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Song J, Li L, Fang Y, Lin Y, Wu L, Wan W, Wei G, Hua F, Ying J. FOXN Transcription Factors: Regulation and Significant Role in Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2023; 22:1028-1039. [PMID: 37566097 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
A growing number of studies have demonstrated that cancer development is closely linked to abnormal gene expression, including alterations in the transcriptional activity of transcription factors. The Forkhead box class N (FOXN) proteins FOXN1-6 form a highly conserved class of transcription factors, which have been shown in recent years to be involved in the regulation of malignant progression in a variety of cancers. FOXNs mediate cell proliferation, cell-cycle progression, cell differentiation, metabolic homeostasis, embryonic development, DNA damage repair, tumor angiogenesis, and other critical biological processes. Therefore, transcriptional dysregulation of FOXNs can directly affect cellular physiology and promote cancer development. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the transcriptional activity of FOXNs is regulated by protein-protein interactions, microRNAs (miRNA), and posttranslational modifications (PTM). However, the mechanisms underlying the molecular regulation of FOXNs in cancer development are unclear. Here, we reviewed the molecular regulatory mechanisms of FOXNs expression and activity, their role in the malignant progression of tumors, and their value for clinical applications in cancer therapy. This review may help design experimental studies involving FOXN transcription factors, and enhance their therapeutic potential as antitumor targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Longshan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Yang Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Yue Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Luojia Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Gen Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Fuzhou Hua
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Jun Ying
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, P.R. China
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Yang H, Li M, Qi Y. FOXN3 inhibits the progression of ovarian cancer through negatively regulating the expression of RPS15A. Hum Cell 2023; 36:1120-1134. [PMID: 37016167 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-023-00876-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the second most common cause of gynecological cancer death and has a high recurrence rate. FOXN3, a transcription inhibitor belonging to FOX family, has anti-tumor effects on several cancers. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the expression of FOXN3 was downregulated in ovarian cancer specimens. However, the role of FOXN3 in ovarian cancer remains unclear. Herein, we investigated the role of FOXN3 in ovarian cancer using OVCAR3 and A2780 cells. Flow cytometry and CCK-8 analysis showed that overexpression of FOXN3 inhibited the proliferation and cell cycle progression of OVCAR3 cells. Cell invasion and migration abilities were decreased by FOXN3 according to transwell and wound healing assays. The suppression of FOXN3 on angiogenesis in OVCAR3 cells was evidenced by reduced vessel formation and VEGFA protein expression. Taken together, FOXN3 had an inhibitory effect on the proliferation, migration, invasion and angiogenesis of OVCAR3 cells, while its knockdown exhibited an opposite effect in A2780 cells. By inoculation of FOXN3-overexpressing cells into nude mice, tumorigenesis assay demonstrated that FOXN3 could delay the growth of ovarian cancer cells in vivo. The interaction between FOXN3 and RPS15A was preliminarily explored via dual-luciferases assay and ChIP. FOXN3 was confirmed to bind to the promoter (at - 1588/- 1581 and - 1476/- 1467) of gene RPS15A and inhibit its transcriptional expression. We further found that overexpression of RPS15A diminished the inhibition of FOXN3 on ovarian cancer cell malignant behaviors. These findings indicate that FOXN3 negatively regulates the expression of RPS15A and thus suppresses the progression of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Mingyu Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yue Qi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China.
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Acetylation of Checkpoint suppressor 1 enhances its stability and promotes the progression of triple-negative breast cancer. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:474. [PMID: 36450706 PMCID: PMC9712368 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Checkpoint suppressor 1 (CHES1), a transcriptional regulator, had been dysregulated in many types of malignancies including breast cancer, and its expression level is strongly associated with progression and prognosis of patients. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of CHES1 expression in the breast cancer and the effects of post-translational modifications (PTMs) on its functional performance remain to be fully investigated. Herein, we found that CHES1 had a high abundance in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and its expression was tightly associated with malignant phenotype and poor outcomes of patients. Furthermore, we confirmed that CHES1 was an acetylated protein and its dynamic modification was mediated by p300 and HDAC1, and CHES1 acetylation enhanced its stability via decreasing its ubiquitination and degradation, which resulted in the high abundance of CHES1 in TNBC. RNA-seq and functional study revealed that CHES1 facilitated the activation of oncogenic genes and pathways leading to proliferation and metastasis of TNBC. Taken together, this research established a novel regulatory role of acetylation on the stability and activity of CHES1. The results demonstrate the significance of CHES1 acetylation and underlying mechanisms in the progression of TNBC, offering new potential candidate for molecular-targeted therapy in breast cancer.
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Vereczkei A, Barta C, Magi A, Farkas J, Eisinger A, Király O, Belik A, Griffiths MD, Szekely A, Sasvári-Székely M, Urbán R, Potenza MN, Badgaiyan RD, Blum K, Demetrovics Z, Kotyuk E. FOXN3 and GDNF Polymorphisms as Common Genetic Factors of Substance Use and Addictive Behaviors. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12050690. [PMID: 35629112 PMCID: PMC9144496 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12050690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and phenomenological studies suggest shared underpinnings between multiple addictive behaviors. The present genetic association study was conducted as part of the Psychological and Genetic Factors of Addictions study (n = 3003) and aimed to investigate genetic overlaps between different substance use, addictive, and other compulsive behaviors. Association analyses targeted 32 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, potentially addictive substances (alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and other drugs), and potentially addictive or compulsive behaviors (internet use, gaming, social networking site use, gambling, exercise, hair-pulling, and eating). Analyses revealed 29 nominally significant associations, from which, nine survived an FDRbl correction. Four associations were observed between FOXN3 rs759364 and potentially addictive behaviors: rs759364 showed an association with the frequency of alcohol consumption and mean scores of scales assessing internet addiction, gaming disorder, and exercise addiction. Significant associations were found between GDNF rs1549250, rs2973033, CNR1 rs806380, DRD2/ANKK1 rs1800497 variants, and the “lifetime other drugs” variable. These suggested that genetic factors may contribute similarly to specific substance use and addictive behaviors. Specifically, FOXN3 rs759364 and GDNF rs1549250 and rs2973033 may constitute genetic risk factors for multiple addictive behaviors. Due to limitations (e.g., convenience sampling, lack of structured scales for substance use), further studies are needed. Functional correlates and mechanisms underlying these relationships should also be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vereczkei
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (A.V.); (A.B.); (M.S.-S.)
| | - Csaba Barta
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (A.V.); (A.B.); (M.S.-S.)
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (Z.D.)
| | - Anna Magi
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.); (J.F.); (A.E.); (O.K.); (A.S.); (R.U.); (E.K.)
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Farkas
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.); (J.F.); (A.E.); (O.K.); (A.S.); (R.U.); (E.K.)
- Nyírő Gyula National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, 1135 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Eisinger
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.); (J.F.); (A.E.); (O.K.); (A.S.); (R.U.); (E.K.)
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Király
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.); (J.F.); (A.E.); (O.K.); (A.S.); (R.U.); (E.K.)
| | - Andrea Belik
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (A.V.); (A.B.); (M.S.-S.)
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK;
| | - Anna Szekely
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.); (J.F.); (A.E.); (O.K.); (A.S.); (R.U.); (E.K.)
| | - Mária Sasvári-Székely
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (A.V.); (A.B.); (M.S.-S.)
| | - Róbert Urbán
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.); (J.F.); (A.E.); (O.K.); (A.S.); (R.U.); (E.K.)
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Departments of Psychiatry, Child Study and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA;
- Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT 06109, USA
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Rajendra D. Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Psychiatry, Medicine, & Primary Care (Office of the Provost), Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.); (J.F.); (A.E.); (O.K.); (A.S.); (R.U.); (E.K.)
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Psychiatry, Medicine, & Primary Care (Office of the Provost), Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (Z.D.)
| | - Eszter Kotyuk
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.); (J.F.); (A.E.); (O.K.); (A.S.); (R.U.); (E.K.)
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Zhang H, Zhuang P, Welchko RM, Dai M, Meng F, Turner DL. Regulation of retinal amacrine cell generation by miR-216b and Foxn3. Development 2022; 149:273765. [PMID: 34919141 PMCID: PMC8917416 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian retina contains a complex mixture of different types of neurons. We find that microRNA miR-216b is preferentially expressed in postmitotic retinal amacrine cells in the mouse retina, and expression of miR-216a/b and miR-217 in retina depend in part on Ptf1a, a transcription factor required for amacrine cell differentiation. Surprisingly, ectopic expression of miR-216b directed the formation of additional amacrine cells and reduced bipolar neurons in the developing retina. We identify the Foxn3 mRNA as a retinal target of miR-216b by Argonaute PAR-CLIP and reporter analysis. Inhibition of Foxn3, a transcription factor, in the postnatal developing retina by RNAi increased the formation of amacrine cells and reduced bipolar cell formation. Foxn3 disruption by CRISPR in embryonic retinal explants also increased amacrine cell formation, whereas Foxn3 overexpression inhibited amacrine cell formation prior to Ptf1a expression. Co-expression of Foxn3 partially reversed the effects of ectopic miR-216b on retinal cell formation. Our results identify Foxn3 as a novel regulator of interneuron formation in the developing retina and suggest that miR-216b likely regulates Foxn3 and other genes in amacrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanqing Zhang
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Pei Zhuang
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Ryan M. Welchko
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Manhong Dai
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Fan Meng
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - David L. Turner
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Author for correspondence ()
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Skip is essential for Notch signaling to induce Sox2 in cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Cell Signal 2020; 68:109537. [PMID: 31927035 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Notch signaling and Sry-box (Sox) family transcriptional factors both play critical roles in endothelial cell (EC) differentiation in vascularization. Recent studies have shown that excessive Notch signaling induces Sox2 to cause cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Here, we examine human pulmonary AVMs and find no induction of Sox2. Results of epigenetic studies also show less alteration of Sox2-DNA binding in pulmonary AVMs than in cerebral AVMs. We identify high expression of ski-interacting protein (Skip) in brain ECs, a Notch-associated chromatin-modifying protein that is lacking in lung ECs. Knockdown of Skip abolished Notch-induction of Sox2 in brain ECs, while restoration of Skip in lung ECs enabled Notch-mediated Sox2 induction. The results suggest that Skip is a key factor for induction of Sox2 in cerebral AVMs.
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He H, Zhang J, Qu Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Yan X, Li Y, Zhang R. Novel tumor-suppressor FOXN3 is downregulated in adult acute myeloid leukemia. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:1521-1529. [PMID: 31423219 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box protein N3 (FOXN3) is a transcriptional repressor involved in cell cycle regulation and tumorigenesis. Abnormalities in gene structure and epigenetics of FOXN3 are closely associated with the occurrence of hematological malignancies; however, its involvement in the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains unknown. The present study aimed to examine the potential significance of FOXN3 in AML. FOXN3 expression levels were examined in patients with AML and AML cell lines, and its clinical significance in AML was evaluated. FOXN3-overexpressing AML cell lines were established, and the biological function of FOXN3 was detected by flow cytometry and a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. A significant decrease in FOXN3 expression levels was observed in patients with AML and in the AML cell lines in vitro. FOXN3 expression levels were associated with the number of leukocytes in patients. FOXN3 overexpression may inhibit cell proliferation in AML cell lines, induce cell cycle S-phase arrest and promote apoptosis in OCI-AML3 and THP-AML cells. The present study provided insight into how FOXN3 may serve as a novel tumor suppressor in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang He
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Jinjing Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojing Yan
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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Fish L, Navickas A, Culbertson B, Xu Y, Nguyen HCB, Zhang S, Hochman M, Okimoto R, Dill BD, Molina H, Najafabadi HS, Alarcón C, Ruggero D, Goodarzi H. Nuclear TARBP2 Drives Oncogenic Dysregulation of RNA Splicing and Decay. Mol Cell 2019; 75:967-981.e9. [PMID: 31300274 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Post-transcriptional regulation of RNA stability is a key step in gene expression control. We describe a regulatory program, mediated by the RNA binding protein TARBP2, that controls RNA stability in the nucleus. TARBP2 binding to pre-mRNAs results in increased intron retention, subsequently leading to targeted degradation of TARBP2-bound transcripts. This is mediated by TARBP2 recruitment of the m6A RNA methylation machinery to its target transcripts, where deposition of m6A marks influences the recruitment of splicing regulators, inhibiting efficient splicing. Interactions between TARBP2 and the nucleoprotein TPR then promote degradation of these TARBP2-bound transcripts by the nuclear exosome. Additionally, analysis of clinical gene expression datasets revealed a functional role for TARBP2 in lung cancer. Using xenograft mouse models, we find that TARBP2 affects tumor growth in the lung and that this is dependent on TARBP2-mediated destabilization of ABCA3 and FOXN3. Finally, we establish ZNF143 as an upstream regulator of TARBP2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Fish
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Albertas Navickas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Bruce Culbertson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yichen Xu
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Hoang C B Nguyen
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Steven Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Myles Hochman
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ross Okimoto
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Brian D Dill
- Proteome Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Henrik Molina
- Proteome Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hamed S Najafabadi
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada; McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Claudio Alarcón
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Davide Ruggero
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Hani Goodarzi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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Kong X, Zhai J, Yan C, Song Y, Wang J, Bai X, Brown JAL, Fang Y. Recent Advances in Understanding FOXN3 in Breast Cancer, and Other Malignancies. Front Oncol 2019; 9:234. [PMID: 31214487 PMCID: PMC6555274 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
FOXN3 (forkhead box N3; CHES1: check point suppressor 1) belongs to the forkhead box (FOX) protein family. FOXN3 displays transcriptional inhibitory activity, and is involved in cell cycle regulation and tumorigenesis. FOXN3 is a tumor suppresser and alterations in FOXN3 are found in of a variety of cancers including melanoma, osteosarcoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma. While the roles of FOXN3 role in some cancers have been explored, its role in breast cancer remains unclear. Here we describe current state of knowledge of FOXN3 functions, and focus on its roles (known and potential) in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Kong
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhai
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chengrui Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Song
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Bai
- Department of Pancreatic-Gastric Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - James A L Brown
- Discipline of Surgery, School of Medicine, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Centre for Chromosome Biology, National University of Ireland in Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Yi Fang
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Rogers JM, Waters CT, Seegar TCM, Jarrett SM, Hallworth AN, Blacklow SC, Bulyk ML. Bispecific Forkhead Transcription Factor FoxN3 Recognizes Two Distinct Motifs with Different DNA Shapes. Mol Cell 2019; 74:245-253.e6. [PMID: 30826165 PMCID: PMC6474805 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) control gene expression by binding DNA recognition sites in genomic regulatory regions. Although most forkhead TFs recognize a canonical forkhead (FKH) motif, RYAAAYA, some forkheads recognize a completely different (FHL) motif, GACGC. Bispecific forkhead proteins recognize both motifs, but the molecular basis for bispecific DNA recognition is not understood. We present co-crystal structures of the FoxN3 DNA binding domain bound to the FKH and FHL sites, respectively. FoxN3 adopts a similar conformation to recognize both motifs, making contacts with different DNA bases using the same amino acids. However, the DNA structure is different in the two complexes. These structures reveal how a single TF binds two unrelated DNA sequences and the importance of DNA shape in the mechanism of bispecific recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Rogers
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Committee on Higher Degrees in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Colin T Waters
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Tom C M Seegar
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sanchez M Jarrett
- Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amelia N Hallworth
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen C Blacklow
- Committee on Higher Degrees in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Martha L Bulyk
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Committee on Higher Degrees in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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11
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Erickson ML, Karanth S, Ravussin E, Schlegel A. FOXN3 hyperglycemic risk allele and insulin sensitivity in humans. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2019; 7:e000688. [PMID: 31543974 PMCID: PMC6731827 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The rs8004664 variation within the FOXN3 gene is significantly and independently associated with fasting blood glucose in humans. We have previously shown that the hyperglycemia risk allele (A) increases FOXN3 expression in primary human hepatocytes; over-expression of human FOXN3 in zebrafish liver increases fasting blood glucose; and heterozygous deletion of the zebrafish ortholog foxn3 decreases fasting blood glucose. Paralleling these model organism findings, we found that rs8004664 A|A homozygotes had blunted glucagon suppression during an oral glucose tolerance test. Here, we test associations between insulin sensitivity and the rs8004664 variation. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS 92 participants (49±13 years, body mass index: 32±6 kg/m2, 28 with and 64 without type 2 diabetes mellitus) were genotyped at rs8004664. Insulin sensitivity was measured by the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp technique. RESULTS The "A" allele frequency was 59%; the protective (G) allele frequency was 41% (A|A: n=29; G|G: n=12; A|G: n=50). Clamp-measured glucose disposal rate (GDR) was not different by genotype (F=0.046, p=0.96) or by "A" allele carrier (p=0.36). Female G|G homozygotes had better insulin sensitivity compared to female "A" allele carriers (GDR; G|G: 9.9±3.0 vs A|A+A|G: 7.1±3.0 mg/kg fat-free mass+17.7/min; p=0.04). Insulin sensitivity was not different by genotype or by "A" allele carriers. CONCLUSION The rs8004664 variation within the FOXN3 gene may modulate insulin sensitivity in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L Erickson
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Santhosh Karanth
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program and the Departments of Internal Medicine, Biochemistry, and Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Amnon Schlegel
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program and the Departments of Internal Medicine, Biochemistry, and Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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12
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Xu Z, Yang Y, Li B, Li Y, Xia K, Yang Y, Li X, Wang M, Li S, Wu H. Checkpoint suppressor 1 suppresses transcriptional activity of ERα and breast cancer cell proliferation via deacetylase SIRT1. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:559. [PMID: 29752474 PMCID: PMC5948204 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0629-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a highly heterogeneous carcinoma in women worldwide, but the underlying mechanisms that account for breast cancer initiation and development have not been fully established. Mounting evidence indicates that Checkpoint suppressor 1 (CHES1) is tightly associated with tumorigenesis and prognosis in many types of cancer. However, the definitive function of CHES1 in breast cancer remains to be explored. Here we showed that CHES1 had a physical interaction with estrogen receptor-α (ERα) and repressed the transactivation of ERα in breast cancer cells. Mechanistically, the interaction between CHES1 and ERα enhanced the recruitment of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) deacetylase Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), and it further induced SIRT1-mediated ERα deacetylation and repression on the promoter-binding enrichment of ERα. In addition, we also found that the expression of CHES1 was repressed by estrogen-ERα signaling and the expression level of CHES1 was significantly downregulated in ERα-positive breast cancer. The detailed mechanism was that ERα may directly bind to CHES1 potential promoter via recognizing the conserved estrogen response element (ERE) motif in response to estrogen stimulation. Functionally, CHES1 inhibited ERα-mediated proliferation and tumorigenesis of breast cancer cells in vivo and in vitro. Totally, these results identified a negative cross-regulatory loop between ERα and CHES1 that was required for growth of breast cancer cells, it might uncover novel insight into molecular mechanism of CHES1 involved in breast cancer and provide new avenues for molecular-targeted therapy in hormone-regulated breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Xu
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Yangyang Yang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Bowen Li
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Yanan Li
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Kangkai Xia
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Yuxi Yang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Xiahui Li
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Miao Wang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Shujing Li
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Huijian Wu
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.
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13
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Li W, Zhang Z, Liu X, Cheng X, Zhang Y, Han X, Zhang Y, Liu S, Yang J, Xu B, He L, Sun L, Liang J, Shang Y. The FOXN3-NEAT1-SIN3A repressor complex promotes progression of hormonally responsive breast cancer. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:3421-3440. [PMID: 28805661 DOI: 10.1172/jci94233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiological function of the forkhead transcription factor FOXN3 remains to be explored. Here we report that FOXN3 is a transcriptional repressor that is physically associated with the SIN3A repressor complex in estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) cells. RNA immunoprecipitation-coupled high-throughput sequencing identified that NEAT1, an estrogen-inducible long noncoding RNA, is required for FOXN3 interactions with the SIN3A complex. ChIP-Seq and deep sequencing of RNA genomic targets revealed that the FOXN3-NEAT1-SIN3A complex represses genes including GATA3 that are critically involved in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We demonstrated that the FOXN3-NEAT1-SIN3A complex promotes EMT and invasion of breast cancer cells in vitro as well as dissemination and metastasis of breast cancer in vivo. Interestingly, the FOXN3-NEAT1-SIN3A complex transrepresses ER itself, forming a negative-feedback loop in transcription regulation. Elevation of both FOXN3 and NEAT1 expression during breast cancer progression corresponded to diminished GATA3 expression, and high levels of FOXN3 and NEAT1 strongly correlated with higher histological grades and poor prognosis. Our experiments uncovered that NEAT1 is a facultative component of the SIN3A complex, shedding light on the mechanistic actions of NEAT1 and the SIN3A complex. Further, our study identified the ERα-NEAT1-FOXN3/NEAT1/SIN3A-GATA3 axis that is implicated in breast cancer metastasis, providing a mechanistic insight into the pathophysiological function of FOXN3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjin Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zihan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhua Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Center for Genome Analysis, ABLife Inc., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shumeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Bosen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Lin He
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Luyang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Liang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yongfeng Shang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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14
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Karanth S, Zinkhan EK, Hill JT, Yost HJ, Schlegel A. FOXN3 Regulates Hepatic Glucose Utilization. Cell Rep 2016; 15:2745-55. [PMID: 27292639 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A SNP (rs8004664) in the first intron of the FOXN3 gene is associated with human fasting blood glucose. We find that carriers of the risk allele have higher hepatic expression of the transcriptional repressor FOXN3. Rat Foxn3 protein and zebrafish foxn3 transcripts are downregulated during fasting, a process recapitulated in human HepG2 hepatoma cells. Transgenic overexpression of zebrafish foxn3 or human FOXN3 increases zebrafish hepatic gluconeogenic gene expression, whole-larval free glucose, and adult fasting blood glucose and also decreases expression of glycolytic genes. Hepatic FOXN3 overexpression suppresses expression of mycb, whose ortholog MYC is known to directly stimulate expression of glucose-utilization enzymes. Carriers of the rs8004664 risk allele have decreased MYC transcript abundance. Human FOXN3 binds DNA sequences in the human MYC and zebrafish mycb loci. We conclude that the rs8004664 risk allele drives excessive expression of FOXN3 during fasting and that FOXN3 regulates fasting blood glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhosh Karanth
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Erin K Zinkhan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Jonathon T Hill
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - H Joseph Yost
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Amnon Schlegel
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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15
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Feng J, Li J, Gao Z, Lu Y, Yu J, Zheng Q, Yan S, Zhang W, He H, Ma L, Zhu Z. SKIP Confers Osmotic Tolerance during Salt Stress by Controlling Alternative Gene Splicing in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:1038-52. [PMID: 25617718 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Deciphering the mechanisms underlying plant responses to abiotic stress is key for improving plant stress resistance. Much is known about the regulation of gene expression in response to salt stress at the transcriptional level; however, little is known about this process at the posttranscriptional level. Recently, we demonstrated that SKIP is a component of spliceosome that interacts with clock gene pre-mRNAs and is essential for regulating their alternative splicing and mRNA maturation. In this study, we found that skip-1 plants are hypersensitive to both salt and osmotic stresses, and that SKIP is required for the alternative splicing and mRNA maturation of several salt-tolerance genes, including NHX1, CBL1, P5CS1, RCI2A, and PAT10. A genome-wide analysis revealed that SKIP mediates the alternative splicing of many genes under salt-stress conditions, and that most of the alternative splicing events in skip-1 involve intron retention and can generate a premature termination codon in the transcribed mRNA. SKIP also controls alternative splicing by modulating the recognition or cleavage of 5' and 3' splice donor and acceptor sites under salt-stress conditions. Therefore, this study addresses the fundamental question of how the mRNA splicing machinery in plants contributes to salt-stress responses at the posttranscriptional level, and provides a link between alternative splicing and salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlin Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China; College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| | - Zhaoxu Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China; College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yaru Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| | - Junya Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Qian Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| | - Shuning Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| | - Wenjiao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| | - Hang He
- College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ligeng Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Zhengge Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China.
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16
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Mudduluru G, Abba M, Batliner J, Patil N, Scharp M, Lunavat TR, Leupold JH, Oleksiuk O, Juraeva D, Thiele W, Rothley M, Benner A, Ben-Neriah Y, Sleeman J, Allgayer H. A Systematic Approach to Defining the microRNA Landscape in Metastasis. Cancer Res 2015; 75:3010-9. [PMID: 26069251 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The microRNA (miRNA) landscape changes during the progression of cancer. We defined a metastasis-associated miRNA landscape using a systematic approach. We profiled and validated miRNA and mRNA expression in a unique series of human colorectal metastasis tissues together with their matched primary tumors and corresponding normal tissues. We identified an exclusive miRNA signature that is differentially expressed in metastases. Three of these miRNAs were identified as key drivers of an EMT-regulating network acting though a number of novel targets. These targets include SIAH1, SETD2, ZEB2, and especially FOXN3, which we demonstrated for the first time as a direct transcriptional suppressor of N-cadherin. The modulation of N-cadherin expression had significant impact on migration, invasion, and metastasis in two different in vivo models. The significant deregulation of the miRNAs defining the network was confirmed in an independent patient set as well as in a database of diverse malignancies derived from more than 6,000 patients. Our data define a novel metastasis-orchestrating network based on systematic hypothesis generation from metastasis tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giridhar Mudduluru
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany. Molecular Oncology of Solid Tumors Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mohammed Abba
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany. Molecular Oncology of Solid Tumors Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jasmin Batliner
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany. Molecular Oncology of Solid Tumors Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nitin Patil
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany. Molecular Oncology of Solid Tumors Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Maike Scharp
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany. Molecular Oncology of Solid Tumors Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Taral R Lunavat
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany. Molecular Oncology of Solid Tumors Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Hendrik Leupold
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany. Molecular Oncology of Solid Tumors Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Olga Oleksiuk
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany. Molecular Oncology of Solid Tumors Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dilafruz Juraeva
- Department of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wilko Thiele
- Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany. Institute for Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Melanie Rothley
- Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany. Institute for Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Axel Benner
- Department of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yinon Ben-Neriah
- Lautenberg Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jonathan Sleeman
- Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany. Institute for Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Heike Allgayer
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany. Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.
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17
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Miyamoto K, Nishizawa Y, Minami E, Nojiri H, Yamane H, Okada K. Overexpression of the bZIP transcription factor OsbZIP79 suppresses the production of diterpenoid phytoalexin in rice cells. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 173:19-27. [PMID: 25462074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Phytoalexins are antimicrobial specialised metabolites that are produced by plants in response to pathogen attack. Momilactones and phytocassanes are major diterpenoid phytoalexins in rice that are synthesised from geranylgeranyl diphosphate that is derived from the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway. We have previously reported that rice cells overexpressing the basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor OsTGAP1 exhibit a hyperaccumulation of momilactones and phytocassanes, with hyperinductive expression of momilactone and phytocassane biosynthetic genes and MEP pathway genes, upon response to a chitin oligosaccharide elicitor. For a better understanding of OsTGAP1-mediated regulation of diterpenoid phytoalexin production, we identified OsTGAP1-interacting proteins using yeast two-hybrid screening. Among the OsTGAP1-interacting protein candidates, a TGA factor OsbZIP79 was investigated to verify its physical interaction with OsTGAP1 and involvement in the regulation of phytoalexin production. An in vitro pull-down assay demonstrated that OsTGAP1 and OsbZIP79 exhibited a heterodimeric as well as a homodimeric interaction. A bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis also showed the interaction between OsTGAP1 and OsbZIP79 in vivo. Intriguingly, whereas OsbZIP79 transactivation activity was observed in a transient reporter assay, the overexpression of OsbZIP79 resulted in suppression of the elicitor-inducible expression of diterpenoid phytoalexin biosynthetic genes, and thus caused a decrease in the accumulation of phytoalexin in rice cells. These results suggest that OsbZIP79 functions as a negative regulator of phytoalexin production triggered by a chitin oligosaccharide elicitor in rice cells, although it remains open under which conditions OsbZIP79 can work with OsTGAP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Miyamoto
- Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 320-8551, Japan; Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Yoko Nishizawa
- Disease Resistant Crops Research Unit, GMO Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan.
| | - Eiichi Minami
- Disease Resistant Crops Research Unit, GMO Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan.
| | - Hideaki Nojiri
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Hisakazu Yamane
- Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 320-8551, Japan.
| | - Kazunori Okada
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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Thymiakou E, Kardassis D. Novel mechanism of transcriptional repression of the human ATP binding cassette transporter A1 gene in hepatic cells by the winged helix/forkhead box transcription factor A2. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1839:526-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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19
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Zhang R, Lee JY, Wang X, Xu W, Hu X, Lu X, Niu Y, Tang R, Li S, Li Y. Identification of novel genomic aberrations in AML-M5 in a level of array CGH. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87637. [PMID: 24727659 PMCID: PMC3984075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
To assess the possible existence of unbalanced chromosomal abnormalities and delineate the characterization of copy number alterations (CNAs) of acute myeloid leukemia-M5 (AML-M5), R-banding karyotype, oligonucelotide array CGH and FISH were performed in 24 patients with AML-M5. A total of 117 CNAs with size ranging from 0.004 to 146.263 Mb was recognized in 12 of 24 cases, involving all chromosomes other than chromosome 1, 4, X and Y. Cryptic CNAs with size less than 5 Mb accounted for 59.8% of all the CNAs. 12 recurrent chromosomal alterations were mapped. Seven out of them were described in the previous AML studies and five were new candidate AML-M5 associated CNAs, including gains of 3q26.2-qter and 13q31.3 as well as losses of 2q24.2, 8p12 and 14q32. Amplication of 3q26.2-qter was the sole large recurrent chromosomal anomaly and the pathogenic mechanism in AML-M5 was possibly different from the classical recurrent 3q21q26 abnormality in AML. As a tumor suppressor gene, FOXN3, was singled out from the small recurrent CNA of 14q32, however, it is proved that deletion of FOXN3 is a common marker of myeloid leukemia rather than a specific marker for AML-M5 subtype. Moreover, the concurrent amplication of MLL and deletion of CDKN2A were noted and it might be associated with AML-M5. The number of CNA did not show a significant association with clinico-biological parameters and CR number of the 22 patients received chemotherapy. This study provided the evidence that array CGH served as a complementary platform for routine cytogenetic analysis to identify those cryptic alterations in the patients with AML-M5. As a subtype of AML, AML-M5 carries both common recurrent CNAs and unique CNAs, which may harbor novel oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. Clarifying the role of these genes will contribute to the understanding of leukemogenic network of AML-M5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Ji-Yun Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Xianfu Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Weihong Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Xiaoxia Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Xianglan Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Yimeng Niu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Rurong Tang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Shibo Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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Iżykowska K, Zawada M, Nowicka K, Grabarczyk P, Kuss AW, Weissmann R, Busemann C, Ludwig WD, Schmidt CA, Przybylski GK. Submicroscopic genomic rearrangements change gene expression in T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia. Eur J Haematol 2014; 93:143-9. [PMID: 24649974 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To better understand the molecular pathogenesis of T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia (T-LGL), we decided to search for those genetic alterations in T-LGL patients and MOTN-1 cell line (established from T-LGL patient) that have an impact on gene expression and as a result can influence cell biology. METHODS Multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (mFISH) analysis of the MOTN-1 cell line was performed as well as paired-end next-generation sequencing (NGS; Illumina HiSeq2000) of this cell line and one T-LGL patient. In addition, chosen 6q region was characterized in three T-LGL patients using high-resolution comparative genomic hybridization (FT-CGH) and LM-PCR. Gene expression was studied by RNA sequencing (RNAseq; SOLID5500). RESULTS Rearrangements were detected within 1p and 2q in MOTN-1 affecting expression of FGR, ZEB2, and CASP8, and within 6q in MOTN-1 and one T-LGL patient affecting MAP3K5 and IFNGR1. Nineteen genes, among them FOXN3, RIN3, AKT1, PPP2R5C, were overexpressed as a result of an amplification in 14q in one T-LGL patient. Two novel fusion transcripts were identified: CASP8-ERBB4 in MOTN-1 and SBF1-PKHD1L1 in T-LGL patient. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that submicroscopic genomic rearrangements change gene expression in T-LGL. Several genes involved in rearrangements were previously linked to cancer and survival pattern that characterizes T-LGL cells.
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21
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Peng SL. Interactions of Fox proteins with inflammatory transcription-factor pathways. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 2:869-76. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2.6.869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Huot G, Vernier M, Bourdeau V, Doucet L, Saint-Germain E, Gaumont-Leclerc MF, Moro A, Ferbeyre G. CHES1/FOXN3 regulates cell proliferation by repressing PIM2 and protein biosynthesis. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:554-65. [PMID: 24403608 PMCID: PMC3937083 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-02-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of the forkhead transcription factor checkpoint suppressor 1 (CHES1), also known as FOXN3, is reduced in many types of cancers. We show here that CHES1 decreases protein synthesis and cell proliferation in tumor cell lines but not in normal fibroblasts. Conversely, short hairpin RNA-mediated depletion of CHES1 increases tumor cell proliferation. Growth suppression depends on the CHES1 forkhead DNA-binding domain and correlates with the nuclear localization of CHES1. CHES1 represses the expression of multiple genes, including the kinases PIM2 and DYRK3, which regulate protein biosynthesis, and a number of genes in cilium biogenesis. CHES1 binds directly to the promoter of PIM2, and in cells expressing CHES1 the levels of PIM2 are reduced, as well as the phosphorylation of the PIM2 target 4EBP1. Overexpression of PIM2 or eIF4E partially reverses the antiproliferative effect of CHES1, indicating that PIM2 and protein biosynthesis are important targets of the antiproliferative effect of CHES1. In several human hematopoietic cancers, CHES1 and PIM2 expressions are inversely correlated, suggesting that repression of PIM2 by CHES1 is clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Huot
- Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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23
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Schmidt J, Piekarski N, Olsson L. Cranial muscles in amphibians: development, novelties and the role of cranial neural crest cells. J Anat 2012; 222:134-46. [PMID: 22780231 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01541.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Our research on the evolution of the vertebrate head focuses on understanding the developmental origins of morphological novelties. Using a broad comparative approach in amphibians, and comparisons with the well-studied quail-chicken system, we investigate how evolutionarily conserved or variable different aspects of head development are. Here we review research on the often overlooked development of cranial muscles, and on its dependence on cranial cartilage development. In general, cranial muscle cell migration and the spatiotemporal pattern of cranial muscle formation appears to be very conserved among the few species of vertebrates that have been studied. However, fate-mapping of somites in the Mexican axolotl revealed differences in the specific formation of hypobranchial muscles (tongue muscles) in comparison to the chicken. The proper development of cranial muscles has been shown to be strongly dependent on the mostly neural crest-derived cartilage elements in the larval head of amphibians. For example, a morpholino-based knock-down of the transcription factor FoxN3 in Xenopus laevis has drastic indirect effects on cranial muscle patterning, although the direct function of the gene is mostly connected to neural crest development. Furthermore, extirpation of single migratory streams of cranial neural crest cells in combination with fate-mapping in a frog shows that individual cranial muscles and their neural crest-derived connective tissue attachments originate from the same visceral arch, even when the muscles attach to skeletal components that are derived from a different arch. The same pattern has also been found in the chicken embryo, the only other species that has been thoroughly investigated, and thus might be a conserved pattern in vertebrates that reflects the fundamental nature of a mechanism that keeps the segmental order of the head in place despite drastic changes in adult anatomy. There is a need for detailed comparative fate-mapping of pre-otic paraxial mesoderm in amphibians, to determine developmental causes underlying the complicated changes in cranial muscle development and architecture within amphibians, and in particular how the novel mouth apparatus in frog tadpoles evolved. This will also form a foundation for further research into the molecular mechanisms that regulate rostral head morphogenesis. Our empirical studies are discussed within a theoretical framework concerned with the evolutionary origin and developmental basis of novel anatomical structures in general. We argue that a common developmental origin is not a fool-proof guide to homology, and that a view that sees only structures without homologs as novel is too restricted, because novelties must be produced by changes in the same framework of developmental processes. At the level of developmental processes and mechanisms, novel structures are therefore likely to have homologs, and we need to develop a hierarchical concept of novelty that takes this into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Schmidt
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
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24
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Katsel P, Tan W, Abazyan B, Davis KL, Ross C, Pletnikov MV, Haroutunian V. Expression of mutant human DISC1 in mice supports abnormalities in differentiation of oligodendrocytes. Schizophr Res 2011; 130:238-49. [PMID: 21605958 PMCID: PMC3139741 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Abnormalities in oligodendrocyte (OLG) differentiation and OLG gene expression deficit have been described in schizophrenia (SZ). Recent studies revealed a critical requirement for Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) in neural development. Transgenic mice with forebrain restricted expression of mutant human DISC1 (ΔhDISC1) are characterized by neuroanatomical and behavioral abnormalities reminiscent of some features of SZ. We sought to determine whether the expression of ΔhDISC1 may influence the development of OLGs in this mouse model. OLG- and cell cycle-associated gene and protein expression were characterized in the forebrain of ΔhDISC1 mice during different stages of neurodevelopment (E15 and P1 days) and in adulthood. The results suggest that the expression of ΔhDISC1 exerts a significant influence on oligodendrocyte differentiation and function, evidenced by premature OLG differentiation and increased proliferation of their progenitors. Additional findings showed that neuregulin 1 and its receptors may be contributing factors to the observed upregulation of OLG genes. Thus, OLG function may be perturbed by mutant hDISC1 in a model system that provides new avenues for studying aspects of the pathogenesis of SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Katsel
- Department of Psychiatry, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6575, USA.
| | - Weilun Tan
- Department of Psychiatry, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6575
| | - Bagrat Abazyan
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth L Davis
- Department of Psychiatry, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6575
| | - Christopher Ross
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mikhail V Pletnikov
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vahram Haroutunian
- Department of Psychiatry, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6575, Department of Psychiatry, James J Peters VA Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468
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25
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Sobinoff AP, Mahony M, Nixon B, Roman SD, McLaughlin EA. Understanding the Villain: DMBA-Induced Preantral Ovotoxicity Involves Selective Follicular Destruction and Primordial Follicle Activation through PI3K/Akt and mTOR Signaling. Toxicol Sci 2011; 123:563-75. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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26
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Kang MR, Lee SW, Um E, Kang HT, Hwang ES, Kim EJ, Um SJ. Reciprocal roles of SIRT1 and SKIP in the regulation of RAR activity: implication in the retinoic acid-induced neuronal differentiation of P19 cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 38:822-31. [PMID: 19934264 PMCID: PMC2817470 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is a NAD+-dependent deacetylase that participates in cell death/survival, senescence and metabolism. Although its substrates are well characterized, no direct regulators have been defined. Here, we show that SIRT1 associates with SKI-interacting protein (SKIP) and modulates its activity as a coactivator of retinoic acid receptor (RAR). Binding assays indicated that SKIP interacts with RAR in a RA-dependent manner, through a region that overlaps the binding site for SIRT1. SKIP augmented the transcriptional activation activity of RAR by cooperating with SRC-1, and SIRT1 suppressed SKIP/SRC-1-enhanced RAR transactivation activity. The suppression was dependent on the deacetylase activity of SIRT1 and was enhanced by a SIRT1 activator, resveratrol. In contrast, the suppression was relieved by SIRT1 knockdown, overexpression of SKIP and treatment with a SIRT1 inhibitor, splitomicin. Upon SKIP overexpression, the recruitment of SIRT1 to the endogenous RARβ2 promoter was severely impaired, and SKIP was recruited to the promoter instead. Finally, resveratrol treatment inhibited RA-induced neuronal differentiation of P19 cells, accompanied by reductions in the neuronal marker nestin and a RAR target gene, RARβ2. This inhibition was relieved by either knockdown of SIRT1 or overexpression of SKIP. These data suggest that SIRT1 and SKIP play reciprocal roles in the regulation of RAR activity, which is implicated in the regulation of RA-induced neuronal differentiation of P19 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moo-Rim Kang
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology/Institute of Bioscience, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea, Great Neck South High School, Great Neck, NY 11020, USA, BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Dongdaemungu, Jeonnongdong 90, Seoul 130-743, Korea and BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Gyeonggi-do 448-701, Korea
| | - Sang-Wang Lee
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology/Institute of Bioscience, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea, Great Neck South High School, Great Neck, NY 11020, USA, BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Dongdaemungu, Jeonnongdong 90, Seoul 130-743, Korea and BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Gyeonggi-do 448-701, Korea
| | - Elisa Um
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology/Institute of Bioscience, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea, Great Neck South High School, Great Neck, NY 11020, USA, BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Dongdaemungu, Jeonnongdong 90, Seoul 130-743, Korea and BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Gyeonggi-do 448-701, Korea
| | - Hyun Tae Kang
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology/Institute of Bioscience, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea, Great Neck South High School, Great Neck, NY 11020, USA, BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Dongdaemungu, Jeonnongdong 90, Seoul 130-743, Korea and BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Gyeonggi-do 448-701, Korea
| | - Eun Seong Hwang
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology/Institute of Bioscience, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea, Great Neck South High School, Great Neck, NY 11020, USA, BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Dongdaemungu, Jeonnongdong 90, Seoul 130-743, Korea and BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Gyeonggi-do 448-701, Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Kim
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology/Institute of Bioscience, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea, Great Neck South High School, Great Neck, NY 11020, USA, BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Dongdaemungu, Jeonnongdong 90, Seoul 130-743, Korea and BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Gyeonggi-do 448-701, Korea
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +82 2 3408 3641; Fax: +82 2 3408 4334;
| | - Soo-Jong Um
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology/Institute of Bioscience, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea, Great Neck South High School, Great Neck, NY 11020, USA, BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Dongdaemungu, Jeonnongdong 90, Seoul 130-743, Korea and BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Gyeonggi-do 448-701, Korea
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +82 2 3408 3641; Fax: +82 2 3408 4334;
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27
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Metal-proteinase ADAM12, kinesin 14 and checkpoint suppressor 1 as new molecular markers of laryngeal carcinoma. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2009; 266:1501-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-009-1019-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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28
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Bassi C, Mello SS, Cardoso RS, Godoy PDV, Fachin AL, Junta CM, Sandrin-Garcia P, Carlotti CG, Falcão RP, Donadi EA, Passos GAS, Sakamoto-Hojo ET. Transcriptional changes in U343 MG-a glioblastoma cell line exposed to ionizing radiation. Hum Exp Toxicol 2009; 27:919-29. [PMID: 19273547 DOI: 10.1177/0960327108102045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly invasive and radioresistant brain tumor. Aiming to study how glioma cells respond to gamma-rays in terms of biological processes involved in cellular responses, we performed experiments at cellular context and gene expression analysis in U343-MG-a GBM cells irradiated with 1 Gy and collected at 6 h post-irradiation. The survival rate was approximately 61% for 1 Gy and was completely reduced at 16 Gy. By performing the microarray technique, 859 cDNA clones were analyzed. The Significance Analysis of Microarray algorithm indicated 196 significant expressed genes (false discovery rate (FDR) = 0.42%): 67 down-regulated and 97 up-regulated genes, which belong to several classes: metabolism, adhesion/cytoskeleton, signal transduction, cell cycle/apoptosis, membrane transport, DNA repair/DNA damage signaling, transcription factor, intracellular signaling, and RNA processing. Differential expression patterns of five selected genes (HSPA9B, INPP5A, PIP5K1A, FANCG, and TPP2) observed by the microarray analysis were further confirmed by the quantitative real time RT-PCR method, which demonstrated an up-regulation status of those genes. These results indicate a broad spectrum of biological processes (which may reflect the radio-resistance of U343 cells) that were altered in irradiated glioma cells, so as to guarantee cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cl Bassi
- Department of Genetics, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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29
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Bracken CP, Wall SJ, Barré B, Panov KI, Ajuh PM, Perkins ND. Regulation of cyclin D1 RNA stability by SNIP1. Cancer Res 2008; 68:7621-8. [PMID: 18794151 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin D1 expression represents one of the key mitogen-regulated events during the G(1) phase of the cell cycle, whereas Cyclin D1 overexpression is frequently associated with human malignancy. Here, we describe a novel mechanism regulating Cyclin D1 levels. We find that SNIP1, previously identified as a regulator of Cyclin D1 expression, does not, as previously thought, primarily function as a transcriptional coactivator for this gene. Rather, SNIP1 plays a critical role in cotranscriptional or posttranscriptional Cyclin D1 mRNA stability. Moreover, we show that the majority of nucleoplasmic SNIP1 is present within a previously undescribed complex containing SkIP, THRAP3, BCLAF1, and Pinin, all proteins with reported roles in RNA processing and transcriptional regulation. We find that this complex, which we have termed the SNIP1/SkIP-associated RNA-processing complex, is coordinately recruited to both the 3' end of the Cyclin D1 gene and Cyclin D1 RNA. Significantly, SNIP1 is required for the further recruitment of the RNA processing factor U2AF65 to both the Cyclin D1 gene and RNA. This study shows a novel mechanism regulating Cyclin D1 expression and offers new insight into the role of SNIP1 and associated proteins as regulators of proliferation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron P Bracken
- College of Life Sciences, Wellcome Trust Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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30
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Loss of heterozygosity at chromosome 14q is associated with poor prognosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2008; 134:1267-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-008-0423-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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31
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Rapid culling of the CD4+ T cell repertoire in the transition from effector to memory. Immunity 2008; 28:533-45. [PMID: 18356084 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2007] [Revised: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Requirements for CD4+ T cell memory differentiation were analyzed with adoptively transferred SMARTA T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic cells specific for alymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) epitope. LCMV-induced effector and memory differentiation of SMARTA cells mimicked the endogenous CD4+ T cell response. In contrast, infection with a recombinant Listeria expressing the LCMV epitope, although resulting initially in massive SMARTA expansion, led to loss of effector function and rapid cell death characterized by high expression of the apoptosis regulator Bim. Defective memory differentiation was seen after stimulation of naive but not memory SMARTA cells, was independent of precursor frequency, and correlated with a lower TCR avidity compared to endogenous responders. In addition, long-lived endogenous CD4+ memory T cells skewed to a higher functional avidity over time. These results support a model in which CD4+ T cell memory differentiation and longevity depend on the strength of the TCR signal during the primary response.
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Busygina V, Kottemann MC, Scott KL, Plon SE, Bale AE. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 interacts with forkhead transcription factor CHES1 in DNA damage response. Cancer Res 2007; 66:8397-403. [PMID: 16951149 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is a cancer susceptibility syndrome affecting several endocrine tissues. Investigations of the biochemical function of the MEN1 protein, menin, have suggested a role as a transcriptional comodulator. The mechanism by which MEN1 inactivation leads to tumor formation is not fully understood. MEN1 was implicated to function in both regulation of cell proliferation and maintenance of genomic integrity. Here, we investigate the mechanism by which MEN1 affects DNA damage response. We found that Drosophila larval tissue and mouse embryonic fibroblasts mutant for the MEN1 homologue were deficient for a DNA damage-activated S-phase checkpoint. The forkhead transcription factor CHES1 (FOXN3) was identified as an interacting protein by a genetic screen, and overexpression of CHES1 restored both cell cycle arrest and viability of MEN1 mutant flies after ionizing radiation exposure. We showed a biochemical interaction between human menin and CHES1 and showed that the COOH terminus of menin, which is frequently mutated in MEN1 patients, is necessary for this interaction. Our data indicate that menin is involved in the activation of S-phase arrest in response to ionizing radiation. CHES1 is a component of a transcriptional repressor complex, that includes mSin3a, histone deacetylase (HDAC) 1, and HDAC2, and it interacts with menin in an S-phase checkpoint pathway related to DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Busygina
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Schuff M, Rössner A, Wacker SA, Donow C, Gessert S, Knöchel W. FoxN3 is required for craniofacial and eye development of Xenopus laevis. Dev Dyn 2007; 236:226-39. [PMID: 17089409 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A functional knockdown of FoxN3, a member of subclass N of fork head/winged helix transcription factors in Xenopus laevis, leads to an abnormal formation of the jaw cartilage, absence or malformation of distinct cranial nerves, and reduced size of the eye. While the eye phenotype is due to an increased rate of apoptosis, the cellular basis of the jaw phenotype is more complex. The upper and lower jaw cartilages are derivatives of a subset of cranial neural crest cells, which migrate into the first pharyngeal arch. Histological analysis of FoxN3-depleted embryos reveals severe deformation and false positioning of infrarostral, Meckel's, and palatoquadrate cartilages, structural elements derived from the first pharyngeal arch, and of the ceratohyale, which derives from the second pharyngeal arch. The derivatives of the third and fourth pharyngeal arches are less affected. FoxN3 is not required for early neural crest migration. Defects in jaw formation rather arise by failure of differentiation than by positional effects of crest migration. By GST-pulldown analysis, we have identified two different members of histone deacetylase complexes (HDAC), xSin3 and xRPD3, as putative interaction partners of FoxN3, suggesting that FoxN3 regulates craniofacial and eye development by recruiting HDAC.
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Lu C, Bonome T, Li Y, Kamat AA, Han LY, Schmandt R, Coleman RL, Gershenson DM, Jaffe RB, Birrer MJ, Sood AK. Gene alterations identified by expression profiling in tumor-associated endothelial cells from invasive ovarian carcinoma. Cancer Res 2007; 67:1757-68. [PMID: 17308118 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies based on antiangiogenic approaches are beginning to show great promise in clinical studies. However, full realization of these approaches requires identification of key differences in gene expression between endothelial cells from tumors versus their normal counterparts. Here, we examined gene expression differences in purified endothelial cells from 10 invasive epithelial ovarian cancers and 5 normal ovaries using Affymetrix U133 Plus 2.0 microarrays. More than 400 differentially expressed genes were identified in tumor-associated endothelial cells. We selected and validated 23 genes that were overexpressed by 3.6- to 168-fold using real-time reverse transcription-PCR and/or immunohistochemistry. Among these, the polycomb group protein enhancer of Zeste homologue 2 (EZH2), the Notch ligand Jagged1, and PTK2 were elevated 3- to 4.3-fold in tumor-associated endothelial cells. Silencing these genes individually with small interfering RNA blocked endothelial cell migration and tube formation in vitro. The present study shows that tumor and normal endothelium differ at the molecular level, which may have significant implications for the development of antiangiogenic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Lu
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Cancer Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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O'Driscoll L, McMorrow J, Doolan P, McKiernan E, Mehta JP, Ryan E, Gammell P, Joyce H, O'Donovan N, Walsh N, Clynes M. Investigation of the molecular profile of basal cell carcinoma using whole genome microarrays. Mol Cancer 2006; 5:74. [PMID: 17173689 PMCID: PMC1770933 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-5-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2006] [Accepted: 12/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Skin cancer accounts for 1/3 of all newly diagnosed cancer. Although seldom fatal, basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is associated with severe disfigurement and morbidity. BCC has a unique interest for researchers, as although it is often locally invasive, it rarely metastasises. This paper, reporting the first whole genome expression microarray analysis of skin cancer, aimed to investigate the molecular profile of BCC in comparison to non-cancerous skin biopsies. RNA from BCC and normal skin specimens was analysed using Affymetrix whole genome microarrays. A Welch t-test was applied to data normalised using dCHIP to identify significant differentially-expressed genes between BCC and normal specimens. Principal component analysis and support vector machine analysis were performed on resulting genelists, Genmapp was used to identify pathways affected, and GOstat aided identification of areas of gene ontology more highly represented on these lists than would be expected by chance. Results Following normalisation, specimens clustered into groups of BCC specimens and of normal skin specimens. Of the 54,675 gene transcripts/variants analysed, 3,921 were differentially expressed between BCC and normal skin specimens. Of these, 2,108 were significantly up-regulated and 1,813 were statistically significantly down-regulated in BCCs. Conclusion Functional gene sets differentially expressed include those involved in transcription, proliferation, cell motility, apoptosis and metabolism. As expected, members of the Wnt and hedgehog pathways were found to be significantly different between BCC and normal specimens, as were many previously undescribed changes in gene expression between normal and BCC specimens, including basonuclin2 and mrp9. Quantitative-PCR analysis confirmed our microarray results, identifying novel potential biomarkers for BCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine O'Driscoll
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Jason McMorrow
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Padraig Doolan
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Eadaoin McKiernan
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Jai Prakash Mehta
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Eoin Ryan
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Patrick Gammell
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Helena Joyce
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Norma O'Donovan
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Nicholas Walsh
- Bons Secours Hospital, Dublin 9 & Blackrock Clinic, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Martin Clynes
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Wijchers PJEC, Burbach JPH, Smidt MP. In control of biology: of mice, men and Foxes. Biochem J 2006; 397:233-46. [PMID: 16792526 PMCID: PMC1513289 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2006] [Revised: 05/04/2006] [Accepted: 05/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Forkhead proteins comprise a highly conserved family of transcription factors, named after the original forkhead gene in Drosophila. To date, over 100 forkhead genes have been identified in a large variety of species, all sharing the evolutionary conserved 'forkhead' DNA-binding domain, and the cloning and characterization of forkhead genes have continued in recent years. Forkhead transcription factors regulate the expression of countless genes downstream of important signalling pathways in most, if not all, tissues and cell types. Recent work has provided novel insights into the mechanisms that contribute to their functional diversity, including functional protein domains and interactions of forkheads with other transcription factors. Studies using loss- and gain-of-function models have elucidated the role of forkhead factors in developmental biology and cellular functions such as metabolism, cell division and cell survival. The importance of forkhead transcription factors is underlined by the developmental defects observed in mutant model organisms, and multiple human disorders and cancers which can be attributed to mutations within members of the forkhead gene family. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current knowledge on forkhead transcription factors, from structural organization and regulatory mechanisms to cellular and developmental functions in mice and humans. Finally, we will discuss how novel insights gained from involvement of 'Foxes' in the mechanisms underlying human pathology may create new opportunities for treatment strategies.
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Key Words
- cell cycle
- development
- forkhead
- fox
- immunoregulation
- transcription factor
- cbp, creb (camp-response-element-binding protein)-binding protein
- ccnb, cyclin b
- cdk, cyclin-dependent kinase
- cki, cdk inhibitor
- dyrk1a, dual-specificity tyrosine-phosphorylated and -regulated kinase 1a
- er, oestrogen receptor
- fha, forkhead-associated domain
- fm, foxh1 motif
- fox, forkhead box
- gadd45a, growth arrest and dna-damage-inducible protein 45α
- hdac, histone deacetylase
- iκb, inhibitory κb
- ikkβ, iκb kinase β
- mh domain, mothers against decapentaplegic homology domain
- nf-κb, nuclear factor κb
- nls, nuclear localization signal
- pkb, protein kinase b
- plk-1, polo-like kinase 1
- scf, skp2/cullin/f-box
- sgk, serum- and glucocorticoid-induced protein kinase
- smad, similar to mothers against decapentaplegic
- sid, smad-interaction domain
- sim, smad-interaction motif
- tgfβ, transforming growth factor β
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J E C Wijchers
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology and Anatomy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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