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Kilpeläinen TO, Carli JFM, Skowronski AA, Sun Q, Kriebel J, Feitosa MF, Hedman ÅK, Drong AW, Hayes JE, Zhao J, Pers TH, Schick U, Grarup N, Kutalik Z, Trompet S, Mangino M, Kristiansson K, Beekman M, Lyytikäinen LP, Eriksson J, Henneman P, Lahti J, Tanaka T, Luan J, Greco M FD, Pasko D, Renström F, Willems SM, Mahajan A, Rose LM, Guo X, Liu Y, Kleber ME, Pérusse L, Gaunt T, Ahluwalia TS, Ju Sung Y, Ramos YF, Amin N, Amuzu A, Barroso I, Bellis C, Blangero J, Buckley BM, Böhringer S, I Chen YD, de Craen AJN, Crosslin DR, Dale CE, Dastani Z, Day FR, Deelen J, Delgado GE, Demirkan A, Finucane FM, Ford I, Garcia ME, Gieger C, Gustafsson S, Hallmans G, Hankinson SE, Havulinna AS, Herder C, Hernandez D, Hicks AA, Hunter DJ, Illig T, Ingelsson E, Ioan-Facsinay A, Jansson JO, Jenny NS, Jørgensen ME, Jørgensen T, Karlsson M, Koenig W, Kraft P, Kwekkeboom J, Laatikainen T, Ladwig KH, LeDuc CA, Lowe G, Lu Y, Marques-Vidal P, Meisinger C, Menni C, Morris AP, Myers RH, Männistö S, Nalls MA, Paternoster L, Peters A, Pradhan AD, Rankinen T, Rasmussen-Torvik LJ, Rathmann W, Rice TK, Brent Richards J, Ridker PM, Sattar N, Savage DB, Söderberg S, Timpson NJ, Vandenput L, van Heemst D, Uh HW, Vohl MC, Walker M, Wichmann HE, Widén E, Wood AR, Yao J, Zeller T, Zhang Y, Meulenbelt I, Kloppenburg M, Astrup A, Sørensen TIA, Sarzynski MA, Rao DC, Jousilahti P, Vartiainen E, Hofman A, Rivadeneira F, Uitterlinden AG, Kajantie E, Osmond C, Palotie A, Eriksson JG, Heliövaara M, Knekt PB, Koskinen S, Jula A, Perola M, Huupponen RK, Viikari JS, Kähönen M, Lehtimäki T, Raitakari OT, Mellström D, Lorentzon M, Casas JP, Bandinelli S, März W, Isaacs A, van Dijk KW, van Duijn CM, Harris TB, Bouchard C, Allison MA, Chasman DI, Ohlsson C, Lind L, Scott RA, Langenberg C, Wareham NJ, Ferrucci L, Frayling TM, Pramstaller PP, Borecki IB, Waterworth DM, Bergmann S, Waeber G, Vollenweider P, Vestergaard H, Hansen T, Pedersen O, Hu FB, Eline Slagboom P, Grallert H, Spector TD, Jukema J, Klein RJ, Schadt EE, Franks PW, Lindgren CM, Leibel RL, Loos RJF. Genome-wide meta-analysis uncovers novel loci influencing circulating leptin levels. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10494. [PMID: 26833098 PMCID: PMC4740377 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin is an adipocyte-secreted hormone, the circulating levels of which correlate closely with overall adiposity. Although rare mutations in the leptin (LEP) gene are well known to cause leptin deficiency and severe obesity, no common loci regulating circulating leptin levels have been uncovered. Therefore, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of circulating leptin levels from 32,161 individuals and followed up loci reaching P<10(-6) in 19,979 additional individuals. We identify five loci robustly associated (P<5 × 10(-8)) with leptin levels in/near LEP, SLC32A1, GCKR, CCNL1 and FTO. Although the association of the FTO obesity locus with leptin levels is abolished by adjustment for BMI, associations of the four other loci are independent of adiposity. The GCKR locus was found associated with multiple metabolic traits in previous GWAS and the CCNL1 locus with birth weight. Knockdown experiments in mouse adipose tissue explants show convincing evidence for adipogenin, a regulator of adipocyte differentiation, as the novel causal gene in the SLC32A1 locus influencing leptin levels. Our findings provide novel insights into the regulation of leptin production by adipose tissue and open new avenues for examining the influence of variation in leptin levels on adiposity and metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas O. Kilpeläinen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research,
Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,
University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, DIKU
Building, Copenhagen
2100, Denmark
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science,
University of Cambridge, Cambridge
CB2 0QQ, UK
- Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program,
Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine
at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
10029, USA
| | - Jayne F. Martin Carli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia
University, New York, New York
10032, USA
| | - Alicja A. Skowronski
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University,
New York, New York
10032, USA
| | - Qi Sun
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine,
Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School,
Boston, Massachussetts
02115, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public
Health, Boston, Massachussetts
02115, USA
| | - Jennifer Kriebel
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum
München - German Research Center for Environmental Health,
Neuherberg
85764, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum
München-German Research Center for Environmental Health,
Neuherberg
85764, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD),
München-Neuherberg
85764, Germany
| | - Mary F Feitosa
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of
Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
63110, USA
| | - Åsa K. Hedman
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University,
Uppsala
750 85, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala
University, Uppsala
751 85, Sweden
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of
Oxford, Oxford
OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Alexander W. Drong
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of
Oxford, Oxford
OX3 7BN, UK
| | - James E. Hayes
- Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell
Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New
York, New York
10021, USA
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn
School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
10029, USA
| | - Jinghua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science,
University of Cambridge, Cambridge
CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Tune H. Pers
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research,
Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,
University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, DIKU
Building, Copenhagen
2100, Denmark
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic
and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital,
Boston, Massachussetts
02115, USA
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
2142, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School,
Boston, Massachusetts
02115, USA
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum
Institut, Copenhagen
2300, Denmark
| | - Ursula Schick
- Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program,
Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine
at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
10029, USA
| | - Niels Grarup
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research,
Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,
University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, DIKU
Building, Copenhagen
2100, Denmark
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne
University Hospital, Lausanne
1010, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne
1015, Switzerland
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical
Center, Leiden
2333, The Netherlands
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University
Medical Center, Leiden
2333, The Netherlands
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology,
King's College London, London
SE1 7EH, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research
Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust,
London
SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Kati Kristiansson
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and
Welfare, Helsinki
FI-00271, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of
Helsinki, Helsinki
FI-00290, Finland
| | - Marian Beekman
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical
Center, Leiden
2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories,
Tampere
FI-33101, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School
of Medicine, Tampere
FI-33014, Finland
| | - Joel Eriksson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal
Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy,
University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg
413 45, Sweden
| | - Peter Henneman
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical
Center, Leiden
2333, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam Medical
Center, Amsterdam
1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Jari Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of
Helsinki, Helsinki
FI-00014, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki
FI-00290, Finland
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on
Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
21225, USA
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science,
University of Cambridge, Cambridge
CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Fabiola Del Greco M
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC)
- Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck,
Bolzano
39100, Italy
| | - Dorota Pasko
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical
School, University of Exeter, Exeter
EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Frida Renström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular
Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö
20502, Sweden
- Department of Biobank Research, Umeå
University, Umeå
90187, Sweden
| | - Sara M. Willems
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC,
Rotterdam
3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of
Oxford, Oxford
OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Lynda M. Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's
Hospital, Boston, Massachussetts
02215, USA
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical
Center, Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences,
Torrance, California
90502, USA
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Center for Human Genetics, Division of Public Health Sciences,
Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North
Carolina
27157, USA
| | - Marcus E. Kleber
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Vth Department of Medicine,
Heidelberg University, Mannheim
68167, Germany
| | - Louis Pérusse
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec
City, Quebec, Canada
G1V 0A6
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Quebec
City, Quebec, Canada
G1V 0A6
| | - Tom Gaunt
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit and School of Social and
Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol
BS82BN, UK
| | - Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research,
Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,
University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, DIKU
Building, Copenhagen
2100, Denmark
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood,
Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Ledreborg
Allé, Copenhagen
DK-2820, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte
DK-2820, Denmark
| | - Yun Ju Sung
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of
Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
63108, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of
Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
63110, USA
| | - Yolande F. Ramos
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical
Center, Leiden
2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Najaf Amin
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus
MC, Rotterdam
3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Antoinette Amuzu
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of
Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London
WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Inês Barroso
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton
CB10 1SA, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of
Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge
CB2 0QQ, UK
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories,
Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge
CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Claire Bellis
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for
Science, Technology and Research of Singapore, Singapore
138672, Singapore
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical
Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane,
Queensland
4001, Australia
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San
Antonio, Texas
78245, USA
| | - John Blangero
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San
Antonio, Texas
78245, USA
| | - Brendan M. Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College
Cork, Cork
T12 YT57, Ireland
| | - Stefan Böhringer
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical
Center, Leiden
2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Yii-Der I Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical
Center, Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences,
Torrance, California
90502, USA
| | - Anton J. N. de Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University
Medical Center, Leiden
2333, The Netherlands
| | - David R. Crosslin
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine,
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
98195, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington,
Seattle, Washington
98195, USA
| | - Caroline E. Dale
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of
Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London
WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Zari Dastani
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University,
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
H3A 0G4
| | - Felix R. Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science,
University of Cambridge, Cambridge
CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Joris Deelen
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical
Center, Leiden
2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Graciela E. Delgado
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Vth Department of Medicine,
Heidelberg University, Mannheim
68167, Germany
| | - Ayse Demirkan
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical
Center, Leiden
2333, The Netherlands
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus
MC, Rotterdam
3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Francis M. Finucane
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science,
University of Cambridge, Cambridge
CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of
Glasgow, Glasgow
G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Melissa E. Garcia
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH,
Bethesda, Maryland
2089, USA
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum
München - German Research Center for Environmental Health,
Neuherberg
85764, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum
München-German Research Center for Environmental Health,
Neuherberg
85764, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum
München, German Research Center for Environmental Health,
Neuherberg
85764, Germany
| | - Stefan Gustafsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University,
Uppsala
750 85, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala
University, Uppsala
751 85, Sweden
| | - Göran Hallmans
- Department of Biobank Research, Umeå
University, Umeå
90187, Sweden
| | - Susan E. Hankinson
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine,
Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School,
Boston, Massachussetts
02115, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public
Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts,
Amherst, Massachusetts
01003, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public
Health, Boston, Massachusetts
02115, USA
| | - Aki S Havulinna
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and
Welfare, Helsinki
FI-00271, Finland
| | - Christian Herder
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD),
München-Neuherberg
85764, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center,
Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University
Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf
40225, Germany
| | - Dena Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging,
Bethesda, Maryland
20892, USA
| | - Andrew A. Hicks
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC)
- Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck,
Bolzano
39100, Italy
| | - David J. Hunter
- Department of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan
School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
02115, USA
| | - Thomas Illig
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum
München - German Research Center for Environmental Health,
Neuherberg
85764, Germany
- Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School,
Hannover
30625, Germany
- Institute for Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School,
Hannover
30625, Germany
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University,
Uppsala
750 85, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala
University, Uppsala
751 85, Sweden
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine,
Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford,
California
94305, USA
| | - Andreea Ioan-Facsinay
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical
Center, Leiden
2333, The Netherlands
| | - John-Olov Jansson
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and
Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg,
Gothenburg
41345, Sweden
| | - Nancy S. Jenny
- Laboratory for Clinical Biochemistry Research, Department of
Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of
Medicine, Colchester, Vermont
05405, USA
| | | | - Torben Jørgensen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University
Hospital, Glostrup
2600, Denmark
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Aalborg,
Aalborg
9100, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of
Copenhagen, Copenhagen
2200, Denmark
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department
of Clinical Sciences and Orthopaedic Surgery, Lund University, Skåne
University Hospital, Malmö
21428, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Department of Internal Medicine II - Cardiology, University of
Ulm, Ulm
89081, Germany
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische
Universität München, Munich
80636, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site
Munich Heart Alliance, Munich
80539, Germany
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan
School of Public Health, Boston, Massachussetts
02115, USA
| | - Joanneke Kwekkeboom
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical
Center, Leiden
2333, The Netherlands
| | - Tiina Laatikainen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and
Welfare, Helsinki
FI-00271, Finland
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University
of Eastern Finland, Kuopio
FI-70211, Finland
- Hospital District of North Karelia, Joensuu
FI-80210, Finland
| | - Karl-Heinz Ladwig
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum
München-German Research Center for Environmental Health,
Neuherberg
85764, Germany
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy,
Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität
München, Munich
81675, Germany
| | - Charles A. LeDuc
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics,
Columbia University, New York, New York
10029, USA
| | - Gordon Lowe
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of
Glasgow, Glasgow
G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Yingchang Lu
- Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program,
Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine
at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
10029, USA
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University
Hospital, Lausanne
1011, Switzerland
| | - Christa Meisinger
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum
München-German Research Center for Environmental Health,
Neuherberg
85764, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD),
München-Neuherberg
85764, Germany
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology,
King's College London, London
SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Andrew P. Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of
Oxford, Oxford
OX3 7BN, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool,
Liverpool
L69 3GA, UK
| | - Richard H. Myers
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachussetts
02118, USA
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and
Welfare, Helsinki
FI-00271, Finland
| | - Mike A. Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging,
Bethesda, Maryland
20892, USA
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit and School of Social and
Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol
BS82BN, UK
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum
München-German Research Center for Environmental Health,
Neuherberg
85764, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD),
München-Neuherberg
85764, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site
Munich Heart Alliance, Munich
80539, Germany
| | - Aruna D. Pradhan
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's
Hospital, Boston, Massachussetts
02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachussetts
02115, USA
| | - Tuomo Rankinen
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research
Center, Baton Rouge, Los Angeles
70808, USA
| | | | - Wolfgang Rathmann
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes
Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University
Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf
40225, Germany
| | - Treva K. Rice
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of
Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
63108, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of
Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
63110, USA
| | - J Brent Richards
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology,
King's College London, London
SE1 7EH, UK
- Department of Medicine, Human Genetics and Epidemiology,
McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
H3A 0G4
| | - Paul M. Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's
Hospital, Boston, Massachussetts
02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachussetts
02115, USA
| | - Naveed Sattar
- Faculty of Medicine, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research
Centre, Glasgow
G12 8QQ, UK
| | - David B. Savage
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories,
Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge
CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stefan Söderberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Cardiology
and Heart Centre, Umeå University, Umeå
90187, Sweden
| | - Nicholas J. Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit and School of Social and
Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol
BS82BN, UK
| | - Liesbeth Vandenput
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal
Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy,
University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg
413 45, Sweden
| | - Diana van Heemst
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University
Medical Center, Leiden
2333, The Netherlands
| | - Hae-Won Uh
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical
Center, Leiden
2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Claude Vohl
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Quebec
City, Quebec, Canada
G1V 0A6
- School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec
City, Quebec, Canada
G1V 0A6
| | - Mark Walker
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University,
Newcastle upon Tyne
NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Heinz-Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology,
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität and Klinikum Grosshadern,
Munich
80336, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum
München-German Research Center for Environmental Health,
Neuherberg
85764, Germany
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Technical
University Munich, Munich
81675, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Widén
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of
Helsinki, Helsinki
FI-00290, Finland
| | - Andrew R. Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical
School, University of Exeter, Exeter
EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Jie Yao
- Department of Pediatrics, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical
Center, Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences,
Torrance, California
90502, USA
| | - Tanja Zeller
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.), partner
site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg
20246, Germany
- Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology, University
Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg
20246, Germany
| | - Yiying Zhang
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics,
Columbia University, New York, New York
10029, USA
| | - Ingrid Meulenbelt
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical
Center, Leiden
2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Margreet Kloppenburg
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical
Center, Leiden
2333, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical
Center, Leiden
2333, The Netherlands
| | - Arne Astrup
- Faculty of Science, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and
Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1165, Denmark
| | - Thorkild I. A. Sørensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research,
Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,
University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, DIKU
Building, Copenhagen
2100, Denmark
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit and School of Social and
Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol
BS82BN, UK
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg
Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen
2000, Denmark
| | - Mark A. Sarzynski
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research
Center, Baton Rouge, Los Angeles
70808, USA
| | - D. C. Rao
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of
Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
63110, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of
Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
63108, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of
Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
63110, USA
| | - Pekka Jousilahti
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and
Welfare, Helsinki
FI-00271, Finland
| | - Erkki Vartiainen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and
Welfare, Helsinki
FI-00271, Finland
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC,
Rotterdam
3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC,
Rotterdam
3015 GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC,
Rotterdam
3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC,
Rotterdam
3015 GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC,
Rotterdam
3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and
Welfare, Helsinki
FI-00271, Finland
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Central
Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki
FI-00014, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, MRC Oulu, Oulu
University Central Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu
90220, Finland
| | - Clive Osmond
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton,
Southampton General Hospital, Southampton
SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of
Helsinki, Helsinki
FI-00290, Finland
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton
CB10 1SA, UK
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Psychiatric and
Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital,
Boston, Massachusetts
02114, USA
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and
Welfare, Helsinki
FI-00271, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki
FI-00290, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care,
University of Helsinki, Helsinki
FI-00014, Finland
| | - Markku Heliövaara
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and
Welfare, Helsinki
FI-00271, Finland
| | - Paul B. Knekt
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and
Welfare, Helsinki
FI-00271, Finland
| | - Seppo Koskinen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and
Welfare, Helsinki
FI-00271, Finland
| | - Antti Jula
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and
Welfare, Helsinki
FI-00271, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and
Welfare, Helsinki
FI-00271, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of
Helsinki, Helsinki
FI-00290, Finland
- University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Centre,
Tartu
51010, Estonia
| | - Risto K. Huupponen
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics,
University of Turku, Turku
FI-20520, Finland
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University
Hospital, Turku
FI-20520, Finland
| | - Jorma S. Viikari
- Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital,
Turku
FI-20520, Finland
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku,
Turku
FI-20520, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University
Hospital, Tampere
FI-33521, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere
School of Medicine, Tampere
FI-33014, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories,
Tampere
FI-33101, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School
of Medicine, Tampere
FI-33014, Finland
| | - Olli T. Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku
University Hospital, Turku
FI-2051, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular
Medicine, University of Turku, Turku
FI-20520, Finland
| | - Dan Mellström
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal
Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy,
University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg
413 45, Sweden
| | - Mattias Lorentzon
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal
Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy,
University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg
413 45, Sweden
| | - Juan P. Casas
- Farr Institute of Health Informatics, University College
London, London
NW1 2DA, UK
| | | | - Winfried März
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Vth Department of Medicine,
Heidelberg University, Mannheim
68167, Germany
- Synlab Academy, Synlab Services LLC, Mannheim
68161, Germany
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory
Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz
8010, Austria
| | - Aaron Isaacs
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus
MC, Rotterdam
3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Ko W. van Dijk
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical
Center, Leiden
2333, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus
MC, Rotterdam
3015 GE, The Netherlands
- Center of Medical Systems Biology, Leiden
2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National
Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland
20892, USA
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research
Center, Baton Rouge, Los Angeles
70808, USA
| | - Matthew A. Allison
- Family and Preventive Medicine, University of
California–San Diego, La Jolla, California
92161, USA
| | - Daniel I. Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's
Hospital, Boston, Massachussetts
02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachussetts
02115, USA
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal
Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy,
University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg
413 45, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology,
Uppsala University, Uppsala
75185, Sweden
| | - Robert A. Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science,
University of Cambridge, Cambridge
CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science,
University of Cambridge, Cambridge
CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science,
University of Cambridge, Cambridge
CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on
Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
21225, USA
| | - Timothy M. Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical
School, University of Exeter, Exeter
EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Peter P. Pramstaller
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC)
- Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck,
Bolzano
39100, Italy
- Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital,
Bolzano
39100, Italy
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck,
Lübeck
23562, Germany
| | - Ingrid B. Borecki
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of
Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
63110, USA
| | | | - Sven Bergmann
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne
1015, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne,
Lausanne
1015, Switzerland
| | - Gérard Waeber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University
Hospital, Lausanne
1011, Switzerland
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University
Hospital, Lausanne
1011, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Vestergaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research,
Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,
University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, DIKU
Building, Copenhagen
2100, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte
DK-2820, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research,
Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,
University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, DIKU
Building, Copenhagen
2100, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern
Denmark, Odense
5230, Denmark
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research,
Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,
University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, DIKU
Building, Copenhagen
2100, Denmark
| | - Frank B. Hu
- Department of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan
School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
02115, USA
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical
Center, Leiden
2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum
München - German Research Center for Environmental Health,
Neuherberg
85764, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum
München-German Research Center for Environmental Health,
Neuherberg
85764, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD),
München-Neuherberg
85764, Germany
| | - Tim D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology,
King's College London, London
SE1 7EH, UK
| | - J.W. Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical
Center, Leiden
2333, The Netherlands
- Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands,
Utrecht
3511 EP, The Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research,
Amsterdam
1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J. Klein
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn
School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
10029, USA
| | - Erik E Schadt
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn
School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
10029, USA
| | - Paul W. Franks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public
Health, Boston, Massachussetts
02115, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular
Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö
20502, Sweden
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine,
Umeå University, Umeå
90187, Sweden
| | - Cecilia M. Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of
Oxford, Oxford
OX3 7BN, UK
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad
Institute, Cambridge, Massachussetts
02142, USA
- The Big Data Institute, University of Oxford,
Oxford
OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Rudolph L. Leibel
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics,
Columbia University, New York, New York
10029, USA
| | - Ruth J. F. Loos
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science,
University of Cambridge, Cambridge
CB2 0QQ, UK
- Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program,
Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine
at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
10029, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn
School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
10029, USA
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