Association between the rs1143634 polymorphism in interleukin-1B and chronic periodontitis: Results from a meta-analysis composed by 54 case/control studies

The Impact of IL1B rs1143634 and DEFB1 rs11362 Variants on Periodontitis Risk in Phenylketonuria and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in a Latvian Population

OBJECTIVES

Periodontitis is a multifactorial disease that affects approximately 11% of the global population. The objective of this study was to examine whether, among individuals with phenylketonuria and type 1 diabetes mellitus, those with the IL1B rs1143634 and/or DEFB1 rs11362 genetic variants exhibit a higher periodontitis risk compared to healthy controls.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In all, 43 phenylketonuria patients (aged 12-53), 28 type 1 diabetes mellitus patients (aged 11-40), and 63 healthy controls (aged 12-53) were included. The evaluation of periodontitis risk was conducted using the Silness-Löe plaque index, the Greene-Vermillion index, and an assessment for the necessity of calculus removal. Genetic variants rs1143634 and rs11362 were genotyped from salivary samples using restriction length polymorphism analysis.

RESULTS

The DEFB1 rs11362 variant was associated with higher Silness-Löe and Greene-Vermillion index scores in phenylketonuria patients (p = 0.011 and p = 0.043, respectively). The IL1B rs1143634 variant was associated with lower calculus removal necessity in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients (p = 0.030). Clinical examination showed the worst oral hygiene index scores for PKU patients. PKU patients also reported the least consistent tooth brushing and flossing habits.

CONCLUSIONS

Genetic associations between DEFB1 rs11362 and IL1B rs1143634 variants and oral hygiene indices were observed in the PKU and T1DM groups, suggesting that genetic factors may contribute to periodontal health differences in these populations. Further research with a larger sample size is needed to confirm these findings and develop targeted oral health interventions.

The Genetic Aspects of Periodontitis Pathogenesis and the Regenerative Properties of Stem Cells

Periodontitis (PD) is a prevalent and chronic inflammatory disease with a complex pathogenesis, and it is associated with the presence of specific pathogens, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis. Dysbiosis and dysregulated immune responses ultimately lead to chronic inflammation as well as tooth and alveolar bone loss. Multiple studies have demonstrated that genetic polymorphisms may increase the susceptibility to PD. Furthermore, gene expression is modulated by various epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, or the activity of non-coding RNA. These processes can also be induced by PD-associated pathogens. In this review, we try to summarize the genetic processes that are implicated in the pathogenesis of PD. Furthermore, we discuss the use of these mechanisms in diagnosis and therapeutic purposes. Importantly, novel treatment methods that could promote tissue regeneration are greatly needed in PD. In this paper, we also demonstrate current evidence on the potential use of stem cells and extracellular vesicles to stimulate tissue regeneration and suppress inflammation. The understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of PD, as well as the impact of PD-associated bacteria and stem cells in these processes, may enhance future research and ultimately improve long-term treatment outcomes.

The Influence of Genetic Polymorphisms on the Expression of Interleukin-1beta, Prostaglandin E2 and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha in Peri-Implant Crevicular Fluid: A Cross-Sectional Study

The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible relationships between polymorphisms in the interleukin-1 (IL-1) A, IL-1B, and IL-1RN genes and concentrations of the inflammatory mediators IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF). A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on 51 patients with dental implants. Samples from the buccal mucosa were obtained, and genetic analysis was performed using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique for IL-1A and IL-1B and PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis for IL-1RN. For the biochemical analysis, the concentrations of IL-1β and TNF-α were analyzed using multiplexed fluorescent sphere immunoassays, and PGE2 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In patients with detected IL-1RN polymorphism, there was an increase in the concentration of the three mediators with statistically significant differences in the mean values of TNF-α and PGE2, regardless of peri-implant health status (p = 0.002 and p = 0.049, respectively). The concentrations of all three mediators were positively and significantly correlated (IL-1β vs. TNF-α Rho = 0.480, p < 0.001; IL-1β vs. PGE2 Rho = 0.382, p = 0.006; and TNF-α vs. PGE2 Rho = 0.528, p < 0.001). We can conclude that the IL-1RN polymorphism exerts an influence on the PICF immune response, which may explain the influence of this genetic polymorphism on the occurrence of peri-implantitis.

Association between IL-1 Gene Polymorphisms and Stage III Grade B Periodontitis in Polish Population

Periodontitis is a chronic multifactorial inflammatory disease originating from microbial, environmental and genetic factors. The present study aimed to find an association of genetic polymorphisms at IL-1A^-889 and IL-1B⁺³⁹⁵³ loci in Polish patients with stage III grade B periodontitis and periodontally healthy subjects. Fifty patients with stage III grade B periodontitis (tests) and thirty-five periodontally healthy controls were included in the study. To determine IL-1A and IL-1B gene polymorphisms, buccal swab-derived DNA obtained by means of the GenoType PST test was used. There were no statistically significant differences regarding the prevalence of IL-1A^-889 or IL-1B⁺³⁹⁵³ alleles between groups. The frequencies of different IL-1A^-889 genotypes did not differ significantly between groups. The IL-1B⁺³⁹⁵³ C/T genotype was significantly more predominant in periodontitis patients than in controls, whereas C/C genotype prevalence was significantly lower in the test group. Complex genotypes consisting of at least one IL-1A^-889 and IL-1B⁺³⁹⁵³ T allele occurred significantly more frequently in subjects with periodontitis. Stage III grade B periodontitis may be associated with the IL-1B⁺³⁹⁵³ T allele and composite IL-1 polymorphism. Reduced susceptibility to periodontal disease was present in IL-1A^-889 and IL-1B⁺³⁹⁵³ C/C homozygotic patients.

Genetic variants of interleukin 1B and 6 are associated with clinical outcome of surgically treated lumbar degenerative disc disease

BACKGROUND

Successfully surgically treating degenerative disc diseases can be challenging to the spine surgeons, the long-term outcome relies on both the physical and mental status of the patient before and after treatment. Numerous studies underlined the role of inflammatory cytokines - like interleukin 1B and 6 - in the development of chronic diseases such as failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) and major depressive disorder (MDD) which alter the outcome after spinal surgery. Our aim was to evaluate the associations of IL6 and IL1B gene polymorphisms with the long-term outcome of degenerative lumbar spine surgeries.

METHODS

An international genetical database (GENODISC) was combined with our institute's clinical database to create a large pool with long term follow up data. Altogether 431 patient's data were analysed. Patient reported outcome measures and surgical outcome was investigated in association with IL1B and IL6 SNPs with the help of 'SNPassoc' R genome wide association package.

RESULTS

Interleukin 1B variants analysis confirmed association with improvement of pain after surgery on individual SNP level and on haplotype level, moreover relationship with patient reported outcome and preoperative level of depression was found on individual SNP level. IL6 variants were associated with preoperative depression, somatization and with subsequent surgery.

CONCLUSION

Understanding the complexity of spinal surgery patients' long-term well-being is crucial in effectively treating chronic debilitating somatic diseases and the associated mental illnesses. Further studies should investigate more comprehensively the linkage of chronic physical and mental illnesses focusing on their simultaneous treatment.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in IL-1A RS1800587, IL-1B RS1143634 and Vitamin D Receptor Rs731236 in Stage III Grade B/C Periodontitis

The purpose of the study is to determine the prevalence of interleukin (IL)-1A (rs1800587), IL-1B (rs1143634) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) (TaqI, rs731236) gene polymorphisms in the Turkish population and their association with Stage III Grade B/C periodontitis. Systemically and periodontally healthy individuals (N = 100) and Stage III Grade B/C periodontitis patients (N=100) based on clinical and radiographic examination were included in this research. Clinical attachment level, probing depth, bleeding on probing, plaque and gingival indices of the subjects were measured. Genotyping of IL-1A (rs1800587), IL-1B (rs1143634) and VDR (rs731236) polymorphisms was conducted by Real Time PCR. Allelic and genotypic distributions of IL-1A (rs1800587) gene polymorphism were not associated with periodontitis (p>0.05). In IL-1B (rs1143634) gene polymorphism, the C allele was detected more frequently in healthy individuals compared with the periodontitis patients (p=0.045). CC genotype and C allele in VDR (rs731236) gene polymorphism was higher in periodontitis patients (p=0.031, p=0.034, respectively). In comparison with Grade B periodontitis patients and healthy subjects, CC genotype and C allele were observed more frequently in the Grade B periodontitis in terms of alleles (C/T) and genotypes for VDR (rs731236) polymorphism (p=0.024, p=0.008, respectively). This study presents that the VDR (rs731236) polymorphism are associated with enhanced susceptibility to Stage III periodontitis in the Turkish population. Furthermore, VDR (rs731236) polymorphism may be used as an identification criteria to discriminate Grade B and Grade C in Stage III periodontitis.

Bruxism Influence on Volume and Interleukin-1β Concentration of Gingival Crevicular Fluid: A Preliminary Study

Bruxism is occlusal behaviour that often leads to stomatognathic system overload. Inflammatory markers in the periodontium are detectable in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). GCF production fluctuates due to various factors. Our study aimed to assess the effect of tooth clenching or grinding on GCF volume and proinflammatory IL-1β concentration in GCF. This pilot study was carried out on 20 participants aged 21 to 28 with good general health (per 10 people studied and control groups). GCF volume was measured with Periotron 8010 after absorbing for 30 s with PerioPaper strips. Twelve samples were collected from each patient—the buccal and lingual surfaces of teeth 16, 11, 24, 36, 31, and 44 were included. Laboratory examination of IL-1β concentration was performed. In patients with pathological tooth wear, a tendency to increase GCF secretion and IL-1β concentration in GCF was found. GCF volumes were higher in posterior teeth, while IL-1β levels were higher in anterior teeth. Crevices at the molars seem to have a potential predictive value in diagnosing periodontal microinflammation in patients with probable bruxism. Due to occlusal overload, these bruxists are more prone to microinflammatory processes in the periodontium. Further studies in a broader group are required to confirm this correlation.

Association between common polymorphisms in IL-1 and TNFα and risk of peri-implant disease: A meta-analysis

Background

Pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) play important roles in host immune response and bone metabolism during dental implant osseointegration. Whether the functional polymorphisms in IL-1α, IL-1β and TNFα were associated with peri-implant disease was unclear, and we performed the present meta-analysis for this purpose.

Methods

Eligible studies investigating IL-1α C-889T, IL-1β C+3954T and C-511T, TNFα G-308A, composite genotype of IL-1α C-889T and IL-1β C+3954T for association with peri-implant disease, including peri-implantitis (PI), marginal bone loss (MBL) and implant failure/loss (IF/IL), were searched on several literature databases prior to April 30, 2021. Odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated for each polymorphism in different genetic models and for composite genotype comparing carriers to non-carriers.

Results

Twenty-seven studies (1324 cases with peri-implant disease and 1808 controls with healthy implants) were included. There was significant correlation between IL-1α C-889T and peri-implant disease in all genetic models. IL-1β C+3954T was associated with peri-implant disease risk in allelic (OR = 1.66, 95%CI 1.17–2.35, p = 0.004) and dominant model (OR = 1.74, 95%CI 1.19–2.53, p = 0.004), and in subgroups of Asians, Caucasians, non-smokers, IF/IL and PI. TT genotype of IL-1β C-511T increased the risk of peri-implant disease (OR = 1.68, 95%CI 1.15–2.43, p = 0.007) and MBL (OR = 4.33, 95%CI 1.72–10.9, p = 0.002) compared to CC+CT genotypes. We did not observed a significant association between TNFα G-308A and peri-implant diseases in overall or subgroups analysis. Carriers of positive composite genotype of IL-1α C-889T and IL-1β C+3954T had 1.95-fold (95%CI 1.35–2.80, p<0.001) risk of peri-implant disease and 1.76-fold (95%CI 1.05–2.95, p = 0.032) risk of IF/IL than non-carriers.

Conclusion

Functional polymorphisms of IL-1α (C-889T), IL-1β (C+3954T, C-511T) and composite genotype of IL-1 can be used as predictive markers for peri-implant disease, whereas TNFα G-308A polymorphism was not associated with peri-implant disease.

Association between Interleukin-1β Gene Polymorphism and Chronic Periodontitis

Objectives Periodontitis is a pathological condition of the oral cavity, originating from multiple factors, including microbial, environmental and genetic factors. The vulnerability to several pathologies has been studied with the relationship to genetic polymorphisms, and one of the most prominent is the single nucleotide polymorphisms throughout the genome. The study aimed to find out the association of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of interleukin-1β +3954 gene with chronic periodontitis (CP) in Pakistan

Materials and Methods This case–control study was conducted at Dow University of Health Sciences. DNA was extracted from the blood and amplified by using conventional polymerase chain reaction of respective genes followed by sequencing. Mann–Whitney test accessed the difference of clinical parameters between cases and controls, and Fisher’s exact test was applied to access the association of alleles between subjects. Data entered and analyzed using SPSS 21.

Results Significant differences were observed in clinical parameters in cases and controls ( p < 0.001). In the IL-1β +3954 gene, T alleles were significantly higher in cases as compared with controls ( p < 0.001). Genotype CC was significantly dominant in the controls and genotype CT and TT in patients (Chi-square = 19.83, p < 0.001).

Conclusion Within the study’s limits, IL-1β +3954 gene polymorphism is associated with periodontitis and is expected to be among the several causes of respective pathology in Pakistan’s population.

Evaluation of the Genetic Association and Methylation of Immune Response Pathway Genes with the Risk of Chronic Periodontitis in the Uighur Population

Aim: The aim of this study was to explore the possible associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and DNA methylation levels of seven genes in the inflammatory response pathway with susceptibility to chronic periodontitis (CP) among the Uighur population of the Xinjiang Autonomous Region of China. Methods: A total of 444 eligible subjects (279 CP patients and 165 healthy controls) were enrolled in the study. Genomic DNA was obtained from gingival tissue for genotyping eight SNPs and performing methylation measurements of seven genes. Results: SNP rs2070745 in the formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) gene achieved statistical significance in a standard allelic association analysis for CP (p = 0.02). The frequency of the rs2070745 minor allele G was higher in the cases than in controls (0.367 vs. 0.291). Additionally, rs2070745 was significantly associated with CP under the dominant genetic model (p = 0.03). Using logistic regression analysis, rs2070745 was found to be consistently associated with CP under the additive dominant model, and this association remained significant after covariates were taken into account [odds ratio (OR) = 1.49 (1.09-2.05), p = 0.014; OR = 1.58 (1.04-2.40), p = 0.031, respectively]. No significant gene-gene interactions were identified. Although we did not find a polymorphism in interleukin 6 (IL6) associated with CP in our study, the methylation level of a CpG island region located within the promoter region of IL6 was significantly less in CP patients compared with controls (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The genetic polymorphism rs2070745 in FPR1 and the methylation level of the promoter region of IL6 might be associated with CP in the Uighur population of China.

Association between Periodontitis and Genetic Polymorphisms in Interleukins among Patients with Diabetes Mellitus

There is a perplexity in the association between interleukin (IL) polymorphisms and periodontitis among patients with and without diabetes mellitus (DM). The aim of the present study was to evaluate indexed data regarding the association between periodontitis and genetic polymorphisms in interleukins among patients with and without DM. The addressed question was “Is there an association between periodontitis and polymorphisms in interleukins among patients with and without DM?” Original studies were included. Indexed databases were searched, and the pattern of the present literature review was customized to summaries’ the pertinent information. Eight studies were included and processed for data extraction. Two studies showed that polymorphisms in IL-1B genes aggravate periodontitis in patients with type-2 DM, and two studies showed that IL-1B genes either do not or are less likely to contribute towards the progression of periodontitis in patients with type-2 DM. Two studies reported that IL genes do not show cross-susceptibility with periodontitis and type-2 DM. One study reported that the primary factor that governs the occurrence and progression of periodontitis in patients with and without type-2 DM is poor routine oral hygiene maintenance. Seven studies had a high risk of bias. The role of IL gene polymorphisms in the development and progression of periodontitis in patients with and without DM remains controversial.

The Influence of Diet on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Induced by Bacterial Biofilms in the Human Oral Cavity

The article is a concise compendium of knowledge on the etiology of pathogenic microorganisms of all complexes causing oral diseases. The influence of particular components of the diet and the role of oxidative stress in periodontal diseases were described. The study investigated the bacteriostatic effect of the diet of adults in in vivo and in vitro tests on the formation of bacterial biofilms living in the subgingival plaque, causing diseases called periodontitis. If left untreated, periodontitis can damage the gums and alveolar bones. Anaerobic bacteria, called periopathogens or periodontopathogens, play a key role in the etiopathogenesis of periodontitis. The most important periopathogens of the oral microbiota are bacteria of all complexes, including the red complex. The obtained results suggest the possibility of using a specific diet in the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases-already treated as a disease of civilization. The quoted article is an innovative compilation of knowledge on this subject and it can be a valuable source of knowledge for professional hygienists, dentists, peridontologists, dentistry students and anyone who cares about proper oral hygiene. The obtained results suggest the possibility of using this type of diet in the prophylaxis of the oral cavity in order to avoid periodontitis.

Latex proteins from Plumeria pudica reduce ligature-induced periodontitis in rats

BACKGROUND

Previous studies have shown that latex proteins from Plumeria pudica (LPPp) have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects in rats of LPPp on ligature-induced periodontitis, an inflammatory disease.

METHODS

The animals were divided into groups: saline (animals without induction of periodontitis), periodontitis (induced periodontitis and untreated) and LPPp (induced periodontitis and treated with 40 mg/kg). The following parameters were evaluated after 20 consecutive days of treatment: gingival bleeding index (GBI), probing pocket depth (PPD), alveolar bone height (ABH) and gingival myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. In the hepatic tissue, malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and histopathological alterations were evaluated. Blood levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were measured.

RESULTS

Significant reduction in GBI, PPD and gingival MPO activity and ABH was seen in animals treated with LPPp compared with periodontitis. Values of GSH, MDA, ALT and histopathological evaluation were preserved in animals treated with LPPp.

CONCLUSIONS

Treatment with LPPp improved clinical aspects of periodontitis, reduced the blood and hepatic alterations and prevented alveolar bone loss. Data suggest that LPPp have potential for treatment of periodontitis.

Cytokines and Their Genetic Polymorphisms Related to Periodontal Disease

Periodontal disease (PD) is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by the accumulation of bacterial plaque biofilm on the teeth and the host immune responses. PD pathogenesis is complex and includes genetic, environmental, and autoimmune factors. Numerous studies have suggested that the connection of genetic and environmental factors induces the disease process leading to a response by both T cells and B cells and the increased synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators such as cytokines. Many studies have shown that pro-inflammatory cytokines play a significant role in the pathogenesis of PD. The studies have also indicated that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in cytokine genes may be associated with risk and severity of PD. In this narrative review, we discuss the role of selected cytokines and their gene polymorphisms in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease.

Renal alterations caused by ligature-induced periodontitis persist after ligature removal in rats

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Periodontitis may crosstalk with renal diseases, yet that remains unclear. We investigated whether the renal alterations caused by induced periodontitis are reversible after removal of the ligatures in experimental ligature-induced periodontitis.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Twenty-four female rats were divided into three groups: control (without periodontitis), periodontitis (20 days of ligature-induced periodontitis), and P20-20 (20 days of ligature-induced periodontitis and 20 days after ligature removal). The following periodontal parameters were assessed: gingival bleeding index, probing pocket depth, myeloperoxidase activity, and alveolar bone height. For renal tissues, histopathology, malonaldehyde (MDA) levels, glutathione (GSH) content, and renal weight were evaluated. In the blood, creatinine, uric acid, albumin, total cholesterol, total protein, and glucose levels were assessed. Total protein and creatinine levels in urine were also investigated.

RESULTS

Rat renal tissues did not demonstrate reversal of periodontitis-related changes in the P20-20 group in terms of MDA, GSH, and histopathological evaluations when compared to the periodontitis group. Accordingly, only total cholesterol levels were reversible in the P20-20.

CONCLUSION

Renal alterations caused by ligature-induced periodontitis persisted even after removal of ligatures in rats.

Polymorphisms in the interleukin genes and chronic periodontitis: A field synopsis and revaluation by Bayesian approaches

Periodontitis is a high prevalent disease into the clinical dentistry. Genetic variations in interleukins (IL) genes were associated with chronic periodontitis (CP) and were focus of several meta-analyses. This study aimed to assess the noteworthiness in the meta-analyses by means of a Bayesian approach to determinate possible false report associations. A systematic search was performed for meta-analyses with associations between gene polymorphisms in interleukins and CP. The calculations for the False-Positive Rate Probability (FPRP) and the Bayesian False Discovery Probability (BFDP) were performed to assess the noteworthiness with a statistical power of 1.2 and 1.5 of Odds Ratio at a prior probability of 10^-3 and 10^-6. As results, eight meta-analyses approaching the IL1A/rs1800587, IL1B/rs1143634, IL1RN/rs2234663, IL4/rs2243250, IL6/rs1800795/rs1800796, IL17A/rs2275913 and IL18/rs1946518/rs187238 polymorphisms have been identified. Twenty-two from 270 calculations (8.15%) were noteworthy. Herein, we have identified the IL1A and IL1B polymorphisms as noteworthy biomarkers for CP susceptibility.

A review of T helper 17 cell-related cytokines in serum and saliva in periodontitis

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease with a complex underlying immunopathology. Cytokines, as molecular mediators of inflammation, play a role in all stages of disease progression. T helper 17 (Th17) cells are thought to play a role in periodontitis. Th17 cell development and maintenance requires a pro-inflammatory cytokine milieu, with many of the cytokines implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Serum and saliva are easily accessible biofluids which can represent the systemic and local environment to promote the development of Th17 cells. Here we review human clinical studies that investigate IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-25, IL-31, IL-33, IFN-γ, sCD40L and TNF-α in serum and saliva in periodontitis. We highlight their putative role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and place them within a wider context of animal and other clinical studies.

Genetic polymorphisms in the Interleukins IL1B, IL4, and IL6 are associated with concomitant periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Brazilian patients

OBJECTIVE

To assess whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL10, IL1A, IL1B, IL4, TNFA, IL6, OPG, RANK, and RANKL genes, "classically" related with periodontitis, could be associated with susceptibility to T2DM, and also with both diseases concomitantly.

BACKGROUND

There are common pathogenic mechanisms in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and periodontitis, but the knowledge of the genetic aspect of this is limited. In patients affected by concomitant T2DM and periodontitis, whose incidence is increasing, there is scarce information regarding the gene-phenotype association, including whether there are genes able to influence both diseases as comorbidities.

METHODS

Periodontal clinical parameters and biochemical profile (Insulin, Fasting Glycemia, HbA1c, Triglycerides, Total Cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol) data were obtained from 894 individuals divided into following three groups: Healthy (H; n = 347), Periodontitis (P; n = 348), and Periodontitis + T2DM (P + T2DM; n = 199). DNA from oral epithelial cells was collected for genotyping. Associations between SNPs and pathologies were tested by multiple logistic regression models, adjusting for age, sex, and smoking habits. We also investigated whether there are sex or smoking effects of each SNP in these phenotypes.

RESULTS

The rs1143634-GA (IL1B) SNP showed significantly less likely to develop P + T2DM for all population and mainly for women (adjusted OR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.16-0.88), while women carrying the rs224320 CT (IL4) were more susceptible to develop P + T2DM (adjusted OR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.04-3.15). Men carrying the rs1800795-CC (IL6) genotype were less likely to develop T2DM (adjusted OR = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.02-0.70, P = .01).

CONCLUSIONS

Some SNPs in the IL1B, IL4, and IL6 genes demonstrated sex-influenced association with concomitant periodontitis and T2DM, increasing the evidence of a common genetic component between these diseases and contributing with the understanding of their common pathogenic mechanisms.

Detection of association between periodontitis and polymorphisms of IL-1β + 3954 and TNF-α -863 in the Korean population after controlling for confounding risk factors

Background and Objective

Interleukin (IL)‐1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α are inflammatory cytokines that play an important role in periodontitis, and their genetic variations have been suggested to be associated with increased risk of periodontitis. Focusing on three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of IL‐1α + 4845, IL‐1β + 3954, and TNF‐α −863, we aimed to investigate the relationship between periodontitis risk and the polymorphisms of IL‐1 α/β and TNF‐α in Koreans.

Material and Methods

Mouthwash samples from 548 subjects (135 controls without periodontitis, 387 generalized chronic periodontitis patients, and 26 generalized aggressive periodontitis patients) were collected for isolation of genomic DNA. Genotyping of selected SNPs was performed using real‐time PCR. Univariable associations between the polymorphisms and periodontitis were assessed by chi‐squared test or Fisher's exact test. To evaluate the association after controlling for confounding effects of various risk factors, we stratified the subjects according to the presence or absence of self‐reported diseases and employed multiple logistic regression model to adjust for age, smoking status, and oral hygiene indices and behaviors.

Results

Significant association of IL‐1β + 3954 and TNF‐α −863 polymorphisms with periodontitis was observed after adjusting for the confounding risk factors, but not in univariable association analysis. The significant association between genotype CT of IL‐1β + 3954 and increased risk of advanced periodontitis was consistently detected regardless of the status of self‐reported diseases. In the polymorphism of TNF‐α −863, the genotype with minor allele (CA + AA) was significantly associated with periodontitis susceptibility, which was observed only in the subjects with self‐reported diseases.

Conclusion

The results suggest that genetic variations of IL‐1β + 3954 and TNF‐α −863 are associated with increased risk of periodontitis in Koreans. In addition, our findings underscore the importance of controlling for confounding risk factors to detect significant association between genetic factors and risk of periodontitis. A further well‐designed large‐scale study is needed to warrant our results.

Non-significant association between - 330 T/G polymorphism in interleukin-2 gene and chronic periodontitis: findings from a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Chronic periodontitis (CP) is an immune-inflammatory disease that promotes tissue damage around the teeth. Among the several inflammatory mediators that orchestrate the periodontitis, there is the interleukin (IL)-2. Genetic variations in IL2 gene may be associated with the risk and severity of the disease. Contrary results are available in the literature with inconclusive findings and none meta-analysis to gather these data.

METHODS

A literature search was performed for studies published before June 11, 2019 in diverse scientific and educational databases. The data was extracted by two investigators and the statistical evaluation was performed by Review Manager statistical program with heterogeneity (I²) and Odds Ratio (OR) with 95% of Confidence Intervals (CI) calculations and a sensitive analysis to assess the accuracy of the obtained results. The publication bias was evaluated by Begg' and Egger's test with Comprehensive meta-analysis software. The value of P < 0.05 was considered as significant.

RESULTS

Five studies were identified in diverse ethnical groups with 1425 participants. The - 330 T/G polymorphism in IL2 gene was not significantly associated with CP in allelic evaluation (P > 0.05) as well as in the genotypic comparisons (P = 0.15). The Begg's test and the linear regression Egger's test did not show any evidence of publication bias risk (P > 0.05) which was corroborated by the absence of obvious asymmetry in Funnel plot graphic.

CONCLUSIONS

This meta-analysis showed a non-significant association between - 330 T/G polymorphism in IL2 gene and CP in any allelic evaluation.

Interleukin-1β is a potential therapeutic target for periodontitis: a narrative review

Interleukin(IL)-1β, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, was elevated and participates in periodontitis. Not only the link between IL-1β and periodontitis was proved by clinical evidence, but also the increased IL-1β triggers a series of inflammatory reactions and promotes bone resorption. Currently, IL-1β blockage has been therapeutic strategies for autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes, gout and type II diabetes mellitus. It is speculated that IL-1β be a potential therapeutic target for periodontitis. The review focuses on the production, mechanism, present treatments and future potential strategies for IL-1β in periodontitis.

Interleukin-1 Genotype in Periodontitis

This paper presents the current knowledge concerning the role of polymorphisms of IL1A and IL1B genes in periodontitis. Attention has been paid to the role of IL-1 in the pathogenesis of the disease, and to the significance of a genetic test, investigating the presence of composite two polymorphisms of IL-1 gene, as a risk factor for severe periodontitis. The significance of this test for prevention of periodontitis and its therapy has been discussed. IL-1 polymorphisms have been presented and described according to the reference single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) identification number (rsID), established to eradicate the redundancy of reported polymorphisms in the SNP database processed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information. The prevalence of these genotypes in different populations and ethnic groups and its effect on periodontal health have been discussed. The presented data show inconsistent results. It seems that at least two polymorphisms, rs1800587 and rs1143634, are associated with periodontal inflammation. Therefore, they can be regarded as candidate genes involved in further periodontitis risk assessment. It seems that geographical and ethnical factors can play a great role, as the prevalence of specific polymorphisms varies greatly depending on the population studied.

Interleukin-1 Gene Variability and Plasma Levels in Czech Patients with Chronic Periodontitis and Diabetes Mellitus

Recent studies have suggested a bidirectional relationship between chronic periodontitis (CP) and diabetes mellitus (DM). Immunoregulatory factors such as cytokines play an important role in etiopathogenesis of both diseases. The aim of this study was to analyze variability in interleukin-1 (IL-1) gene cluster and IL-1β plasma levels in patients with CP, DM, and a combination of both diseases. A total of 1016 individuals participating in this case-control study—225 healthy controls, 264 patients with CP, 132 with type 1 diabetes (T1DM), and 395 patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM)—were genotyped using methods based on polymerase chain reaction for IL-1 gene polymorphisms (IL-1A (−889C/T, rs1800587), IL-1B (+3953C/T, rs1143634), and IL-1RN (gene for IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-1RA, 86 bp tandem repeats in intron 2)). Levels of IL-1β were measured by Luminex methods in subgroups of controls, CP, T1DM + CP, and T2DM + CP subjects. Although no significant associations were found in the genotype and allele frequencies of IL-1A (−889C/T), significant differences in the allele frequencies of IL-1B (+3953C/T) were observed between controls and CP patients (P < 0.05). In T1DM patients, IL-1RN^∗S “short” allele and IL-1RN 12 genotype were significantly less frequent than those in controls (P < 0.01). In haplotype analysis, TTL haplotype decreased the risk of CP development (P < 0.01), whereas CCS and CTL haplotypes (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05) were associated with T1DM. Although IL-1β levels were measured significantly higher in mononuclear cells after stimulation by mitogens, HSP70, or selected periodontal bacteria than in unstimulated cells, IL-1 genotypes did not correlate with circulating IL-1β levels. In the Czech population, significant associations between the IL-1B polymorphism with CP and the IL-1RN variant with T1DM were found. Haplotype analysis suggests that variability in IL-1 gene cluster may be one of the factors in the CP and T1DM pathogenesis, although single variants of these polymorphisms are not substantial for protein production.

Genetic Relationship Between IL-6 rs1800796 Polymorphism and Susceptibility to Periodontitis

BACKGROUND

There are accumulating reports for the potential role of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) rs1800796 polymorphism in the risk of periodontitis. However, distinct conclusions are observed. In this study, we have an interest in comprehensively analyzing the genetic relationship between IL-6 rs1800796 and the susceptibility to periodontitis.

METHODS

We retrieved the eligible case-control studies from on-line database and conducted a meta-analysis. P-value of association test, OR (odd ratios) and 95% CI (confidence interval) were calculated for the assessment of potential genetic association.

RESULTS

We enrolled a total of 20 case-control studies for pooling analysis. A positive association between periodontitis cases and controls was observed in the overall meta-analysis under all genetic models (all P < 0.05, OR > 1). Similar results were detected in the "population-based, PB" and "China" subgroups (all P < 0.05, OR > 1). In the "Asian" subgroup, there is an increased periodontitis risk under the allele, homozygote, heterozygote, dominant and carrier models (all P < 0.05, OR > 1). Nevertheless, negative results were found in the "Caucasian" subgroup under all models [all P > 0.05]. In addition, a positive association between IL-6 rs1800796 and the risk of chronic periodontitis was detected under the models of allele [G vs. C], GG vs. CC, GG vs. CC+ CG and carrier [G vs. C] (all P < 0.05, OR > 1).

CONCLUSION

IL-6 rs1800796 may serve as one genetic risk factor for periodontitis patients in the Asian population, especially the Chinese population. G/G genotype of IL-6 rs1800796 appears to be associated with an increased risk of chronic periodontitis.