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Chen X, Wei Y, Meng G, Wang M, Peng X, Dai J, Dong C, Huo G. Telomere-to-Telomere Haplotype-Resolved Genomes of Agrocybe chaxingu Reveals Unique Genetic Features and Developmental Insights. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:602. [PMID: 39330362 PMCID: PMC11433599 DOI: 10.3390/jof10090602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Agrocybe chaxingu is a widely cultivated edible fungus in China, which is rich in nutrients and medicinal compounds. However, the lack of a high-quality genome hinders further research. In this study, we assembled the telomere-to-telomere genomes of two sexually compatible monokaryons (CchA and CchB) derived from a primarily cultivated strain AS-5. The genomes of CchA and CchB were 50.60 Mb and 51.66 Mb with contig N50 values of 3.95 Mb and 3.97 Mb, respectively. Each contained 13 complete chromosomes with telomeres at both ends. The high mapping rate, uniform genome coverage, high LAI score, all BUSCOs with 98.5%, and all base accuracy exceeding 99.999% indicated the high level of integrity and quality of these two assembled genomes. Comparison of the two genomes revealed that approximately 30% of the nucleotide sequences between homologous chromosomes were non-syntenic, including 19 translocations, 36 inversions, and 15 duplications. An additional gene CchA_000467 was identified at the Mat A locus of CchA, which was observed exclusively in the Cyclocybe cylindracea species complex. A total of 613 (4.26%) and 483 (3.4%) unique genes were identified in CchA and CchB, respectively, with over 80% of these being hypothetical proteins. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the expression levels of unique genes in CchB were significantly higher than those in CchA, and both CchA and CchB had unique genes specifically expressed at stages of mycelium and fruiting body. It was indicated that the growth and development of the A. chaxingu strain AS-5 required the coordinated action of two different nuclei, with CchB potentially playing a more significant role. These findings contributed to a more profound comprehension of the growth and developmental processes of basidiomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xutao Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Excavation and Utilization of Agricultural Microorganisms, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (G.M.); (M.W.)
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Control and Waste Comprehensive Utilization, Institute of Agricultural Applied Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China; (Y.W.); (X.P.); (J.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yunhui Wei
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Control and Waste Comprehensive Utilization, Institute of Agricultural Applied Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China; (Y.W.); (X.P.); (J.D.)
| | - Guoliang Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (G.M.); (M.W.)
| | - Miao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (G.M.); (M.W.)
| | - Xinhong Peng
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Control and Waste Comprehensive Utilization, Institute of Agricultural Applied Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China; (Y.W.); (X.P.); (J.D.)
| | - Jiancheng Dai
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Control and Waste Comprehensive Utilization, Institute of Agricultural Applied Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China; (Y.W.); (X.P.); (J.D.)
| | - Caihong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (G.M.); (M.W.)
| | - Guanghua Huo
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Excavation and Utilization of Agricultural Microorganisms, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China;
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Sun X, Liu D, Zhao X. Transcription factors: switches for regulating growth and development in macrofungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:6179-6191. [PMID: 37624406 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12726-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Macrofungi (or mushrooms) act as an extraordinarily important part to human health due to their nutritional and/or medicinal value, but the detailed researches in growth and development mechanisms have yet to be explored further. Transcription factors (TFs) play indispensable roles in signal transduction and affect growth, development, and metabolism of macrofungi. In recent years, increasing research effort has been employed to probe the relationship between the development of macrofungi and TFs. Herein, the present review comprehensively summarized the functional TFs researched in macrofungi, including modulating mycelial growth, fructification, sclerotial formation, sexual reproduction, spore formation, and secondary metabolism. Meanwhile, the possible effect mechanisms of TFs on the growth and development of some macrofungi were also revealed. Specific examples of functional characterizations of TFs in macrofungi (such as Schizophyllum commune and Coprinopsis cinerea) were described to a better comprehension of regulatory effect. Future research prospects in the field of TFs of macrofungi are discussed. We illustrated the functional versatility of the TFs in macrofungi based on specific examples. A systematical realization of the interaction and possible mechanisms between TFs and macrofungi can supply possible solutions to regulate genetic characteristics, which supply novel insights into the regulation of growth, development and metabolism of macrofungi. KEY POINTS: • The functional TFs researched in macrofungi were summarized. • The possible effect mechanisms of TFs in macrofungal were described. • The multiple physiological functions of TFs in macrofungi were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Sun
- Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemistry Technology, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Dongmei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Xihong Zhao
- Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemistry Technology, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China.
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Zhang SS, Li X, Li GJ, Huang Q, Tian JH, Wang JL, Li M, Li SM. Genetic and Molecular Evidence of a Tetrapolar Mating System in the Edible Mushroom Grifola frondosa. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:959. [PMID: 37888215 PMCID: PMC10607315 DOI: 10.3390/jof9100959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Grifola frondosa is a valuable edible fungus with high nutritional and medicinal values. The mating systems of fungi not only offer practical strategies for breeding, but also have far-reaching effects on genetic variability. Grifola frondosa has been considered as a sexual species with a tetrapolar mating system based on little experimental data. In the present study, one group of test crosses and six groups of three-round mating experiments from two parental strains were conducted to determine the mating system in G. frondosa. A chi-squared test of the results of the test-cross mating experiments indicated that they satisfied Mendelian segregation, while a series of three-round mating experiments showed that Mendelian segregation was not satisfied, implying a segregation distortion phenomenon in G. frondosa. A genomic map of the G. frondosa strain, y59, grown from an LMCZ basidiospore, with 40.54 Mb and 12 chromosomes, was generated using genome, transcriptome and Hi-C sequencing technology. Based on the genomic annotation of G. frondosa, the mating-type loci A and B were located on chromosomes 1 and 11, respectively. The mating-type locus A coded for the β-fg protein, HD1, HD2 and MIP, in that order. The mating-type locus B consisted of six pheromone receptors (PRs) and five pheromone precursors (PPs) in a crossed order. Moreover, both HD and PR loci may have only one sublocus that determines the mating type in G. frondosa. The nonsynonymous SNP and indel mutations between the A1B1 and A2B2 mating-type strains and the reference genome of y59 only occurred on genes HD2 and PR1/2, preliminarily confirming that the mating type of the y59 strain was A1B2 and not A1B1. Based on the genetic evidence and the more reliable molecular evidence, the results reveal that the mating system of G. frondosa is tetrapolar. This study has important implications for the genetics and hybrid breeding of G. frondosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Shuang Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (S.-S.Z.); (X.L.); (G.-J.L.); (Q.H.); (J.-H.T.); (M.L.)
| | - Xiao Li
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (S.-S.Z.); (X.L.); (G.-J.L.); (Q.H.); (J.-H.T.); (M.L.)
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Baoding 071001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry of Hebei Province, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Guo-Jie Li
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (S.-S.Z.); (X.L.); (G.-J.L.); (Q.H.); (J.-H.T.); (M.L.)
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Baoding 071001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry of Hebei Province, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Qi Huang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (S.-S.Z.); (X.L.); (G.-J.L.); (Q.H.); (J.-H.T.); (M.L.)
| | - Jing-Hua Tian
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (S.-S.Z.); (X.L.); (G.-J.L.); (Q.H.); (J.-H.T.); (M.L.)
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Baoding 071001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry of Hebei Province, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Jun-Ling Wang
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China;
| | - Ming Li
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (S.-S.Z.); (X.L.); (G.-J.L.); (Q.H.); (J.-H.T.); (M.L.)
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Baoding 071001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry of Hebei Province, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Shou-Mian Li
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (S.-S.Z.); (X.L.); (G.-J.L.); (Q.H.); (J.-H.T.); (M.L.)
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Baoding 071001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry of Hebei Province, Baoding 071001, China
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Park MJ, Kim E, Jeong YS, Son MY, Jang Y, Ka KH. Determination and Analysis of Hyper-Variable A Mating Types in Wild Strains of Lentinula edodes in Korea. MYCOBIOLOGY 2023; 51:26-35. [PMID: 36846627 PMCID: PMC9946336 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2022.2161157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The diversity of A mating type in wild strains of Lentinula edodes was extensively analyzed to characterize and utilize them for developing new cultivars. One hundred twenty-three A mating type alleles, including 67 newly discovered alleles, were identified from 106 wild strains collected for the past four decades in Korea. Based on previous studies and current findings, a total of 130 A mating type alleles have been found, 124 of which were discovered from wild strains, indicating the hyper-variability of A mating type alleles of L. edodes. About half of the A mating type alleles in wild strains were found in more than two strains, whereas the other half of the alleles were found in only one strain. About 90% of A mating type combinations in dikaryotic wild strains showed a single occurrence. Geographically, diverse A mating type alleles were intensively located in the central region of the Korean peninsula, whereas only allele A17 was observed throughout Korea. We also found the conservation of the TCCCAC motif in addition to the previously reported motifs, including ATTGT, ACAAT, and GCGGAG, in the intergenic regions of A mating loci. Sequence comparison among some alleles indicated that accumulated mutation and recombination would contribute to the diversification of A mating type alleles in L. edodes. Our data support the rapid evolution of A mating locus in L. edodes, and would help to understand the characteristics of A mating loci of wild strains in Korea and help to utilize them for developing new cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Jeong Park
- Forest Microbiology Division, Department of Forest Bio-Resources, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon, Korea
| | - Eunjin Kim
- Forest Microbiology Division, Department of Forest Bio-Resources, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon, Korea
| | - Yeun Sug Jeong
- Forest Microbiology Division, Department of Forest Bio-Resources, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon, Korea
| | - Mi-Young Son
- Forest Microbiology Division, Department of Forest Bio-Resources, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon, Korea
| | - Yeongseon Jang
- Forest Microbiology Division, Department of Forest Bio-Resources, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kang-Hyeon Ka
- Forest Microbiology Division, Department of Forest Bio-Resources, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon, Korea
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Wang G, Wang Y, Chen L, Wang H, Guo L, Zhou X, Dou M, Wang B, Lin J, Liu L, Wang Z, Deng Y, Zhang J. Genetic structure and evolutionary diversity of mating-type (MAT) loci in Hypsizygus marmoreus. IMA Fungus 2021; 12:35. [PMID: 34930496 PMCID: PMC8686365 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-021-00086-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mating compatibility in fungi is generally governed by genes located within a single or two unlinked mating type (MAT) loci. Hypsizygus marmoreus is an edible mushroom in the order Agaricales with a tetrapolar system, which contains two unlinked MAT loci-homeodomain (HD) transcription factor genes and pheromone/pheromone receptor genes (P/R). In this study, we analyzed the genetic structure and diversity of MAT loci in tetrapolar system of H. marmoreus through sequencing of 54 heterokaryon and 8 homokaryon strains. Although within the HD loci, the gene order was conserved, the gene contents were variable, and the HD loci haplotypes were further classified into four types. By analyzing the structure, phylogeny, and the HD transmissibility based on the progeny of these four HD mating-type loci types, we found that they were heritable and tightly linked at the HD loci. The P/R loci genes were found to comprise three pheromone receptors, three pheromones, and two pheromone receptor-like genes. Intra- and inter-specific phylogenetic analyses of pheromone receptors revealed that the STE3 genes were divided into three groups, and we thus theorize that they diverged before speciation. Comparative analysis of the MAT regions among 73 Basidiomycete species indicated that the diversity of HD and P/R loci in Agaricales and Boletales may contribute to mating compatibility. The number of HD genes were not correlated with the tetrapolar or bipolar systems. In H. marmoreus, the expression levels of these genes at HD and P/R loci of compatible strains were found higher than in those of homonuclear/homokaryotic strains, indicating that these mating genes acted as switches for mating processes. Further collinear analysis of HD loci in interspecific species found that HD loci contains conserved recombination hotspots showing major rearrangements in Coprinopsis cinerea and Schizophyllum commune, suggesting different mechanisms for evolution of physically linked MAT loci in these groups. It seems likely that gene rearrangements are common in Agaricales fungi around HD loci. Together, our study provides insights into the genomic basis of mating compatibility in H. marmoreus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-Agriculture, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, 224002 China
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Lianfu Chen
- College of Plant Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000 China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Lin Guo
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Meijie Dou
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Baiyu Wang
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Jingxian Lin
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Lei Liu
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Zhengchao Wang
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Youjin Deng
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Jisen Zhang
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
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Moon S, An JY, Choi YJ, Oh YL, Ro HS, Ryu H. Construction of a CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Genome Editing System in Lentinula edodes. MYCOBIOLOGY 2021; 49:599-603. [PMID: 35035251 PMCID: PMC8725921 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2021.2006401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing systems have been established in a broad range of eukaryotic species. Herein, we report the first method for genetic engineering in pyogo (shiitake) mushrooms (Lentinula edodes) using CRISPR/Cas9. For in vivo expression of guide RNAs (gRNAs) targeting the mating-type gene HD1 (LeA1), we identified an endogenous LeU6 promoter in the L. edodes genome. We constructed a plasmid containing the LeU6 and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (LeGPD) promoters to express the Cas9 protein. Among the eight gRNAs we tested, three successfully disrupted the LeA1 locus. Although the CRISPR-Cas9-induced alleles did not affect mating with compatible monokaryotic strains, disruption of the transcription levels of the downstream genes of LeHD1 and LeHD2 was detected. Based on this result, we present the first report of a simple and powerful genetic manipulation tool using the CRISPR/Cas9 toolbox for the scientifically and industrially important edible mushroom, L. edodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyun Moon
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | | | - Yeon-Jae Choi
- Department of Bio & Medical Big Data and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Youn-Lee Oh
- Mushroom Science Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Su Ro
- Department of Bio & Medical Big Data and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Hojin Ryu
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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Li W, Chen WC, Wang JB, Feng J, Wu D, Zhang Z, Zhang JS, Yang Y. Screening candidate genes related to volatile synthesis in shiitake mushrooms and construction of regulatory networks to effectively improve mushroom aroma. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:5618-5626. [PMID: 33709431 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolite formation is a physiological stress response during the growth and development of shiitake mushrooms (Lentinula edodes). The characteristic flavor metabolites are important quality components in shiitake mushrooms. To investigate the formation mechanisms of characteristic flavor metabolites, transcriptome analyses were performed on shiitake mushrooms harvested at different growth stages. RESULTS In total, 30 genes related to the synthesis of characteristic volatiles of mushrooms were identified via screening. Through KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) enrichment analysis of the selected genes and correlation analyses of gene expressions, the main volatile synthesis pathways were determined as histidine metabolism, glutathione metabolism and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. Gene cluster and correlation analyses were performed to clarify the combined effects of different genes in the enzymatic reactions. Further, a correlation network of candidate genes was built based on the gene expression levels. CONCLUSION The activities of flavor synthases and the content of characteristic flavor metabolites were analyzed; the enzyme activity changes and metabolic product distribution sites were clarified. A synthesis and regulation network was constructed for the candidate genes and characteristic volatiles, and information was obtained for 16 hub genes. Moreover, it was essential to identify and characterize the key genes and synthases involved in the synthesis of the characteristic volatiles of mushrooms. This information provides us with a better understanding of the biosynthesis and regulation of the volatiles, which will lay the foundation for improving the quality of shiitake mushrooms. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, People's Republic of China, Shanghai Guosen Bio-tech Co. Ltd, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Wan-Chao Chen
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, People's Republic of China, Shanghai Guosen Bio-tech Co. Ltd, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Bin Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology Research, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, 2901 Beidi Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Feng
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, People's Republic of China, Shanghai Guosen Bio-tech Co. Ltd, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Wu
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, People's Republic of China, Shanghai Guosen Bio-tech Co. Ltd, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, People's Republic of China, Shanghai Guosen Bio-tech Co. Ltd, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Song Zhang
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, People's Republic of China, Shanghai Guosen Bio-tech Co. Ltd, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, People's Republic of China, Shanghai Guosen Bio-tech Co. Ltd, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai, China
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Jiang WZ, Yao FJ, Fang M, Lu LX, Zhang YM, Wang P, Meng JJ, Lu J, Ma XX, He Q, Shao KS, Khan AA, Wei YH. Analysis of the Genome Sequence of Strain GiC-126 of Gloeostereum incarnatum with Genetic Linkage Map. MYCOBIOLOGY 2021; 49:406-420. [PMID: 34512084 PMCID: PMC8409960 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2021.1954321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Gloeostereum incarnatum has edible and medicinal value and was first cultivated and domesticated in China. We sequenced the G. incarnatum monokaryotic strain GiC-126 on an Illumina HiSeq X Ten system and obtained a 34.52-Mb genome assembly sequence that encoded 16,895 predicted genes. We combined the GiC-126 genome with the published genome of G. incarnatum strain CCMJ2665 to construct a genetic linkage map (GiC-126 genome) that had 10 linkage groups (LGs), and the 15 assembly sequences of CCMJ2665 were integrated into 8 LGs. We identified 1912 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci and detected 700 genes containing 768 SSRs in the genome; 65 and 100 of them were annotated with gene ontology (GO) terms and KEGG pathways, respectively. Carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) were identified in 20 fungal genomes and annotated; among them, 144 CAZymes were annotated in the GiC-126 genome. The A mating-type locus (MAT-A) of G. incarnatum was located on scaffold885 at 38.9 cM of LG1 and was flanked by two homeodomain (HD1) genes, mip and beta-fg. Fourteen segregation distortion markers were detected in the genetic linkage map, all of which were skewed toward the parent GiC-126. They formed three segregation distortion regions (SDR1-SDR3), and 22 predictive genes were found in scaffold1920 where three segregation distortion markers were located in SDR1. In this study, we corrected and updated the genomic information of G. incarnatum. Our results will provide a theoretical basis for fine gene mapping, functional gene cloning, and genetic breeding the follow-up of G. incarnatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Zhu Jiang
- International Cooperation Research Center of China for New Germplasm Breeding of Edible Mushrooms, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Fang-Jie Yao
- International Cooperation Research Center of China for New Germplasm Breeding of Edible Mushrooms, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Ming Fang
- College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Li-Xin Lu
- College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - You-Min Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Economic Plants Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling, China
| | - Jing-Jing Meng
- College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jia Lu
- International Cooperation Research Center of China for New Germplasm Breeding of Edible Mushrooms, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao-Xu Ma
- International Cooperation Research Center of China for New Germplasm Breeding of Edible Mushrooms, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Qi He
- International Cooperation Research Center of China for New Germplasm Breeding of Edible Mushrooms, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Kai-Sheng Shao
- College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Asif Ali Khan
- International Cooperation Research Center of China for New Germplasm Breeding of Edible Mushrooms, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yun-Hui Wei
- Institute of Agricultural Applied Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
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9
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Riffiani R, Chen FC, Zhang W, Wada T, Shimomura N, Yamaguchi T, Aimi T. Identification, characterization and expression of A-mating type genes in monokaryons and dikaryons of the edible mushroom Mycoleptodonoides aitchisonii (Bunaharitake). MYCOSCIENCE 2021; 62:106-114. [PMID: 37089250 PMCID: PMC9157748 DOI: 10.47371/mycosci.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Identifying the mating-type in Mycoleptodonoides aitchisonii is important for enhancing breeding and cultivation of this edible mushroom. To clarify the molecular mechanisms of the bipolar mating system in M. aitchisonii, the homeodomain protein gene 2 (Mahd2) was characterized. A genomic DNA fragment of Mahd2 in M. aitchisonii 50005-18 strain was 1,851 bp long and encoded a protein of 614 amino acids. Transcriptional analysis revealed that the expression of Mahd2 was higher in monokaryotic strains that produced clamp cells than in those that did not. The highest relative expression level of Mahd2 was observed in monokaryon TUFC 50005-4, which was capable of forming a true clamp. These results suggested that the formation of clamp cells is regulated by A-mating type homeodomain proteins, and the frequency of clamp cell formation might be promoted by high expression of the Mahd2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rini Riffiani
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University
- Research Center of Biology, Indonesia Institute of Science (LIPI)
| | | | - Weitong Zhang
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University
| | - Takayuki Wada
- Laboratory, Biological Business Department, Ichimasa Kamaboko Co., Ltd.
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10
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Li Y, Yang Y, Huang X, Huang J, Dong C. Molecular and genetic evidence for a tetrapolar mating system in Sparassis latifolia. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:1004-1012. [PMID: 33213780 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Sparassis latifolia is a valuable edible fungus cultivated in East Asia that is rich in β-glucans. Understanding the mating system and sexual life cycle is important not only for breeding programs to improve strains but also for studies on speciation and population structures. In the present study, mating experiments using monokaryons derived from two different parental strains were performed. Chi-squared test indicated satisfied Mendel segregation, which supported a tetrapolar mating system. A search in the genome for homologs to the well-defined homeodomain and pheromone/receptors, as well as frequently found flanking genes, resulted in the identification of known mating-type loci previously identified in tetrapolar basidiomycetes, each represented by two idiomorphic alleles on separate contigs. Deficiency of the β-flanking protein in S. latifolia and S. crispa around the MAT-A locus may be explained by the locus being rich in transposable elements adjacent to HD genes. Monokaryotic mycelia are characterized by a slower growth rate and a relative lack of aerial mycelia compared with the parental strain. Chlamydospores can be produced in both monokaryotic and dikaryotic mycelial stages. We provide genetic and molecular evidence for the mating system of S. latifolia, a finding that will be helpful for the cross-breeding of this mushroom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xianhua Huang
- Fujian Rongyi Medicinal Fungus Technology R & D Co., Ltd., Fuzhou, Fujian 350100, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Fujian Rongyi Medicinal Fungus Technology R & D Co., Ltd., Fuzhou, Fujian 350100, China
| | - Caihong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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11
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Fang M, Wang X, Chen Y, Wang P, Lu L, Lu J, Yao F, Zhang Y. Genome Sequence Analysis of Auricularia heimuer Combined with Genetic Linkage Map. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6010037. [PMID: 32188049 PMCID: PMC7151073 DOI: 10.3390/jof6010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Auricularia heimuer is one of the most popular edible fungi in China. In this study, the whole genome of A. heimuer was sequenced on the Illumina HiSeq X system and compared with other mushrooms genomes. As a wood-rotting fungus, a total of 509 carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) were annotated in order to explore its potential capabilities on wood degradation. The glycoside hydrolases (GH) family genes in the A. heimuer genome were more abundant than the genes in the other 11 mushrooms genomes. The A. heimuer genome contained 102 genes encoding class III, IV, and V ethanol dehydrogenases. Evolutionary analysis based on 562 orthologous single-copy genes from 15 mushrooms showed that Auricularia formed an early independent branch of Agaricomycetes. The mating-type locus of A. heimuer was located on linkage group 8 by genetic linkage analysis. By combining the genome sequence analysis with the genetic linkage map, the mating-type locus of A. heimuer was located on scaffold45 and consisted of two subunits, α and β. Each subunit consisted of a pair of homeodomain mating-type protein genes HD1 and HD2. The mapping revealed conserved synteny at the whole mating-type loci and mirror symmetry relations near the β subunit between A. heimuer and Exidia glandulosa. This study proposed the potential for the bioethanol production by consolidated bioprocessing of A. heimuer. It will promote understanding of the lignocellulose degradation system and facilitate more efficient conversion of the agricultural wastes used for mushroom cultivation. It also will advance the research on the fruiting body development and evolution of A. heimuer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Fang
- Lab of genetic breeding of edible mushromm, Horticultural, College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China;
| | - Xiaoe Wang
- Engineering Research Centre of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Engineering Research Centre of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Engineering Research Centre of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Lixin Lu
- Engineering Research Centre of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Jia Lu
- Engineering Research Centre of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Fangjie Yao
- Lab of genetic breeding of edible mushromm, Horticultural, College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China;
- Engineering Research Centre of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Correspondence: (F.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Youmin Zhang
- Lab of genetic breeding of edible mushromm, Horticultural, College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China;
- Correspondence: (F.Y.); (Y.Z.)
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12
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Wang P, Yao FJ, Lu LX, Fang M, Zhang YM, Khan AA, Kong XH, Yu J, Jiang WZ, Kitamoto Y, Honda Y. Map-based cloning of genes encoding key enzymes for pigment synthesis in Auricularia cornea. Fungal Biol 2019; 123:843-853. [PMID: 31627860 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Color is an important quality attribute of fungi, and a useful marker for classification, genetic, and molecular research. However, there is much debate over which enzymes play key regulatory roles in pigment synthesis pathways among different fungi and even within the same species. Auricularia cornea is the most widely cultivated mushroom in the genus Auricularia; 1.834 million tons of this mushroom were produced in 2016 in China. Thus, systematic studies on its color inheritance and the genes encoding key enzymes for pigment synthesis have high scientific and economic value. In this study, the white strain ACW001 and the purple strain ACP004 of A. cornea were used as dikaryotic parents. Selfing populations of ACW001 and ACP004 were constructed with their monokaryotic strains. The fruiting body color of the two populations was consistent with that of their parents, confirming that the two parents were color homozygotes. All strains in the hybrid population of the two parents produced purple fruiting bodies. A robust hybrid strain (ACW001-33×ACP004-33) was selected from the hybrid population, and 87 monokaryotic strains of ACW001-33×ACP004-33 were obtained as a mapping population. Finally, a testcross population was constructed by crossing the mapping population with the test strain ACW001-9. The color genotype of each monokaryotic strain in the mapping population was identified by a fruiting test. The genomes of the two monokaryotic strains ACW001-33 and ACP004-33 were sequenced, and then simple sequence repeat (SSR) and sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) molecular marker primers were developed. Then, 88 pairs of primers that could distinguish the genotypes of the mapping population were used to construct a genetic linkage map. The genetic linkage map consisted of 12 linkage groups (LGs) spanning 1315.2 cM. The color control locus was preliminarily located at 24.5 cM of the 11th LG. Fine-mapping primers were designed based on sequence differences between ACW001-33 and ACP004-33 in the primary location region. Four color control candidate genes were located in an 8.2-kb region of ACW001-33_contig733 and a 9.2-kb region of ACP004-33_contig802. Homologous alignment and prediction of conserved domain analyses indicated that two of the color control candidate genes encoded proteins with unknown function, and the other two, ACP004_g11815 and ACP004_g11816, encoded glutamyl aminotransferases. These two genes were consecutively arranged on ACP004-33_contig802, and were likely to encode key enzymes in the γ-glutamine-4-hydroxy-benzoate (GHB) pigment synthesis pathway. Primers were designed from the flanking sequences of the two genes and used to analyze the testcross population. Products were amplified only from the 30 testcross strains with purple fruiting bodies, confirming the accuracy of the localization results. We discuss the deficiencies and advantages of map-based cloning in fungi vs. plants, and summarize the steps and requirements of the map-based cloning method for fungi. This study has provided novel ideas and methods for locating functional genes in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Fang-Jie Yao
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China; College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
| | - Li-Xin Lu
- College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Ming Fang
- College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - You-Min Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
| | - Asif Ali Khan
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xiang-Hui Kong
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Wan-Zhu Jiang
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yutaka Kitamoto
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yoichi Honda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 6068502, Japan
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13
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Lee SH, Ali A, Ha B, Kim MK, Kong WS, Ryu JS. Development of a Molecular Marker Linked to the A4 Locus and the Structure of HD Genes in Pleurotus eryngii. MYCOBIOLOGY 2019; 47:200-206. [PMID: 31448140 PMCID: PMC6691818 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2019.1619989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Allelic differences in A and B mating-type loci are a prerequisite for the progression of mating in the genus Pleurotus eryngii; thus, the crossing is hampered by this biological barrier in inbreeding. Molecular markers linked to mating types of P. eryngii KNR2312 were investigated with randomly amplified polymorphic DNA to enhance crossing efficiency. An A4-linked sequence was identified and used to find the adjacent genomic region with the entire motif of the A locus from a contig sequenced by PacBio. The sequence-characterized amplified region marker 7-2299 distinguished A4 mating-type monokaryons from KNR2312 and other strains. A BLAST search of flanked sequences revealed that the A4 locus had a general feature consisting of the putative HD1 and HD2 genes. Both putative HD transcription factors contain a homeodomain sequence and a nuclear localization sequence; however, valid dimerization motifs were found only in the HD1 protein. The ACAAT motif, which was reported to have relevance to sex determination, was found in the intergenic region. The SCAR marker could be applicable in the classification of mating types in the P. eryngii breeding program, and the A4 locus could be the basis for a multi-allele detection marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Hee Lee
- Department of Mushroom Science, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Asjad Ali
- Environment-Friendly Research Division, Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeongsuk Ha
- Environment-Friendly Research Division, Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Keun Kim
- Environment-Friendly Research Division, Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sik Kong
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-San Ryu
- Department of Mushroom Science, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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14
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Ha B, Kim S, Kim M, Moon YJ, Song Y, Ryu JS, Ryu H, Ro HS. Diversity of A mating type in Lentinula edodes and mating type preference in the cultivated strains. J Microbiol 2018; 56:416-425. [PMID: 29858830 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-018-8030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Diversity of A mating type in Lentinula edodes has been assessed by analysis of A mating loci in 127 strains collected from East Asia. It was discovered that hypervariable sequence region with an approximate length of 1 kb in the A mating locus, spanning 5' region of HD2-intergenic region-5' region of HD1, could represent individual A mating type as evidenced by comprehensive mating analysis. The sequence analysis revealed 27 A mating type alleles from 96 cultivated strains and 48 alleles from 31 wild strains. Twelve of them commonly appeared, leaving 63 unique A mating type alleles. It was also revealed that only A few A mating type alleles such as A1, A4, A5, and A7 were prevalent in the cultivated strains, accounting for 62.5% of all A mating types. This implies preferred selection of certain A mating types in the process of strain development and suggests potential role of A mating genes in the expression of genes governing mushroom quality. Dominant expression of an A mating gene HD1 was observed from A1 mating locus, the most prevalent A allele, in A1-containing dikaryons. However, connections between HD1 expression and A1 preference in the cultivated strains remain to be verified. The A mating type was highly diverse in the wild strains. Thirty-six unique A alleles were discovered from relatively small and confined area of mountainous region in Korean peninsula. The number will further increase because no A allele has been recurrently observed in the wild strains and thus newly discovered strain will have good chances to contain new A allele. The high diversity in small area also suggests that the A mating locus has evolved rapidly and thus its diversity will further increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeongsuk Ha
- Division of Applied Life Science and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Sinil Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseek Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jung Moon
- Division of Applied Life Science and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Yelin Song
- Division of Applied Life Science and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-San Ryu
- Department of Mushroom, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojin Ryu
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Su Ro
- Division of Applied Life Science and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea. .,Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Gao W, Qu J, Zhang J, Sonnenberg A, Chen Q, Zhang Y, Huang C. A genetic linkage map of Pleurotus tuoliensis integrated with physical mapping of the de novo sequenced genome and the mating type loci. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:18. [PMID: 29304732 PMCID: PMC5755439 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4421-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pleurotus tuoliensis (Bailinggu) is a commercially cultivated mushroom species with an increasing popularity in China and other Asian countries. Commercial profits are now low, mainly due to a low yield, long cultivation period and sensitivity to diseases. Breeding efforts are thus required to improve agronomical important traits. Developing saturated genetic linkage and physical maps is a start for applying genetic and molecular approaches to accelerate the precise breeding programs. Results Here we present a genetic linkage map for P. tuoliensis constructed by using 115 haploid monokaryons derived from a hybrid strain H6. One thousand one hundred and eighty-two SNP markers developed by 2b–RAD (type IIB restriction-site associated DNA) approach were mapped to 12 linkage groups. The map covers 1073 cM with an average marker spacing of 1.0 cM. The genome of P. tuoliensis was de novo sequenced as 40.8 Mb and consisted of 500 scaffolds (>500 bp), which showed a high level of colinearity to the genome of P. eryngii var. eryngii. A total of 97.4% SNP markers (1151) were physically localized on 78 scaffolds, and the physical length of these anchored scaffolds were 33.9 Mb representing 83.1% of the whole genome. Mating type loci A and B were mapped on separate linkage groups and identified physically on the assembled genomes. Five putative pheromone receptors and two putative pheromone precursors were identified for the mating type B locus. Conclusions This study reported a first genetic linkage map integrated with physical mapping of the de novo sequenced genome and the mating type loci of an important cultivated mushroom in China, P. tuoliensis. The de novo sequenced and annotated genome, assembled using a 2b–RAD generated linkage map, provides a basis for marker-assisted breeding of this economic important mushroom species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4421-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jibin Qu
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxia Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Anton Sonnenberg
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research Centre, 6708, PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Qiang Chen
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Chenyang Huang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China.
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16
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Coelho MA, Bakkeren G, Sun S, Hood ME, Giraud T. Fungal Sex: The Basidiomycota. Microbiol Spectr 2017; 5:10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0046-2016. [PMID: 28597825 PMCID: PMC5467461 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.funk-0046-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi of the Basidiomycota, representing major pathogen lineages and mushroom-forming species, exhibit diverse means to achieve sexual reproduction, with particularly varied mechanisms to determine compatibilities of haploid mating partners. For species that require mating between distinct genotypes, discrimination is usually based on both the reciprocal exchange of diffusible mating pheromones, rather than sexes, and the interactions of homeodomain protein signals after cell fusion. Both compatibility factors must be heterozygous in the product of mating, and genetic linkage relationships of the mating pheromone/receptor and homeodomain genes largely determine the complex patterns of mating-type variation. Independent segregation of the two compatibility factors can create four haploid mating genotypes from meiosis, referred to as tetrapolarity. This condition is thought to be ancestral to the basidiomycetes. Alternatively, cosegregation by linkage of the two mating factors, or in some cases the absence of the pheromone-based discrimination, yields only two mating types from meiosis, referred to as bipolarity. Several species are now known to have large and highly rearranged chromosomal regions linked to mating-type genes. At the population level, polymorphism of the mating-type genes is an exceptional aspect of some basidiomycete fungi, where selection under outcrossing for rare, intercompatible allelic variants is thought to be responsible for numbers of mating types that may reach several thousand. Advances in genome sequencing and assembly are yielding new insights by comparative approaches among and within basidiomycete species, with the promise to resolve the evolutionary origins and dynamics of mating compatibility genetics in this major eukaryotic lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. Coelho
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Guus Bakkeren
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Research and Development Centre Summerland, BC, V0H 1Z0, Canada
| | - Sheng Sun
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Michael E. Hood
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, 01002-5000 Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tatiana Giraud
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
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17
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Advances in Understanding Mating Type Gene Organization in the Mushroom-Forming Fungus Flammulina velutipes. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2016; 6:3635-3645. [PMID: 27621376 PMCID: PMC5100862 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.034637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The initiation of sexual development in the important edible and medicinal mushroom Flammulina velutipes is controlled by special genes at two different, independent, mating type (MAT) loci: HD and PR. We expanded our understanding of the F. velutipes mating type system by analyzing the MAT loci from a series of strains. The HD locus of F. velutipes houses homeodomain genes (Hd genes) on two separated locations: sublocus HD-a and HD-b. The HD-b subloci contained strain-specific Hd1/Hd2 gene pairs, and crosses between strains with different HD-b subloci indicated a role in mating. The function of the HD-a sublocus remained undecided. Many, but not all strains contained the same conserved Hd2 gene at the HD-a sublocus. The HD locus usually segregated as a whole, though we did detect one new HD locus with a HD-a sublocus from one parental strain, and a HD-b sublocus from the other. The PR locus of F. velutipes contained pheromone receptor (STE3) and pheromone precursor (Pp) genes at two locations, sublocus PR-a and PR-b. PR-a and PR-b both contained sets of strain-specific STE3 and Pp genes, indicating a role in mating. PR-a and PR-b cosegregated in our experiments. However, the identification of additional strains with identical PR-a, yet different PR-b subloci, demonstrated that PR subloci can recombine within the PR locus. In conclusion, at least three of the four MAT subloci seem to participate in mating, and new HD and PR loci can be generated through intralocus recombination in F. velutipes.
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18
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Chen L, Gong Y, Cai Y, Liu W, Zhou Y, Xiao Y, Xu Z, Liu Y, Lei X, Wang G, Guo M, Ma X, Bian Y. Genome Sequence of the Edible Cultivated Mushroom Lentinula edodes (Shiitake) Reveals Insights into Lignocellulose Degradation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160336. [PMID: 27500531 PMCID: PMC4976891 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lentinula edodes, one of the most popular, edible mushroom species with a high content of proteins and polysaccharides as well as unique aroma, is widely cultivated in many Asian countries, especially in China, Japan and Korea. As a white rot fungus with lignocellulose degradation ability, L. edodes has the potential for application in the utilization of agriculture straw resources. Here, we report its 41.8-Mb genome, encoding 14,889 predicted genes. Through a phylogenetic analysis with model species of fungi, the evolutionary divergence time of L. edodes and Gymnopus luxurians was estimated to be 39 MYA. The carbohydrate-active enzyme genes in L. edodes were compared with those of the other 25 fungal species, and 101 lignocellulolytic enzymes were identified in L. edodes, similar to other white rot fungi. Transcriptome analysis showed that the expression of genes encoding two cellulases and 16 transcription factor was up-regulated when mycelia were cultivated for 120 minutes in cellulose medium versus glucose medium. Our results will foster a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of lignocellulose degradation and provide the basis for partial replacement of wood sawdust with agricultural wastes in L. edodes cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianfu Chen
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Plant Science and Technology College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Microbial Resource Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuhua Gong
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Plant Science and Technology College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Microbial Resource Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yingli Cai
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Plant Science and Technology College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Microbial Resource Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Plant Science and Technology College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Microbial Resource Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Plant Science and Technology College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Microbial Resource Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Plant Science and Technology College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Microbial Resource Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhangyi Xu
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Plant Science and Technology College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Microbial Resource Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yin Liu
- Food Science and Technology College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoyu Lei
- Food Science and Technology College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Gangzheng Wang
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Plant Science and Technology College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Microbial Resource Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Mengpei Guo
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Plant Science and Technology College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Microbial Resource Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaolong Ma
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Plant Science and Technology College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Microbial Resource Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yinbing Bian
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Plant Science and Technology College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Microbial Resource Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * E-mail:
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Díaz-Valderrama JR, Aime MC. The cacao pathogen Moniliophthora roreri (Marasmiaceae) possesses biallelic A and B mating loci but reproduces clonally. Heredity (Edinb) 2016; 116:491-501. [PMID: 26932308 PMCID: PMC4868271 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2016.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The cacao pathogen Moniliophthora roreri belongs to the mushroom-forming family Marasmiaceae, but it has never been observed to produce a fruiting body, which calls to question its capacity for sexual reproduction. In this study, we identified potential A (HD1 and HD2) and B (pheromone precursors and pheromone receptors) mating genes in M. roreri. A PCR-based method was subsequently devised to determine the mating type for a set of 47 isolates from across the geographic range of the fungus. We developed and generated an 11-marker microsatellite set and conducted association and linkage disequilibrium (standardized index of association, IA(s)) analyses. We also performed an ancestral reconstruction analysis to show that the ancestor of M. roreri is predicted to be heterothallic and tetrapolar, which together with sliding window analyses support that the A and B mating loci are likely unlinked and follow a tetrapolar organization within the genome. The A locus is composed of a pair of HD1 and HD2 genes, whereas the B locus consists of a paired pheromone precursor, Mr_Ph4, and receptor, STE3_Mr4. Two A and B alleles but only two mating types were identified. Association analyses divided isolates into two well-defined genetically distinct groups that correlate with their mating type; IA(s) values show high linkage disequilibrium as is expected in clonal reproduction. Interestingly, both mating types were found in South American isolates but only one mating type was found in Central American isolates, supporting a prior hypothesis of clonal dissemination throughout Central America after a single or very few introductions of the fungus from South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Díaz-Valderrama
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - M C Aime
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Rong C, Zhao S, Li D, Wang L, Wang S, Ma K, Xu F, Liu Y. Cloning of the A Mating-Type Locus from Lepista nuda and Characterization of Its Genetic Structure. Curr Microbiol 2015; 71:669-77. [PMID: 26330378 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0902-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lepista nuda (Bull. ex Fr.) Cooke (Tricholomataceae) is an edible fungus with both economic and medical value. Identification of its mating-type loci is important for promoting breeding programs in L. nuda. The A mating-type locus of L. nuda and its flanking region were cloned and characterized in the present study. It contained two homeodomain transcription factor genes (called lna1 and lna2). Lna1 and Lna2 protein harbored conserved motif of homeodomain transcription factor protein. The novel finding of this study was that the gene order around the A locus was mip, lna2, lna1, and β-fg in L. nuda, which was differed from other edible fungi. In addition, lna1 and lna2 showed divergent, inward transcriptional direction. The phylogenetic tree of HD proteins showed that L. nuda Lna1 and Lna2 were phylogenetically related with Laccaria bicolor. Our results revealed that the A mating-type locus had been subjected to gene rearrangements relative to all other basidiomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengbo Rong
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Edible Mushroom, Beijing, 100097, China.,Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Edible Mushroom, Beijing, 100097, China.,Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Dengjin Li
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Edible Mushroom, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Edible Mushroom, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Shouxian Wang
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Edible Mushroom, Beijing, 100097, China.,Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Kang Ma
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Edible Mushroom, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Edible Mushroom, Beijing, 100097, China. .,Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100097, China.
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Edible Mushroom, Beijing, 100097, China. .,Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100097, China.
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Ha BS, Kim S, Ro HS. Isolation and Characterization of Monokaryotic Strains of Lentinula edodes Showing Higher Fruiting Rate and Better Fruiting Body Production. MYCOBIOLOGY 2015; 43:24-30. [PMID: 25892911 PMCID: PMC4397376 DOI: 10.5941/myco.2015.43.1.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The effects of monokaryotic strains on fruiting body formation of Lentinula edodes were examined through mating and cultivation of the mated dikaryotic mycelia in sawdust medium. To accomplish this, monokaryotic strains of L. edodes were isolated from basidiospores of the commercial dikaryotic strains, Chamaram (Cham) and Sanjo701 (SJ701). A total of 703 matings (538 self-matings and 165 outcrosses) were performed, which generated 133 self-mates and 84 outcross mates. The mating rate was 25% and 50% for self-mating and outcross, respectively. The bipolarity of the outcross indicated the multi-allelic nature of the mating type genes. The mating was only dependent on the A mating type locus, while the B locus showed no effect, implying that the B locus is multi-allelic. Next, 145 selected dikaryotic mates were cultivated in sawdust medium. The self-mated dikaryotic progenies showed 51.3% and 69.5% fruiting rates for Cham and SJ701, respectively, while the fruiting rate of the outcross mates was 63.2%. The dikaryotic mates generated by mating with one of the monokaryotic strains, including A20, B2, E1, and E3, showed good fruiting performance and tended to yield high fruiting body production, while many of the monokaryotic strains failed to form fruiting bodies. Overall, these findings suggest that certain monokaryotic strains have traits enabling better mating and fruiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong-Suk Ha
- Division of Applied Life Science and Research Institute for Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Sinil Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science and Research Institute for Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Su Ro
- Division of Applied Life Science and Research Institute for Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
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Li X, Zhong M, Liu B, Wang X, Liu L, Zhang W, Huang M. Antiproliferative protein from the culture supernatant of Lentinula edodes C91-3 mycelia. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:5316-5320. [PMID: 24838083 DOI: 10.1021/jf500316f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We purified and isolated a novel protein (LFP(91-3)A2) with antitumor effect from Lentinula edodes C(91-3) liquid mycelial culture supernatant. LFP(91-3)A2 was purified by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography (DEAE-cellulose) and gel filtration chromatography (Sephacryl S-200HR). SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF/MS analysis Mascot search showed LFP(91-3)A2 is a new protein with apparent molecular weight of 26 kDa. The effect on tumor cell proliferation was assessed by using MTT assay in vitro, and the LFP(91-3)A2 reduced tumor cell growth obviously in a dose dependent manner (5-15 μg/mL) (p < 0.05), while it exhibited no toxic effect on normal chick embryo fibroblasts. The antiproliferative mechanism of LFP(91-3)A2 was found to be associated with inducing cell apoptosis by flow cytometry analysis and transmission electron microscopy. The LFP(91-3)A2 is a novel protein from Lentinula edodes with tumor-suppressive activity via inducing apoptosis of tumor cells without toxicity on normal cells and may be beneficial to natural products in clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyun Li
- Department of Microbiology, Colleges of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University , 9 Western Section, Lvshun South Street, Lvshunkou District, Dalian 116044, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
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