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Wicik Z, Eyileten C, Nowak A, Keshwani D, Simões SN, Martins DC, Klos K, Wlodarczyk W, Assinger A, Soldacki D, Chcialowski A, Siller-Matula JM, Postula M. Alteration of circulating ACE2-network related microRNAs in patients with COVID-19. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13573. [PMID: 38866792 PMCID: PMC11169442 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58037-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) serves as the primary receptor for the SARS-CoV-2 virus and has implications for the functioning of the cardiovascular system. Based on our previously published bioinformatic analysis, in this study we aimed to analyze the diagnostic and predictive utility of miRNAs (miR-10b-5p, miR-124-3p, miR-200b-3p, miR-26b-5p, miR-302c-5p) identified as top regulators of ACE2 network with potential to affect cardiomyocytes and cardiovascular system in patients with COVID-19. The expression of miRNAs was determined through qRT-PCR in a cohort of 79 hospitalized COVID-19 patients as well as 32 healthy volunteers. Blood samples and clinical data of COVID-19 patients were collected at admission, 7-days and 21-days after admission. We also performed SHAP analysis of clinical data and miRNAs target predictions and advanced enrichment analyses. Low expression of miR-200b-3p at the seventh day of admission is indicative of predictive value in determining the length of hospital stay and/or the likelihood of mortality, as shown in ROC curve analysis with an AUC of 0.730 and a p-value of 0.002. MiR-26b-5p expression levels in COVID-19 patients were lower at the baseline, 7 and 21-days of admission compared to the healthy controls (P < 0.0001). Similarly, miR-10b-5p expression levels were lower at the baseline and 21-days post admission (P = 0.001). The opposite situation was observed in miR-124-3p and miR-302c-5p. Enrichment analysis showed influence of analyzed miRNAs on IL-2 signaling pathway and multiple cardiovascular diseases through COVID-19-related targets. Moreover, the COVID-19-related genes regulated by miR-200b-3p were linked to T cell protein tyrosine phosphatase and the HIF-1 transcriptional activity in hypoxia. Analysis focused on COVID-19 associated genes showed that all analyzed miRNAs are strongly affecting disease pathways related to CVDs which could be explained by their strong interaction with the ACE2 network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia Wicik
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Sobieskiego 9 Street, 02-957, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ceren Eyileten
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
- Genomics Core Facility, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Nowak
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Diabetology and Internal Medicine, University Clinical Centre, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Disha Keshwani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sérgio N Simões
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Espírito Santo, Serra, Espírito Santo, 29056-264, Brazil
| | - David C Martins
- Centro de Matemática, Computação e Cognição, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, 09606-045, Brazil
| | - Krzysztof Klos
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Allergology - Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Wlodarczyk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Allergology - Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alice Assinger
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dariusz Soldacki
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Chcialowski
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Allergology - Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jolanta M Siller-Matula
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marek Postula
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.
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Elemam NM, Bouzid A, Alsafar H, Ahmed SBM, Hafezi S, Venkatachalam T, Eldohaji L, Al Hamidi T, Gerges PH, Halabi N, Hadj-Kacem H, Talaat IM, Taneera J, Sulaiman N, Maghazachi AA, Hamid Q, Hamoudi R, Saber-Ayad M. Association of specific ACE2 and TMPRSS2 variants with circulatory cytokines of COVID-19 Emirati patients. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1348229. [PMID: 38855114 PMCID: PMC11157456 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1348229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic represented one of the most significant challenges to researchers and healthcare providers. Several factors determine the disease severity, whereas none alone can explain the tremendous variability. The Single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease type-2 (TMPRSS2) genes affect the virus entry and are considered possible risk factors for COVID-19. Methods We compiled a panel of gene variants from both genes and used in-silico analysis to predict their significance. We performed biological validation to assess their capacity to alter the ACE2 interaction with the virus spike protein. Subsequently, we conducted a retrospective comparative genome analysis on those variants in the Emirati patients with different disease severity (total of 96) along with 69 healthy control subjects. Results Our results showed that the Emirati population lacks the variants that were previously reported as associated with disease severity, whereas a new variant in ACE2 "Chr X:g.15584534" was associated with disease severity specifically among female patients. In-silico analysis revealed that the new variant can determine the ACE2 gene transcription. Several cytokines (GM-CSF and IL-6) and chemokines (MCP-1/CCL2, IL-8/CXCL8, and IP-10/CXCL10) were markedly increased in COVID-19 patients with a significant correlation with disease severity. The newly reported genetic variant of ACE2 showed a positive correlation with CD40L, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-15, and IL-17A in COVID-19 patients. Conclusion Whereas COVID-19 represents now a past pandemic, our study underscores the importance of genetic factors specific to a population, which can influence both the susceptibility to viral infections and the level of severity; subsequently expected required preparedness in different areas of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha M. Elemam
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amal Bouzid
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Habiba Alsafar
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Emirates Bio-Research Centre, Ministry of Interior, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Samrein BM Ahmed
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Department of Biosciences and Chemistry, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Shirin Hafezi
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Thenmozhi Venkatachalam
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Physiology and Immunology College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Leen Eldohaji
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tasneem Al Hamidi
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Peter Habib Gerges
- School of Information Technology and Computer Science (ITCS), Nile University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nour Halabi
- Al Jalila Genomics Center of Excellence, Al Jalila Children’s Specialty Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hassen Hadj-Kacem
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Iman M. Talaat
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Jalal Taneera
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nabil Sulaiman
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Azzam A. Maghazachi
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Qutayba Hamid
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rifat Hamoudi
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maha Saber-Ayad
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- College of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Ullah MA, Moin AT, Nipa JF, Islam NN, Johora FT, Chowdhury RH, Islam S. Exploring risk factors and molecular targets in leukemia patients with COVID-19: a bioinformatics analysis of differential gene expression. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 115:723-737. [PMID: 38323674 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of COVID-19's pathogenic effects in leukemia patients is still poorly known. Our study investigated the possible disease mechanism of COVID-19 and its associated risk factors in patients with leukemia utilizing differential gene expression analysis. We also employed network-based approaches to identify molecular targets that could potentially diagnose and treat COVID-19-infected leukemia patients. Our study demonstrated a shared set of 60 genes that are expressed differentially among patients with leukemia and COVID-19. Most of these genes are expressed in blood and bone marrow tissues and are predominantly implicated in the pathogenesis of different hematologic malignancies, increasingly imperiling COVID-19 morbidity and mortality among the affected patients. Additionally, we also found that COVID-19 may influence the expression of several cancer-associated genes in leukemia patients, such as CCR7, LEF1, and 13 candidate cancer-driver genes. Furthermore, our findings reveal that COVID-19 may predispose leukemia patients to altered blood homeostasis, increase the risk of COVID-19-related liver injury, and deteriorate leukemia-associated injury and patient prognosis. Our findings imply that molecular signatures, like transcription factors, proteins such as TOP21, and 25 different microRNAs, may be potential targets for diagnosing and treating COVID-19-infected leukemia patients. Nevertheless, additional experimental studies will contribute to further validating the study's findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Asad Ullah
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Tayab Moin
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Hathazari, Chattogram-4331, Bangladesh
| | - Jannatul Ferdous Nipa
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, East West University, Aftabnagar, Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh
| | - Nafisa Nawal Islam
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh
| | - Fatema Tuz Johora
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh
| | - Rahee Hasan Chowdhury
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Hathazari, Chattogram-4331, Bangladesh
| | - Saiful Islam
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Chattogram Laboratories, Chittagong Cantonment, Chattogram-4220, Bangladesh
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Gaber DA, Shokr M, Shaker O, Zaki KA, Khalil HS, Wahb AM. Serum ACE2 and S19P gene polymorphism in Egyptian patients with COVID-19 infection: correlation with disease severity. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5846. [PMID: 38462662 PMCID: PMC10925588 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56260-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The expression of ACE2 is linked to disease severity in COVID-19 patients. The ACE2 receptor gene polymorphisms are considered determinants for SARS-CoV-2 infection and its outcome. In our study, serum ACE2 and its genetic variant S19P rs73635825 polymorphism were investigated in 114 SARS-CoV-2 patients. The results were compared with 120 control subjects. ELISA technique and allele discrimination assay were used for measuring serum ACE2 and genotype analysis of ACE2 rs73635825. Our results revealed that serum ACE2 was significantly lower in SARS-CoV-2 patients (p = 0.0001), particularly in cases with hypertension or diabetes mellitus. There was a significant difference in the genotype distributions of ACE2 rs73635825 A > G between COVID-19 patients and controls (p-value = 0.001). A higher frequency of the heterozygous AG genotype (65.8%) was reported in COVID-19 patients. The G allele was significantly more common in COVID-19 patients (p < 0.0001). The AG and GG genotypes were associated with COVID-19 severity as they were correlated with abnormal laboratory findings, GGO, CXR, and total severity scores with p < 0.05. Our results revealed that the ACE2 S19P gene variant is correlated with the incidence of infection and its severity, suggesting the usefulness of this work in identifying the susceptible population groups for better disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia A Gaber
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.
- College of Medicine, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, UAE.
| | - Mohamed Shokr
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, MUST University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Olfat Shaker
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Kamelia Ahmed Zaki
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, MUST University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Haidy Samir Khalil
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amany M Wahb
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
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Sun Z, Zhang L, Wang R, Wang Z, Liang X, Gao J. Identification of shared pathogenetic mechanisms between COVID-19 and IC through bioinformatics and system biology. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2114. [PMID: 38267482 PMCID: PMC10808107 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52625-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 increased global mortality in 2019. Cystitis became a contributing factor in SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 complications. The complex molecular links between cystitis and COVID-19 are unclear. This study investigates COVID-19-associated cystitis (CAC) molecular mechanisms and drug candidates using bioinformatics and systems biology. Obtain the gene expression profiles of IC (GSE11783) and COVID-19 (GSE147507) from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Identified the common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in both IC and COVID-19, and extracted a number of key genes from this group. Subsequently, conduct Gene Ontology (GO) functional enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis on the DEGs. Additionally, design a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, a transcription factor gene regulatory network, a TF miRNA regulatory network, and a gene disease association network using the DEGs. Identify and extract hub genes from the PPI network. Then construct Nomogram diagnostic prediction models based on the hub genes. The DSigDB database was used to forecast many potential molecular medicines that are associated with common DEGs. Assess the precision of hub genes and Nomogram models in diagnosing IC and COVID-19 by employing Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves. The IC dataset (GSE57560) and the COVID-19 dataset (GSE171110) were selected to validate the models' diagnostic accuracy. A grand total of 198 DEGs that overlapped were found and chosen for further research. FCER1G, ITGAM, LCP2, LILRB2, MNDA, SPI1, and TYROBP were screened as the hub genes. The Nomogram model, built using the seven hub genes, demonstrates significant utility as a diagnostic prediction model for both IC and COVID-19. Multiple potential molecular medicines associated with common DEGs have been discovered. These pathways, hub genes, and models may provide new perspectives for future research into mechanisms and guide personalised and effective therapeutics for IC patients infected with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenpeng Sun
- Department of Urology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, No.5, Donghai Middle Road, Shinan District, Qingdao, 266001, Shandong, China
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Ruihong Wang
- Department of Outpatient, Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Zhucheng People's Hospital, Zhucheng, China
| | - Xin Liang
- Department of Urology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, No.5, Donghai Middle Road, Shinan District, Qingdao, 266001, Shandong, China
| | - Jiangang Gao
- Department of Urology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, No.5, Donghai Middle Road, Shinan District, Qingdao, 266001, Shandong, China.
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Roy-Vallejo E, Fernández De Córdoba-Oñate S, Delgado-Wicke P, Triguero-Martínez A, Montes N, Carracedo-Rodríguez R, Zurita-Cruz N, Marcos-Jiménez A, Lamana A, Galván-Román JM, Villapalos García G, Zubiaur P, Ciudad M, Rabes L, Sanz M, Rodríguez C, Villa A, Rodríguez JÁ, Marcos C, Hernando J, Díaz-Fernández P, Abad F, de los Santos I, Rodríguez Serrano DA, García-Vicuña R, Suárez Fernández C, P. Gomariz R, Muñoz-Calleja C, Fernández-Ruiz E, González-Álvaro I, Cardeñoso L. Occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 viremia is associated with genetic variants of genes related to COVID-19 pathogenesis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1215246. [PMID: 37809329 PMCID: PMC10557488 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1215246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction SARS-CoV-2 viral load has been related to COVID-19 severity. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 viremia and SNPs in genes previously studied by our group as predictors of COVID-19 severity. Materials and methods Retrospective observational study including 340 patients hospitalized for COVID-19 in the University Hospital La Princesa between March 2020 and December 2021, with at least one viremia determination. Positive viremia was considered when viral load was above the quantifiable threshold (20 copies/ml). A total of 38 SNPs were genotyped. To study their association with viremia a multivariate logistic regression was performed. Results The mean age of the studied population was 64.5 years (SD 16.6), 60.9% patients were male and 79.4% white non-Hispanic. Only 126 patients (37.1%) had at least one positive viremia. After adjustment by confounders, the presence of the minor alleles of rs2071746 (HMOX1; T/T genotype OR 9.9 p < 0.0001), rs78958998 (probably associated with SERPING1 expression; A/T genotype OR 2.3, p = 0.04 and T/T genotype OR 12.9, p < 0.0001), and rs713400 (eQTL for TMPRSS2; C/T + T/T genotype OR 1.86, p = 0.10) were associated with higher risk of viremia, whereas the minor alleles of rs11052877 (CD69; A/G genotype OR 0.5, p = 0.04 and G/G genotype OR 0.3, p = 0.01), rs2660 (OAS1; A/G genotype OR 0.6, p = 0.08), rs896 (VIPR1; T/T genotype OR 0.4, p = 0.02) and rs33980500 (TRAF3IP2; C/T + T/T genotype OR 0.3, p = 0.01) were associated with lower risk of viremia. Conclusion Genetic variants in HMOX1 (rs2071746), SERPING1 (rs78958998), TMPRSS2 (rs713400), CD69 (rs11052877), TRAF3IP2 (rs33980500), OAS1 (rs2660) and VIPR1 (rs896) could explain heterogeneity in SARS-CoV-2 viremia in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Roy-Vallejo
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Ana Triguero-Martínez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
- Rheumathology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Montes
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
- Rheumathology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Nelly Zurita-Cruz
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Marcos-Jiménez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amalia Lamana
- Cell Biology Department, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - José María Galván-Román
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Villapalos García
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Zubiaur
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marianela Ciudad
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Rabes
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Sanz
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Rodríguez
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Villa
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Celeste Marcos
- Pneumology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Hernando
- Anesthesiology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Díaz-Fernández
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Abad
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio de los Santos
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rosario García-Vicuña
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
- Rheumathology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Suárez Fernández
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa P. Gomariz
- Cell Biology Department, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cecilia Muñoz-Calleja
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Fernández-Ruiz
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Biology Unit, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isidoro González-Álvaro
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
- Rheumathology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Cardeñoso
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
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Zhang Y, Duan Z, Guan Y, Xu T, Fu Y, Li G. Identification of 3 key genes as novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets for OA and COVID-19. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1167639. [PMID: 37283761 PMCID: PMC10239847 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1167639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Osteoarthritis (OA) are diseases that seriously affect the physical and mental health and life quality of patients, particularly elderly patients. However, the association between COVID-19 and osteoarthritis at the genetic level has not been investigated. This study is intended to analyze the pathogenesis shared by OA and COVID-19 and to identify drugs that could be used to treat SARS-CoV-2-infected OA patients. Methods The four datasets of OA and COVID-19 (GSE114007, GSE55235, GSE147507, and GSE17111) used for the analysis in this paper were obtained from the GEO database. Common genes of OA and COVID-19 were identified through Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) and differential gene expression analysis. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm was used to screen key genes, which were analyzed for expression patterns by single-cell analysis. Finally, drug prediction and molecular docking were carried out using the Drug Signatures Database (DSigDB) and AutoDockTools. Results Firstly, WGCNA identified a total of 26 genes common between OA and COVID-19, and functional analysis of the common genes revealed the common pathological processes and molecular changes between OA and COVID-19 are mainly related to immune dysfunction. In addition, we screened 3 key genes, DDIT3, MAFF, and PNRC1, and uncovered that key genes are possibly involved in the pathogenesis of OA and COVID-19 through high expression in neutrophils. Finally, we established a regulatory network of common genes between OA and COVID-19, and the free energy of binding estimation was used to identify suitable medicines for the treatment of OA patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Conclusion In the present study, we succeeded in identifying 3 key genes, DDIT3, MAFF, and PNRC1, which are possibly involved in the development of both OA and COVID-19 and have high diagnostic value for OA and COVID-19. In addition, niclosamide, ciclopirox, and ticlopidine were found to be potentially useful for the treatment of OA patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.
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Adimulam T, Arumugam T, Gokul A, Ramsuran V. Genetic Variants within SARS-CoV-2 Human Receptor Genes May Contribute to Variable Disease Outcomes in Different Ethnicities. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108711. [PMID: 37240057 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has evolved into a global pandemic, with an alarming infectivity and mortality rate. Studies have examined genetic effects on SARS-CoV-2 disease susceptibility and severity within Eurasian populations. These studies identified contrasting effects on the severity of disease between African populations. Genetic factors can explain some of the diversity observed within SARS-CoV-2 disease susceptibility and severity. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the SARS-CoV-2 receptor genes have demonstrated detrimental and protective effects across ethnic groups. For example, the TT genotype of rs2285666 (Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)) is associated with the severity of SARS-CoV-2 disease, which is found at higher frequency within Asian individuals compared to African and European individuals. In this study, we examined four SARS-CoV-2 receptors, ACE2, Transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), Neuropilin-1 (NRP1), and Basigin (CD147). A total of 42 SNPs located within the four receptors were reviewed: ACE2 (12), TMPRSS2 (10), BSG (CD147) (5), and NRP1 (15). These SNPs may be determining factors for the decreased disease severity observed within African individuals. Furthermore, we highlight the absence of genetic studies within the African population and emphasize the importance of further research. This review provides a comprehensive summary of specific variants within the SARS-CoV-2 receptor genes, which can offer a better understanding of the pathology of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and identify novel potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theolan Adimulam
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Thilona Arumugam
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Anmol Gokul
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Veron Ramsuran
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
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Atiku SM, Kasozi D, Campbell K. Single Nucleotide Variants (SNVs) of Angiotensin-Converting Enzymes (ACE1 and ACE2): A Plausible Explanation for the Global Variation in COVID-19 Prevalence. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2023; 2023:9668008. [PMID: 37051471 PMCID: PMC10085651 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9668008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Although it is common knowledge that the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) and other viral infections have an uneven impact globally, the reasons for this are still indistinct. The absence of equivalent capacities worldwide in screening, testing, and reporting of cases is one of the ideas put forward to explain this discrepancy. The molecular developments are noteworthy, particularly the role played by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ACEs (ACE1 and ACE2). The virus can enter the host cell thanks to the transmembrane protein ACE2, which is a homolog of ACE1. Objectives. With a focus on the I/D genotype of ACE1 and the rs2285666 SNV of ACE2, we elucidated the prevalence of SNPs in ACE1 and ACE2 in various geographic locations. We examined the relationship between these SNPs and the global patterns of COVID-19 prevalence. Methods. 66 of the 127 articles obtained using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Google directly conformed to the search terms; geographical distribution of viral infections, the prevalence of COVID-19, ACE1, ACE2, SNPs, and prevalence of the DD genotype, and rs2285666. Results. The DD genotype of ACE1 and the rs2285666 SNV of ACE2 are vital in their gene expression and contribute greatly to viral disease susceptibility, development, and severity. There was generally a high prevalence of the DD genotype in Europe and America, where COVID-19 had a more devastating effect than in Asia and Africa. The prevalence of the SNV rs2285666 varied in the following order: East Asia> South Asia >America>Europe >Africa. However, there were conflicting agreements in the association of rs2285666 with COVID-19 susceptibility and prevalence. Conclusion. The ACE1 DD genotype and COVID-19 prevalence have been positively linked in a number of studies. The ACE2 rs2285666 SNV, however, has yielded no definitive results. To determine the relationship between these SNVs and COVID-19 incidence, more research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Mahjub Atiku
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Muni University, P. O. Box 725 Arua, Uganda
- Department of Biochemistry, Habib Medical School Faculty of Health Sciences, Islamic University in Uganda, P. O. Box 7689 Kampala, Uganda
| | - Dennis Kasozi
- Department of Biochemistry and Sports Science, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University Kampala, P. O. Box 7062 Kampala, Uganda
| | - Katrina Campbell
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, OG.076 / O2.037, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Queen’s University Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
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10
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Jalaleddine N, Bouzid A, Hachim M, Sharif-Askari NS, Mahboub B, Senok A, Halwani R, Hamoudi RA, Al Heialy S. ACE2 polymorphisms impact COVID-19 severity in obese patients. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21491. [PMID: 36513710 PMCID: PMC9748040 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26072-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A strong association between obesity and COVID-19 complications and a lack of prognostic factors that explain the unpredictable severity among these patients still exist despite the various vaccination programs. The expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the main receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is enhanced in obese individuals. The occurrence of frequent genetic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ACE2 is suggested to increase COVID-19 severity. Accordingly, we hypothesize that obesity-associated ACE2 polymorphisms increase the severity of COVID-19. In this study, we profiled eight frequently reported ACE2 SNPs in a cohort of lean and obese COVID-19 patients (n = 82). We highlight the significant association of rs2285666, rs2048683, rs879922, and rs4240157 with increased severity in obese COVID-19 patients as compared to lean counterparts. These co-morbid-associated SNPs tend to positively correlate, hence proposing possible functional cooperation to ACE2 regulation. In obese COVID-19 patients, rs2285666, rs879922, and rs4240157 are significantly associated with increased blood nitrogen urea and creatinine levels. In conclusion, we highlight the contribution of ACE2 SNPs in enhancing COVID-19 severity in obese individuals. The results from this study provide a basis for further investigations required to shed light on the underlying mechanisms of COVID-19 associated SNPs in COVID-19 obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Jalaleddine
- grid.510259.a0000 0004 5950 6858College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, UAE
| | - Amal Bouzid
- grid.412789.10000 0004 4686 5317Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Mahmood Hachim
- grid.510259.a0000 0004 5950 6858College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, UAE
| | - Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari
- grid.412789.10000 0004 4686 5317Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Bassam Mahboub
- grid.412789.10000 0004 4686 5317Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE ,grid.415691.e0000 0004 1796 6338Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Rashid Hospital, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, UAE
| | - Abiola Senok
- grid.510259.a0000 0004 5950 6858College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, UAE
| | - Rabih Halwani
- grid.412789.10000 0004 4686 5317Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE ,grid.56302.320000 0004 1773 5396Prince Abdullah Ben Khaled Celiac Disease Research Chair, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia ,grid.412789.10000 0004 4686 5317Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Rifat A. Hamoudi
- grid.412789.10000 0004 4686 5317Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, London, UK
| | - Saba Al Heialy
- grid.510259.a0000 0004 5950 6858College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, UAE ,grid.63984.300000 0000 9064 4811Meakins-Christie Laboratories,, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC Canada
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Fang H, Sun Z, Chen Z, Chen A, Sun D, Kong Y, Fang H, Qian G. Bioinformatics and systems-biology analysis to determine the effects of Coronavirus disease 2019 on patients with allergic asthma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:988479. [PMID: 36211429 PMCID: PMC9537444 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.988479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has posed a significant challenge for global health systems. Increasing evidence shows that asthma phenotypes and comorbidities are major risk factors for COVID-19 symptom severity. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the association between COVID-19 and asthma are poorly understood. Therefore, we conducted bioinformatics and systems biology analysis to identify common pathways and molecular biomarkers in patients with COVID-19 and asthma, as well as potential molecular mechanisms and candidate drugs for treating patients with both COVID-19 and asthma. Methods Two sets of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the GSE171110 and GSE143192 datasets were intersected to identify common hub genes, shared pathways, and candidate drugs. In addition, murine models were utilized to explore the expression levels and associations of the hub genes in asthma and lung inflammation/injury. Results We discovered 157 common DEGs between the asthma and COVID-19 datasets. A protein–protein-interaction network was built using various combinatorial statistical approaches and bioinformatics tools, which revealed several hub genes and critical modules. Six of the hub genes were markedly elevated in murine asthmatic lungs and were positively associated with IL-5, IL-13 and MUC5AC, which are the key mediators of allergic asthma. Gene Ontology and pathway analysis revealed common associations between asthma and COVID-19 progression. Finally, we identified transcription factor–gene interactions, DEG–microRNA coregulatory networks, and potential drug and chemical-compound interactions using the hub genes. Conclusion We identified the top 15 hub genes that can be used as novel biomarkers of COVID-19 and asthma and discovered several promising candidate drugs that might be helpful for treating patients with COVID-19 and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Fang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhun Sun
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhouyi Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Anning Chen
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Donglin Sun
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Kong
- Department of Anesthesiology (High-Tech Branch), The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hao Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Guojun Qian, ; Hao Fang,
| | - Guojun Qian
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guojun Qian, ; Hao Fang,
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12
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Hattori T, Saito T, Okuya K, Takahashi Y, Miyamoto H, Kajihara M, Igarashi M, Takada A. Human ACE2 Genetic Polymorphism Affecting SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 Entry into Cells. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0087022. [PMID: 35862965 PMCID: PMC9430119 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00870-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2 have a single envelope glycoprotein (S protein) that binds to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on the host cell membrane. Previous mutational scanning studies have suggested that some substitutions corresponding to single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in human ACE2 affect the binding affinity to the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein. However, the importance of these substitutions in actual virus infection is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of the reported ACE2 SNV substitutions on the entry of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 into cells, using vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus (VSIV) pseudotyped with S proteins of these coronaviruses (CoVs). HEK293T cells transfected with plasmids expressing ACE2 having each SNV substitution were infected with the pseudotyped VSIVs and relative infectivities were determined compared to the cells expressing wild-type ACE2. We found that some of the SNV substitutions positively or negatively affected the infectivities of the pseudotyped viruses. Particularly, the H505R substitution significantly enhanced the infection with the pseudotyped VSIVs, including those having the substitutions found in the S protein RBD of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Our findings suggest that human ACE2 SNVs may potentially affect cell susceptibilities to SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. IMPORTANCE SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 are known to cause severe pneumonia in humans. The S protein of these CoVs binds to the ACE2 molecule on the plasma membrane and mediates virus entry into cells. The interaction between the S protein and ACE2 is thought to be important for host susceptibility to these CoVs. Although previous studies suggested that some SNV substitutions in ACE2 might affect the binding to the S protein, it remains elusive whether these SNV substitutions actually alter the efficiency of the entry of SARS CoVs into cells. We analyzed the impact of the ACE2 SNVs on the cellular entry of SARS CoVs using pseudotyped VSIVs having the S protein on the viral surface. We found that some of the SNV substitutions positively or negatively affected the infectivities of the viruses. Our data support the notion that genetic polymorphisms of ACE2 may potentially influence cell susceptibilities to SARS CoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanari Hattori
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Okuya
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuji Takahashi
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Miyamoto
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kajihara
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Manabu Igarashi
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ayato Takada
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
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13
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Elbadri SA, Abdallah NMA, El-Shokry M, Gaber A, Elsayed MK. Association between single nucleotide polymorphism of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene locus and clinical severity of COVID-19. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2022; 23:125. [PMID: 37521828 PMCID: PMC9395935 DOI: 10.1186/s43042-022-00331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a devastating pandemic-causing disease with a variable severity among populations. Genetic studies have pinpointed angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a key enzyme for viral entry, for its possible linkage to the disease progression. The present study aimed to investigate the potential association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of human ACE2 gene with the severity and outcomes of COVID-19 for better patient management. Methods In this observational cross-sectional study, COVID-19 confirmed patients were classified into moderate and severe cases according to the "Ain Shams University Hospitals Pocket Guide for COVID-19 Diagnosis." Genetic analysis of ACE2 SNP rs2048683 was carried out using a TaqMan assay with the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Results Among 90 confirmed COVID-19 patients, 78.9% (71/90) were classified as severe, and 21.1% (19/90) were classified as moderate. Laboratory biomarkers were significantly (P = 0.000) higher in the severe group than in the moderate group. Similarly, associated comorbidities such as hypertension were significant (P = 0.000) in the severe group, whereas asthma and deep venous thrombosis were significant in the moderate group (P = 0.007 and 0.006, respectively). Elevated serum ferritin level (odds ratio (OR) 162.589, 95% confidence interval (CI) 8.108-3260.293) and ACE2 rs2048683 genotype GG/G (OR 5.852, 95% CI 1.586-21.591) were both considered independent risk factors for severe disease. Conclusion The findings of the present study provide preliminary evidence of an association between ACE2 rs2048683 SNPs and COVID-19 severity in the Egyptian population, which may inform the need for targeted management. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s43042-022-00331-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa A. Elbadri
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nermeen M. A. Abdallah
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona El-Shokry
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amr Gaber
- Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Management, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Kh. Elsayed
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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14
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Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 SNPs as Common Genetic Loci and Optimal Early Identification Genetic Markers for COVID-19. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080947. [PMID: 36015068 PMCID: PMC9415427 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is implicated as a host cell receptor that causes infection in the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and its genetic polymorphisms in the ACE2 gene may promote cardiovascular disease and systemic inflammatory injury in COVID-19 patients. Hence, the genetic background may potentially explain the broad interindividual variation in disease susceptibility and/or severity. Methods: Genetic susceptibility to COVID-19 was analyzed by examining single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of ACE2 in 246 patients with COVID-19 and 210 normal controls using the TaqMan genotyping assay. Results: We demonstrated that the ACE2 SNPs rs4646142, rs6632677, and rs2074192 were associated with COVID-19 (for all, p < 0.05), and the differences in the ACE2 SNPs rs4646142 and rs6632677 were correlated with COVID-19-related systemic inflammatory injury and cardiovascular risk. Specifically, rs4646142 was associated with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), prealbumin (PAB), apolipoprotein A (APOA), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and acid glycoprotein (AGP) levels. Rs6632677 was also associated with elevated CRP, acid glycoprotein (AGP), and haptoglobin (HPT). Conclusions: Our results suggest that the ACE2 SNPs rs4646142 and rs6632677 may be common genetic loci and optimal early identification genetic markers for COVID-19 with cardiovascular risk.
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Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). There is growing evidence that host genetics play an important role in COVID-19 severity. Based on current knowledge about the human protein machinery for SARS-CoV-2 entry, the host innate immune response, and virus-host interactions, the potential effects of human genetic polymorphisms, which may contribute to clinical differences in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, may help to determine the individual risk for COVID-19 infection and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris R Delanghe
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Marijn M Speeckaert
- Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO), Brussels, Belgium
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Suh S, Lee S, Gym H, Yoon S, Park S, Cha J, Kwon DH, Yang Y, Jee SH. A systematic review on papers that study on Single Nucleotide Polymorphism that affects coronavirus 2019 severity. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:47. [PMID: 35022007 PMCID: PMC8753023 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07034-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2 has become the most threatening issue to all populations around the world. It is, directly and indirectly, affecting all of us and thus, is an emerging topic dealt in global health. To avoid the infection, various studies have been done and are still ongoing. COVID-19 cases are reported all over the globe, and among the millions of cases, genetic similarity may be seen. The genetical common features seen within confirmed cases may help outline the tendency of infection and degree severity of the disease. Here, we reviewed multiple papers on SNPs related to SARS-CoV-2 infection and analyzed their results. Methods The PubMed databases were searched for papers discussing SNPs associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and severity. Clinical studies with human patients and statistically showing the relevance of the SNP with virus infection were included. Quality Assessment of all papers was done with Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Results In the analysis, 21 full-text literature out of 2956 screened titles and abstracts, including 63,496 cases, were included. All were human-based clinical studies, some based on certain regions gathered patient data and some based on big databases obtained online. ACE2, TMPRSS2, and IFITM3 are the genes mentioned most frequently that are related to SARS-CoV-2 infection. 20 out of 21 studies mentioned one or more of those genes. The relevant genes according to SNPs were also analyzed. rs12252-C, rs143936283, rs2285666, rs41303171, and rs35803318 are the SNPs that were mentioned at least twice in two different studies. Conclusions We found that ACE2, TMPRSS2, and IFITM3 are the major genes that are involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection. The mentioned SNPs were all related to one or more of the above-mentioned genes. There were discussions on certain SNPs that increased the infection and severity to certain groups more than the others. However, as there is limited follow-up and data due to a shortage of time history of the disease, studies may be limited.
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Heidari Nia M, Rokni M, Mirinejad S, Kargar M, Rahdar S, Sargazi S, Sarhadi M, Saravani R. Association of polymorphisms in tumor necrosis factors with SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality rate: A case-control study and in silico analyses. J Med Virol 2021; 94:1502-1512. [PMID: 34821383 PMCID: PMC9015227 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The present coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is spreading rapidly and existing data has suggested a number of susceptibility factors for developing a severe course of the disease. The current case-control experiment is aimed to study the associations of genetic polymorphisms in tumor necrosis factors (TNFs) with COVID-19 and its mortality rate. A total of 550 participants (275 subjects and 275 controls) were enrolled. The tetra-amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction technique was recruited to detect -308G>A TNFα and +252A>G TNFβ polymorphisms among the Iranian subjects. We demonstrated that carriers of the G allele of TNFβ-252A/G, rs909253 A>G were more frequent in COVID-19 subjects compared to the healthy group and this allele statistically increased the disease risk (odds ratio [OR] = 1.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.23-1.96, p < 0.0001). At the same time, the A allele of TNFα-311A/G, rs1800629 G>A moderately decreased the risk of COVID-19 (OR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.53-0.86, p < 0.002). Also, we analyzed the various genotypes regarding the para-clinical and disorder severity; we found that in the AA genotype of TNFβ-252A/G (rs909253 A>G), the computed tomography scan pattern was different in comparison to cases carrying the AG genotype with p1 < 0.001. In addition, in the severe cases of COVID-19, leukocyte and neutrophil count and duration of intensive care unit hospitalization in the deceased patients were significantly increased (p < 0.001). Moreover, the TNFα-311A/G (rs1800629 G>A) variant is likely to change the pattern of splicing factor sites. Our findings provided deep insights into the relationship between TNFα/TNFβ polymorphisms and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Replicated studies may give scientific evidence for exploring molecular mechanisms of COVID-19 in other ethnicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Heidari Nia
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Rokni
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shekoufeh Mirinejad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Maryam Kargar
- Department of Laboratory Hematology and Blood Bank, School of Allied Medical Science Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Rahdar
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Saman Sargazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sarhadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Ramin Saravani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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18
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Figueroa-Pizano MD, Campa-Mada AC, Carvajal-Millan E, Martinez-Robinson KG, Chu AR. The underlying mechanisms for severe COVID-19 progression in people with diabetes mellitus: a critical review. AIMS Public Health 2021; 8:720-742. [PMID: 34786431 PMCID: PMC8568590 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2021057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has a high incidence of comorbidities among patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The elevated prevalence of DM in the world population makes it a significant risk factor because diabetic individuals appear to be prone to clinical complications and have increased mortality rates. Here, we review the possible underlying mechanisms involved in DM that led to worse outcomes in COVID-19. The impacts of hyperglycemia side effects, secondary comorbidities, weakened innate and adaptive immunity, chronic inflammation, and poor nutritional status, commonly present in DM, are discussed. The role of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor and its polymorphic variations on higher binding affinity to facilitate viral uptake in people with DM were also considered. Clinical differences between individuals with type 1 DM and type 2 DM affected by COVID-19 and the potential diabetogenic effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection were addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- María D Figueroa-Pizano
- Research Center for Food and Development, CIAD, AC, Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, C.P. 83304, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Alma C Campa-Mada
- Research Center for Food and Development, CIAD, AC, Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, C.P. 83304, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Elizabeth Carvajal-Millan
- Research Center for Food and Development, CIAD, AC, Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, C.P. 83304, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Karla G Martinez-Robinson
- Research Center for Food and Development, CIAD, AC, Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, C.P. 83304, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Agustin Rascon Chu
- Research Center for Food and Development, CIAD, AC, Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, C.P. 83304, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
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19
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MotieGhader H, Safavi E, Rezapour A, Amoodizaj FF, Iranifam RA. Drug repurposing for coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) based on gene co-expression network analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21872. [PMID: 34750486 PMCID: PMC8576023 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01410-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a highly contagious viral respiratory illness. This illness is spurred on by a coronavirus known as SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). SARS was first detected in Asia in late February 2003. The genome of this virus is very similar to the SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, the study of SARS-CoV disease and the identification of effective drugs to treat this disease can be new clues for the treatment of SARS-Cov-2. This study aimed to discover novel potential drugs for SARS-CoV disease in order to treating SARS-Cov-2 disease based on a novel systems biology approach. To this end, gene co-expression network analysis was applied. First, the gene co-expression network was reconstructed for 1441 genes, and then two gene modules were discovered as significant modules. Next, a list of miRNAs and transcription factors that target gene co-expression modules' genes were gathered from the valid databases, and two sub-networks formed of transcription factors and miRNAs were established. Afterward, the list of the drugs targeting obtained sub-networks' genes was retrieved from the DGIDb database, and two drug-gene and drug-TF interaction networks were reconstructed. Finally, after conducting different network analyses, we proposed five drugs, including FLUOROURACIL, CISPLATIN, SIROLIMUS, CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE, and METHYLDOPA, as candidate drugs for SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus treatment. Moreover, ten miRNAs including miR-193b, miR-192, miR-215, miR-34a, miR-16, miR-16, miR-92a, miR-30a, miR-7, and miR-26b were found to be significant miRNAs in treating SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib MotieGhader
- Department of Basic Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Biology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Esmaeil Safavi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Rezapour
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Firouzi Amoodizaj
- Department of Basic Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Roya Asl Iranifam
- Department of Basic Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
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20
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Paniri A, Hosseini MM, Akhavan-Niaki H. Impact of new UK (B.1.1.7) SARS-Cov-2 variant on interacting with ACE2 and host immune response. GENE REPORTS 2021; 25:101342. [PMID: 34493993 PMCID: PMC8414842 DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Paniri
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Genetics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | | | - Haleh Akhavan-Niaki
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Zoonoses Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Iran
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21
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De Sanctis JB, García AH, Moreno D, Hajduch M. Coronavirus infection: An immunologists' perspective. Scand J Immunol 2021; 93:e13043. [PMID: 33783027 PMCID: PMC8250184 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus infections are frequent viral infections in several species. As soon as the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) appeared in the early 2000s, most of the research focused on pulmonary disease. However, disorders in immune response and organ dysfunctions have been documented. Elderly individuals with comorbidities exhibit worse outcomes in all the coronavirus that cause SARS. Disease severity in SARS-CoV-2 infection is related to severe inflammation and tissue injury, and effective immune response against the virus is still under analysis. ACE2 receptor expression and polymorphism, age, gender and immune genetics are factors that also play an essential role in patients' clinical features and immune responses and have been partially discussed. The present report aims to review the physiopathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and propose new research topics to understand the complex mechanisms of viral infection and viral clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Bautista De Sanctis
- Institute of Molecular and Translational MedicineFaculty of Medicine and DentistryPalacky UniversityOlomoucCzech Republic
- Institute of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineUniversidad Central de VenezuelaCaracasVenezuela
| | - Alexis Hipólito García
- Institute of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineUniversidad Central de VenezuelaCaracasVenezuela
| | - Dolores Moreno
- Chair of General Pathology and PathophysiologyFaculty of MedicineCentral University of VenezuelaCaracasVenezuela
| | - Marián Hajduch
- Institute of Molecular and Translational MedicineFaculty of Medicine and DentistryPalacky UniversityOlomoucCzech Republic
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22
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Pouladi N, Abdolahi S. Investigating the ACE2 polymorphisms in COVID-19 susceptibility: An in silico analysis. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2021; 9:e1672. [PMID: 33818000 PMCID: PMC8222831 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Novel coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2) became an epidemic disease and lead to a pneumonia outbreak first in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The symptoms related to coronavirus disease‐19 (COVID‐19) were different ranging from mild to severe lung injury and multi‐organ failure symptoms, eventually leading to death, especially in older patients with other co‐morbidities. The receptor of this virus in the human cell is angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Methods In this paper, we aimed to perform an in silico analysis of the frequently studied variants of the ACE2 gene and determine the effects of the variants in mRNA secondary structure and binding affinity of cellular factors. Fourteen single‐nucleotide polymorphisms were selected based on previous studies and investigated. Results All of the variants were analyzed in the RNAsnp database and three revealed a significant p‐value. The spliceAid2 database prediction showed that 7 out of 14 SNPs caused an alteration in a way that only the wild or mutated form was able to bind to proteins. The latter database also reported that three SNPs produces a dual form in which different specific proteins can bind to the sequence in a specific form (either wild or mutated form). Conclusion Altogether, these estimations revealed the potential of variants in manipulation of the final stable form of ACE2 that can lead to different COVID‐19 susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Pouladi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Molecular Biology and Cancer Research, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sepehr Abdolahi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Cancer Research, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
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23
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Badawi S, Ali BR. ACE2 Nascence, trafficking, and SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis: the saga continues. Hum Genomics 2021; 15:8. [PMID: 33514423 PMCID: PMC7844112 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-021-00304-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
With the emergence of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 since December 2019, more than 65 million cases have been reported worldwide. This virus has shown high infectivity and severe symptoms in some cases, leading to over 1.5 million deaths globally. Despite the collaborative and concerted research efforts that have been made, no effective medication for COVID-19 (coronavirus disease-2019) is currently available. SARS-CoV-2 uses the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as an initial mediator for viral attachment and host cell invasion. ACE2 is widely distributed in the human tissues including the cell surface of lung cells which represent the primary site of the infection. Inhibiting or reducing cell surface availability of ACE2 represents a promising therapy for tackling COVID-19. In this context, most ACE2-based therapeutic strategies have aimed to tackle the virus through the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or neutralizing the virus by exogenous administration of ACE2, which does not directly aim to reduce its membrane availability. However, through this review, we present a different perspective focusing on the subcellular localization and trafficking of ACE2. Membrane targeting of ACE2, and shedding and cellular trafficking pathways including the internalization are not well elucidated in literature. Therefore, we hereby present an overview of the fate of newly synthesized ACE2, its post translational modifications, and what is known of its trafficking pathways. In addition, we highlight the possibility that some of the identified ACE2 missense variants might affect its trafficking efficiency and localization and hence may explain some of the observed variable severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Moreover, an extensive understanding of these processes is necessarily required to evaluate the potential use of ACE2 as a credible therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Badawi
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bassam R Ali
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.
- Zayed Centre for Health sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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