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Fiorella KJ, Bageant ER, Thilsted SH, Heilpern SA. Commercially traded fish portfolios mask household utilization of biodiversity in wild food systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2403691121. [PMID: 39018198 PMCID: PMC11287268 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2403691121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The global biodiversity that underpins wild food systems-including fisheries-is rapidly declining. Yet, we often have only a limited understanding of how households use and benefit from biodiversity in the ecosystems surrounding them. Explicating these relationships is critical to forestall and mitigate the effects of biodiversity declines on food and nutrition security. Here, we quantify how biodiversity filters from ecosystems to household harvest, consumption, and sale, and how ecological traits and household characteristics shape these relationships. We used a unique, integrated ecological (40 sites, quarterly data collection) and household survey (n = 414, every 2 mo data collection) dataset collected over 3 y in rice field fisheries surrounding Cambodia's Tonlé Sap, one of Earth's most productive and diverse freshwater systems. While ecosystem biodiversity was positively associated with household catch, consumption, and sold biodiversity, households consumed an average of 43% of the species present in the ecosystem and sold only 9%. Larger, less nutritious, and more common species were disproportionally represented in portfolios of commercially traded species, while consumed species mirrored catches. The relationship between ecosystem and consumed biodiversity was remarkably consistent across variation in household fishing effort, demographics, and distance to nearest markets. Poorer households also consumed more species, underscoring how wild food systems may most benefit the vulnerable. Our findings amplify concerns about the impacts of biodiversity loss on our global food systems and highlight that utilization of biodiversity for consumption may far exceed what is commercially traded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J. Fiorella
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14850
| | | | - Shakuntala H. Thilsted
- Nutrition, Health and Food Security Impact Area Platform, Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research, Washington, DC20005
| | - Sebastian A. Heilpern
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14850
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Cornell University, Ithaca, NYUSA 14850
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2
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Golden CD, Hartmann AC, Gibbons E, Todinanahary G, Troell MF, Ampalaza G, Behivoke F, David JM, Durand JD, Falinirina AM, Frånberg C, Declèrque F, Hook K, Kelahan H, Kirby M, Koenen K, Lamy T, Lavitra T, Moridy F, Léopold M, Little MJ, Mahefa JC, Mbony J, Nicholas K, Nomenisoa ALD, Ponton D, Rabarijaona RR, Rabearison M, Rabemanantsoa SA, Ralijaona M, Ranaivomanana HS, Randriamady HJ, Randrianandrasana J, Randriatsara HO, Randriatsara RM, Rasoanirina M, Ratsizafy MR, Razafiely KF, Razafindrasoa N, Romario, Solofoarimanana MY, Stroud RE, Tsiresimiary M, Volanandiana AJ, Volasoa NV, Vowell B, Zamborain-Mason J. HIARA study protocol: impacts of artificial coral reef development on fisheries, human livelihoods and health in southwestern Madagascar. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1366110. [PMID: 39076417 PMCID: PMC11284108 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1366110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The Health Impacts of Artificial Reef Advancement (HIARA; in the Malagasy language, "together") study cohort was set up in December 2022 to assess the economic and nutritional importance of seafood for the coastal Malagasy population living along the Bay of Ranobe in southwestern Madagascar. Over the course of the research, which will continue until at least 2026, the primary question we seek to answer is whether the creation of artificial coral reefs can rehabilitate fish biomass, increase fish catch, and positively influence fisher livelihoods, community nutrition, and mental health. Through prospective, longitudinal monitoring of the ecological and social systems of Bay of Ranobe, we aim to understand the influence of seasonal and long-term shifts in marine ecological resources and their benefits to human livelihoods and health. Fourteen communities (12 coastal and two inland) were enrolled into the study including 450 households across both the coastal (n = 360 households) and inland (n = 90 households) ecosystems. In the ecological component, we quantify the extent and health of coral reef ecosystems and collect data on the diversity and abundance of fisheries resources. In the social component, we collect data on the diets, resource acquisition strategies, fisheries and agricultural practices, and other social, demographic and economic indicators, repeated every 3 months. At these visits, clinical measures are collected including anthropometric measures, blood pressure, and mental health diagnostic screening. By analyzing changes in fish catch and consumption arising from varying distances to artificial reef construction and associated impacts on fish biomass, our cohort study could provide valuable insights into the public health impacts of artificial coral reef construction on local populations. Specifically, we aim to assess the impact of changes in fish catch (caused by artificial reefs) on various health outcomes, such as stunting, underweight, wasting, nutrient intake, hypertension, anxiety, and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Golden
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
- Madagascar Health and Environmental Research (MAHERY), Maroantsetra, Madagascar
| | - Aaron C. Hartmann
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - Gildas Todinanahary
- Institute of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, University of Toliara, Toliara, Madagascar
| | - Max F. Troell
- Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gaelle Ampalaza
- Institute of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, University of Toliara, Toliara, Madagascar
| | - Faustinato Behivoke
- Institute of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, University of Toliara, Toliara, Madagascar
| | - Jean Marie David
- Institute of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, University of Toliara, Toliara, Madagascar
| | - Jean-Dominique Durand
- UMR9190 Centre Pour la Biodiversité Marine, l’exploitation et la Conservation (MARBEC), Sète, France
| | | | - Christopher Frånberg
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frédéric Declèrque
- Institute of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, University of Toliara, Toliara, Madagascar
| | - Kimberly Hook
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Heather Kelahan
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Megumi Kirby
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Karestan Koenen
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Thomas Lamy
- UMR9190 Centre Pour la Biodiversité Marine, l’exploitation et la Conservation (MARBEC), Sète, France
| | - Thierry Lavitra
- Institute of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, University of Toliara, Toliara, Madagascar
| | - Franciana Moridy
- Institute of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, University of Toliara, Toliara, Madagascar
| | | | - Mark J. Little
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Jean C. Mahefa
- Institute of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, University of Toliara, Toliara, Madagascar
| | - Jovial Mbony
- Institute of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, University of Toliara, Toliara, Madagascar
| | - Khristopher Nicholas
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Aina Le Don Nomenisoa
- Institute of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, University of Toliara, Toliara, Madagascar
| | | | - Roddy R. Rabarijaona
- Institute of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, University of Toliara, Toliara, Madagascar
- National School of Computer Science, University of Fianarantsoa, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar
| | - Mihary Rabearison
- Institute of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, University of Toliara, Toliara, Madagascar
| | | | - Mbolahasina Ralijaona
- Institute of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, University of Toliara, Toliara, Madagascar
| | | | - Hervet J. Randriamady
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Hanitra O. Randriatsara
- Service de la Santé Mentale, Direction de Lutte contre les Maladies Non Transmissibles, Ministère de la Santé Publique, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Roddy M. Randriatsara
- Institute of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, University of Toliara, Toliara, Madagascar
| | - Madeleine Rasoanirina
- Institute of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, University of Toliara, Toliara, Madagascar
| | - Michel R. Ratsizafy
- Institute of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, University of Toliara, Toliara, Madagascar
| | - Kinasa F. Razafiely
- Institute of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, University of Toliara, Toliara, Madagascar
| | - Nivohanitra Razafindrasoa
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Soins et de Santé PubliqueAnalakely (CHUSSPA), Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Romario
- Institute of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, University of Toliara, Toliara, Madagascar
| | | | - Rocky E. Stroud
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Jessica Zamborain-Mason
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
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3
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Xia S, Takakura J, Tsuchiya K, Park C, Heneghan RF, Takahashi K. Unlocking the potential of forage fish to reduce the global burden of disease. BMJ Glob Health 2024; 9:e013511. [PMID: 38594079 PMCID: PMC11146385 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-013511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Red meat consumption is associated with an elevated risk of mortality from non-communicable diseases (NCDs). In contrast, forage fish, as highly nutritious, environmentally friendly, affordable, and the most abundant fish species in the ocean, are receiving increasing interest from a global food system perspective. However, little research has examined the impact of replacing red meat with forage fish in the global diet on diet-related NCDs. METHODS We based our study on datasets of red meat projections in 2050 for 137 countries and forage fish catches. We replaced the red meat consumption in each country with forage fish (from marine habitats), without exceeding the potential supply of forage fish. We used a comparative risk assessment framework to investigate how such substitutions could reduce the global burden of diet-related NCDs in adults. RESULTS The results of our study show that forage fish may replace only a fraction (approximately 8%) of the world's red meat due to its limited supply, but it may increase global daily per capita fish consumption close to the recommended level. Such a substitution could avoid 0.5-0.75 million deaths and 8-15 million disability-adjusted life years, concentrated in low- and middle-income countries. Forage fish as an alternative to red meat could double (or more) the number of deaths that could be avoided by simply reducing red meat consumption. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis suggests that forage fish is a promising alternative to red meat. Policies targeting the allocation of forage fish to regions where they are needed, such as the Global South, could be more effective in maximising the potential of forage fish to reduce the global burden of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Xia
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Jun'ya Takakura
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Chaeyeon Park
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ryan F Heneghan
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
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Werner ER, Arnold CD, Caswell BL, Iannotti LL, Maleta KM, Stewart CP. Associations of fish and meat intake with iron and anaemia in Malawian children. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2024; 20:e13622. [PMID: 38217291 PMCID: PMC10981481 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Animal flesh foods are rich in bioavailable iron but infrequently consumed by young children. We aimed to determine whether flesh food intake was associated with iron and anaemia status among 585 Malawian infants enroled in a 6-month egg-feeding trial. The percentage of days of small fish, large fish and meat consumption were assessed through weekly 7-day animal-source food screeners. Grams of intake were assessed through 24-h recalls conducted at 6-9, 9-12 and 12-15 months of age. Plasma ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) and haemoglobin concentrations were measured at 6-9 and 12-15 months of age. Iron biomarkers were adjusted for inflammation during analysis. At enrolment, each flesh food category was consumed by <5% of children in the past 24 h. Over the next 6 months, small fish, large fish and meat were consumed on 25%, 8% and 6% of days, respectively, with mean usual intakes of <5 g/day. More frequent small fish consumption was associated with lower sTfR (geometric mean ratio [95% CI]: 0.98 mg/L [0.96, 1.00] per 10 percentage point difference) but not ferritin (1.03 µg/L [0.98, 1.07]) or haemoglobin (1.01 g/dL [1.00, 1.01]). Large fish consumption was associated with higher anaemia (prevalence ratio [95% CI]: 1.09 [1.01, 1.19]) and lower iron deficiency (0.96 [0.93, 1.00]) prevalence. Gram intakes of flesh food categories were not associated with any iron or anaemia indicators. Small fish were a primary contributor to flesh food intake in this cohort of Malawian children, although usual portions were small. Fish was associated with modest improvements to iron status, but meat was too infrequent to be associated with anaemia and iron deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Rochelle Werner
- Institute for Global NutritionUniversity of California, DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Charles D. Arnold
- Institute for Global NutritionUniversity of California, DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Bess L. Caswell
- Institute for Global NutritionUniversity of California, DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
- U.S. Department of AgricultureWestern Human Nutrition Research CenterDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Lora L. Iannotti
- E3 Nutrition LabWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Kenneth M. Maleta
- School of Global and Public HealthKamuzu University of Health SciencesBlantyreMalawi
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Bennett A, Rice E, Muhonda P, Kaunda E, Katengeza S, Liverpool-Tasie LSO, Belton B, Infante DM, Ross J, Virdin J, Gondwe E. Spatial analysis of aquatic food access can inform nutrition-sensitive policy. NATURE FOOD 2022; 3:1010-1013. [PMID: 37118314 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-022-00642-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAquatic foods are critical for food and nutrition security in Malawi, but it is unclear which populations benefit from different aquatic foods and what factors shape food access. Spatial analysis of food flows across value chains from Lake Malawi to domestic consumers shows that usipa (Engraulicypris sardella) reaches more consumers than chambo (Oreochromis karongae) across all Malawi districts, particularly rural populations. Higher number of markets, nutrient content, and overall supply coupled with lower retail prices and volumes make usipa more accessible to consumers than chambo. Spatial analysis of food flows can guide policymakers towards supporting fisheries that reach vulnerable populations and designing interventions that enhance physical and economic access to fish.
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Robinson JPW, Mills DJ, Asiedu GA, Byrd K, Mancha Cisneros MDM, Cohen PJ, Fiorella KJ, Graham NAJ, MacNeil MA, Maire E, Mbaru EK, Nico G, Omukoto JO, Simmance F, Hicks CC. Small pelagic fish supply abundant and affordable micronutrients to low- and middle-income countries. NATURE FOOD 2022; 3:1075-1084. [PMID: 37118295 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-022-00643-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Wild-caught fish provide an irreplaceable source of essential nutrients in food-insecure places. Fishers catch thousands of species, yet the diversity of aquatic foods is often categorized homogeneously as 'fish', obscuring an understanding of which species supply affordable, nutritious and abundant food. Here, we use catch, economic and nutrient data on 2,348 species to identify the most affordable and nutritious fish in 39 low- and middle-income countries. We find that a 100 g portion of fish cost between 10 and 30% of the cheapest daily diet, with small pelagic fish (herring, sardine, anchovy) being the cheapest nutritious fish in 72% of countries. In sub-Saharan Africa, where nutrient deficiencies are rising, <20% of small pelagic catch would meet recommended dietary fish intakes for all children (6 months to 4 years old) living near to water bodies. Nutrition-sensitive policies that ensure local supplies and promote consumption of wild-caught fish could help address nutrient deficiencies in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David J Mills
- WorldFish, Jalan Batu Maung, Batu Maung, Bayan Lepas, Malaysia
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | | | - Kendra Byrd
- WorldFish, Jalan Batu Maung, Batu Maung, Bayan Lepas, Malaysia
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, UK
| | - Maria Del Mar Mancha Cisneros
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Philippa J Cohen
- WorldFish, Jalan Batu Maung, Batu Maung, Bayan Lepas, Malaysia
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kathryn J Fiorella
- Department of Public & Ecosystem Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - M Aaron MacNeil
- Ocean Frontier Institute, Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Eva Maire
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Emmanuel K Mbaru
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Gianluigi Nico
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Johnstone O Omukoto
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Fiona Simmance
- WorldFish, Jalan Batu Maung, Batu Maung, Bayan Lepas, Malaysia
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Simmance FA, Nico G, Funge-Smith S, Basurto X, Franz N, Teoh SJ, Byrd KA, Kolding J, Ahern M, Cohen PJ, Nankwenya B, Gondwe E, Virdin J, Chimatiro S, Nagoli J, Kaunda E, Thilsted SH, Mills DJ. Proximity to small-scale inland and coastal fisheries is associated with improved income and food security. COMMUNICATIONS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 3:174. [PMID: 35966220 PMCID: PMC9362682 DOI: 10.1038/s43247-022-00496-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Poverty and food insecurity persist in sub-Saharan Africa. We conducted a secondary analysis of nationally representative data from three sub-Saharan Africa countries (Malawi, Tanzania, and Uganda) to investigate how both proximity to and engagement with small-scale fisheries are associated with household poverty and food insecurity. Results from the analysis suggest that households engaged in small-scale fisheries were 9 percentage points less likely to be poor than households engaged only in agriculture. Households living in proximity to small-scale fisheries (average distance 2.7 km) were 12.6 percentage points more likely to achieve adequate food security and were 15 percentage points less likely to be income poor, compared to the most distant households. Households distant from fishing grounds (>5 km) were 1.5 times more likely to consume dried fish compared to households living close. Conserving the flow of benefits from small-scale fisheries is important for meeting the Sustainable Development Goals in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gianluigi Nico
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Simon Funge-Smith
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Xavier Basurto
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, USA
| | - Nicole Franz
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Molly Ahern
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Edith Gondwe
- Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - John Virdin
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, USA
| | | | | | - Emmanuel Kaunda
- Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | | | - David J. Mills
- WorldFish, Penang, Malaysia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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Tilley A, Byrd KA, Pincus L, Klumpyan K, Dobson K, dos Reis Lopes J, Shikuku KM. A randomised controlled trial to test the effects of fish aggregating devices (FADs) and SBC activities promoting fish consumption in Timor-Leste: A study protocol. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269221. [PMID: 35802640 PMCID: PMC9269458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Timor-Leste is one of the world’s most malnourished nations where micronutrient-deficient diets are a contributing factor to the prevalence of child stunting, currently estimated to be 45.6% of children under five. Fish are an important source of nutrients and one that may assist the country’s predominantly rural population of agriculturalists to exit poverty and malnutrition. However, a small national fishing fleet producing low catch volumes places fish out of reach of most inland and upland populations where it is needed most. Fish consumption is very low in rural, inland areas compared to coastal, regional, and global averages. This study is a one-year, partially masked, cluster-randomized controlled trial among families living in rural, inland Timor-Leste. We aim to test and compare the effects of two treatments, alone and in combination, on the frequency and volume of household fish consumption in rural, inland areas as a proxy for improved dietary diversity and micronutrient intake. Treatment 1 is the installation of nearshore, moored fish aggregating devices (FADs) to improve catch rates with existing fishing gears. Treatment 2 is a social and behaviour change (SBC) activity to promote fish consumption. Villages in inland communities will be randomized to receive treatment 1, treatment 2, both treatments, or neither treatment. Data will be collected at baseline (prior to the rollout of the treatments) and endline. Our study will determine the impact of an improved supply of fish, along with nutrition-oriented SBC activities, on the fish purchasing and consumption practices of rural, inland households. Findings from this study are urgently needed by Small Island Developing States to guide policy and investment decisions on how best to improve households’ diets using locally available, nutrient-dense foods such as fish. Investments such as these are needed to break the cycle of malnutrition. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04729829). Trial registration: Trial registered at clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT04729829.
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9
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Tigchelaar M, Leape J, Micheli F, Allison EH, Basurto X, Bennett A, Bush SR, Cao L, Cheung WW, Crona B, DeClerck F, Fanzo J, Gelcich S, Gephart JA, Golden CD, Halpern BS, Hicks CC, Jonell M, Kishore A, Koehn JZ, Little DC, Naylor RL, Phillips MJ, Selig ER, Short RE, Sumaila UR, Thilsted SH, Troell M, Wabnitz CC. The vital roles of blue foods in the global food system. GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2022.100637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Pounds A, Kaminski AM, Budhathoki M, Gudbrandsen O, Kok B, Horn S, Malcorps W, Mamun AA, McGoohan A, Newton R, Ozretich R, Little DC. More Than Fish-Framing Aquatic Animals within Sustainable Food Systems. Foods 2022; 11:1413. [PMID: 35626983 PMCID: PMC9141230 DOI: 10.3390/foods11101413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquatic animals are diverse in terms of species, but also in terms of production systems, the people involved, and the benefits achieved. In this concept piece, we draw on literature to outline how the diversity of aquatic animals, their production, and their consumption all influence their impact within the food system. Built on evidence from an array of reductionist and non-reductionist literature, we suggest that food systems researchers and policymakers adapt current methods and theoretical frameworks to appropriately contextualise aquatic animals in broader food systems. We do this through combining current understandings of food systems theory, value chain, livelihoods, nutritional outcomes, and planetary boundaries thinking. We make several claims around understanding the role of aquatic animals in terms of nutritional output and environmental impacts. We suggest a need to consider: (1) the diversity of species and production methods; (2) variable definitions of an "edible yield"; (3) circular economy principles and the impacts of co-products, and effects beyond nutrient provision; (4) role of aquatic animals in the overall diet; (5) contextual effects of preservation, preparation, cooking, and consumer choices; (6) globalised nature of aquatic animal trade across the value chain; and (7) that aquatic animals are produced from a continuum, rather than a dichotomy, of aquaculture or fisheries. We conclude by proposing a new framework that involves cohesive interdisciplinary discussions around aquatic animal foods and their role in the broader food system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Pounds
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (A.M.K.); (M.B.); (B.K.); (S.H.); (W.M.); (A.M.); (R.N.); (R.O.); (D.C.L.)
| | - Alexander M. Kaminski
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (A.M.K.); (M.B.); (B.K.); (S.H.); (W.M.); (A.M.); (R.N.); (R.O.); (D.C.L.)
| | - Mausam Budhathoki
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (A.M.K.); (M.B.); (B.K.); (S.H.); (W.M.); (A.M.); (R.N.); (R.O.); (D.C.L.)
| | - Oddrun Gudbrandsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Björn Kok
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (A.M.K.); (M.B.); (B.K.); (S.H.); (W.M.); (A.M.); (R.N.); (R.O.); (D.C.L.)
| | - Stephanie Horn
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (A.M.K.); (M.B.); (B.K.); (S.H.); (W.M.); (A.M.); (R.N.); (R.O.); (D.C.L.)
| | - Wesley Malcorps
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (A.M.K.); (M.B.); (B.K.); (S.H.); (W.M.); (A.M.); (R.N.); (R.O.); (D.C.L.)
| | - Abdullah-Al Mamun
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh;
| | - Amy McGoohan
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (A.M.K.); (M.B.); (B.K.); (S.H.); (W.M.); (A.M.); (R.N.); (R.O.); (D.C.L.)
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Richard Newton
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (A.M.K.); (M.B.); (B.K.); (S.H.); (W.M.); (A.M.); (R.N.); (R.O.); (D.C.L.)
| | - Reed Ozretich
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (A.M.K.); (M.B.); (B.K.); (S.H.); (W.M.); (A.M.); (R.N.); (R.O.); (D.C.L.)
| | - David C. Little
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (A.M.K.); (M.B.); (B.K.); (S.H.); (W.M.); (A.M.); (R.N.); (R.O.); (D.C.L.)
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11
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Kaminski AM, Little DC, Middleton L, Syapwaya M, Lundeba M, Johnson J, Huchzermeyer C, Thilsted SH. The Role of Aquaculture and Capture Fisheries in Meeting Food and Nutrition Security: Testing a Nutrition-Sensitive Pond Polyculture Intervention in Rural Zambia. Foods 2022; 11:1334. [PMID: 35564057 PMCID: PMC9102775 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study tested the efficacy of a pond polyculture intervention with farming households in northern Zambia. Longitudinal data on fish consumption and the associated nutrient intake of households (N = 57) were collected over a six-month period (September 2019-March 2020). One group of people tested the intervention while another group that practiced monoculture tilapia farming, and a third group that did not practice aquaculture, acted as control groups. A similar quantity of fish was consumed on average; however, the associated nutrient intake differed, based on the quantity and type of species consumed, particularly for those who had access to pelagic small fish from capture fisheries. There was a decrease in fish consumption from December onward due to fisheries management restrictions. The ponds provided access to micronutrient-rich fish during this time. Pond polyculture can act as a complementary source of fish to capture fisheries that are subjected to seasonal controls, as well as to households that farm tilapia. Assessments of how aquatic foods can improve food and nutrition security often separate aquaculture and capture fisheries, failing to account for people who consume fish from diverse sources simultaneously. A nutrition-sensitive approach thus places food and nutrition security, and consumers, at the center of the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David C. Little
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK;
| | - Lucinda Middleton
- WorldFish One CGIAR, Plot 18944 Lubansenshi, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (L.M.); (M.S.); (M.L.)
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Ellengowan Drive, Casuarina, NT 0810, Australia
| | - Muleya Syapwaya
- WorldFish One CGIAR, Plot 18944 Lubansenshi, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (L.M.); (M.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Mary Lundeba
- WorldFish One CGIAR, Plot 18944 Lubansenshi, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (L.M.); (M.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Jacob Johnson
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Penn State University, State College, PA 16801, USA;
| | - Carl Huchzermeyer
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), Kariba Road, Lusaka 10101, Zambia;
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12
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Marwaha N, Beveridge MCM, Phillips MJ. Fad, Food, or Feed: Alternative Seafood and Its Contribution to Food Systems. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.750253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquatic foods, or “seafood”, are an integral part of the global food system that contribute significantly to many dimensions of human wellbeing, including livelihoods and food and nutrition security. Fish, molluscs, crustaceans, algae and other aquatic foods are of particular importance in low- and middle-income countries as a source of employment, income, and nutrition for many poor and vulnerable people, including women. Global concern over the ability of fisheries and aquaculture to sustainably meet future seafood demand is driving improvements in technology and management. It has also inspired the emergence of plant-based and cell-based seafood, collectively termed “alternative seafood”. Growing investment, consumer demand, and participation by major food companies in the alternative seafood sector necessitate an evaluation of potential opportunities and challenges alternative seafood poses to food systems. This paper explores key economic, social, and environmental implications associated with production, distribution, and consumption of alternative seafood and its interactions with fisheries and aquaculture over the next decade, with specific emphasis on low- and middle-income countries. Available data on current supply and projected growth suggest that alternative seafood may account for almost eight percent of global seafood supplies destined for human consumption in 2030. Assuming current production techniques and expected technological development, the sector has potential for reduced environmental impacts relative to the existing fisheries and aquaculture sectors. However, its potential to impact livelihoods, food and nutrition security, and the environment remains largely a matter of conjecture due to the lack of robust data. Mechanistically, it is believed that growth of alternative seafood supplies will lessen demand for “conventional” seafood and/or meat, a scenario with implications for livelihoods, food and nutrition security, and the environment. Such changes are contingent on technological development, human and institutional behavior, market forces, and ecological linkages and as such, remain speculative. Nevertheless, as a novel sector, new food, and potential alternative to conventional seafood and/or meat, society has an opportunity to shape the growth of alternative seafood and its contribution to national and global development goals. This paper identifies knowledge gaps that require further research to inform inclusive, equitable, and sustainable development and governance of the emerging alternative seafood sector.
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13
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Simmance FA, Simmance AB, Kolding J, Schreckenberg K, Tompkins E, Poppy G, Nagoli J. A photovoice assessment for illuminating the role of inland fisheries to livelihoods and the local challenges experienced through the lens of fishers in a climate-driven lake of Malawi. AMBIO 2022; 51:700-715. [PMID: 34170476 PMCID: PMC8231085 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01583-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Small-scale inland capture fisheries provide an important source of nutritious food, employment and income to millions of people in developing countries, particularly in rural environments where limited alternatives exist. However, the sector is one of most under-valued fisheries sectors and is increasingly experiencing environmental change. This study adopts a Sustainable Livelihoods Approach and investigates how important a fluctuating inland fishery is to livelihoods, and how local perceptions on challenges corresponds to global evidence. Through an innovative participatory method; photovoice, the lived experiences and perceptions of fishers are depicted. The findings illuminate the valuable role of the sector to food and nutrition security and the complex nexus with vulnerability to climate change. The study responds to the call for more local level assessments of the impacts of climate change on inland fisheries in data-limited environments, and the value of the sector in underpinning the Sustainable Development Goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Armstrong Simmance
- WorldFish, Jalan Batu Maung, Batu Maung, 11960 Bayan Lepas, Pulau Pinang Malaysia
- University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | | | - Jeppe Kolding
- University of Bergen, Postboks 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Emma Tompkins
- Garden Court Office Park, Area 11, Office Block 3, P. O. Box 30294, Capital City, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Guy Poppy
- University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Joseph Nagoli
- Garden Court Office Park, Area 11, Office Block 3, P. O. Box 30294, Capital City, Lilongwe, Malawi
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14
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O'Meara L, Turner C, Coitinho DC, Oenema S. Consumer experiences of food environments during the Covid-19 pandemic: Global insights from a rapid online survey of individuals from 119 countries. GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY 2022; 32:100594. [PMID: 34812406 PMCID: PMC8598973 DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates consumer experiences of food environments and food acquisition practices during the Covid-19 pandemic. Our rapid assessment online survey featured a convenience sample of 2015 individuals from 119 countries, spanning Western Europe, North America, Latin America, Asia-Pacific, and Africa. Data collection took place in April 2020 during the second month of the pandemic. Participants were recruited via existing networks of the United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition, through social media, and by snowballing. The majority of participants were female (71.9%), from low- and middle-income countries (51.0%), and working in nutrition or healthcare (39.3%). Qualitative thematic analysis and descriptive statistics reveal a series of common global experiences related to food availability and accessibility, food prices and affordability, food acquisition practices, and food preparation and consumption. The importance of community food participation, food sharing, and resource allocation are highlighted, along with increasing awareness of healthy diets and food waste. We identify ten synergistic policy entry points to: 1) build resilient and equitable food environments resistant to stresses and shocks; 2) harness positive dietary-related behaviors manifested during the pandemic; and, 3) mitigate the projected nutrition crisis and promote sustainable healthy diets for all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia O'Meara
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, UK
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15
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Chan CY, Tran N, Cheong KC, Sulser TB, Cohen PJ, Wiebe K, Nasr-Allah AM. The future of fish in Africa: Employment and investment opportunities. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261615. [PMID: 34936682 PMCID: PMC8694441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most pressing challenges facing food systems in Africa is ensuring availability of a healthy and sustainable diet to 2.4 billion people by 2050. The continent has struggled with development challenges, particularly chronic food insecurity and pervasive poverty. In Africa's food systems, fish and other aquatic foods play a multifaceted role in generating income, and providing a critical source of essential micronutrients. To date, there are no estimates of investment and potential returns for domestic fish production in Africa. To contribute to policy debates about the future of fish in Africa, we applied the International Model for Policy Analysis of Agriculture Commodities and Trade (IMPACT) to explore two Pan-African scenarios for fish sector growth: a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario and a high-growth scenario for capture fisheries and aquaculture with accompanying strong gross domestic product growth (HIGH). Post-model analysis was used to estimate employment and aquaculture investment requirements for the sector in Africa. Africa's fish sector is estimated to support 20.7 million jobs in 2030, and 21.6 million by 2050 under the BAU. Approximately 2.6 people will be employed indirectly along fisheries and aquaculture value chains for every person directly employed in the fish production stage. Under the HIGH scenario, total employment in Africa's fish food system will reach 58.0 million jobs, representing 2.4% of total projected population in Africa by 2050. Aquaculture production value is estimated to achieve US$ 3.3 billion and US$ 20.4 billion per year under the BAU and HIGH scenarios by 2050, respectively. Farm-gate investment costs for the three key inputs (fish feeds, farm labor, and fish seed) to achieve the aquaculture volumes projected by 2050 are estimated at US$ 1.8 billion per year under the BAU and US$ 11.6 billion per year under the HIGH scenario. Sustained investments are critical to sustain capture fisheries and support aquaculture growth for food system transformation towards healthier diets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Timothy B. Sulser
- International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | | | - Keith Wiebe
- International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, United States of America
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16
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Byrd KA, Pincus L, Pasqualino MM, Muzofa F, Cole SM. Dried small fish provide nutrient densities important for the first 1000 days. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2021; 17:e13192. [PMID: 33942983 PMCID: PMC8476445 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inadequate nutrient intakes are prevalent among many populations in sub-Saharan Africa and increasing fish consumption among pregnant/lactating women and children is one strategy to improve diets and address nutrient deficiencies. We report the nutrient content of two fish-based recipes-fish powder and fish chutney-that contain dried small fish available in local markets in Zambia. The contribution of a serving of each recipe to the recommended daily intakes of iron, zinc, calcium and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for pregnant/lactating women and children 6-24 months was calculated because these nutrients are commonly deficient in African diets. We found that one 10-g serving of fish powder provides 20% or more of the daily calcium recommendation and 37% or more of the daily DHA recommendation for both pregnant/lactating women and children. A 30-g serving of fish chutney provides over 40% of the daily calcium recommendation for pregnant women and over 50% for lactating women. Additionally, we investigated the nutrient density (nutrients per kilocalorie) of the fish powder and compared it with the nutrient density of a small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplement plus (SQ-LNS-plus). SQ-LNS-plus is designed to enhance children's diets by providing micronutrients and DHA. Fish powder is similar to SQ-LNS-plus in iron and zinc density and even higher in calcium and DHA density. Consuming dried small fish as part of a daily meal can be a viable strategy for combatting nutrient deficiencies in the first 1000 days.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Monica M Pasqualino
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Steven M Cole
- WorldFish, Lusaka, Zambia
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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17
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Moreau MA, Garaway CJ. Trading Fast and Slow: Fish Marketing Networks Provide Flexible Livelihood Opportunities on an East African Floodplain. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.742803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic marketing networks in inland small-scale fisheries (SSF) provide food and income to millions of the rural poor globally. Yet these contributions remain undervalued, as most trade is informal and unmonitored, and inland fisheries overlooked in research and policy. Taking a commodity chain approach, we provide a case study of access arrangements governing how people come to enter and benefit from the freshwater fish trade on Tanzania's Rufiji River floodplain. We conducted a repeat market survey, interviews, and participant observation with actors at all levels of the district trade over 15 months. Gender, age, and social capital structured participation patterns, with younger men dominating the more lucrative but riskier fresh trade, older men prioritizing steady income from smoked fish, and women culturally constrained to selling a “cooked” product (i.e., fried fish). Nearly all participants were local, with traders drawing on a complex web of relationships to secure supplies. The majority of market vendors cited the trade as their household's most important income source, with women's earnings and consumption of unsold fish likely to have substantial benefits for children's well-being. Our findings reveal a resilient and pro-poor trade system where, starting with small initial investments, people overcame considerable environmental, financial, regulatory, and infrastructural challenges to reliably deliver fish to rural and urban consumers. Preserving the ecological integrity of Rufiji wetlands in the face of hydro-power development and climate change should be a priority to safeguard the livelihoods and well-being of local inhabitants.
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18
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de Bruyn J, Wesana J, Bunting SW, Thilsted SH, Cohen PJ. Fish Acquisition and Consumption in the African Great Lakes Region through a Food Environment Lens: A Scoping Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:2408. [PMID: 34371918 PMCID: PMC8308864 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective actions for the fishery and aquaculture sectors to contribute toward improving nutrition rely on an understanding of the factors influencing fish intake, particularly amongst vulnerable populations. This scoping review synthesises evidence from 33 studies in the African Great Lakes Region to examine the influence of food environments on fish acquisition and consumption. We identified only two studies that explicitly applied a food environment framework and none that linked policy conditions with the contribution of fish to diets. Economic access to fish was represented in the largest number of included studies (21 studies), followed by preferences, acceptability and desirability of fish (17 studies) and availability and physical access (14 studies). Positive perceptions of taste and low cost, relative to other animal-source foods, were drivers of fish purchases in many settings; however, limited physical and economic access were frequently identified as preventing optimal intake. In lakeside communities, fish were increasingly directed toward external markets which reduced the availability and affordability of fish for local households. Few studies considered intra-household variations in fish access according to age, gender or physiological status, which represents an important knowledge gap. There is also scope for future research on seasonal influences on fish access and the design and rigorous evaluation of programmes and policies that address one or more constraints of availability, cost, convenience and preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia de Bruyn
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME44TB, UK; (J.W.); (S.W.B.)
- Melbourne Sustainable Society Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Joshua Wesana
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME44TB, UK; (J.W.); (S.W.B.)
| | - Stuart W. Bunting
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME44TB, UK; (J.W.); (S.W.B.)
| | - Shakuntala H. Thilsted
- WorldFish, Jalan Batu Maung, Batu Maung, Bayan Lepas 11960, Penang, Malaysia; (S.H.T.); (P.J.C.)
| | - Philippa J. Cohen
- WorldFish, Jalan Batu Maung, Batu Maung, Bayan Lepas 11960, Penang, Malaysia; (S.H.T.); (P.J.C.)
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