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Hanano A, Blée E, Murphy DJ. Caleosin/peroxygenases: multifunctional proteins in plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 131:387-409. [PMID: 36656070 PMCID: PMC10072107 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caleosin/peroxygenases (CLO/PXGs) are a family of multifunctional proteins that are ubiquitous in land plants and are also found in some fungi and green algae. CLO/PXGs were initially described as a class of plant lipid-associated proteins with some similarities to the oleosins that stabilize lipid droplets (LDs) in storage tissues, such as seeds. However, we now know that CLO/PXGs have more complex structures, distributions and functions than oleosins. Structurally, CLO/PXGs share conserved domains that confer specific biochemical features, and they have diverse localizations and functions. SCOPE This review surveys the structural properties of CLO/PXGs and their biochemical roles. In addition to their highly conserved structures, CLO/PXGs have peroxygenase activities and are involved in several aspects of oxylipin metabolism in plants. The enzymatic activities and the spatiotemporal expression of CLO/PXGs are described and linked with their wider involvement in plant physiology. Plant CLO/PXGs have many roles in both biotic and abiotic stress responses in plants and in their responses to environmental toxins. Finally, some intriguing developments in the biotechnological uses of CLO/PXGs are addressed. CONCLUSIONS It is now two decades since CLO/PXGs were first recognized as a new class of lipid-associated proteins and only 15 years since their additional enzymatic functions as a new class of peroxygenases were discovered. There are many interesting research questions that remain to be addressed in future physiological studies of plant CLO/PXGs and in their recently discovered roles in the sequestration and, possibly, detoxification of a wide variety of lipidic xenobiotics that can challenge plant welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulsamie Hanano
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), Damascus, Syria
| | - Elizabeth Blée
- Former Head of Phyto-oxylipins laboratory, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Strasbourg, France
| | - Denis J Murphy
- School of Applied Sciences, University of South Wales, Treforest, UK
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), Damascus, Syria
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A computational study on the structure-function relationships of plant caleosins. Sci Rep 2023; 13:72. [PMID: 36593238 PMCID: PMC9807586 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26936-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant cells store energy in oil bodies constructed by structural proteins such as oleosins and caleosins. Although oil bodies usually accumulate in the seed and pollen of plants, caleosins are present in various organs and organelles. This issue, coupled with the diverse activities of caleosins, complicates the description of these oleo-proteins. Therefore, the current article proposes a new classification based on the bioinformatics analysis of the transmembrane topology of caleosins. Accordingly, the non-membrane class are the most abundant and diverse caleosins, especially in lower plants. Comparing the results with other reports suggests a stress response capacity for these caleosins. However, other classes play a more specific role in germination and pollination. A phylogenetic study also revealed two main clades that were significantly different in terms of caleosin type, expression profile, molecular weight, and isoelectric point (P < 0.01). In addition to the biochemical significance of the findings, predicting the structure of caleosins is necessary for constructing oil bodies used in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Huang C, Li Y, Wang K, Xi J, Xu Y, Hong J, Si X, Ye H, Lyu S, Xia G, Wang J, Li P, Xing Y, Wang Y, Huang J. Integrated transcriptome and proteome analysis of developing embryo reveals the mechanisms underlying the high levels of oil accumulation in Carya cathayensis Sarg. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:684-702. [PMID: 34409460 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hickory (Carya cathayensis Sarg.) is an extraordinary nut-bearing deciduous arbor with high content of oil in its embryo. However, the molecular mechanism underlying high oil accumulation is mostly unknown. Here, we reported that the lipid droplets and oil accumulation gradually increased with the embryo development and the oil content was up to ~76% at maturity. Furthermore, transcriptome and proteome analysis of developing hickory embryo identified 32,907 genes and 9857 proteins. Time-series analysis of gene expressions showed that these genes were divided into 12 clusters and lipid metabolism-related genes were enriched in Cluster 3, with the highest expression levels at 95 days after pollination (S2). Differentially expressed genes and proteins indicated high correlation, and both were enriched in the lipid metabolism. Notably, the genes involved in biosynthesis, transport of fatty acid/lipid and lipid droplets formation had high expression levels at S2, while the expression levels of other genes required for suberin/wax/cutin biosynthesis and lipid degradation were very low at all the sampling time points, ultimately promoting the accumulation of oil. Quantitative reverse-transcription PCR analysis also verified the results of RNA-seq. The co-regulatory networks of lipid metabolism were further constructed and WRINKLED1 (WRI1) was a core transcriptional factor located in the nucleus. Of note, CcWRI1A/B could directly activate the expression of some genes (CcBCCP2A, CcBCCP2B, CcFATA and CcFAD3) required for fatty acid synthesis. These results provided in-depth evidence for revealing the molecular mechanism of high oil accumulation in hickory embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, No. 666 Wusu St, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, No. 666 Wusu St, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Ketao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, No. 666 Wusu St, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Jianwei Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, No. 666 Wusu St, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Yifan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, No. 666 Wusu St, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Junyan Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, No. 666 Wusu St, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Xiaolin Si
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, No. 666 Wusu St, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Hongyu Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, No. 666 Wusu St, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Shiheng Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, No. 666 Wusu St, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Guohua Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, No. 666 Wusu St, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, No. 666 Wusu St, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Peipei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, No. 666 Wusu St, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Yulin Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, No. 666 Wusu St, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Yige Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, No. 666 Wusu St, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Jianqin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, No. 666 Wusu St, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
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Guzmán-Albores JM, Bojórquez-Velázquez E, De León-Rodríguez A, Calva-Cruz ODJ, Barba de la Rosa AP, Ruíz-Valdiviezo VM. Comparison of Moringa oleifera oils extracted with supercritical fluids and hexane and characterization of seed storage proteins in defatted flour. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Huang R, Zhou Y, Zhang J, Ji F, Jin F, Fan W, Pei D. Transcriptome Analysis of Walnut ( Juglans regia L.) Embryos Reveals Key Developmental Stages and Genes Involved in Lipid Biosynthesis and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolism. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:377-396. [PMID: 33373225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is a widely cultivated woody oilseed tree species, and its embryo is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Thus far, the pathways and essential genes involved in oil biosynthesis in developing walnut embryos remain largely unclear. Our analyses revealed that a mature walnut embryo accumulated 69% oil, in which 71% were polyunsaturated fatty acids with 64% linoleic acid and 7% linolenic acid. RNA sequencing generated 39 384 unigenes in 24 cDNA libraries prepared from walnut embryos collected at 49, 63, 77, 91, 105, 119, 133, and 147 days after pollination (DAP). The principal components analysis (PCA) of samples and cluster analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) showed that the total samples were divided into three main groups: 49 DAP, 63-119 DAP, and 133-147 DAP. We identified 108 unigenes associated with lipid biosynthesis, including 60 unigenes for fatty acid biosynthesis, 33 for triacylglycerol biosynthesis, 7 for oil bodies, and 8 for transcription factors. The expression levels of the genes encoding WRI1, ACCase, ACP, KASII, SAD, FAD2, FAD3, and PDAT were upregulated at 63-119 DAP relative to the levels at 49 DAP. Additionally, the lipid biosynthesis in walnut embryos began to increase while oil contents increased from 15 to 69%. We identified eight SAD, three FAD2, one FAD3, one FAD5, one FAD6, and three FAD7/8 genes. In addition, SAD, FAD2, and FAD3 were highly abundantly expressed in the walnut embryo, and their FPKM values achieved were 834, 2205, and 9038, respectively. High expression levels of FAD2 and FAD3 may be the reason why walnuts are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Subcellular localization confirmed that the JrFAD3 protein played a role in the endoplasmic reticulum rather than the plastid, suggesting that linolenic acid was mainly synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) showed that ACP, ENO, VAMP727, and IDD14 were coexpressed with WRI1. Our study provides large-scale and comprehensive transcriptome data of walnut embryo development. These data lay the foundation for the metabolic engineering of walnuts to increase oil contents and modify fatty acid compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Ye Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Junpei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Feiyang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Feng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Wei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Dong Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
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de Vries J, Ischebeck T. Ties between Stress and Lipid Droplets Pre-date Seeds. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:1203-1214. [PMID: 32921563 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Seeds were a key evolutionary innovation. These durable structures provide a concerted solution to two challenges on land: dispersal and stress. Lipid droplets (LDs) that act as nutrient storage reservoirs are one of the main cell-biological reasons for seed endurance. Although LDs are key structures in spermatophytes and are especially abundant in seeds, they are found across plants and algae, and increase during stress. Further, the proteins that underpin their form and function often have deep homologs. We propose an evolutionary scenario in which (i) the generation of LDs arose as a mechanism to mediate general drought and desiccation resilience, and (ii) the required protein framework was co-opted by spermatophytes for a seed-specific program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan de Vries
- University of Goettingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goldschmidtstrasse 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany; University of Goettingen, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), 37077 Goettingen, Germany; University of Goettingen, Campus Institute Data Science (CIDAS), Goldschmidtstrasse 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Till Ischebeck
- University of Goettingen, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), 37077 Goettingen, Germany; University of Goettingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
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7
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Transcriptome analyses reveals the dynamic nature of oil accumulation during seed development of Plukenetia volubilis L. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20467. [PMID: 33235240 PMCID: PMC7686490 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77177-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) is a shrub native to Amazon rainforests that’s of commercial interest as its seeds contain 35–60% edible oil (dry weight). This oil is one of the healthiest vegetable oils due to its high polyunsaturated fatty acid content and favourable ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids. De novo transcriptome assembly and comparative analyses were performed on sacha inchi seeds from five stages of seed development in order to identifying genes associated with oil accumulation and fatty acid production. Of 30,189 unigenes that could be annotated in public databases, 20,446 were differentially expressed unigenes. A total of 14 KEGG pathways related to lipid metabolism were found, and 86 unigenes encoding enzymes involved in α-linolenic acid (ALA) biosynthesis were obtained including five unigenes encoding FATA (Unigene0008403), SAD (Unigene0012943), DHLAT (Unigene0014324), α-CT (Unigene0022151) and KAS II (Unigene0024371) that were significantly up-regulated in the final stage of seed development. A total of 66 unigenes encoding key enzymes involved in the synthesis of triacylglycerols (TAGs) were found, along with seven unigenes encoding PDCT (Unigene0000909), LPCAT (Unigene0007846), Oleosin3 (Unigene0010027), PDAT1 (Unigene0016056), GPDH (Unigene0022660), FAD2 (Unigene0037808) and FAD3 (Unigene0044238); these also proved to be up-regulated in the final stage of seed development.
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8
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Liu N, Yun Y, Yin Y, Hahn M, Ma Z, Chen Y. Lipid droplet biogenesis regulated by the FgNem1/Spo7-FgPah1 phosphatase cascade plays critical roles in fungal development and virulence in Fusarium graminearum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:412-429. [PMID: 30767239 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) control lipid metabolism in eukaryotic cells in general. However, the biogenesis regulation and biological functions of LDs are largely unknown in pathogenic fungi. Rapamycin treatment results in a significant increase of LD biogenesis in Fusarium graminearum. Molecular mechanisms of the target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway in regulating LD biogenesis and the functions of LD in virulence of F. graminearum were investigated in depth by combining genetic, cytological and phenotypic strategies. TOR in Fusarium graminearum (FgTOR) inhibition by rapamycin induces LD biogenesis through the FgPpg1/Sit4 signaling branch. FgPpg1 promotes phosphorylation of protein phosphatase FgNem1 by the protein kinase FgCak1. The phosphorylated FgNem1 dephosphorylates the phosphatidate phosphatase FgPah1. Dephosphorylated FgPah1 is active and stimulates LD biogenesis. Moreover, deletion of FgNem1/Spo7 or FgPah1 leads to serious defects in vegetative growth, sexual development and virulence. The results of this study provide novel insights into the regulatory mechanism and biological functions of the LDs in the devastating pathogenic fungus F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yingzi Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yanni Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Matthias Hahn
- Department of Biology, Kaiserslautern University, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Venkateshwari V, Vijayakumar A, Vijayakumar AK, Reddy LPA, Srinivasan M, Rajasekharan R. Leaf lipidome and transcriptome profiling of Portulaca oleracea: characterization of lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase. PLANTA 2018; 248:347-367. [PMID: 29736624 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2908-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Portulaca leaves serve as an alternative bioresource for edible PUFAs. Transcriptome data provide information to explore Portulaca as a model system for galactolipids, leaf lipid metabolism, and PUFA-rich designer lipids. Poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are gaining importance due to their innumerable health benefits, and hence, understanding their biosynthesis in plants has attained prominence in recent years. The most common source of PUFAs is of marine origin. Although reports have identified Portulaca oleracea (purslane) as a leaf source of omega-3 fatty acids in the form of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), the mechanism of ALA accumulation and its distribution into various lipids has not been elucidated. Here, we present the lipid profiles of leaves and seeds of several accessions of P. oleracea. Among the nineteen distinct accessions, the RR04 accession has the highest amount of ALA and is primarily associated with galactolipids. In addition, we report the transcriptome of RR04, and we have mapped the potential genes involved in lipid metabolism. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is the major site of acyl editing, which is catalyzed by lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (LPCAT), an integral membrane protein that plays a major role in supplying oleate to the PC pool for further unsaturation. Our investigations using mass spectrometric analysis of leaf microsomal fractions identified LPCAT as part of a membrane protein complex. Both native and recombinant LPCAT showed strong acyltransferase activity with various acyl-CoA substrates. Altogether, the results suggest that ALA-rich glycerolipid biosynthetic machinery is highly active in nutritionally important Portulaca leaves. Furthermore, lipidome, transcriptome, and mass spectrometric analyses of RR04 provide novel information for exploring Portulaca as a potential resource and a model system for studying leaf lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varadarajan Venkateshwari
- Department of Lipid Science, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020, Karnataka, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Anitha Vijayakumar
- Department of Lipid Science, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020, Karnataka, India
| | - Arun Kumar Vijayakumar
- Food Safety and Analytical Quality Control Department, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020, Karnataka, India
| | - L Prasanna Anjaneya Reddy
- Department of Lipid Science, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020, Karnataka, India
| | - Malathi Srinivasan
- Department of Lipid Science, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020, Karnataka, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Ram Rajasekharan
- Department of Lipid Science, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020, Karnataka, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India.
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Rahman F, Hassan M, Rosli R, Almousally I, Hanano A, Murphy DJ. Evolutionary and genomic analysis of the caleosin/peroxygenase (CLO/PXG) gene/protein families in the Viridiplantae. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196669. [PMID: 29771926 PMCID: PMC5957377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioinformatics analyses of caleosin/peroxygenases (CLO/PXG) demonstrated that these genes are present in the vast majority of Viridiplantae taxa for which sequence data are available. Functionally active CLO/PXG proteins with roles in abiotic stress tolerance and lipid droplet storage are present in some Trebouxiophycean and Chlorophycean green algae but are absent from the small number of sequenced Prasinophyceaen genomes. CLO/PXG-like genes are expressed during dehydration stress in Charophyte algae, a sister clade of the land plants (Embryophyta). CLO/PXG-like sequences are also present in all of the >300 sequenced Embryophyte genomes, where some species contain as many as 10–12 genes that have arisen via selective gene duplication. Angiosperm genomes harbour at least one copy each of two distinct CLO/PX isoforms, termed H (high) and L (low), where H-forms contain an additional C-terminal motif of about 30–50 residues that is absent from L-forms. In contrast, species in other Viridiplantae taxa, including green algae, non-vascular plants, ferns and gymnosperms, contain only one (or occasionally both) of these isoforms per genome. Transcriptome and biochemical data show that CLO/PXG-like genes have complex patterns of developmental and tissue-specific expression. CLO/PXG proteins can associate with cytosolic lipid droplets and/or bilayer membranes. Many of the analysed isoforms also have peroxygenase activity and are involved in oxylipin metabolism. The distribution of CLO/PXG-like genes is consistent with an origin >1 billion years ago in at least two of the earliest diverging groups of the Viridiplantae, namely the Chlorophyta and the Streptophyta, after the Viridiplantae had already diverged from other Archaeplastidal groups such as the Rhodophyta and Glaucophyta. While algal CLO/PXGs have roles in lipid packaging and stress responses, the Embryophyte proteins have a much wider spectrum of roles and may have been instrumental in the colonisation of terrestrial habitats and the subsequent diversification as the major land flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzana Rahman
- Genomics and Computational Biology Research Group, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, United Kingdom
| | - Mehedi Hassan
- Genomics and Computational Biology Research Group, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, United Kingdom
| | - Rozana Rosli
- Genomics and Computational Biology Research Group, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, United Kingdom
- Advanced Biotechnology and Breeding Centre, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ibrahem Almousally
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria, Damascus, Syria
| | - Abdulsamie Hanano
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria, Damascus, Syria
| | - Denis J. Murphy
- Genomics and Computational Biology Research Group, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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11
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Huang R, Huang Y, Sun Z, Huang J, Wang Z. Transcriptome Analysis of Genes Involved in Lipid Biosynthesis in the Developing Embryo of Pecan (Carya illinoinensis). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:4223-4236. [PMID: 28459558 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pecan (Carya illinoinensis) is an important woody tree species because of the high content of healthy oil in its nut. Thus far, the pathways and key genes related to oil biosynthesis in developing pecan seeds remain largely unclear. Our analyses revealed that mature pecan embryo accumulated more than 80% oil, in which 90% was unsaturated fatty acids with abundant oleic acid. RNA sequencing generated 84,643 unigenes in three cDNA libraries prepared from pecan embryos collected at 105, 120, and 165 days after flowering (DAF). We identified 153 unigenes associated with lipid biosynthesis, including 107 unigenes for fatty acid biosynthesis, 34 for triacylglycerol biosynthesis, 7 for oil bodies, and 5 for transcription factors involved in oil synthesis. The genes associated with fatty acid synthesis were the most abundantly expressed genes at 120 DAF. Additionally, the biosynthesis of oil began to increase while crude fat contents increased from 16.61 to 74.45% (165 DAF). We identified four SAD, two FAD2, one FAD6, two FAD7, and two FAD8 unigenes responsible for unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. However, FAD3 homologues were not detected. Consequently, we inferred that the linolenic acid in developing pecan embryos is generated by FAD7 and FAD8 in plastids rather than FAD3 in endoplasmic reticula. During pecan embryo development, different unigenes are expressed for plastidial and cytosolic glycolysis. Plastidial glycolysis is more relevant to lipid synthesis than cytosolic glycolysis. The 18 most important genes associated with lipid biosynthesis were evaluated in five stages of developing embryos using quantitative PCR (qPCR). The qPCR data were well consistent with their expression in transcriptomic analyses. Our data would be important for the metabolic engineering of pecans to increase oil contents and modify fatty acid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University , Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Youjun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University , Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Zhichao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University , Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Jianqin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University , Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Zhengjia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University , Hangzhou 311300, China
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12
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Zhang Z, Cheng ZJ, Gan L, Zhang H, Wu FQ, Lin QB, Wang JL, Wang J, Guo XP, Zhang X, Zhao ZC, Lei CL, Zhu SS, Wang CM, Wan JM. OsHSD1, a hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, is involved in cuticle formation and lipid homeostasis in rice. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 249:35-45. [PMID: 27297988 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular wax, a hydrophobic layer on the surface of all aerial plant organs, has essential roles in plant growth and survival under various environments. Here we report a wax-deficient rice mutant oshsd1 with reduced epicuticular wax crystals and thicker cuticle membrane. Quantification of the wax components and fatty acids showed elevated levels of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) and accumulation of soluble fatty acids in the leaves of the oshsd1 mutant. We determined the causative gene OsHSD1, a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase reductase family, through map-based cloning. It was ubiquitously expressed and responded to cold stress and exogenous treatments with NaCl or brassinosteroid analogs. Transient expression of OsHSD1-tagged green fluorescent protein revealed that OsHSD1 localized to both oil bodies and endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Dehydrogenase activity assays demonstrated that OsHSD1 was an NAD(+)/NADP(+)-dependent sterol dehydrogenase. Furthermore, OsHSD1 mutation resulted in faster protein degradation, but had no effect on the dehydrogenase activity. Together, our data indicated that OsHSD1 plays a specialized role in cuticle formation and lipid homeostasis, probably by mediating sterol signaling. This work provides new insights into oil-body associated proteins involved in wax and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Zhi-Jun Cheng
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Lu Gan
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Huan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Fu-Qing Wu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Qi-Bing Lin
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Jiu-Lin Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Jie Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Xiu-Ping Guo
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Zhi-Chao Zhao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Cai-Lin Lei
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Shan-Shan Zhu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Chun-Ming Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jian-Min Wan
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China; National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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13
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Hanano A, Almousally I, Shaban M, Rahman F, Blee E, Murphy DJ. Biochemical, Transcriptional, and Bioinformatic Analysis of Lipid Droplets from Seeds of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) and Their Use as Potent Sequestration Agents against the Toxic Pollutant, 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxin. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:836. [PMID: 27375673 PMCID: PMC4896926 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of aquatic environments with dioxins, the most toxic group of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), is a major ecological issue. Dioxins are highly lipophilic and bioaccumulate in fatty tissues of marine organisms used for seafood where they constitute a potential risk for human health. Lipid droplets (LDs) purified from date palm, Phoenix dactylifera, seeds were characterized and their capacity to extract dioxins from aquatic systems was assessed. The bioaffinity of date palm LDs toward 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), the most toxic congener of dioxins was determined. Fractioned LDs were spheroidal with mean diameters of 2.5 µm, enclosing an oil-rich core of 392.5 mg mL(-1). Isolated LDs did not aggregate and/or coalesce unless placed in acidic media and were strongly associated with three major groups of polypeptides of relative mass 32-37, 20-24, and 16-18 kDa. These masses correspond to the LD-associated proteins, oleosins, caleosins, and steroleosins, respectively. Efficient partitioning of TCDD into LDs occurred with a coefficient of log K LB/w,TCDD = 7.528 ± 0.024; it was optimal at neutral pH and was dependent on the presence of the oil-rich core, but was independent of the presence of LD-associated proteins. Bioinformatic analysis of the date palm genome revealed nine oleosin-like, five caleosin-like, and five steroleosin-like sequences, with predicted structures having putative lipid-binding domains that match their LD stabilizing roles and use as bio-based encapsulation systems. Transcriptomic analysis of date palm seedlings exposed to TCDD showed strong up-regulation of several caleosin and steroleosin genes, consistent with increased LD formation. The results suggest that the plant LDs could be used in ecological remediation strategies to remove POPs from aquatic environments. Recent reports suggest that several fungal and algal species also use LDs to sequester both external and internally derived hydrophobic toxins, which indicates that our approach could be used as a broader biomimetic strategy for toxin removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulsamie Hanano
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of SyriaDamascus, Syria
| | - Ibrahem Almousally
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of SyriaDamascus, Syria
| | - Mouhnad Shaban
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of SyriaDamascus, Syria
| | - Farzana Rahman
- Genomics and Computational Biology Group, University of South WalesPontypridd, UK
| | - Elizabeth Blee
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des PlantesStrasbourg, France
| | - Denis J. Murphy
- Genomics and Computational Biology Group, University of South WalesPontypridd, UK
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14
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Huang MD, Huang AHC. Bioinformatics Reveal Five Lineages of Oleosins and the Mechanism of Lineage Evolution Related to Structure/Function from Green Algae to Seed Plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:453-70. [PMID: 26232488 PMCID: PMC4577406 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells contain subcellular lipid droplets with a triacylglycerol matrix enclosed by a layer of phospholipids and the small structural protein oleosin. Oleosins possess a conserved central hydrophobic hairpin of approximately 72 residues penetrating into the lipid droplet matrix and amphipathic amino- and carboxyl (C)-terminal peptides lying on the phospholipid surface. Bioinformatics of 1,000 oleosins of green algae and all plants emphasizing biological implications reveal five oleosin lineages: primitive (in green algae, mosses, and ferns), universal (U; all land plants), and three in specific organs or phylogenetic groups, termed seed low-molecular-weight (SL; seed plants), seed high-molecular-weight (SH; angiosperms), and tapetum (T; Brassicaceae) oleosins. Transition from one lineage to the next is depicted from lineage intermediates at junctions of phylogeny and organ distributions. Within a species, each lineage, except the T oleosin lineage, has one to four genes per haploid genome, only approximately two of which are active. Primitive oleosins already possess all the general characteristics of oleosins. U oleosins have C-terminal sequences as highly conserved as the hairpin sequences; thus, U oleosins including their C-terminal peptide exert indispensable, unknown functions. SL and SH oleosin transcripts in seeds are in an approximately 1:1 ratio, which suggests the occurrence of SL-SH oleosin dimers/multimers. T oleosins in Brassicaceae are encoded by rapidly evolved multitandem genes for alkane storage and transfer. Overall, oleosins have evolved to retain conserved hairpin structures but diversified for unique structures and functions in specific cells and plant families. Also, our studies reveal oleosin in avocado (Persea americana) mesocarp and no acyltransferase/lipase motifs in most oleosins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Der Huang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 11529 (M.-D.H.); andCenter for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521 (A.H.C.H.)
| | - Anthony H C Huang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 11529 (M.-D.H.); andCenter for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521 (A.H.C.H.)
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15
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Fan Y, Ortiz-Urquiza A, Garrett T, Pei Y, Keyhani NO. Involvement of a caleosin in lipid storage, spore dispersal, and virulence in the entomopathogenic filamentous fungus,Beauveria bassiana. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:4600-14. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Fan
- Biotechnology Research Center; Southwest University; Chongqing Beibei China
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science; Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Almudena Ortiz-Urquiza
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science; Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Timothy Garrett
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine; College of Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Yan Pei
- Biotechnology Research Center; Southwest University; Chongqing Beibei China
| | - Nemat O. Keyhani
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science; Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611 USA
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16
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Boulard C, Bardet M, Chardot T, Dubreucq B, Gromova M, Guillermo A, Miquel M, Nesi N, Yen-Nicolaÿ S, Jolivet P. The structural organization of seed oil bodies could explain the contrasted oil extractability observed in two rapeseed genotypes. PLANTA 2015; 242:53-68. [PMID: 25820267 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2286-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The protein, phospholipid and sterol composition of the oil body surface from the seeds of two rapeseed genotypes was compared in order to explain their contrasted oil extractability. In the mature seeds of oleaginous plants, storage lipids accumulate in specialized structures called oil bodies (OBs). These organelles consist of a core of neutral lipids surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer in which structural proteins are embedded. The physical stability of OBs is a consequence of the interactions between proteins and phospholipids. A detailed study of OB characteristics in mature seeds as well as throughout seed development was carried out on two contrasting rapeseed genotypes Amber and Warzanwski. These two accessions were chosen because they differ dramatically in (1) crushing ability, (2) oil extraction yield and, (3) the stability of purified OBs. Warzanwski has higher crushing ability, better oil extraction yield and less stable purified OBs than Amber. OB morphology was investigated in situ using fluorescence microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and pulsed field gradient NMR. During seed development, OB diameter first increased and then decreased 30 days after pollination in both Amber and Warzanwski embryos. In mature seeds, Amber OBs were significantly smaller. The protein, phospholipid and sterol composition of the hemi-membrane was compared between the two accessions. Amber OBs were enriched with H-oleosins and steroleosins, suggesting increased coverage of the OB surface consistent with their higher stability. The nature and composition of phospholipids and sterols in Amber OBs suggest that the hemi-membrane would have a more rigid structure than that of Warzanwski OBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Boulard
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
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17
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Shimada TL, Hara-Nishimura I. Leaf oil bodies are subcellular factories producing antifungal oxylipins. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 25:145-50. [PMID: 26051035 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Oil bodies act as lipid storage compartments in plant cells. In seeds they supply energy for germination and early seedling growth. Oil bodies are also present in the leaves of many vascular plants, but their function in leaves has been poorly understood. Recent studies with oil bodies from senescent Arabidopsis thaliana leaves identified two enzymes, peroxygenase (CLO3) and α-dioxygenase (α-DOX), which together catalyze a coupling reaction to produce an antifungal compound (2-hydroxy-octadecanoic acid) from α-linolenic acid. Leaf oil bodies also have other enzymes including lipoxygenases, phospholipases, and triacylglycerol lipases. Hence, leaf oil bodies might function as intracellular factories to efficiently produce stable compounds via unstable intermediates by concentrating the enzymes and hydrophobic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi L Shimada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ikuko Hara-Nishimura
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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18
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Horn PJ, James CN, Gidda SK, Kilaru A, Dyer JM, Mullen RT, Ohlrogge JB, Chapman KD. Identification of a new class of lipid droplet-associated proteins in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:1926-36. [PMID: 23821652 PMCID: PMC3729771 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.222455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets in plants (also known as oil bodies, lipid bodies, or oleosomes) are well characterized in seeds, and oleosins, the major proteins associated with their surface, were shown to be important for stabilizing lipid droplets during seed desiccation and rehydration. However, lipid droplets occur in essentially all plant cell types, many of which may not require oleosin-mediated stabilization. The proteins associated with the surface of nonseed lipid droplets, which are likely to influence the formation, stability, and turnover of this compartment, remain to be elucidated. Here, we have combined lipidomic, proteomic, and transcriptomic studies of avocado (Persea americana) mesocarp to identify two new lipid droplet-associated proteins, which we named LDAP1 and LDAP2. These proteins are highly similar to each other and also to the small rubber particle proteins that accumulate in rubber-producing plants. An Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) homolog to LDAP1 and LDAP2, At3g05500, was localized to the surface of lipid droplets after transient expression in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cells that were induced to accumulate triacylglycerols. We propose that small rubber particle protein-like proteins are involved in the general process of binding and perhaps the stabilization of lipid-rich particles in the cytosol of plant cells and that the avocado and Arabidopsis protein members reveal a new aspect of the cellular machinery that is involved in the packaging of triacylglycerols in plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Horn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (P.J.H., C.N.J., K.D.C.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., R.T.M.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614 (A.K.)
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (J.M.D.); and
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (A.K., J.B.O.)
| | - Christopher N. James
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (P.J.H., C.N.J., K.D.C.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., R.T.M.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614 (A.K.)
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (J.M.D.); and
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (A.K., J.B.O.)
| | - Satinder K. Gidda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (P.J.H., C.N.J., K.D.C.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., R.T.M.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614 (A.K.)
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (J.M.D.); and
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (A.K., J.B.O.)
| | - Aruna Kilaru
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (P.J.H., C.N.J., K.D.C.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., R.T.M.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614 (A.K.)
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (J.M.D.); and
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (A.K., J.B.O.)
| | - John M. Dyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (P.J.H., C.N.J., K.D.C.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., R.T.M.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614 (A.K.)
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (J.M.D.); and
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (A.K., J.B.O.)
| | - Robert T. Mullen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (P.J.H., C.N.J., K.D.C.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., R.T.M.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614 (A.K.)
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (J.M.D.); and
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (A.K., J.B.O.)
| | - John B. Ohlrogge
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (P.J.H., C.N.J., K.D.C.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., R.T.M.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614 (A.K.)
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (J.M.D.); and
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (A.K., J.B.O.)
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