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Ladas P, Porfyridis I, Tryfonos C, Ioannou A, Adamide T, Christodoulou C, Richter J. Aetiology of Community-Acquired Pneumonia and the Role of Genetic Host Factors in Hospitalized Patients in Cyprus. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2051. [PMID: 37630611 PMCID: PMC10458012 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains the leading cause of hospitalization among infectious disease in Europe, and a major cause of morbidity and mortality. In order to determine and characterize the aetiology of CAP in hospitalized adults in Cyprus, respiratory and blood samples were obtained from hospitalized patients with CAP, and analyzed using Multiplex Real-Time PCR/RT-PCR, and ID/AMR enrichment panel (RPIP) analysis. Probe-based allelic discrimination was used to investigate genetic host factors in patients. The aetiology could be established in 87% of patients. The most prevalent viral pathogens detected were influenza A, SARS-CoV-2, and human rhinovirus. The most common bacterial pathogens detected were Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Haemophilus influenzae. Antimicrobial resistance genes were identified in 23 patients. S. aureus was the most common AMR correlated strain in our study. A positive correlation was detected between bacterial infections and the NOS3 rs1799983 G allele and the FCGR2A rs1801274 G allele. A positive correlation was also detected between the TNF-α rs1800629 A allele and sepsis, while a negative correlation was detected with the ACE rs1799752 insertion genotype and the severity of pneumonia. In conclusion, the targeted NGS panel approach applied provides highly sensitive, comprehensive pathogen detection, in combination with antimicrobial resistance AMR insights that can guide treatment choices. In addition, several host factors have been identified that impact the disease progression and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros Ladas
- Molecular Virology Department, Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Iroon Avenue 6, 2371 Egkomi, Nicosia, Cyprus; (P.L.); (C.T.); (C.C.)
| | - Ilias Porfyridis
- Pulmonary Department, Nicosia General Hospital, Lemesou 215, 2029 Strovolos, Nicosia, Cyprus; (I.P.); (A.I.); (T.A.)
| | - Christina Tryfonos
- Molecular Virology Department, Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Iroon Avenue 6, 2371 Egkomi, Nicosia, Cyprus; (P.L.); (C.T.); (C.C.)
| | - Anna Ioannou
- Pulmonary Department, Nicosia General Hospital, Lemesou 215, 2029 Strovolos, Nicosia, Cyprus; (I.P.); (A.I.); (T.A.)
| | - Tonia Adamide
- Pulmonary Department, Nicosia General Hospital, Lemesou 215, 2029 Strovolos, Nicosia, Cyprus; (I.P.); (A.I.); (T.A.)
| | - Christina Christodoulou
- Molecular Virology Department, Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Iroon Avenue 6, 2371 Egkomi, Nicosia, Cyprus; (P.L.); (C.T.); (C.C.)
| | - Jan Richter
- Molecular Virology Department, Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Iroon Avenue 6, 2371 Egkomi, Nicosia, Cyprus; (P.L.); (C.T.); (C.C.)
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Norasi E, Rastegar M, Hosseini SD, Aghcheli B, Tahamtan A. Prevalence of CCR5 Delta 32 Genetic Variant in the Turkmen Population of Golestan Province, Northeast of Iran. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:8823863. [PMID: 37388364 PMCID: PMC10307026 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8823863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The 32 bp deletion in the chemokine receptor (C-C motif) 5 gene (CCR5Δ32) is a natural loss of function polymorphism that prevents the protein from locating on the cell surface. This genetic variation acts as a double-edge sword in the pathogenesis/defense mechanism of different health conditions, such as viral infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancers. Here, we evaluated the prevalence of the CCR5Δ32 polymorphism in the Turkmen population of Golestan province, northeast of Iran. Blood samples were collected from 400 randomly selected Turkmen populations (199 women and 201 men), and genomic DNA was extracted. Characterization of CCR5Δ32 genotypes was performed by PCR using primers flanking the 32-nucleotide deletion in the CCR5 gene. The amplified DNA fragments were visualized on 2% agarose gel electrophoresis with cybergreen staining under UV light. All individuals were of Turkmen ethnicity and lived in the Golestan province, northeast of Iran. The mean age of all participants was 35.46 years, with a 20-45 year range. All the studied subjects were healthy without any severe conditions such as autoimmune disease and viral infections. All individuals had no history of HIV infection. The PCR product visualization showed that all the samples are at the 330 bp size, which means the CCR5Δ32 allele was utterly absent from the study population. The presence of the CCR5Δ32 allele among Turkmens may be attributed to the admixture with European descent people. We conclude that the CCR5Δ32 polymorphism may be absent in the Iranian Turkmen population, and further studies with a large population are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmira Norasi
- School of International, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rastegar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | | | - Bahman Aghcheli
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Alireza Tahamtan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
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Kukal S, Thakran S, Kanojia N, Yadav S, Mishra MK, Guin D, Singh P, Kukreti R. Genic-intergenic polymorphisms of CYP1A genes and their clinical impact. Gene 2023; 857:147171. [PMID: 36623673 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The humancytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) subfamily genes, CYP1A1 and CYP1A2, encoding monooxygenases are critically involved in biotransformation of key endogenous substrates (estradiol, arachidonic acid, cholesterol) and exogenous compounds (smoke constituents, carcinogens, caffeine, therapeutic drugs). This suggests their significant involvement in multiple biological pathways with a primary role of maintaining endogenous homeostasis and xenobiotic detoxification. Large interindividual variability exist in CYP1A gene expression and/or catalytic activity of the enzyme, which is primarily due to the existence of polymorphic alleles which encode them. These polymorphisms (mainly single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) have been extensively studied as susceptibility factors in a spectrum of clinical phenotypes. An in-depth understanding of the effects of polymorphic CYP1A genes on the differential metabolic activity and the resulting biological pathways is needed to explain the clinical implications of CYP1A polymorphisms. The present review is intended to provide an integrated understanding of CYP1A metabolic activity with unique substrate specificity and their involvement in physiological and pathophysiological roles. The article further emphasizes on the impact of widely studied CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 SNPs and their complex interaction with non-genetic factors like smoking and caffeine intake on multiple clinical phenotypes. Finally, we attempted to discuss the alterations in metabolism/physiology concerning the polymorphic CYP1A genes, which may underlie the reported clinical associations. This knowledge may provide insights into the disease pathogenesis, risk stratification, response to therapy and potential drug targets for individuals with certain CYP1A genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiksha Kukal
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi 110007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sarita Thakran
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi 110007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Neha Kanojia
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi 110007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Saroj Yadav
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi 110007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Manish Kumar Mishra
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi 110007, India; Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Main Bawana Road, Delhi 110042, India
| | - Debleena Guin
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi 110007, India; Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Main Bawana Road, Delhi 110042, India
| | - Pooja Singh
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi 110007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ritushree Kukreti
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi 110007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Guin D, Yadav S, Singh P, Singh P, Thakran S, Kukal S, Kanojia N, Paul PR, Pattnaik B, Sardana V, Grover S, Hasija Y, Saso L, Agrawal A, Kukreti R. Human genetic factors associated with pneumonia risk, a cue for COVID-19 susceptibility. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2022; 102:105299. [PMID: 35545162 PMCID: PMC9080029 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Pneumonia, an acute respiratory tract infection, is one of the major causes of mortality worldwide. Depending on the site of acquisition, pneumonia can be community acquired pneumonia (CAP) or nosocomial pneumonia (NP). The risk of pneumonia, is partially driven by host genetics. CYP1A1 is a widely studied pulmonary CYP family gene primarily expressed in peripheral airway epithelium. The CYP1A1 genetic variants, included in this study, alter the gene activity and are known to contribute in lung inflammation, which may cause pneumonia pathogenesis. In this study, we performed a meta-analysis to establish the possible contribution of CYP1A1 gene, and its three variants (rs2606345, rs1048943 and rs4646903) towards the genetic etiology of pneumonia risk. Using PRISMA guidelines, we systematically reviewed and meta-analysed case-control studies, evaluating risk of pneumonia in patients carrying the risk alleles of CYP1A1 variants. Heterogeneity across the studies was evaluated using I2 statistics. Based on heterogeneity, a random-effect (using maximum likelihood) or fixed-effect (using inverse variance) model was applied to estimate the effect size. Pooled odds ratio (OR) was calculated to estimate the overall effect of the risk allele association with pneumonia susceptibility. Egger's regression test and funnel plot were used to assess publication bias. Subgroup analysis was performed based on pneumonia type (CAP and NP), population, as well as age group. A total of ten articles were identified as eligible studies, which included 3049 cases and 2249 healthy controls. The meta-analysis findings revealed CYP1A1 variants, rs2606345 [T vs G; OR = 1.12 (0.75–1.50); p = 0.02; I2 = 84.89%], and rs1048943 [G vs T; OR = 1.19 (0.76–1.61); p = 0.02; I2 = 0.00%] as risk markers whereas rs4646903 showed no statistical significance for susceptibility to pneumonia. On subgroup analysis, both the genetic variants showed significant association with CAP but not with NP. We additionally performed a spatial analysis to identify the key factors possibly explaining the variability across countries in the prevalence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a viral pneumonia. We observed a significant association between the risk allele of rs2606345 and rs1048943, with a higher COVID-19 prevalence worldwide, providing us important links in understanding the variability in COVID-19 prevalence.
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Jasinska AJ, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. CCR5 as a Coreceptor for Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses: A Prototypic Love-Hate Affair. Front Immunol 2022; 13:835994. [PMID: 35154162 PMCID: PMC8829453 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.835994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CCR5, a chemokine receptor central for orchestrating lymphocyte/cell migration to the sites of inflammation and to the immunosurveillance, is involved in the pathogenesis of a wide spectrum of health conditions, including inflammatory diseases, viral infections, cancers and autoimmune diseases. CCR5 is also the primary coreceptor for the human immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs), supporting its entry into CD4+ T lymphocytes upon transmission and in the early stages of infection in humans. A natural loss-of-function mutation CCR5-Δ32, preventing the mutated protein expression on the cell surface, renders homozygous carriers of the null allele resistant to HIV-1 infection. This phenomenon was leveraged in the development of therapies and cure strategies for AIDS. Meanwhile, over 40 African nonhuman primate species are long-term hosts of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), an ancestral family of viruses that give rise to the pandemic CCR5 (R5)-tropic HIV-1. Many natural hosts typically do not progress to immunodeficiency upon the SIV infection. They have developed various strategies to minimize the SIV-related pathogenesis and disease progression, including an array of mechanisms employing modulation of the CCR5 receptor activity: (i) deletion mutations abrogating the CCR5 surface expression and conferring resistance to infection in null homozygotes; (ii) downregulation of CCR5 expression on CD4+ T cells, particularly memory cells and cells at the mucosal sites, preventing SIV from infecting and killing cells important for the maintenance of immune homeostasis, (iii) delayed onset of CCR5 expression on the CD4+ T cells during ontogenetic development that protects the offspring from vertical transmission of the virus. These host adaptations, aimed at lowering the availability of target CCR5+ CD4+ T cells through CCR5 downregulation, were countered by SIV, which evolved to alter the entry coreceptor usage toward infecting different CD4+ T-cell subpopulations that support viral replication yet without disruption of host immune homeostasis. These natural strategies against SIV/HIV-1 infection, involving control of CCR5 function, inspired therapeutic approaches against HIV-1 disease, employing CCR5 coreceptor blocking as well as gene editing and silencing of CCR5. Given the pleiotropic role of CCR5 in health beyond immune disease, the precision as well as costs and benefits of such interventions needs to be carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J. Jasinska
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Eye on Primates, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Zeng Q, Tang T, Huang B, Bu S, Xiao Y, Dai Y, Wei Z, Huang L, Jiang S. rs1840680 single nucleotide polymorphism in Pentraxin 3: a potential protective biomarker of severe community-acquired pneumonia. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:3000605211010621. [PMID: 33906523 PMCID: PMC8111280 DOI: 10.1177/03000605211010621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of pentraxin 3 (PTX3) are associated with various outcomes of lung infections. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between PTX3 polymorphisms and the severity of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Methods This is a retrospective case-control study comprising 43 patients with severe CAP (SCAP) and 97 patients with non-severe CAP. Three SNPs in the PTX3 gene (rs2305619, rs3816527, and rs1840680) from peripheral blood samples were genotyped by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The association between each SNP and the CAP severity was analyzed by logistic regression analysis. Results We found that the rs1840680 polymorphism was significantly associated with CAP clinical severity. However, no such association was observed for the genotypes and allele frequencies of rs2305619 or rs3816527. The PTX3 rs1840680 AG genotype was an independent factor for a lower risk of SCAP after multivariate logistic regression analysis. Male sex and coronary heart disease were associated with an increased risk of SCAP. Conclusions The PTX3 rs1840680 AG genotype was found to be associated with a lower risk of SCAP, and may serve as a potential protective biomarker to help clinical judgment and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaojun Zeng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Institute of Pulmonary Diseases, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tiantian Tang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Institute of Pulmonary Diseases, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Biru Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiyi Bu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Institute of Pulmonary Diseases, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingqi Xiao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tungwah Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yumeng Dai
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Institute of Pulmonary Diseases, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zixin Wei
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Linjie Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Institute of Pulmonary Diseases, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shanping Jiang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Institute of Pulmonary Diseases, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Ellwanger JH, Kulmann-Leal B, Kaminski VDL, Rodrigues AG, Bragatte MADS, Chies JAB. Beyond HIV infection: Neglected and varied impacts of CCR5 and CCR5Δ32 on viral diseases. Virus Res 2020; 286:198040. [PMID: 32479976 PMCID: PMC7260533 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CCR5 regulates multiple cell types (e.g., T regulatory and Natural Killer cells) and immune responses. The effects of CCR5, CCR5Δ32 (variant associated with reduced CCR5 expression) and CCR5 antagonists vary between infections. CCR5 affects the pathogenesis of flaviviruses, especially in the brain. The genetic variant CCR5Δ32 increases the risk of symptomatic West Nile virus infection. The triad “CCR5, extracellular vesicles and infections” is an emerging topic.
The interactions between chemokine receptors and their ligands may affect susceptibility to infectious diseases as well as their clinical manifestations. These interactions mediate both the traffic of inflammatory cells and virus-associated immune responses. In the context of viral infections, the human C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) receives great attention from the scientific community due to its role as an HIV-1 co-receptor. The genetic variant CCR5Δ32 (32 base-pair deletion in CCR5 gene) impairs CCR5 expression on the cell surface and is associated with protection against HIV infection in homozygous individuals. Also, the genetic variant CCR5Δ32 modifies the CCR5-mediated inflammatory responses in various conditions, such as inflammatory and infectious diseases. CCR5 antagonists mimic, at least in part, the natural effects of the CCR5Δ32 in humans, which explains the growing interest in the potential benefits of using CCR5 modulators for the treatment of different diseases. Nevertheless, beyond HIV infection, understanding the effects of the CCR5Δ32 variant in multiple viral infections is essential to shed light on the potential effects of the CCR5 modulators from a broader perspective. In this context, this review discusses the involvement of CCR5 and the effects of the CCR5Δ32 in human infections caused by the following pathogens: West Nile virus, Influenza virus, Human papillomavirus, Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, Poliovirus, Dengue virus, Human cytomegalovirus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Enterovirus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and Hantavirus. Subsequently, this review addresses the impacts of CCR5 gene editing and CCR5 modulation on health and viral diseases. Also, this article connects recent findings regarding extracellular vesicles (e.g., exosomes), viruses, and CCR5. Neglected and emerging topics in “CCR5 research” are briefly described, with focus on Rocio virus, Zika virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Rhinovirus. Finally, the potential influence of CCR5 on the immune responses to coronaviruses is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Henrique Ellwanger
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruna Kulmann-Leal
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Valéria de Lima Kaminski
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia - ICT, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andressa Gonçalves Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Alves de Souza Bragatte
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Núcleo de Bioinformática do Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Ellwanger JH, Kaminski VDL, Rodrigues AG, Kulmann-Leal B, Chies JAB. CCR5 and CCR5Δ32 in bacterial and parasitic infections: Thinking chemokine receptors outside the HIV box. Int J Immunogenet 2020; 47:261-285. [PMID: 32212259 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The CCR5 molecule was reported in 1996 as the main HIV-1 co-receptor. In that same year, the CCR5Δ32 genetic variant was described as a strong protective factor against HIV-1 infection. These findings led to extensive research regarding the CCR5, culminating in critical scientific advances, such as the development of CCR5 inhibitors for the treatment of HIV infection. Recently, the research landscape surrounding CCR5 has begun to change. Different research groups have realized that, since CCR5 has such important effects in the chemokine system, it could also affect other different physiological systems. Therefore, the effect of reduced CCR5 expression due to the presence of the CCR5Δ32 variant began to be further studied. Several studies have investigated the role of CCR5 and the impacts of CCR5Δ32 on autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, various types of cancer, and viral diseases. However, the role of CCR5 in diseases caused by bacteria and parasites is still poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this article is to review the role of CCR5 and the effects of CCR5Δ32 on bacterial (brucellosis, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis and infection by Chlamydia trachomatis) and parasitic infections (toxoplasmosis, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease and schistosomiasis). Basic information about each of these infections was also addressed. The neglected role of CCR5 in fungal disease and emerging studies regarding the action of CCR5 on regulatory T cells are briefly covered in this review. Considering the "renaissance of CCR5 research," this article is useful for updating researchers who develop studies involving CCR5 and CCR5Δ32 in different infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Henrique Ellwanger
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Valéria de Lima Kaminski
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Andressa Gonçalves Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruna Kulmann-Leal
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Wang N, Wang Z, Wang C, Fu X, Yu G, Yue Z, Liu T, Zhang H, Li L, Chen M, Wang H, Niu G, Liu D, Zhang M, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Li J, Li Z, You J, Chu T, Li F, Liu D, Liu H, Zhang F. Prediction of leprosy in the Chinese population based on a weighted genetic risk score. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006789. [PMID: 30231057 PMCID: PMC6166985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome wide association studies (GWASs) have revealed multiple genetic variants associated with leprosy in the Chinese population. The aim of our study was to utilize the genetic variants to construct a risk prediction model through a weighted genetic risk score (GRS) in a Chinese set and to further assess the performance of the model in identifying higher-risk contact individuals in an independent set. The highest prediction accuracy, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.743 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.729-0.757), was achieved with a GRS encompassing 25 GWAS variants in a discovery set that included 2,144 people affected by leprosy and 2,671 controls. Individuals in the high-risk group, based on genetic factors (GRS > 28.06), have a 24.65 higher odds ratio (OR) for developing leprosy relative to those in the low-risk group (GRS≤18.17). The model was then applied to a validation set consisting of 1,385 people affected by leprosy and 7,541 individuals in contact with leprosy, which yielded a discriminatory ability with an AUC of 0.707 (95% CI: 0.691-0.723). When a GRS cut-off value of 22.38 was selected with the optimal sensitivity and specificity, it was found that 39.31% of high risk contact individuals should be screened in order to detect leprosy in 64.9% of those people affected by leprosy. In summary, we developed and validated a risk model for the prediction of leprosy that showed good discrimination capabilities, which may help physicians in the identification of patients coming into contact with leprosy and are at a higher-risk of developing this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Medical Center for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xi'an Fu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Gongqi Yu
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhenhua Yue
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Medical Center for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lulu Li
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mingfei Chen
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Medical Center for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Honglei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Medical Center for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guiye Niu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Medical Center for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mingkai Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jinghui Li
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Medical Center for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Medical Center for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jiabao You
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Medical Center for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tongsheng Chu
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Medical Center for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Furong Li
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Medical Center for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Dianchang Liu
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Medical Center for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Medical Center for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- * E-mail: (HL); (FZ)
| | - Furen Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Medical Center for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- * E-mail: (HL); (FZ)
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Wang H, Zhang K, Qin H, Yang L, Zhang L, Cao Y. Genetic Association Between CD143 rs4340 Polymorphism and Pneumonia risk: A Meta Analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e883. [PMID: 26222869 PMCID: PMC4554131 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
rs4340 polymorphism at intron 16 of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (CD143) gene was reported to repress cough reflex by reducing bradykinin and substance P levels, thus increasing the likelihood to develop pneumonia. There have been different reports regarding the correlation of CD143 rs4340 genotypes with pneumonia risk, which prompted us to perform a meta-analysis to determine the elusive association.We combined multiple keywords to identify the studies addressing the association between CD143 rs4340 genotypes and pneumonia risk covered in the EMBASE, Google Scholar, PubMed, and CNKI databases. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the risk of pneumonia. The fixed-effects model (FEM) was used.A total of 10 studies were analyzed in this quantitative analysis. We found a strong association between rs4340 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and pneumonia risk using the recessive model (FEM: OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.13-1.57). A significantly increased risk was also indicated under the recessive model in Asian populations (FEM: OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.19-2.07), community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) (FEM: OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.08-1.60), and nosocomial pneumonia (NP) (FEM: OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.06-2.19).Our meta-analysis demonstrates that CD143 rs4340 polymorphism may represent a risk factor for pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Department of Lung Cancer, 307 Hospital of PLA, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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11
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Zhang X, Liu F. Increased risk of pneumonia associated with angiotensin-converting enzyme (CD143) rs4340 polymorphism. Clin Exp Med 2015; 16:423-8. [PMID: 25982566 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-015-0356-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The study aims to investigate the genetic association between rs4340 polymorphism at intron 16 of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (CD143) gene and pneumonia predisposition. Electronic database of PubMed, Embase, and CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) was searched for the studies addressing the association between CD143 rs4340 genotypes and pneumonia risk. The odds ratio (OR) with its 95 % confidence interval (CI) was employed to estimate the association. In total, ten case-control studies, including 1239 pneumonia cases and 2400 healthy controls, met the inclusion criteria. Our results showed a significant association between rs4340 SNP and pneumonia risk using the recessive model (OR 1.43, 95 % CI 1.20-1.70). A significantly increased risk was also indicated under the recessive model in Asian populations (OR 1.63, 95 % CI 1.16-2.30), Caucasian populations (OR 1.34, 95 % CI 1.09-1.65), community-acquired pneumonia (OR 1.42, 95 % CI 1.16-1.75) rather than nosocomial pneumonia (OR 1.47, 95 % CI 0.97-2.23). However, further studies with gene-gene and gene-environmental interactions should be considered to confirm this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Zhang
- China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing Bo-ai Hospital, No. 10, Jiaomenbeilu, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068, China.
| | - Fangzhu Liu
- China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing Bo-ai Hospital, No. 10, Jiaomenbeilu, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068, China
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12
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Chen H, Li N, Wan H, Cheng Q, Shi G, Feng Y. Associations of three well-characterized polymorphisms in the IL-6 and IL-10 genes with pneumonia: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8559. [PMID: 25708204 PMCID: PMC4338428 DOI: 10.1038/srep08559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Published data on the associations between three well-characterized polymorphisms in the interleukin 6 and 10 (IL-6 and IL-10) genes and the risk of pneumonia are inconclusive. A meta-analysis was performed to derive a more precise estimate. The electronic databases MEDLINE (Ovid) and PubMed were searched from the earliest possible year to May 2014. A total of 9 articles met the criteria, and these included 3460 patients with pneumonia and 3037 controls. The data were analyzed with RevMan software, and risk estimates are expressed as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Analyses of the full data set failed to identify any significant association of pneumonia risk with the IL-6 gene -174C allele (OR = 1.00; 95% CI: 0.98–1.03), the IL-10 gene -592C allele (OR = 1.20; 95% CI: 0.95–1.52), or the IL-10 gene -1082A allele (OR = 1.21; 95% CI: 0.99–1.49). In a subgroup analysis by pneumonia type, ethnicity, sample size and quality score, no significantly increased risk of pneumonia was found for individuals carrying the IL-6 gene -174C allele. There was a low probability of publication bias, as reflected by the fail-safe number. This meta-analysis suggests that there is no significantly increased risk of pneumonia associated with previously reported IL-6 and IL-10 polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Department of Respiration, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Respiration, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huanying Wan
- Department of Respiration, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qijian Cheng
- Department of Respiration, Ruijin North Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guochao Shi
- Department of Respiration, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Feng
- Department of Respiration, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Salnikova LE, Smelaya TV, Vesnina IN, Golubev AM, Moroz VV. Genetic susceptibility to nosocomial pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome and poor outcome in patients at risk of critical illness. Inflammation 2014; 37:295-305. [PMID: 24127120 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-013-9740-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Genetic susceptibility may partially explain the clinical variability observed during the course of similar infections. To establish the contribution of genetic host factors in the susceptibility to critical illness, we genotyped 750 subjects (419 at high risk of critical illness) for 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the xenobiotics detoxification/oxidative stress and vascular homeostasis metabolic pathways. In the group of nosocomial pneumonia (NP; 268 patients) the risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is significantly higher for the carriers of CYP1A1 rs2606345 T/T genotypes and AhR rs2066853 G/A-A/A genotypes. AGTR1 rs5186 allele C is more common among NP non-survivors. The duration of stay in intensive care units (ICU) is higher for NP patients with ABCB1 rs1045642-T allele. The cumulative effect of the risk alleles in the genes comprising two sets of genes partners (xenobiotics detoxification: CYP1A1, AhR and RAS family: ACE, AGT, AGTR1) is associated with the development of both NP and ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyubov E Salnikova
- N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Gubkin Street, Moscow, 117971, Russia,
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Yang Z, Huang YCT, Koziel H, de Crom R, Ruetten H, Wohlfart P, Thomsen RW, Kahlert JA, Sørensen HT, Jozefowski S, Colby A, Kobzik L. Female resistance to pneumonia identifies lung macrophage nitric oxide synthase-3 as a therapeutic target. eLife 2014; 3. [PMID: 25317947 PMCID: PMC4215537 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify new approaches to enhance innate immunity to bacterial pneumonia, we investigated the natural experiment of gender differences in resistance to infections. Female and estrogen-treated male mice show greater resistance to pneumococcal pneumonia, seen as greater bacterial clearance, diminished lung inflammation, and better survival. In vitro, lung macrophages from female mice and humans show better killing of ingested bacteria. Inhibitors and genetically altered mice identify a critical role for estrogen-mediated activation of lung macrophage nitric oxide synthase-3 (NOS3). Epidemiologic data show decreased hospitalization for pneumonia in women receiving estrogen or statins (known to activate NOS3). Pharmacologic targeting of NOS3 with statins or another small-molecule compound (AVE3085) enhanced macrophage bacterial killing, improved bacterial clearance, and increased host survival in both primary and secondary (post-influenza) pneumonia. The data identify a novel mechanism for host defense via NOS3 and suggest a potential therapeutic strategy to reduce secondary bacterial pneumonia after influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Yang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, United States
| | - Yuh-Chin T Huang
- Human Studies Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Henry Koziel
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconness Medical Center, Boston, United States
| | - Rini de Crom
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hartmut Ruetten
- Diabetes Division, Sanofi Research and Development, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Paulus Wohlfart
- Diabetes Division, Sanofi Research and Development, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Reimar W Thomsen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Johnny A Kahlert
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henrik Toft Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Szczepan Jozefowski
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Amy Colby
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, United States
| | - Lester Kobzik
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, United States
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Rosier BT, De Jager M, Zaura E, Krom BP. Historical and contemporary hypotheses on the development of oral diseases: are we there yet? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:92. [PMID: 25077073 PMCID: PMC4100321 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental plaque is an oral biofilm that much like the rest of our microbiome has a role in health and disease. Specifically, it is the cause of very common oral diseases such as caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis. The ideas about oral disease development have evolved over time. In the nineteenth century, scientists could not identify bacteria related to disease due to the lack of technology. This led to the "Non-Specific Plaque Hypothesis" or the idea that the accumulation of dental plaque was responsible for oral disease without discriminating between the levels of virulence of bacteria. In the twentieth century this idea evolved with the techniques to analyze the changes from health to disease. The first common hypothesis was the "Specific Plaque Hypothesis" (1976) proposing that only a few species of the total microflora are actively involved in disease. Secondly, the "Non-Specific Plaque Hypothesis" was updated (1986) and the idea that the overall activity of the total microflora could lead to disease, was enriched by taking into account difference in virulence among bacteria. Then, a hypothesis was considered that combines key concepts of the earlier two hypotheses: the "Ecological Plaque Hypothesis" (1994), which proposes that disease is the result of an imbalance in the microflora by ecological stress resulting in an enrichment of certain disease-related micro-organisms. Finally, the recent "Keystone-Pathogen Hypothesis" (2012) proposes that certain low-abundance microbial pathogens can cause inflammatory disease by interfering with the host immune system and remodeling the microbiota. In this comprehensive review, we describe how these different hypotheses, and the ideas around them, arose and test their current applicability to the understanding of the development of oral disease. Finally, we conclude that an all-encompassing ecological hypothesis explaining the shifts from health to disease is still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob T. Rosier
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Free University AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Egija Zaura
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Free University AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan P. Krom
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Free University AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
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Stappers MHT, Thys Y, Oosting M, Plantinga TS, Ioana M, Reimnitz P, Mouton JW, Netea MG, Joosten LAB, Gyssens IC. Polymorphisms in cytokine genes IL6, TNF, IL10, IL17A and IFNG influence susceptibility to complicated skin and skin structure infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 33:2267-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2201-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Nie W, Zang Y, Chen J, Liu T, Xiao L, Xiu Q. Angiotensin-converting enzyme I/D polymorphism is associated with pneumonia risk: a meta-analysis. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2014; 15:585-92. [PMID: 24496515 DOI: 10.1177/1470320313507622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies examined the association between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) I/D polymorphism and pneumonia, but their results were inconsistent. Thus, a meta-analysis was performed to clarify the effect of ACE I/D polymorphism on pneumonia risk and pneumonia-related mortality. METHODS The PubMed, Embase, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases were searched for relevant studies published up to 27 April 2013. Data were extracted and pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. RESULTS Pooled analysis of 12 case-control studies (1431 cases and 3600 controls) showed that there was a significant association between ACE I/D polymorphism and pneumonia risk in a recessive genetic model (OR = 1.53, 95% CI 1.30-1.80, p < 0.00001). No significant association between ACE I/D polymorphism and mortality was observed (OR = 2.68, 95% CI 0.80-8.90, p = 0.11). CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis confirmed that ACE I/D polymorphism was associated with pneumonia risk. However, ACE I/D polymorphism was not associated with pneumonia mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Nie
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuansheng Zang
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiquan Chen
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Xiao
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingyu Xiu
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Mason MR, Nagaraja HN, Camerlengo T, Joshi V, Kumar PS. Deep sequencing identifies ethnicity-specific bacterial signatures in the oral microbiome. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77287. [PMID: 24194878 PMCID: PMC3806732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral infections have a strong ethnic predilection; suggesting that ethnicity is a critical determinant of oral microbial colonization. Dental plaque and saliva samples from 192 subjects belonging to four major ethnicities in the United States were analyzed using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (t-RFLP) and 16S pyrosequencing. Ethnicity-specific clustering of microbial communities was apparent in saliva and subgingival biofilms, and a machine-learning classifier was capable of identifying an individual’s ethnicity from subgingival microbial signatures. The classifier identified African Americans with a 100% sensitivity and 74% specificity and Caucasians with a 50% sensitivity and 91% specificity. The data demonstrates a significant association between ethnic affiliation and the composition of the oral microbiome; to the extent that these microbial signatures appear to be capable of discriminating between ethnicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Mason
- Division of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Haikady N. Nagaraja
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Terry Camerlengo
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Vinayak Joshi
- Department of Periodontics, Maratha Mandal’s NGH Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belgaum, India
| | - Purnima S. Kumar
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Salnikova LE, Smelaya TV, Golubev AM, Rubanovich AV, Moroz VV. CYP1A1, GCLC, AGT, AGTR1 gene-gene interactions in community-acquired pneumonia pulmonary complications. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:6163-76. [PMID: 24068433 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2727-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to establish the possible contribution of functional gene polymorphisms in detoxification/oxidative stress and vascular remodeling pathways to community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) susceptibility in the case-control study (350 CAP patients, 432 control subjects) and to predisposition to the development of CAP complications in the prospective study. All subjects were genotyped for 16 polymorphic variants in the 14 genes of xenobiotics detoxification CYP1A1, AhR, GSTM1, GSTT1, ABCB1, redox-status SOD2, CAT, GCLC, and vascular homeostasis ACE, AGT, AGTR1, NOS3, MTHFR, VEGFα. Risk of pulmonary complications (PC) in the single locus analysis was associated with CYP1A1, GCLC and AGTR1 genes. Extra PC (toxic shock syndrome and myocarditis) were not associated with these genes. We evaluated gene-gene interactions using multi-factor dimensionality reduction, and cumulative gene risk score approaches. The final model which included >5 risk alleles in the CYP1A1 (rs2606345, rs4646903, rs1048943), GCLC, AGT, and AGTR1 genes was associated with pleuritis, empyema, acute respiratory distress syndrome, all PC and acute respiratory failure (ARF). We considered CYP1A1, GCLC, AGT, AGTR1 gene set using Set Distiller mode implemented in GeneDecks for discovering gene-set relations via the degree of sharing descriptors within a given gene set. N-acetylcysteine and oxygen were defined by Set Distiller as the best descriptors for the gene set associated in the present study with PC and ARF. Results of the study are in line with literature data and suggest that genetically determined oxidative stress exacerbation may contribute to the progression of lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyubov E Salnikova
- N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Gubkin Street, Moscow, 117971, Russia,
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Li L, Nie W, Li W, Yuan W, Huang W. Associations between TNF-α polymorphisms and pneumonia: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61039. [PMID: 23577187 PMCID: PMC3620059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies evaluated the associations of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) polymorphisms with pneumonia in different populations. However, the results were conflicting and controversial. METHODS Databases including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were searched to find relevant studies. Data were extracted independently by two investigators. Crude odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated. RESULTS Twelve case-control studies and one cohort study were included. Overall, no association between TNF-α -308A/G polymorphism and pneumonia risk was observed for AA +AG vs. GG (OR = 1.13; 95% CI 0.99-1.30; P = 0.07). In addition, TNF-α -308A/G polymorphism was not associated with pneumonia mortality (OR = 1.96; 95% CI 0.94-4.09; P = 0.07). Furthermore, there was no association of TNF-α -238A/G polymorphism with the risk of pneumonia (OR = 1.38; 95% CI 0.84-2.28; P = 0.20). CONCLUSIONS TNF-α -308A/G, -238A/G polymorphisms were not associated with pneumonia risk. Moreover, TNF-α -308A/G polymorphism did not play a role in the pneumonia mortality risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Nie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weifeng Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weifeng Yuan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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