaeology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bénédicte Souffi
- UMR 8068 CNRS, TEMPS-Technologie et Ethnologie des Mondes Préhistoriques, Nanterre Cedex, France
- Inrap CIF, Croissy-Beaubourg, France
| | - Rimantas Jankauskas
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Anthropology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Justina Kozakaitė
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Anthropology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Christophe Cupillard
- Service Régional de l'Archéologie de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Besançon Cedex, France
- Laboratoire de Chrono-Environnement, UMR 6249 du CNRS, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Besançon Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Susanne C Feine
- LVR-LandesMuseum Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Pre- and Protohistory, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tim Schüler
- Department of Archeological Sciences, Thuringian State Office for Monuments Preservation and Archeology, Weimar, Germany
| | | | - Dan Grigorescu
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Geology and Geophysics, Department of Geology, Bucharest, Romania
- Institute for Advanced Studies in Levant Culture and Civilization, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Andreas Kotula
- Brandenburg Authorities for Heritage Management and Archaeological State Museum, Zossen, Germany
| | - Henny Piezonka
- Institute for Pre- and Protohistory, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Franz Schopper
- Brandenburg Authorities for Heritage Management and Archaeological State Museum, Zossen, Germany
| | - Jiří Svoboda
- Institute of Archeology at Brno, Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre for Palaeolithic and Paleoanthropology, Brno, Czechia
| | - Sandra Sázelová
- Institute of Archeology at Brno, Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre for Palaeolithic and Paleoanthropology, Brno, Czechia
| | - Andrey Chizhevsky
- Institute of Archaeology, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, Kazan, Russia
| | - Aleksandr Khokhlov
- Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara, Russia
| | - Nicholas J Conard
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Frédérique Valentin
- UMR 8068 CNRS, TEMPS-Technologie et Ethnologie des Mondes Préhistoriques, Nanterre Cedex, France
| | - Katerina Harvati
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Paleoanthropology, Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- DFG Centre for Advanced Studies 'Words, Bones, Genes, Tools', University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Patrick Semal
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Alexander Suvorov
- Institute of Archaeology Russian, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Vyacheslav Moiseyev
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Alexandra Buzhilova
- Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Thomas Terberger
- Seminar for Pre- and Protohistory, Göttingen University, Göttingen, Germany
- Lower Saxony State Service for Cultural Heritage, Hannover, Germany
| | - David Caramelli
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Eveline Altena
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Haak
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johannes Krause
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|